FUNDAMENTALS

OF PLUMBING
AND SANITARY
SYSTEMS
GROUP F
Chu, Mimi Mary
Faller, Gabriel
Gapasin, Domar
Gatdula, Claude Jean
Navarro, Aira
Ramirez, Fritzell
 PLUMBING

• from the Latin “plumbum” for lead as

pipes were once made from lead.
• is the art and technique of installing
pipes, fixtures & other apparatuses in
buildings and for bringing the supply,
liquids, substances and/o ingredients
and removing them
• refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the
distribution of potable water and the
removal of waterborne wastes.
PLUMBING SYSTEM

a) water lines in the premises;

b) potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping;
c) potable water treating or using equipment;
d) fuel gas piping;
e) water heaters and vents
PLUMBING SYSTEM

f) potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping;

g) potable water treating or using equipment;
h) fuel gas piping;
i) water heaters and vents

SUPPLY DRAINAGE
FIXTURE
PIPE PIPE
PLUMBING CYCLE
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

a) Water Supply and Distribution System

b) Sanitary Drainage and Disposal System
c) Storm Drainage System
d) Plumbing Fixture
e) Fire Protection System
f) Fuel and Gas Piping System
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
A system in plumbing which provides and
distributes water to the different parts of the
building structure, for purposes such as drinking,
cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc. It also
includes the water distributing pipes, control
devices, equipment, and other appurtenances.
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The water service pipe, water distribution

pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes,
fittings, control valves and all appurtenances
in or adjacent to the structure or premises.

• Cold Water Supply

• Hot Water Supply
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM

The sanitary drainage and vent piping

system are installed by the plumber to
remove wastewater and water-borne
wastes from the plumbing fixtures and
appliances, and to provide circulation of
air within the drainage piping.
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM

General Rules in Designing the Sanitary System

• The pipe should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of
the Sanitary System
• Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so as to
ensure efficient circulation
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND
DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Subsystem of the Sanitary Systems
• Waste Collection System
• Ventilation System
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Three Major Systems of Collecting Storm Water

• The Independent System
-Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs

• The Combined System

-Combines storm water with sanitary wastes

• The Natural System

-Does not use any roof gutters or downspouts. Rainwater is collected in cisterns
 WATER
AND BASIC
DESIGN
DISTRIBUTION
 PROPERTIES

HYDROGEN WATER’S THERMAL HIGH HEAT COHESION SURFACE

BONDING CONDUCTIVITY CAPACITY TENSION

ADHESION HEAT OF FUSION POLARITY HEAT OF SOLVENT

VAPORIZATION
WATER CYCLE
NATURAL WATER CYCLE/HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

▪ CONTINOUS MOVEMENT OF
WATER ON, ABOVE, AND BELOW
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

▪ POWERED BY ¼ OF THE EARTH’S

SOLAR ENERGY
WATER FALLS TO THE EARTH
FROM CLOUDS
CLOUDS COOL THE WATER VAPOR
AND CONDENSES INTO WATER DROPS

SUN CAUSES WATER TO CHANGE FROM

LIQUID TO WATER VAPOR

TRANSPIRATION

PLANTS LOSE WATER OUT OF

THEIR LEAVES
 WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

WATER FROM WELL MUNICIPAL WATER

(RESIDENCE, FARM, PUBLIC (COMMERCIAL PROPERTY, DOMESTIC USE
SECTOR) BUILDINGS)
STRUCTURE OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS

▪ DELIVER ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF

WATER

▪ RELIABLE, AVAILABLE 24 HOURS A

DAY
 WATER SOURCES

WELLS AQUIFERS SURFACE WATER

BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE PRIMARY SOURCE OF DRINKING RESERVOIRS, LAKES, RIVERS
WATER
WELLS
▪ VERTICAL HOLE IN THE EARTH FOR BRINGING
GROUNDWATER TO THE SURFACE.

▪ SOME OF THE PRECIPITATION THAT FALLS ONTO LAND

INFILTRATES THE GROUND AND BECOME GROUND WATER

WELL CONSTRUCTION
1. WELL WILL BE DRILLED THAT COMPLIES TO STANDARDS.
2. TRENCH IS DUG TO CONNECT THE WELL TO THE SYSTEM.
3. WELL PUMP IS SELECTED THAT WILL RAISE WATER FROM THE WELL AND DELIVER IT TO
STORAGE TANK.
 TYPES OF WELLS

BORED WELLS DRIVEN WELLS

▪ DUG WITH EARTH AUGERS ▪ SIMPLEST AND LEAST EXPENSIVE
▪ LESS THAN 30M DEEP ▪ STEEL DRIVE-WELL POINT IS FITTED ON THE END
OF PIPE
▪ DIAMETER RANGE: 50 – 760MM
▪ PILOT HOLE IS DUG FIRST
 TYPES OF WELLS

JETTED WELLS DRILLED WELLS

▪ REQUIRE A SOURCE WATER AND A ▪ REQUIRE ELABORATE EQUIPMENT OF SEVERAL
PRESSURE PUMP TYPES
▪ WASHING WELL POINT IS SUPPLIED WITH ▪ DUG BY PERCUSSION OR ROTARY METHOD
WATER
TYPES OF DRILLING METHODS
AQUIFERS
▪ BODY OF SATURATED ROCK THROUGH WHICH
WATER CAN EASILY MOVE
▪ MUST BE PERMEABLE AND POROUS

TYPES
1. CONFINED – IMPERMEABLE ROCK LAYER EXISTS THAT PREVENTS WATER
FROM SEEPING INTO THE AQUIFER
2. UNCONFINED – INTO WHICH WATER SEEPS FROM GROUND SURFACE
DIRECTLY ABOVE THE AQUIFER
SURFACE WATER
▪ REPRESENT THE SECOND GENERAL WATER SUPPLY

▪ WATER IS TAKEN FROM ABOVE GROUNDWATER WATER

SOURCES THAT INCLUDE LAKES, RESERVOIR, AND MAN-
MADE DAMS

CLASSIFICATIONS
1. UNFILTERED – DELIVERED FROM A WATERSHED AREA THAT IS ENTIRELY OWNED BY THE
WATER COMPANY
2. FILTERED – REQUIRED COMPLETE TREATMENT AND INCLUDE THOSE THAT ARE NOT
ENTIRELY OWNED BY THE WATER COMPANY
 WATER SYSTEM TYPES

GRAVITY FEED SYSTEM PUMPING PRESSURE SYSTEM

EACH OF THESE SYSTEM MUST:

- TAKE WATER FROM A SUPPLY SOURCE
- PASS THE WATER THROUGH TREATMENT PLANT
- TRANSPORT THE WATER INTO THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PUMPS CLASSIFICATION
PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY
PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY
WATER SUPPLY
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGNING AND EVALUATING WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

1. MATCH THE QUALITY OF WATER TO THE TASK IT WILL PERFORM

2. THE QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED AND PROVISION FOR THE RECYCLING OF

WATER

3. SPECIFY PLUMBING FIXTURES THAT USE LESS WATER

WATER Dissolved Oxygen
Turbidity
QUALITY Temperature
pH level
INDICATORS Nitrates and Phosphates
Turbidity refers to the clarity of
water. When turbidity is high, Dissolved oxygen is the amount
water loses its ability to support a of oxygen that is present to the
diversity of aquatic organisms. water and being measured in
milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Dissolved oxygen is breathed by
aquatic organisms such as fish.
pH (power of Hydrogen) is the Nitrates and Phosphates are nutrients
measurement of the acidity and alkalinity of that are important for pants and algae.
water. High level of Nitrates and phosphates
lessen the quality of water.
Temperature is important because
it affects the rates of biological
processes and chemical
processes. It is also affected by
seasons and weather.

Cold water holds more oxygen

than warm water.
COMMON WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND TREATMENT
WATER TREATMENT
Coagulation / Flocculation Sedimentation

Coagulation is adding liquid aluminum When water and flocs undergo the
sulfate or alum and/or polymer to raw treatment process, they go into
or untreated water. The resulting sedimentation basins. Here, water
mixture causes the dirt to stick moves slowly, making the heavy floc
together, forming large particles particles settle to the bottom. Direct
named flocs that can be removed via Filtration does not include the
filtration or settling. sedimentation step and the floc is just
removed by filtration.
Filtration Disinfection

In filtration, water passes through a Before water goes into the distribution
filter, which is made to take away system, it is disinfected to get rid of
particles from the water. Such filters disease-causing bacteria, parasites
are composed of gravel and sand. and viruses. Chlorine is also applied
Filtration gathers together impurities since it is very effective.
that float on water and boosts the
effectiveness of disinfection.
Flouridation pH Correction

Fluoridation treats water supplies of To adjust pH levels, lime is combined with

communities to adjust the concentration filtered water. This, also, stabilizes
of free fluoride ions to an optimal level naturally soft water so corrosion can be
so that dental cavities can be reduced minimized in the water distribution
system and plumbing of customers.
WATER USES
➢ Domestic
➢ Municipal
➢ Fisheries
➢ Livestock Raising
➢ Irrigation
➢ Industrial
➢ Power Generator
➢ Recreational
WATER IN ARCHITECTURE
• Important part of design, specially the design of green
buildings.
• Every building designed today is supplied with potable water.
• Most of this clean water is used to carry away organic waste.
• Impact on a wide range of design affecting bathroom fixture
arrangement, and the overall plans of large and complex
water and sewage treatment facilities (plumbing system).
WATER USE AND QUALITY IN BUILDING
External Water Distribution System
Water distribution systems consist of an interconnected series of pipes,
storage facilities, and components that convey drinking water and
meeting fire protection needs for cities, homes, schools, hospitals,
businesses, industries and other facilities.
Public water systems depend on distribution systems to provide an
uninterrupted supply of pressurized safe drinking water to all
consumers. It is the distribution system mains that carry water from
the treatment plant (or from the source in the absence of treatment)
to the consumer.
Hot water supply

Water heating is a thermodynamic process which uses energy sources (such as

fuel, natural gas, and electric) to heat water above its initial temperature.
Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and
space heating.
FORMS OF HEAT
Sensible heat
◻ Is that which causes a change in temperature when it is added or removed

Latent heat
◻ Is that which causes a change of state in the substance, from solid to liquid to gas
or vapour, while the temperature remains constant when it is added or removed
Note: The amount of heat that must be added to or removed from a unit mass of substance
in order to change its temperature by one degree is known as the specific heat of that
substance
Types of water heaters
INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATER TYPES

• Heat water on demand, and vary from the small hand wash units often seen in public buildings, to
electric showers or combination boilers.
• Combination boilers are so called because the combine heating boiler with the added functionality
of being able to utilize the full boiler capacity to heat water instantly.
• May be referred to as tank-less types which means that it does not maintain a capacity of tempered
water for use; also point-of-use types
• The energy source used to heat the water is not active unless water flows
STORAGE TANK TYPES

• Relies on hot water rising to the top of the tank and the coolest water staying in
the bottom portion of the tank
• Location of water entering and exiting a storage tank depends on the specific
design of the water heater
◻ The 2 basic designs are top-fed and bottom fed
Storage water systems

Water is heated either directly in the storage cylinder, for example by an electric
immersion heater or from a remote boiler.
The two main types of system are the open vented and the unvented.
Storage water systems
The open vented water system relies on a large volume of stored water, usually
located in a plastic water tank in the attic. The weight of the stored water is
usually sufficient to push water down the pipe that feeds the water storage
cylinder and back up to any tap or shower outlet, provided it is lower than the
stored water level.
The un-vented stored water system in general terms relies on main water
pressure to push the water out of the cylinder or through the pipe circuit to
the tap or shower outlet
INDIRECT-FIRED WATER HEATER SYSTEMS

Water is heated by cycling hot water from a hydronic or stream boiler through
a loop inside of steel tank. The water in the tank is heated by the water in the
coil.
The water in an indirect fired water heater unit is heated by a finned copper
coil located inside the hot water tank. The internal coil is in turn heated by
circulating water inside the coil to and from the heating boiler.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
Cold water is natural water which being supplies to sanitary appliances in a
building, without using any equipment or machine to maintain the
temperature of water in pipe.
A plentiful supply of wholesome water is essential for the occupants of the
buildings intended for human habitation.
Most building can obtain their supply from the Water Authorities’ main, but
in rural areas, it is sometimes necessary to obtain water from private sources,
such as streams, rivers, lakes, wells, springs or by catchment areas from roofs
and paved surfaces
Types of Cold Water Supply System
Direct Water Supply System
Indirect Water Supply System
Water Pumps
PUMPS

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.

A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMP

• Pump having a plunger that move back and

forth within a cylinder
• Equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best
located near or below the ground level.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• It contains an impeller mounted on a

rotating shaft. The rotating
• Impeller increases the water velocity while
forcing the water into a casing thus
converting the water’s velocity into higher
pressure.
TURBINE PUMP

A turbine pump has a vertical turbine

located below groundwater levels and a
driving motor located at ground
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with

electric motors which are positioned
underwater in a suitable bored hole that
delivers the water to the surface
JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically

used for drawing water up from a well.
PISTON PUMP
• Is a positive displacement
reciprocating pump in which a
plunger is driven backwards and
forwards, or up and down by a
mechanical working head.

• Water is sucked into a sealed

vacuum by use of a piston.
 WATER
SUPPLY AND
DISTRIBUTION FOR
BUILDINGS
C.4. Water Supply and Distribution System
DEFINITION
• Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the
building and to various points in the building at which water isused.
• COLD WATER SUPPLY
• HOT WATER SUPPLY
WATER
• plays an important part in the plumbing system
• Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement
• “Universal Solvent”
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the
necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all
appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises.

PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• SERVICE PIPE
The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water
supply to the water distribution system of the building served.
• WATER METER
Device used to measure in “liters” or “gallons” the amount of water
that passes through the water service.
• DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE
A pipe with in the structure or on the premises which conveys
water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of
utilization.
• RISER

A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to

convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

• FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe &
the water distributing pipe.

• FIXTURE SUPPLY
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the
fixture branch
 C.5. PLUMBING MATERIALS
Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing
uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.

Pipes
a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid
substances.
• 1. Cast iron Pipe.
• 2. G.I Pipe.
• 3. Wrought Iron Pipe.
• 4. Steel Pipe.
• 5. Copper Pipe.
• 6. Plastic Pipe.
• 7. Asbestos Cement Pipe
• 8. Concrete Pipe.
• 9. Vitrified Clay Pipe.
VALVES AND CONTROLS

FUNCTION OF VALVES
• Control of the water system
• Start or shut down a system
• Regulate pressure
• Check backflow
• Control the direction of water
TYPES OF VALVES
• GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)
• Used mainly to completely close or completely open the
water line (does not control flow of water).
• Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve
• Double Disc Valve
GLOBE VALVE
• Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle. Can
reduce water pressure (throttling).
• 3 Types
1. Plug Type Disc Valve
2. Conventional Disc Valve
3. Composition Disc Valve
CHECK VALVE
Main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in
the line.
4 Types of Check Valve
• Swing Check Valve
• Lift Check Valve
• Horizontal Check valve
• Vertical Check Valve
• ANGLE VALVE
Used to make a 90°turn in a line.

• FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump.
Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.

• SAFETY VALVE
Used on water systems, heating systems,
compressed air lines & other pipelines with excessive pressure
Types of Faucet
• COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of
a soft packing upon a metal sheet.

• KEY COCK
Operates with around tapering plug
ground to fit a metal sheet

• BALL FAUCET
Constructed with a ball connected to the handle.

• HOSE BIBB
A water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose.
Pipe Fittings by Types
• Bulkhead Fittings
Specially designed fittings meant to allow
free flow of liquids in tank, drum, drainage
and other plumbing connections.
Bulkhead fittings provide full flow of water and
they are also attach flexible pipes with
the help of male adapters.
• Pipe Adapters
Are extremely important
pipe fitting that extend
or terminate pipe runs.
They are used to connect
dissimilar pipes
• Compression Fittings
Are special type of
coupling, usually used to
connect two pipes or a
pipe to a fixture or a
fixture or valve.
• Pipe Caps
Act as protective device
and are designed to
protect pipe ends of
various shapes. Its main
purpose is to waterproof
the connections. They are
also used to close the ends
of hydraulic or pneumatic
pipes and tubes.
• Pipe Couplings
Are fittings that help extend or terminate pipe runs. Also
used to change pipe size and connect different size.

2 types
Flexible and Rigid
• Pipe Elbow Fittings
Are fitting accessories which are used widely in various
industrial sectors in pipe fittings. Extend between two
lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction,
usually in the 90 or 45 direction.
• Pipe Plug Fittings
Are defined as cap end of fractional tubes used in a large
number of industries and designed to insert into the end
of tubing to dead-end flow.
• Pipe Wye Fittings
Are used to allow one pipe to join another pipe at some
degree or angle.
As the name suggests, the pipe wyes are Y-shaped pipe
fitting devices.
Typically at a 45-degree angle rather than a usual 90-
degree angle.
C-6 Conversions and Units
LAWS, CODES & ORDINANCES
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

❑ Birth of plumbing profession was when Spaniards

established Walled City or Intramuros as model
community

❑ In 1902, the Plumbing trade was duly recognized

by the government

❑ Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief

of Division of Plumbing Construction

❑ In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association

of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was organized and
registered with the SEC
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

❑ City Ordinance 2411 known as “The Plumbing Code for the City of Manila” was enacted with the
consultation of NAMPAP

❑ In 1954 the 3rd Congress of the Republic of the Philippines approved after the third reading House Bill
No. 962. This became Republic Act No. 1378

❑ On June 28, 1955, RA 1378 known as “The Plumbing Code of the Philippines” was signed by President
Ramon Magsaysay.

❑ In December 21, 1999, Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
❑ Sewage Disposal Provisions (IRR of P.D. 522)

❑ Structural Elements:
o i. Size of toilet rooms - No toilet room shall have a floor area less than one and a half (1.5) square
meters nor height less than 2.5 meters.

o ii. Lighting and ventilation- All toilet rooms shall have sufficient lighting and ventilation either natural
or artificial. If windows shall be provided , the window area shall not be less than one-fourth (1/4) the
floor area.

o iii. Floors and walls - The floors and walls shall be made of non-impervious materials like concrete and
constructed to be easily cleanable and smooth. If floor is finished with colored cement or tiles, some
should be laid evenly and easily cleanable with tile wainscoting of a minimum height of 1.2 meters
evenly laid. The toilet compartment shall be provided with ceiling finished in light color.

o iv. Doors - Doors of toilet compartments shall be self-closing and shall not open directly to any food
preparation area or to areas where utensils are washed and stored.
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
❑ Sewage Disposal Provisions (IRR of P.D. 522)

❑ Structural Elements:
o i. Septic tank - shall be generally rectangular in shape built of concrete or other materials. Brick or
concrete blocks may be used where practical. The walls of the septic tank shall be plastered inside, be
water tight and free from leaks. Septic tank of any other type or materials shall need the approval of
the health authority before being installed.

o ii. Capacity - the septic tank capacity shall be determined from the estimated unit flow per table
attached "Quantities of Sewage Flow" based on adequate detention time. For residences, hotels,
motels, boarding houses, apartment houses, and rooming houses, the number of persons to be
served shall be computed on the basis of the number of rooms with each bedroom occupied by 2
persons or on the basis of the actual number of persons served by the tanks whichever is greater.
UTILITY DESIGN AND
LAYOUT CRITERIA
Plumbing Unit
(Sec 217.13 NPC 1999)
The minimum standard quantities of plumbing fixtures
that discharge waste into a plumbing installation include:
1 water meter
1 water closet
1 lavatory
1 shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall
1 kitchen sink
1 laundry tray
3 floor drains
4 faucets / hose bib

13 Total numbers of fixtures and fittings that compromise

a building unit
TYPES OF PLUMBING VENTS
Functions:

❑ Allow building drains to flow freely by allowing air into the

drain system

❑ Allow sewer gases to be vented safely outdoors

Branch vents Relief vents
-extending horizontally that -provide additional air to the drainage
connects multiple vents together system where the primary vent is too
far from the fixture
Individual vents Stack vents
-serve individual fixtures -used only for the purpose of venting
Sizing criteria for stack vents and vent stacks
are based on 3 variables:

✓ The developed length of the vent

✓ The size of the stack served by the

vent

✓ The total drainage fixture unit

(DFU) connected to the stack
 Criteria when sizing a conventional venting
system

✓ The minimum size of an individual vent

is one half the required drain size

✓The minimum size of the vent stacks and

stack vents is one half the size of the drain
served
Circuit vents
-used with more than one fixture. A
circuit vent is installed before the
last fixture extend up to an open air
or connects to an other vent that
extend to the outside
Drainage, Waste and Vent Systems
The complete drainage system:

• Soil Drainage System

The piping that conveys the discharge of
water closets or fixtures having similar
functions with or without the
discharges from other fixtures
Drainage, Waste and Vent Systems

The complete drainage system:

• Waste Drainage System or

Sanitary Drainage System
The piping that receives the liquid
discharge, from plumbing fixtures
other than those fixtures (water
closets) receiving fecal matter.
General Rules in Designing the Sanitary System

✓ The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of
the Sanitary System

✓ Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents should be located strategically so as to
ensure efficient circulation
Changes in Direction of Sanitary Drainage Lines
❑ Horizontal to Horizontal Change in Direction

Use 45 deg wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or

other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
Changes in Direction of Sanitary Drainage Lines

❑ Vertical to Horizontal Change in Direction

45 deg wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

Changes in Direction of Sanitary Drainage Lines
❑ Horizontal to Vertical Change in Direction

Use 45 deg or 60 deg wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend

branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other
approved fittings of equivalent sweeps

Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the

fitting is at least two (2) pipe sizes larger than the largest inlet
Minimum Slope of
Sanitary Drainage Lines

Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage

pipe – 2% or ¼” per foot
Minimum
Dimensions
L = 1500mm
W = 900mm
D = 1200mm
Storm Drainage Systems
3 major systems of Collecting Storm
Water:

• The Independent System

Also known as the Separate System, it
brings collected water directly to the
water reservoirs
Storm Drainage Systems
3 major systems of Collecting Storm
Water:

• The Combined System

Combines storm water with sanitary
wastes
Storm Drainage Systems
3 major systems of Collecting Storm
Water:

• The Natural System

Without using any roof gutters or
downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in
cisterns

Storm Drain Locations