EE-CIR1

Basic Concept
1

Engr. Francis A. Malabanan

ECE, Instructor

FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES

OUTLINE
 SI Prefixes
 Basic Concept
 Charge and Current
 Voltage
 Power and Energy
 Circuits Elements

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 SI PREFIXES
Power Prefixes Symbol Power Prefixes Symbol
1018 exa E 10-1 deci da
1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 tera T 10-3 mili m
109 gig G 10-6 micro u
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p
102 hecto h 10-15 femto f
101 deca da 10-18 atto a
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ENGINEERING NOTATION
 In engineering notation, the powers of ten are always multiples
of 3
 A number written in engineering notation is written in the form:

a x 10b
Where: a is a number greater that 0 and less than 999
b is an integer multiple of three

 Example:
71.24 x 103 A 4.32 x 10-6 W 320.49 x 109 m123.452 x 10-12 g

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BASIC CONCEPT

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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements

A simple electric circuit.

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CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Charge is an electrical property of the
atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons (e)
 Electron (e) = – 1.602 x 10-19 C
 The law of conservation of charge states that
charge can neither be created nor destroyed,
only transferred.
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CHARGE
AND
CURRENT

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CHARGE AND CURRENT

 This motion of charges creates electric current.

 It is conventional to take the current flow as the
movement of positive charges.
 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A) .
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CURRENT
 Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of
ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
 A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
 An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.
(reverse direction)
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EXAMPLE
A conductor has a constant current of 5 A.
How many electrons pass a fixed point on
the conductor in one minute?

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EXAMPLE
1. How many charge is presented by 4600 e?

2. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q

= 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.

3. Determine the total charge entering a terminal

between t = 1s and 2s if the current passing the
terminal is i = (3t2 – t) A.

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VOLTAGE
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an element,
measured in volts (V).
vab dw / dq
 Mathematically (volt or V)
 w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

 Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit

element or between two points in a circuit.
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VOLTAGE
 Electric voltage, vab, is always
across the circuit element or
between two points in a circuit.
 vab > 0 means the potential of a
is higher than potential of b.
 vab < 0 means the potential of a
is lower than potential of b.
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KEEP IN MIND
 Electric current is always through an
element and that electric voltage is always
across the element or between two points.
 A constant voltage is called a dc voltage
and is represented by V, whereas a
sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called
an ac voltage and is represented by v.

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POWER AND ENERGY
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).

 Mathematical expression:

dw dw dq
p   vi
dt dq dt
Reference polarities for power using the passive
sign convention: (a) absorbing power, (b)
supplying
FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY power.
AND HUMANITIES 16
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
 Passive sign convention is
satisfied when the current
enters through the
positive terminal of an
element and p = +vi. If
the current enters
through the negative Two cases of an element with a
supplying power of 12W: (a) p = -4 x
terminal, p = -vi 3 = -12W, (b) p = -4 x 3 = -12W.

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POWER AND ENERGY
 The law of conservation of energy

 p 0
 Energy is the capacity to do work,
measured in joules (J).
3600 J = 1 watt-hour
t t
w
 Mathematical expression
 pdt vidt
t0 t0
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EXAMPLE
1. An energy source forces a constant current
of 2 A for 10 s to flow through a light bulb.
If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and
heat energy, calculate the voltage drop
across the bulb.

2. How much energy does a 100W electric

bulb consume in two hours?
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CIRCUITS ELEMENTS
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active element in

which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
Independent Dependant
sources sources • They have four different types: VCVS,
CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
signs of dependent sources.
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EXAMPLE 5
 Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown
in figure below for i2 = 1A.

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EXAMPLE
 Calculate the power supplied or absorb by each
element in figure below

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SEATWORK
1. Simplify 0.0000034 A using SI prefixes.
2. A 60-W incandescent bulb operates at 120 V. How many
electrons and coulombs flow through the bulb in one day?
3. If 465 C of charge pass through a wire in 2.5 min, find the
current in amperes.
4. Find the charge Q that requires 96 J of energy to be
moved through a potential difference of 16 V.
5. A stove element draws 15A when connected to a 240V
line. How long does it takes to consume 180 kJ?

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HOMEWORK
1. Will a fuse rated at 1 A “blow” if 86 C pass through it in 1.2 min?
2. Charge is flowing through a conductor at the rate of
420 C/min. If 742 J of electrical energy are converted to
heat in 30 s, what is the potential drop across the conductor?
3. The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit
is 24 V. If 0.4 J of energy were dissipated in a period of 5 ms,
what would the current be between the two points?
4. What current will a battery with an Ampere-hours (Ah) rating of
200 theoretically provide for 40 h?

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HOMEWORK
5. The current flowing through an element is given
below. Calculate the charge entering the element
from t = 0 to t = 2s.

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HOMEWORK
6. Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each
component of the circuit.

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 THANK YOU

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