Power*Tools

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A_FAULT Reference Manual

Electrical Engineering Analysis Software
for Windows
Copyright © 1997, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.

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 Contents
Error! Bookmark not defined.

1 A_FAULT STUDY 1-1

1.1 What is the A_FAULT Study? ........................................................................1-2
1.2 Engineering Methodology................................................................................1-3
1.2.1 ANSI Standard C37....................................................................................1-3
1.2.2 Comparing the ANSI and IEC Short Circuit Standards .............................1-3
1.2.3 Withstand, Closing and Latching, and Momentary Rating ........................1-4
1.2.4 Interrupting Ratings....................................................................................1-7
1.2.5 Adjusting Machine Contributions ..............................................................1-7
1.3 PTW Applied Methodology.............................................................................1-8
1.3.1 Before Running the A_FAULT Study .......................................................1-8
1.3.2 Running the A_FAULT Study ...................................................................1-8
1.3.3 A_FAULT Study Options ..........................................................................1-9
Fault Type ..............................................................................................................1-9
Faulted Bus.............................................................................................................1-9
Calculation Models...............................................................................................1-10
Transformer Tap...............................................................................................1-10
Pre-fault Voltage (pu).......................................................................................1-10
Low Voltage.........................................................................................................1-10
Momentary and Interrupting ................................................................................1-10
Solution Method...............................................................................................1-10
NACD Option ..................................................................................................1-11
1.3.4 Component Modeling...............................................................................1-11
Feeder Data ..........................................................................................................1-11
Transformer Data .................................................................................................1-12
Three-Winding Transformers...............................................................................1-12
Contribution Data.................................................................................................1-15
1.3.5 Low Voltage Duty Report ........................................................................1-15
1.3.6 Momentary Duty Report...........................................................................1-17
1.3.7 Interrupting Duty Report ..........................................................................1-19
Local and Remote Fault Contributions From Generators ....................................1-19
ANSI C37.5 Considerations (Total Rated Basis) .................................................1-19
ANSI C37.010 Considerations (Symmetrical Rating Basis)................................1-20
Using the NACD Options ....................................................................................1-20
1.3.8 Modeling ANSI Decrement Curves .........................................................1-21
1.4 Application Examples ....................................................................................1-27
1.4.1 Induction Motor ac decrement Factors.....................................................1-27
Case 1 ...................................................................................................................1-27
Case 2 ...................................................................................................................1-28
Case 3 ...................................................................................................................1-30
1.4.2 Modeling Transformers with Taps ...........................................................1-31

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1.4.3 Calculating Interrupting Duties................................................................ 1-34

Case 1 .................................................................................................................. 1-34
Case 2 .................................................................................................................. 1-36
1.4.4 Example from Plant ................................................................................. 1-41

Index A_FAULT i

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1 A_FAULT Study

This chapter examines the short-circuit current calculation procedures used in the
A_FAULT Short Circuit Study. The chapter includes a systematic methodology and
applies the methodology to numerous practical examples. You can also run a
Comprehensive Short Circuit Study (in the DAPPER Study Module) or an IEC Short
Circuit Study (in the IEC_FAULT Study Module). The IEC_FAULT Short Circuit Study
and the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study chapters discuss the Short Circuit
Methodology applied by each Study, and the standards followed by each; the
IEC_FAULT Study is based on the IEC Standard 909, while the Comprehensive Short
Circuit Study is based on Thevenin equivalent circuit representation and Ohm’s law.

The A_FAULT Study follows the specifications of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) C37.010, C37.5, and C37.13, and IEEE Standard 141, also known as the
IEEE Red Book.

This chapter discusses:

• Engineering Methodology.

• PTW Applied Methodology.

• Examples.
IN THIS CHAPTER

1.1 What is the A_FAULT Study? .................................................................... 1-2

1.2 Engineering Methodology ........................................................................... 1-3
1.3 PTW Applied Methodology......................................................................... 1-8
1.4 Application Examples................................................................................ 1-27

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A_FAULT 1-2 Reference Manual

1.1 What is the A_FAULT Study?

The A_FAULT Short Circuit Study (referred to hereafter as A_FAULT) models the
current that flows in the power system under abnormal conditions and determines the
prospective fault currents in an electrical power system. These currents must be
calculated in order to adequately specify electrical apparatus withstand and interrupting
ratings. The Study results are also used to selectively coordinate time current
characteristics of electrical protective devices.

Electrical apparatus manufactured in North America is predominantly tested and rated

against the ANSI, UL and NEMA equipment Standards; these Standards outline the
preferred method for calculating fault duties when specifying North American equipment.
Equipment must withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses of short-circuit currents as
described in the ANSI Standards. Both rms and peak short circuit withstand and
interrupting duties (referred to as making and breaking short-circuit current duties,
respectively) must be calculated and then compared to the protective device and electrical
apparatus ratings.

Define System Data

Define system topology and connections
Define feeder and transformer sizes
Define fault contribution data

Study Setup
Cable Library Run A_FAULT Study
Transformer Library
Study Setup

Saved in Database
Three-phase fault currents Used by Time Current
Unbalanced fault currents Coordination (CAPTOR)
Calculated ANSI fault currents

Datablocks

Reports

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-3

1.2 Engineering Methodology

Most often, North American engineers think of the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) series of C37 equipment rating Standards when specifying electrical apparatus
withstand capabilities, and in the case of protective devices, equipment contact breaking
or interrupting ratings. The IEEE applies the C37 series of ANSI Standards. The C37
series Standards deal with circuit interruption. Also, the IEEE has published the IEEE
Red Book, IEEE Standard 141 as an authoritative application guide for the selection of
equipment to withstand and interrupt short-circuit currents in an industrial/commercial
power system.

The ANSI C37 series Standards must be used in conjunction with other engineering
Standards, such as Underwriters Laboratory (UL) Standard 489, and the National
Electrical Manufacturers (NEMA) Standard AB-1. This following section outlines the
key principles in these Standards.

1.2.1 ANSI Standard C37

Short-circuit current testing procedures and associated equipment ratings are based first on
the ability to withstand the maximum thermal and mechanical stresses during a fault.
Both thermal and mechanical stresses are proportional to the magnitude of the square of
the current flowing through the equipment during the fault condition. Short-circuit
currents are the largest during the first cycle of the fault, and high-magnitude short-circuit
currents can be sustained for several cycles, even up to 30 cycles in extreme situations.
Current carrying parts of electrical apparatus must be sized to withstand, or in the case of
switching and protective devices, close in and latch onto the faulted circuit. Besides the
thermal heating effects associated with large short-circuit currents, electrical apparatus
internal components and wiring must be mechanically braced to withstand the deleterious
magnetic stresses that can cause current-carrying parts to be stretched or repulsed from
one another during a fault condition.

Further, equipment designed to operate under fault conditions⎯that is, designed to open
circuit breaker contacts and extinguish the associated arcing currents, or to separate fuse
links and control the associated arcing currents⎯must be tested, and rated for such duty.
This second short-circuit current rating is known as an equipment interrupting rating.

Low-voltage devices often combine the withstand and interrupting ratings into a single
rating. On the other hand, high-voltage circuit breakers may have intentionally different
withstand and interrupting ratings, and may be specifically rated for delayed contact
separation. Engineers must compare the manufacturer’s published withstand and
interrupting equipment ratings against the calculated short-circuit current duties generated
by hand calculations or computer methods.

You may be most familiar with the ANSI, UL and NEMA Standards. However,
equipment manufactured in Europe is predominantly manufactured to the IEC group of
Standards. The following section highlights the significant differences between the ANSI
and IEC Standards as they pertain to short-circuit calculations.

1.2.2 Comparing the ANSI and IEC Short Circuit Standards

There are three significant differences between the IEC methodology and ANSI
methodology.

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The first major difference involves calculating the dc decay component. ANSI requires
calculation of a single Thevenin equivalent fault point X/R ratio, based on separately
derived R and X values at the fault point. From that X/R ratio, a single equivalent dc
decay can be determined for multiple sources at the fault location. The IEC Standard uses
a unique R/X ratio, calculated from the complex form of the R and X values at the fault
location for each contribution, and uses this unique ratio for calculating the asymmetrical
fault currents from each machine to the fault point. It could be argued that the IEC
Standard is current based, while the ANSI Standard is impedance based.

The second major difference also involves the dc decay component. Both Standards
recognize that calculating the dc decay (the transient solution to the short-circuit current
calculation) must be uniquely accomplished when parallel or meshed paths are involved.
Both Standards consider the nature of meshed or parallel paths when concerned with the
dc decay; however, the two Standards use completely different procedures for calculating
the dc decay current component when meshed or parallel paths are involved.

The third major difference involves the ac decrement component. The ANSI method
globally adjusts the machine subtransient impedances when considering different
moments of time during the fault. The IEC method modifies the prospective short-circuit
currents available from each machine based on the transfer impedance between the active
source and the specific fault location in question and the defined contact breaking time.
Clearly, the IEC methodology is more computationally intensive than the ANSI
methodology.

Both short circuit methodologies can be considered as quasi-steady-state solutions to the

short-circuit current problem, and both Standards acknowledge that a more dynamic
solution method might yield more accurate results. They do, however, claim sufficient
accuracy for specifying electrical equipment.

The results from IEC and ANSI calculations cannot be directly compared. While both
calculate a withstand duty, the IEC and ANSI methodologies are fundamentally different.
In the sample project, the ANSI closing and latching duty can, at times, be larger than the
IEC peak current duty. However, in other sections of the project, the opposite is true. A
similar disparity can be found between the IEC’s breaking current and the ANSI’s
symmetrical current interrupting duty. Thus, it can be concluded that when equipment is
rated in accordance with IEC Standards, then the IEC methodology must be used to
calculate the fault duties; and when equipment is rated in accordance with the ANSI
Standards, then the ANSI methodology must be used to calculate the fault duties.

1.2.3 Withstand, Closing and Latching, and Momentary Rating

Electrical apparatus is usually rated to allow a continuous and short-time overload current
to be sustained for significant periods of time. Ratings are usually based on the ability of
the device to reject the Julian ( i 2 t ) heating that occurs during the range of practical
operating conditions.

Equipment withstand ratings are based on the highest short-circuit current expected; this is
called the prospective short-circuit current. The prospective short-circuit current usually
occurs during the first half-cycle of the fault. Withstand currents are composed of a
symmetrical ac current and most likely, an aperiodic current component known as the dc
decay component. Withstand ratings may be published as equivalent first-cycle rms
currents, or more accurately, as peak or crest currents for the first half-cycle of the fault.

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As noted, the asymmetrical peak fault current consists of both ac and dc components, and
is a function of time. As shown in the following figure, the theoretical asymmetrical peak
to peak current is 2 2 multiplied by the initial symmetrical rms current. The initial
symmetrical rms current I ′′k is the ratio of the driving point voltage at the bus to the
Thevenin equivalent impedance. The asymmetrical nature of a fault current is best shown
by the following graph:

Current

Theoretical maximum
Peak at 1/2 cycle
Top envelope

Decaying (aperiodic) component idc Asymmetrical values

(DC decay) including motor contributions
2 I" k

ip
2

2 2I k
i dc

Time

Steady state value

Bottom envelope (no motor contributions)

The first half-cycle asymmetrical peak current is the sum of the de decay and ac
decrement components. This can be expressed in equation form as:

−2π
c
X
I asymmetrical peak = 2 I ′′k + 2 I ′′k e R

where

Iasymmetrical peak asymmetrical peak fault current;

I ′′k initial symmetrical rms fault current;
Idc dc decaying component of fault current;
Ik steady-state fault current;
c time in cycles into the fault.
Besides a withstand rating, electrical protective devices are rated on both their ability to
withstand a first-cycle short-circuit current, and to close and latch into a faulted circuit. In
older, high-voltage circuit breakers, this rating is known as the momentary rating. The
closing and latching current rating is also associated with the making current of a
switching device.

Low-voltage devices are usually rated to withstand and interrupt a specified symmetrical
rms current. Manufacturers test their protective devices against test asymmetrical
waveshapes, as noted in the following table of low-voltage test power factors and
asymmetrical current withstand capabilities:

Test Test Tested Asymmetrical

Protective Device
PF (%) X/R Withstand Capability
LV Power Circuit Breaker 15 6.6 1.62

LV Fuse 20 4.9 1.53

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Test Test Tested Asymmetrical

Protective Device
PF (%) X/R Withstand Capability
Molded Case Circuit Breaker GT 20 KA AIC 20 4.9 1.53

Molded Case Circuit Breaker Between 10-20 30 3.2 1.38

KA AIC

Molded Case Circuit Breaker LT 10 KA AIC 50 1.7 1.15

When low-voltage protective devices are applied in a system with an X/R greater than the
test X/R ratios listed above, then special care must be taken when specifying the device’s
symmetrical rating. In high X/R ratio situations, the symmetrical rating may not be
exceeded by the calculated short circuit symmetrical duty; however, there is a possibility
that the protective device’s tested asymmetrical withstand value could be exceeded. Low-
voltage equipment is rated in symmetrical currents, but tested to a maximum asymmetrical
rms 1/2 cycle test current based on the following formula:

-2π
X
I asym rms 12 cycle = I rms symm × 1 + 2e R

When low-voltage equipment is specified in a circuit with a calculated X/R ratio greater
than that for which the equipment was tested, you must ensure that both the symmetrical
and asymmetrical half-cycle rated currents are not exceeded.

To determine the low-voltage withstand (and interrupting) duty when the system X/R ratio
is greater than the test X/R for which the device is rated, the Standard calls for using the
following formula:

-p
X system
1+ e R

Isymm LVF = I rms symm ¥ -p

X test
1+ e R

Special care must be used when calculating system X/R ratios. The ANSI C37 series
Standards are explicit that the fault location X/R ratio must be calculated using the method
of separately-derived calculation. C37.13 and C37.010 require that the reactance at the
fault point must be calculated ignoring resistance, and the resistance at the fault point
calculated ignoring reactance. Systems with looped paths, or multiple short-circuit
current contributions can exhibit a different X/R ratio when calculated using the
separately-derived method versus the conventional method of solving for the Thevenin
equivalent impedance, and then calculating the X/R ratio from knowing the angle between
the resistance and reactance of the Thevenin equivalent complex impedance.

High-voltage fuses may be rated to withstand either an rms symmetrical or asymmetrical

rms current. High-voltage fuses may be tested with a test X/R of either 15 or 25. The
manufacturer must be consulted to confirm the test X/R if only the symmetrical value is
published.

High-voltage circuit breakers manufactured since 1987 have a preferred closing and
latching rating expressed in the peak (crest) current. Breakers manufactured before 1987
are rated in rms amperes symmetrical, but tested to withstand an asymmetrical rms current
of 160% of the published symmetrical rms current.

When a three-phase bolted fault occurs, it is assumed that the fault occurs such that the
maximum asymmetric current occurs on Phase A. The other two phases are, respectively,

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120° and 240° delayed from Phase A. Thus, the complex form of the maximum fault
current in Phase A will be different than that in Phase B or C of a three-phase bolted fault.
The Phase A half-cycle asymmetrical fault current is:

-2 π
X
I asym rms 12 cycle = I rms symm × 1 + 2e R

But the average fault current due to each of the three individual phase currents of a three-
phase fault is:

1 F -2 π -2 π I
I asym rms 12 cycle ave = I rms symm ×
3
GH 1 + 2e
X
R
+ 2 1 + 0.5e
X
R
JK
It should be noted that the above equations are conservative, in that these equations are
based on the maximum fault current occurring at exactly one half-cycle into the fault. It
can be shown that this is only true in a purely-inductive circuit when the fault occurs at a
voltage zero.

1.2.4 Interrupting Ratings

As stated earlier, low-voltage protective devices⎯both fuses and circuit breakers⎯are
rated with a single interrupting rating. This is a symmetrical rating, usually in rms current.
Also, the manufacturer tests the low-voltage protective device in accordance with NEMA
Standard AB-1 to assure that the protective device will withstand, and operate under, a
specific (maximum) asymmetrical conditions.

Medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers are rated either on a Total Current or
Symmetrical Interrupting Current Rating. These ratings are usually specified along with a
maximum and minimum operating voltage, and a preferred contact opening time in cycles.

Circuit Breakers manufactured prior to 1964 base their short-circuit current interrupting
rating on ANSI Standard C37.5. This was known as the Total Current basis, and
considered both the ac decrement and dc decay characteristics of the calculated short-
circuit current. Circuit breakers manufactured after 1964 are rated in accordance with
ANSI Standard C37.010, known as the Symmetrical Current basis. The primary
difference between the Standards is the specific multiplying factor used to adjust the initial
symmetrical rms current at the expected breaker opening time. These multiplying factors
are based on a series of figures in each Standard, and are influenced by the amount of
power system generation and the electrical distance between the power generation and the
fault location. The generation may be defined as local or remote. Remote generation has
no ac decrement (NACD). As such, the Standards define local generation when:

Equivalent System Impedance to Fault Excluding X ′′d gen

< 15
.
X ′′d gen

Otherwise, the generator is considered remote to the fault.

1.2.5 Adjusting Machine Contributions

The ANSI short-circuit current Standards have evolved since the 1940s due to the impact
of increased motor contributions and the effect of their associated ac decrement. The
concept of remote and local generation was introduced in the 1950s, and remains an

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important element of the Standard methodology today. The definition of remote and local
is based on the electrical distance between the generation source and the fault location.
Local generation and motors have an ac decrement; their symmetrical wave shape
decreases with the onset of the fault. For simplicity in the ANSI Standards, the time
varying ac decrement is modeled as a constant voltage source behind a time-varying
impedance. At the initial instant of the fault this impedance is known as the sub-transient
impedance, but this changes to the transient impedance two to three cycles into the fault.
The steady-state currents are modeled as the machine’s synchronous impedance. In large
machines, the resistance component of the machine’s internal impedance is ignored.

Within the C37 series Standards, there is a set of rotating-machine reactance multipliers to
be used to model the time varying nature of the machine reactance. This set is shown in
the following table:

Type of rotating machine Low-voltage First-cycle Interrupting

network network network
All turbine generators; all 1.0 X ′′d 1.0 X ′′d 1.0 X ′′d
hydrogenerators with amortisseur
windings; all condensers
Hydrogenerators without amortisseur 0.75 X ′′d 0.75 X ′d 0.75 X ′d
windings
All synchronous motors 1.0 X ′′d 1.0 X ′′d 1.5 X ′′d

Induction motors above 1000 hp at 1800 1.0 X ′′d 1.0 X ′′d 1.5 X ′′d
r/min or less
Induction motors above 250 hp at 3600 1.0 X ′′d 1.0 X ′′d 1.5 X ′′d
r/min
All other induction motors 50 hp and 1.0 X ′′d 1.2 X ′′d 3.0 X ′′d
above at 1800 r/min
All induction motors smaller than 50 hp 1.0 X ′′d neglect neglect

1.3 PTW Applied Methodology

PTW applies the methodology described in Section 1.2. Section 1.3 describes how to run
the A_FAULT Study, including explanations of the various options associated with the
Study.

1.3.1 Before Running the A_FAULT Study

Before running the A_FAULT Study, you must:

• Define the system topology and connections.

• Define feeder and transformer sizes.
• Define fault contribution data.

1.3.2 Running the A_FAULT Study

You can run the Study from any screen in PTW, and it always runs on the active project.

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To run the A_FAULT Study

1. From the Run menu, choose Analysis.
2. Select the check box next to Short Circuit and choose the A_FAULT option button.
3. To change the Study options, choose the Setup button.
4. Choose the OK button to return to the Study dialog box, and choose the Run button.
The Short Circuit Study runs, writes the results to the database, and creates a report.

1.3.3 A_FAULT Study Options

The A_FAULT Study dialog box lets you select options for running the Study.

Following is a list of the available Study options.

Fault Type
There are two options: Three Phase only, and 3 Phase-Unbalanced. The default is to
report only the Three-Phase Study results. The 3 Phase-Unbalanced option allows you to
study both the three-phase and the unbalanced fault networks (single-line-to-ground, line-
to-line, and line-to-line-to-ground) in an abbreviated Report format.

Faulted Bus
You can fault all buses or choose a specific bus to fault. If a fault is to be studied at a
single bus, then the faulted bus must be specified. The default is to study the fault
currents at all buses. If a single bus is faulted, then you can display the three-phase branch
fault contribution one branch away from the faulted location on a datablock.

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Calculation Models
These options further customize the Study.

Transformer Tap
You may model the primary transformer taps by selecting this check box. Secondary taps,
if modeled, are ignored in the A_FAULT calculations. No adjustment in pre-fault voltage,
associated with the transformer tap change, is automatically accomplished.

Pre-fault Voltage (pu)

The driving point voltage at the faulted bus or buses is defined in this box. The default
driving point voltage is 1.0 pu. The driving point voltage is not affected by the Swing Bus
per unit voltage, nor is it adjusted for transformer taps or the results from the Load Flow
Study.

Low Voltage
If you select the Low Voltage Duty check box, PTW will calculate the initial symmetrical
short-circuit currents at each specified bus, plus the half-cycle duty with no ac decrement.
Also, the Three-Phase Report calculates the low-voltage protective device symmetrical
duty required, based on the impact of the device test power factor. In the Unbalanced
Report, the single-phase, and average three-phase (average Phase A plus Phase B and C)
asymmetrical duty is calculated. All motor and generator contributions are included in the
Study results, using the user-specified subtransient reactances entered in the ANSI
Contribution subviews for Motor and Generator components.

The Study Report format may be selected as Complete or Summary. The Complete
Report format is an extensive output format that includes a calculation of the branch
contributions to the faulted bus, whereas the Summary report format only includes a list of
the three-phase and single-line-to-ground short-circuit current duties and the associated
X/R ratios.

Because the low-voltage report calculates all motor contribution, and does not model
motor ac decrement factors, this report format most closely resembles the Comprehensive
Short Circuit Study results. Therefore, all bus fault currents are reported, regardless of
voltage.

Momentary and Interrupting

If you select the check box next to either or both of the Momentary and Interrupting
Duties, PTW will calculate the initial symmetrical short-circuit current at each specified
bus, modeling the reduction in motor fault current contribution (that is, considering motor
ac decrement) based on motor type, rated size, and speed (pole pairs). In the Three-Phase
Report, both the rms and peak (crest) asymmetrical current duty are calculated, based on
the 1.6 or 2.7 times test factor, and the asymmetrical rms and peak short-circuit current
duty based on the calculated X/R ratio at the fault location. In the Interrupting Report,
each generator contribution is evaluated at each fault location to determine if its
contribution is considered remote or local to the fault location.

The Study Report format may be selected as Complete or Summary. The Complete
Report format is an extensive output format that includes a calculation of the three-phase
branch contributions to the faulted bus, whereas the Summary only includes a list of the
bus fault currents and the associated X/R ratios.

Solution Method

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You have the option of specifying an E/X or E/Z solution method. The Standards permit
the momentary fault currents to be calculated based on a value of E/X (voltage/reactance =
current) which is conservative, or calculated based on a value of E/Z (voltage/impedance
= current) which generally results in a smaller short-circuit current duty. The default
solution methodology is E/Z.

NACD Option
For the Interrupting Duty Report, you can choose one of three operating modes, which
represent the most common interpretation of the ANSI Standards: All Remote,
Predominant, and Interpolated. In All Remote mode, the NACD factor is 1.0; all
generation is assumed to be remote; and the no ac decrement curves (dc decay curve only)
are used. This is the most conservative solution. In Predominant mode, if the NACD
factor is greater than or equal to 0.5, then the dc decay only curve is used. If the NACD
factor is less than 0.5, the curves which model both ac decrement and dc decay are used.
In Interpolated mode, interpolation between the dc decay curve and the ac decrement/dc
decay curves is used based on the percentage of generator contribution that is local and
remote.

Note: The ANSI C37 Standards do not specifically recognize the interpolation method
of calculation. Technical papers state that the interpolation of the data between the dc
decay only and the ac decrement/dc decay curves of the Standard may provide more
representative results. The interpolation is based on the X/R ratio and the NACD factor.

1.3.4 Component Modeling

A_FAULT, IEC_FAULT, and the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study model electrical
passive devices identically. However, there are some key differences that should be
noted.

One major difference is that the Comprehensive Study models secondary transformer taps,
whereas A_FAULT and IEC_FAULT model only primary transformer taps. Another
major difference deals with the ac decrement for motors. A_FAULT modifies the motor
subtransient reactance using factors from the table in Section 1.2.5, “Contributions,”
whereas the Comprehensive Study does not alter the machine subtransient reactances for
ac decrement. IEC_FAULT uses a series of special equations for determining machine ac
decrement. Finally, the basis of the calculation of the fault location X/R is different.
A_FAULT uses the method of separately-derived R and X, whereas IEC_FAULT and the
Comprehensive Short Circuit Study use the complex (vector) solution of the impedance to
determine the X/R ratio.

When you run the A_FAULT Study, PTW checks for appropriate feeder sizes and
lengths, and transformer sizes in the Library. If the data is inappropriate or missing, error
and warning messages are shown in the Study Run dialog box and included in the Report.

The following sections describe the minimum data required for A_FAULT to run.

Feeder Data
You must specify a cable’s positive-sequence impedance and one-way circuit length.
PTW models the negative-sequence impedance as equal to the positive-sequence
impedance. If a cable’s zero-sequence impedance is zero, the Short Circuit Study uses the
positive-sequence value. Cable positive and zero sequence impedances may be selected
from the Cable Library, or you can define them in the Component Editor.

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A_FAULT 1-12 Reference Manual

If you make the cable User Defined, you can enter specific cable positive- and zero-
sequence impedance in ohms per 1000 feet or ohms per 1000 meters. Cable lengths must
be entered in the same units as the cable impedance data (feet or meters). If you switch
the Program Options from English to Metric units, PTW converts entered cable lengths
and impedances to the appropriate units. Cable impedances are unaffected by the wire
circuit description characteristics.
Transformer Data
You can select predefined two-winding transformers from the Transformer Library or you
can define them yourself in the Component Editor. PTW defines two-winding
transformers by their percentage leakage positive- and zero-sequence impedance value,
cooling capacity type, and the nominal kVA rating. If a transformer's zero-sequence
impedance is zero, PTW uses the positive-sequence value. Transformers' rated voltages
may differ from the bus nominal voltages. PTW models those off-nominal voltages as
ideal voltage shifters separate from any primary or secondary tap that is modeled. A
warning message appears in the Study Messages dialog box when PTW detects a
mismatch between the bus nominal voltage and the transformer rated voltage. You can
also define the transformer impedance in the Component Editor using the transformer's
resistance and reactance values in percent on the nominal or self-cooled kVA rating.

When you set the engineering standard for the PTW Project to IEC, user-defined
transformers can be defined in per unit on any kVA base, the Rated Short Circuit Voltage
percent or on Rated Ohmic voltage percent.

Transformer negative-sequence impedance always equals the positive-sequence value in

the Short Circuit Study. The primary and secondary transformer connections help
determine the effect of the zero-sequence Thevenin equivalent impedance.

The wye-grounded wye-grounded zero-sequence path appears as a non-shunt primary to

secondary leakage impedance. Grounding impedance may be placed on one or both of the
grounded points. PTW automatically multiplies this grounding impedance by three to
calculate the proper zero-sequence impedance on a per unit base. The wye-grounded
wye-grounded transformer is modeled in shell form, and is defined as an infinite
impedance when viewed from either connection.

Three-Winding Transformers
Three-winding transformers may be modeled. Off-nominal voltage and transformer taps
may be modeled in a manner similar to two-winding transformers. All three-winding
transformer data must be user defined in the Component Editor. PTW models the three-
winding transformer using conventional network reduction, and establishes a fictitious
center point bus. Also, PTW establishes a secondary to tertiary branch. This fictitious bus
and associated branch count against the total bus and branch limit in PTW.

There are two networks in the following one-line diagram. Transformer T1 is a three-
winding transformer with a primary, secondary and tertiary power rating of 15 MVA, 15
MVA and 5.25 MVA, respectively.

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-13

GEN 1 GEN 2

BUS 1 BUS 7
27,856.53 A 27,856.53 A

C1 C4
BUS 2 BUS 8
22,405.02 A 22,405.02 A

T2
6.0214%
T1 BUS 9
BUS 3 BUS 4 7199.51 A
CENTER POINT
21,706.12 A 11,150.80 A
T3 T4
0.8790% 9.9790%

C2 C3 BUS 10 BUS 12
21,705.22 A 11,150.56 A

BUS 5 BUS 6 C5 C6
BUS 11 BUS 13
20,520.80 A 10,860.47 A 20,520.00 A 10,860.25 A

The manufacturer’s published test data for Transformer T1 is:

Test Impedance Winding Winding Short Impedance Impedance

# Measured Short Open Circuit Base for Symbol
into Winding Circuited Circuited Voltage in % Measure (MVA)
1 Primary Secondary Tertiary 6.9 15 ZPS

2 Primary Tertiary Secondary 5.6 5.25 ZPT

3 Secondary Tertiary Primary 3.8 5.25 ZST

It is important to note that the preceding measurements are relative to different power
bases. In Test 1 when the tertiary circuit is open, short-circuit current flows only in
primary and secondary windings. Both of these windings have 15 MVA ratings. In the
test, the voltage across the primary winding is increased until 6.9 % rated voltage causes
the rated full current to flow in the secondary winding. By opening the tertiary circuit, no
current flows in this winding.

In Test 2, the tertiary winding is fully loaded based on its 5.25 MVA rating, even though
the primary carries only about one-third rated current on its 15.0 MVA rating. The test
stopped when the 5.6 % rated voltage was applied to the primary winding and full load
current was reached on the tertiary winding (corresponding to 5.25 MVA). It is critical to
know on what base the short circuit voltage takes place. The following drawing is an
equivalent impedance diagram for the three-winding transformer:

Z PT

Z ST
P

Z PS
S

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A_FAULT 1-14 Reference Manual

You can convert this into an equivalent wye diagram using standard network reduction
techniques:

Z3
T
Z1
P

Z2

From the network reduction diagram, we can write:

Z PS = Z1 + Z 2
Z PT = Z1 + Z3
ZST = Z 2 + Z3

Network reduction yields:

Z1 = 1
2 (Z PS + Z PT - ZST )
Z2 = 1
2 (Z PS + ZST - Z PT )
Z3 = 1
2 (Z PT + ZST - Z PS )

You can solve the equations by substituting the manufacturer’s data expressed on a
common 15 MVA base:

LM j6.9 + FG j5.6 × 15 IJ - j3.8 × 15 OP

Z1 =
N H 5.25K
1
5.25 Q
2

= j6.0214 %
LM j6.9 + FG j3.8 × 15 IJ - j5.6 × 15 OP
Z2 =
N H 5.25K
1
5.25 Q
2

= j0.879 %
LMFG j5.6 × 15 IJ + FG j38. × 15 IJ − j6.9OP
Z3 =
NH 5.25K H 5.25K Q
1
2

= j9.978 %
The above values represent the two-winding transformer equivalent impedances that must
be used in the one-line diagram on page A_FAULT 1-12.

Contribution Data
Fault duty contributions to the power system originate from the motor generator and utility
source components. PTW provides default subtransient and X/R ratio values. You can
calculate the machine kVA and voltage base using the rated size and connected bus
nominal voltage. For example, if you enter a 50 hp motor with an 80% power factor and
92% efficiency, PTW calculates the rated kVA base as:

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-15

50 hp × 746 W hp
kVA base =
1000 W
× 0.8 pf × 0.92 efficiency
kW
= 50.7 kVA
This is close to the rule-of-thumb that 1 hp is equal to 1 kVA. Of course, if you have a
1000 hp synchronous motor with a unity power factor, PTW calculates the motor’s kVA
base value as 746 kVA for short-circuit current purposes. The fault contribution
calculation remains unaffected by the motor load factor.

Fault contributions can be at any bus and there may be multiple contributions located at
any bus.

Important: .You may change the ANSI contribution calculated kVA base, for example to
model the 50 hp motor as 50.0 kVA. However in PTW, once the machine ANSI
contribution kVA base is selected (or automatically calculated by PTW if the base kVA
value is 0), it will not change. Therefore, if you enter the motor load as 50 hp, run a
Study, and then change the motor’s rating to 75 hp, the motor’s ANSI contribution base
kVA will remain 50 kVA. You must change the base kVA to 75 kVA manually.

Induction motors are modeled as delta-connected, whereas synchronous motors are

modeled as wye-connected. Neutral (grounding) impedance may be modeled.

1.3.5 Low Voltage Duty Report

For low-voltage Studies, A_FAULT calculates the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
at each bus in the power system based on the contribution data derived from ANSI
C37.13. Under this Standard, the synchronous and induction motors are assumed to
contribute at 1.0 Xd". At each bus (including the high voltage bus records), the magnitude
of the fault current and the source of each contribution is reported.

In the partial one-line diagram and associated report below, the initial symmetrical short-
circuit current for a fault at Bus 15 is reported as 8.66 kA. Close inspection of the report
shows that 8.223 kA originates from Bus 14, and the remainder of the fault current is
generated from the four 25-hp motors directly connected to Bus 15, and contained in
MCC 15-1A.

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A_FAULT 1-16 Reference Manual

014-DSB 1
I Symm 9.993 kA
X/R 5.653 LVP1
I Duty 11.459 kA
C14
MCC 15-1A
015-MCC 1A
I Symm 8.661 kA
X/R 4.138
I Duty 9.265 kA
Sub Feed #1

018-RA MCCB1
I Symm 7.190 kA
X/R 2.313
I Duty 7.190 kA
PNL 18 RA

015-MCC 1A FAULT: 8.661 KA AT -74.64 DEG ( 7.20 MVA) X/R: 4.14

VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0085 + J .030
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 8.661 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER < 20KA 9.265 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 8.661 KA
CONTRIBUTIONS: M15-4 .112 KA ANG: -8
M15-3 .112 KA ANG: -86.19
M15-1 .112 KA ANG: -86.19
M15-2 .112 KA ANG: -86.19
014-DSB 1 8.223 KA ANG: -74.02

Likewise, the bus initial symmetrical rms fault current at Bus 14 is 9.993 kA and at Bus 18
is 7.19 kA.

Inspection of the A_FAULT three-phase Low-Voltage Report shows that the X/R ratio at
Bus 15 is 4.14, which is below the 6.6 test X/R ratio if a LV Power Circuit Breaker
(LVPCB) is selected. The symmetrical bus duty for an LVPCB is 8.66 kA, the same as
the initial symmetrical rms short-circuit current bus. However, if a 14 kA AIC molded-
case circuit breaker is selected, then the prospective symmetrical rms bus duty is
calculated as 9.265 kA, since the 14 kA AIC breaker is tested at an X/R ratio of 3.2 in
accordance with the table in Section 1.2.5, “Adjusting Machine Contributions,” but
applied in a location where the X/R ratio is 4.14.

The low-voltage report includes the symmetrical rms fault current and the direction and
magnitude of all contributions at all points in the system. This provides required data for
determining the specific fault duty through the device versus the total fault duty at the bus.

The X/R value reported at the faulted bus is calculated by separate reduction of the X and
R networks. The magnitude and angle of the contributions are calculated using the
complex network.

An option in the Low-Voltage Report is the examination of unbalanced fault currents.

A_FAULT will automatically generate the negative- and zero-sequence networks from the
input data specifications. The fault currents for single-line-to-ground, line-to-line, and
double-line-to-ground are reported. In addition, the maximum rms current (assumed to
occur on Phase A) at one half-cycle for the three-phase and the single-line-to-ground fault
conditions is reported, as shown in the following report:
U N B A L A N C E D F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-17

==============================================================================
LOCATION FAULT KA X/R EQUIVALENT (PU) ASYM. KA AT 0.5 CYCLES
VOLTAGE DUTIES (RMS) FAULT IMPEDANCE * MAX. RMS AVG. RMS *
==============================================================================

015-MCC 1A 3 PHASE: 8.661 4. Z1= 13.8875 10.387 9.544

SLG DUTY: 8.468 4. Z2= 13.8875 9.907
480. VOLTS LN/LN 7.501 Z0= 14.8453
LN/LN/GND 8.673 ( 8.282 GND RETURN KA)

In the low-voltage unbalanced report above, the three-phase fault at Bus 15 is reported
(8.661 kA), the three-phase and single-line-to-ground (SLG) duty X/R ratios are reported
(4), the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence impedances on a 100 MVA pu base are
reported, and the asymmetrical rms three-phase and SLG values at one half-cycle are
reported. The maximum rms value is based on the assumption that the maximum
asymmetrical current flows on Phase A; the average symmetrical rms current is the
arithmetical mean current for Phase A plus Phase B and Phase C. For an SLG fault, there
is no current assumed to flow on Phase B or Phase C, thus no three-phase average value is
reported. Both the line-to-line fault current (7.501 kA) and the line-to-line-to-ground bus
fault current (8.673 kA) are reported. For a line-to-line-to-ground fault current, the
quantity of fault current flowing on the ground (i.e., the zero-sequence path) is also
reported (8.282 kA).

A fault summary is also provided. The fault summary contains the three-phase and single-
line-to-ground fault data, and the fault X/R ratios. Care must be taken when selecting
protective device ratings using strictly the three-phase report. In some cases, the
unbalanced fault current (SLG or LLG current) may be larger than the three-phase short-
circuit current. This is unlikely in most grounded low-voltage systems that have cables
with significant lengths.

1.3.6 Momentary Duty Report

The momentary duty or the closing and latching duty is the current that flows through the
medium- and high-voltage system at one half-cycle after the fault occurs. This current
exhibits a dc decay from the symmetrical fault current, and the fault contribution from
motors rated less than 50 hp is ignored. The Standard also allows for a reduction in
induction motor contribution due to ac decrement. The values for momentary current are
found by first calculating the initial symmetrical rms current using the magnitude of the
available fault currents from the machine reactance values specified in the table in Section
1.2.5, “Adjusting Machine Contributions,” then applying a 1.6 symmetrical multiplier to
match the ANSI simplified momentary rms calculations, and then calculating the
momentary rms current based on the calculated fault circuit X/R value. Additionally, the
peak (crest) values are calculated:

-4π
c
X
I momentary rms = Isymm rms × 1 + 2e R
Eq. 7-1

F −2π I
GG JJ
c
X
I momentary peak = 2 × Isymm rms × 1 + e R

H K
where

c 1/2 cycle.
A_FAULT solves Eq. 7-1 at a time equal to one half-cycle to calculate the momentary
current permitted by the Standard. The Standard also allows the simple multiplication of
the symmetrical current by a factor of 1.6 to determine the momentary rms current, and

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A_FAULT 1-18 Reference Manual

2.7 to determine the momentary peak (crest) current. It can be shown that at X/R = 25
and one half-cycle, Eq. 7-1 reduces to 1.6 times the symmetrical rms current.

The Standard requires separate reduction of the resistance and the reactance networks.
These separate values of X and R are used to calculate the X/R ratio. This X/R ratio can
be significantly different from the value obtained by the vector (complex) circuit
reduction. This is particularly true when there are significant parallel branches where
significantly different component X/R ratios are modeled.

While the separately reduced X/R ratio is used to calculate the momentary asymmetrical
duty, the complex network is used for calculation of the direction and magnitude of each
of the fault currents to the faulted bus.

A_FAULT will also calculate the unbalanced fault conditions for Momentary Duty
Studies. As with the low-voltage report, the single-line-to-ground, the line-to-line and the
double-line-to-ground fault currents are calculated. The momentary values for both the
three-phase and for the single-line-to-ground fault currents are calculated and reported.

007-TX E PRI
I C/L 18.666 kA
TX E X/R 5.236 kA

BLDG 115 SERV

I C/L 11.409 kA
X/R 10.539 kA C10 C11

025-MTR 25
026-TX G PRI I C/L 10.989 kA
SW1 X/R 11.467 kA
I C/L 11.172 kA
X/R 9.423 kA F3
MO/L#25

M25

In the above one-line diagram and the following report, the closing and latching
(momentary) three-phase short-circuit current duty at the Main Building 115 Service
Entrance is reported as 11.409 kA rms or 19.252 kA peak asymmetrical current based on
1.6 and 2.7 times multiplying factor in the Standard.
T H R E E P H A S E
M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV E/Z: 7.130 KA AT -82.21 DEG ( 51.38 MVA) X/R: 10.54
SYM*1.6: 11.409 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 10.337 KA
SYM*2.7: 19.252 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 17.568 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0456 + J .3337 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: 007-TX E PRI 5.139 KA ANG: -80.39
026-TX G PRI .393 KA ANG: -84.15
025-MTR 25 1.608 KA ANG: -87.57

This X/R ratio is below the manufacturer’s test case X/R of 25, thus the reason the
calculated duty (10.337 kA) is less than the reported initial symmetrical current × 1.6
value of 11.409 kA. These asymmetrical currents are calculated as the bus total, and

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-19

contributions flow are from Bus 7 (5.139 kA), Bus 26 (0.393 kA), and Bus 25 (1.608 kA).
A_FAULT stores the 1.6 times initial symmetrical rms current duty in the database, as this
is the more conservative rms current duty in most industrial and commercial power
systems.

1.3.7 Interrupting Duty Report

The interrupting duty Report generates short-circuit current duties for specification of
two-, three-, five-, and eight-cycle breakers. The calculations assume that the breakers
will open (contact parting time) in 1.5-, 2-, 3-, and 4-cycles respectively.

A_FAULT applies the tables and graphs in the C37.5 and the C37.010 Standards to
calculate the interrupting duties. These graphs, combined with the factors which reduce
motor fault contributions due to ac decrement, result in proper calculation of asymmetrical
interrupting rating values as required by either the Total Current Standard (C37.5) and the
Symmetrical Current Rated Standard (C37.010).

Local and Remote Fault Contributions From Generators

ANSI requires short-circuit current contributions from generators to be classified as either
local or remote. The definition of the contributions as local or remote will determine the
appropriate ANSI figures which are used for determination of the ac decrement and dc
decay in the power system.

Remote sources are treated by ANSI as having no ac decrement. (Motor contributions are
decremented in A_FAULT by use of factors multiplied by the motor reactance values.
Refer to the table in Section 1.2.5, “Adjusting Machine Contributions”). Contributions
specified as generators or utility sources are treated as either local or remote as described
in the following sections.

ANSI C37.5 Considerations (Total Rated Basis)

The following paragraphs refer to Figure 1-1 through Figure 1-3 in Section 1.3.8,
“Modeling ANSI Decrement Curves.” These figures are A_FAULT interpretations of the
ANSI Figures 1, 2, and 3 in ANSI Standard C37.5, para 3.2.1

A generator short-circuit current contribution is considered remote when the per-unit

reactance external to the generator is equal to or greater than 1.5 times the generator per
unit subtransient reactance on a common MVA base. Once the total generation
contribution at a faulted location is known, the appropriate interrupting factors may be
used from the Standards. For breakers tested in accordance with ANSI Standard C37.5
(pre-1964), use Figure 1-1 through Figure 1-3 to determine the appropriate interrupting
duty.

If the bus is determined to be remote from the generator, then Figure 1-3 is used for both a
three-phase and single-line-to-ground fault condition.

When generators are determined as local, then both the ac decrement and the dc decay
must be accounted for, Figure 1-1, from ANSI Standard C37.5, is used for determining
multiplying factors for three-phase fault conditions with local generation. Figure 1-2 is
used if a single-line-to-ground fault condition is studied.

The Standards recognize that the generation in a system may consist of both local and
remote contributions and therefore permit the interpolation between Figure 1-1 and Figure
1-3 for three-phase multiplying factors, and between Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3 for the

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A_FAULT 1-20 Reference Manual

single phase factors in the total current rated Standard is possible. The interpolation is a
function of the X/R ratio and the ratio of remote fault current to total bus fault current.

In A_FAULT, each generator is evaluated as local or remote based on a determination of

the per-unit reactance external to the generator being equal to or greater than 1.5 times the
generator per unit Xd" on a common MVA base for each fault location. Then, the
contribution of each generator to the fault is determined.

ANSI C37.010 Considerations (Symmetrical Rating Basis)

The concepts of local, remote and interpolation methods discussed above also apply to the
ANSI Standard C37.010, para. 5.3.2. Three-phase fault multiplying factors, which
include the effects of both ac decrement and dc decay (local generation) are in Figure 8 in
ANSI Standard C37.010. The line-to-ground fault multiplying factors which include the
effects of the ac decrement and dc decay are shown in Figure 9 of the Standard.
Additionally, Figure 10 of the Standard illustrates the three-phase and the line-to-ground
fault multiplying factors which include the effects of the dc decay only (remote
generation). Figures 8, 9, and 10 of ANSI Standard C30.010 are reproduced as Figure 1-4
through Figure 1-15 in Section 1.3.8, “Modeling ANSI Decrement Curves.”

A_FAULT permits you to specify the generator contributions as All Remote,

Predominant, or Interpolated. The program methodology for the ANSI Standard C37.010
is the same as described for the ANSI Standard C37.5 in the previous sections.

Although the ANSI Standard C37.010 permits the use of a simplifying technique to
convert multiplying factors calculated by the ANSI Standard C37.5 to the ANSI Standard
C37.010 format, the results may differ from the multiplying factors taken from the curves
in the ANSI Standard C37.010. A_FAULT resolves this by using only the published
curves.

Using the NACD Options

This following one-line diagram illustrates how A_FAULT uses the three NACD options:

007-TX E PRI
I init symm 10.741 kA
TX E X/R 4.844 kA
I symm current 10.741 kA
I total current 10.741 kA

BLDG 115 SERV

I init symm 6.330 kA
X/R 9.780 kA C10 C11
I symm current 6.330 kA
I total current 6.352 kA

025-MTR 25
026-TX G PRI I init symm 6.082 kA
SW1 X/R 10.001 kA
I init symm 6.205 kA
X/R 8.888 kA I symm current 6.082 kA
F3 I total current 6.107 kA
I symm current 6.205 kA
I total current 6.212 kA MO/L#25

M25

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-21

In the above one-line diagram and the following Report, the interrupting three-phase
short-circuit current duty at the Main Building 115 Service Entrance is reported as an
initial symmetrical rms current of 6.33 kA at an X/R of 9.78.
T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV E/Z: 6.330 KA AT -81.61 DEG ( 45.61 MVA) X/R: 9.78
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0554 + J .3754 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: 007-TX E PRI 5.088 KA ANG: -80.19
026-TX G PRI .173 KA ANG: -85.29
025-MTR 25 1.077 KA ANG: -87.74
GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE
001-EDISON 3.615 .97 R
008-GEN 1 .181 .93 R
020-GEN 2 .418 .90 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 3.796 KA NACD RATIO: .5997

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.002
DUTY (KA) : 6.330 6.330 6.330 6.344

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.211 1.052 1.004 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 7.668 6.656 6.352 6.330

At the BLDG 115 SERV Bus, the total fault current due to generators is 4.2 kA, of which
the generator 020-GEN2 at Bus 20 is considered local to the faulted bus. The total remote
generation is 3.796 kA which is 59.97% of the total fault current (6.33 kA) available at the
bus.

The output report lists the interrupting duty in accordance with both the symmetrical basis
and the total current basis. If a 5-cycle breaker is selected, the Symmetrical Current basis
duty is 6.33 kA, but if a 5-cycle breaker is selected which is rated on a Total Current basis,
then it must be specified on a short circuit interrupting duty of 6.352 kA.

1.3.8 Modeling ANSI Decrement Curves

The published ANSI figures used for determining the interrupting duty decrement factors
are, at best, difficult to read. During the creation of A_FAULT, the published curves were
photographically enlarged and data points interpolated. These data points were then
entered into a graphic utility program and the interpolated points plotted. The graphic
utility program permitted the output curves to be scaled to the same size as the enlarged
curves taken from the standard. The interpolated curves were then compared directly with
the published curves. The interpolated results agreed with the published curves.

The ac decrement/dc decay curves used by A_FAULT are discussed in this section. Figure
1-1, Figure 1-2, and Figure 1-3 represent the ac decrement/dc decay curves used by the
ANSI Standard C37.5. Figure 1-4 through Figure 1-15 represent the ac decrement/dc
decay curves used by the ANSI Standard C37.010. In Figure 1-4 through Figure 1-15, the
ac decrement/dc decay curves corresponding to the breaker contact parting time are
shown. The ac decrement/dc decay curves for contact parting at other than 1.5-, 2-, 3-,
and 4-cycles are not shown as they are not required for the A_FAULT solution. Sufficient
information in A_FAULT is provided to determine other multiplying factors from the
standards for breakers which may have slower contact parting times.

It should be noted that the ac decrement/dc decay curves published by ANSI Standard
C37.010 occasionally result in multiplying factors which are not always intuitive. For
example, careful examination of the symmetrical standard for three-phase faults with local
generation indicates multiplying factors for a five-cycle breaker (3-cycle parting time) at a

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A_FAULT 1-22 Reference Manual

value of X/R = 60 will result in a multiplying factor of 1.167. With the same X/R value,
an eight-cycle breaker (4-cycle parting time) will have a multiplying factor of 1.180.
Although the eight-cycle breaker opens under a lower asymmetrical current, the breaker
takes longer for contact parting, thus a higher asymmetrical rating requirement.

Examination of the dc decay curves (remote sources) further illustrates that the intuitive
understanding of asymmetrical current values does not correspond to asymmetrical ratings
calculated by the ANSI Standard C37.010. For example, examination of a system with an
X/R ratio of 30, the multiplying factors increase for slower operating breakers.

For all of the following drawings, the vertical axis is the X/R ratio based on the separate
reduction of the R and X networks. Likewise, for all of the following drawings, the
horizontal axis represents the ANSI multiplying factors.

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-23

3 Hz 2 Hz 3 Hz 2 Hz
150 150
4 Hz 1 Hz 1 Hz
140 4 Hz
140

130 130

120 120

110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
8-cycle breaker 8-cycle breaker
90 90
6-cycle breaker 6-cycle breaker
80 80
4-cycle breaker 4-cycle breaker
70 70
2-cycle breaker 2-cycle breaker
60 60

50 50

40 40
30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-1. C37.5 Three-phase ac decrement/dc decay curves. Figure 1-2. C37.5 Single-line-to-ground ac decrement/dc decay curves.
3 Hz 2 Hz
150
4 Hz 1 Hz
140

130

120

110
Contact Parting of:
100
8-cycle breaker
90
6-cycle breaker
80
4-cycle breaker
70
2-cycle breaker
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-3. C37.5 Three-phase and single-line-to-ground DC decay curves
(dc decay only).

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A_FAULT 1-24 Reference Manual

150 150

140 140

130 130
4 Hz 3 Hz
120 120

110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
8-cycle breaker 5-cycle breaker
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-4. C37.010 Three-phase ac decrement/dc Figure 1-5. C37.010 Three-phase ac decrement/dc
decay curve for 8-cycle breakers. decay curve for 5-cycle breakers.
150 150

140 140

130 130
2 Hz 1.5 Hz
120 120

110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
3-cycle breaker 2-cycle breaker
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-6. C37.010 Three-phase ac decrement/dc Figure 1-7. C37.010 Three-phase ac decrement/dc
decay curve for 3-cycle breakers. decay curve for 2-cycle breakers.

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-25

150 150

140 140

130 130
3 Hz
120 120
4 Hz
110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
8-cycle breaker 5-cycle breaker
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-8. C37.010 Single-line-to-ground ac Figure 1-9. C37.010 Single-line-to-ground ac
decrement/dc decay curve for 8-cycle breakers. decrement/dc decay curve for 5-cycle breakers.
150

140 150

140
130
2 Hz 130
120 1.5 Hz
120
110
Contact Parting of: 110
100
Contact Parting of:
3-cycle breaker 100
90
2-cycle breaker
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Figure 1-10. C37.010 Single-line-to-ground ac Figure 1-11. C37.010 Single-line-to-ground ac
decrement/dc decay curve for 3-cycle breakers. decrement/dc decay curve for 2-cycle breakers.

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A_FAULT 1-26 Reference Manual

150 150

140 140

130 130
4 Hz 3 Hz
120 120

110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
8-cycle breaker 5-cycle breaker
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Figure 1-12. C37.010 Three-phase and single-line-to-ground dc Figure 1-13. Three-phase and single-line-to-ground dc
decay curve for 8-cycle breakers (dc decay only). decay curve for 5-cycle breakers (dc decay only).

150 150

140 140

130 130
2 Hz 1.5 Hz
120 120

110 110
Contact Parting of: Contact Parting of:
100 100
3-cycle breaker 2-cycle breaker
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Figure 1-14. Three-phase and single-line-to-ground dc Figure 1-15. Three-phase and single-line-to-ground
decay curve for 3- cycle breakers (dc decay only). dc decay curve for 2 cycle breakers (dc decay only).

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-27

1.4 Application Examples

The examples that follow illustrate how the A_FAULT Study calculates the various short-
circuit duties, given different project topologies. Unless otherwise specified, all per unit
values are expressed on a 100 MVA base at the bus system nominal voltage.

1.4.1 Induction Motor ac decrement Factors

This first example comprises three separate cases in which different combinations of
induction motors are modeled to determine the impact of the ANSI ac decrement factor on
the ANSI fault current. The factors listed in the table in Section 1.2.5, “Adjusting
Machine Contributions” represent those modeled.

Case 1
In the following one-line diagram, a series of 4160 V 25 hp motors and a single 50 hp
motor are modeled as shown:

U1

B1

C1

B2

C4
C2 C3

B3 B4 B5

M1 M2 M3 M4

Size 25.0 hp Size 25.0 hp Size 25.0 hp Size 50.0 hp

# of Mtrs: 2 # of Mtrs: 1 # of Mtrs: 1 # of Mtrs: 1

Note that the total motor short-circuit contribution from each of the three motor buses is
50 hp. A fault is created at Bus B2, and inspection of the following output Report shows
that the fault duty contributions from each of the three-motor branches are equal (47 A).
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
B2 FAULT: 13.598 KA AT -86.14 DEG ( 97.98 MVA) X/R: 14.85
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0119 + J .1762 OHMS

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A_FAULT 1-28 Reference Manual

CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16

B3 .047 KA ANG: -84.28
B4 .047 KA ANG: -84.28
B5 .047 KA ANG: -84.28
This is the expected result. In the Low-Voltage network Report all motors (regardless of
the rated voltage of the motor) are modeled with a machine reactance of 1.0 times the
rated subtransient reactance. This is compared to the medium/high-voltage momentary (or
closing and latching Report), where motors less than 50 hp are ignored. Note the output
results below:
T H R E E P H A S E M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

B2 E/Z: 13.496 KA AT -86.16 DEG ( 97.24 MVA) X/R: 14.89

SYM*1.6: 21.593 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 20.519 KA
SYM*2.7: 36.438 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 34.541 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0119 + J .1776 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16
B5 .039 KA ANG: -84.28

Note that the motor contributions from Bus B3 and Bus B4 are not included in the output
report. Also, note that the fault duty contribution from the 50 hp motor at Bus B5 is only
83% of the value reported in the low-voltage report. This is equivalent to increasing the
motor’s subtransient reactance by 1.2 times. Finally, note that the initial symmetrical rms
short-circuit current is only 13.496 kA at Bus B2, compared to 13.598 kA in the previous
Report.

The Interrupting Report is printed below:

T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================

B2 E/Z: 13.472 KA AT -86.16 DEG ( 97.07 MVA) X/R: 14.90

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0119 + J .1779 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16
B5 .016 KA ANG: -84.29

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

U1 13.456 .06 R
TOTAL REMOTE: 13.456 KA NACD RATIO: .9988

The fault duty contribution from the single 50 hp motor at Bus B5 is now only 34% of the
value reported in the Low-Voltage Report. This is equivalent to increasing the motor’s
subtransient reactance by 3.0 times and is consistent with a reduced ac decrement
component during interrupting. Also, observe that the initial symmetrical rms short-
circuit current is now 13.472 kA at Bus B2, reflecting the further reduction in motor
contributions. In each of the three Reports, the short-circuit current from the utility source
was 13.456 kA.

Case 2
This second example follows from the format of Case 1. The 4160 V motors have been
resized, as shown in the following one-line diagram:

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-29

U1

B1

C1

B2

C4
C2 C3

B3 B4 B5

M1 M2 M4

Size 100.0 hp Size 300.0 hp Size 1250.0 hp

# of Mtrs: 1 # of Mtrs: 1 # of Mtrs: 1

First the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study is run for a fault at Bus B2:
***************** F A U L T A N A L Y S I S R E P O R T ****************

FAULT TYPE: 3PH

MODEL INDUCTION MOTOR CONTRIBUTION: YES
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
MODEL TRANSFORMER PHASE SHIFT: NO

B2 VOLTAGE BASE LL: 4160.0 (VOLTS)

INI. SYM. RMS FAULT CURRENT: 15014.0 / -86. ( AMPS/DEG )
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE: .065 +j .922 (PU)
THEVENIN IMPEDANCE X/R RATIO: 14.105

ASYM RMS INTERRUPTING AMPS

1/2 CYCLES 3 CYCLES 5 CYCLES 8 CYCLES
22675.9 16017.4 15187.5 15026.0

B2 ==== INI. SYM. RMS SYSTEM BRANCH FLOWS ( AMPS/DEG ) =======

ALL BRANCHES REPORTED AT TIME = .5 CYCLES
VOLTS --PHASE A--- ---PHASE B--- ---PHASE C

M1 4160. 94.7/ -84. 94.7/ 156. 94.7/ 36.

M2 4160. 283.9/ -84. 283.9/ 156. 283.9/ 36.
M4 4160. 1180.1/ -84. 1180.1/ 156. 1180.1/ 36.

*****************************************************************************

The results of A_FAULT’s low-voltage report for the same fault bus (B2) are:
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
B2 FAULT: 15.014 KA AT -85.94 DEG ( 108.18 MVA) X/R: 14.36
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0113 + J .1596 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16
B3 .095 KA ANG: -84.27
B4 .284 KA ANG: -84.22
B5 1.180 KA ANG: -84.02

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A_FAULT 1-30 Reference Manual

Close examination of the two Reports shows that the bus initial symmetrical rms current
and each of the motor contributions are identical in magnitude. In fact, the only
significant difference between the two Reports is the reported X/R ratio. The
Comprehensive Study reported an X/R ratio of 14.11, whereas the A_FAULT study Low-
Voltage Report calculated the X/R ratio as 14.36. Indeed, even the difference in
calculated X/R ratio between the two methods is not particularly significant in this case.

Next, A_FAULT’s Momentary (closing and latching) Report is examined:

T H R E E P H A S E M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

B2 E/Z: 14.951 KA AT -85.95 DEG ( 107.73 MVA) X/R: 14.38

SYM*1.6: 23.922 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 22.634 KA
SYM*2.7: 40.368 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 38.137 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0113 + J .1602 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16
B3 .079 KA ANG: -84.27
B4 .237 KA ANG: -84.23
B5 1.180 KA ANG: -84.02

The 100 hp and 300 hp motors are modeled with a 1.2 times subtransient reactance ac
decrement factor, whereas the 1250 hp motor does not use a multiplying factor, based on
the ac decrement factors from the table in Section 1.2.5, “Adjusting Machine
Contributions.”

Case 3
This third example follows from the first two cases. The 4160 V motors have been re-
sized once again, as shown in the following one-line diagram:

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-31

U1

B1

C1

B2

C2 C3

B3 B4

M1 M2

Size 300.0 hp Size 300.0 hp

# of Mtrs: 1 # of Mtrs: 1
1800 rpm 3600 rpm

In this problem each of the two induction motors is rated 300 hp, but Motor M1 is rated at
1800 rpm, whereas Motor M2 is rated at 3600 rpm. The A_FAULT Momentary (closing
and latching) Report predicts the following ac decrement factors for the two motors:

T H R E E P H A S E M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

B2 E/Z: 13.976 KA AT -86.09 DEG ( 100.70 MVA) X/R: 14.72

SYM*1.6: 22.362 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 21.220 KA
SYM*2.7: 37.736 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 35.732 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0117 + J .1714 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B1 13.456 KA ANG: -86.16
B3 .237 KA ANG: -84.23
B4 .284 KA ANG: -84.22

As expected, the slower motor (Motor M1 on Bus B3) has a smaller momentary short-
circuit current contribution (237 A) than the faster motor attached to Bus B4 (284 A).

1.4.2 Modeling Transformers with Taps

In this example the impact of modeling transformer taps in A_FAULT is investigated.
The following one-line diagram posts the results of the Comprehensive Short Circuit
Study, modeling the effects of transformer taps.

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A_FAULT 1-32 Reference Manual

U1

B1
14753.23 Amps 3P
13600.55 Amps SLG C1

G1
B2
14266.92 Amps 3P
12999.28 Amps SLG
TX1

B3
35266.01 Amps 3P
37492.43 Amps SLG C2

B4
19772.67 Amps 3P
16101.20 Amps SLG

M1 L1

Because of a significant steady-state load flow voltage drop at Bus B4, a -2.5% primary
transformer tap is placed on Transformer TX1. The pre-fault no-load voltage used to
model the short-circuit current for a fault at Bus B4 is 1.0256 % of nominal due to the
-2.5% primary tap. The results of the Comprehensive Short Circuit Report are posted on
the one-line diagram. The calculated pre-fault, no-load voltage at Bus B4, given the
-2.5% primary tap, is 1.0256 pu V.

Rerunning the study using A_FAULT and modeling a 1.0256 pu driving point voltage
yields the same fault current magnitude at Bus B4, as compared to the Comprehensive
Short Circuit Study; this is noted in the following Report:
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0256
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: YES
==============================================================================

B4 FAULT: 19.772 KA AT -55.84 DEG ( 16.86 MVA) X/R: 2.59

VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0081 + J .0119 OHMS
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 19.772 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER < 20KA 19.772 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 19.772 KA
CONTRIBUTIONS: M1 4.208 KA ANG: -84.29
B3 16.196 KA ANG: -48.7

The results between the Comprehensive Short Circuit Study and the A_FAULT Study
match.

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-33

If the transformer tap is ignored, and the pre-fault voltage is reset to 1.0 pu, A_FAULT
predicts a slightly smaller fault current at Bus B4:
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
B4 FAULT: 19.360 KA AT -55.63 DEG ( 16.10 MVA) X/R: 2.58
VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0081 + J .0118 OHMS
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 19.360 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER < 20KA 19.360 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 19.360 KA
CONTRIBUTIONS: M1 4.103 KA ANG: -84.29
B3 15.882 KA ANG: -48.52

This case may also be used to understand the significance of examining both the three-
phase and the single-line-to-ground fault Reports. It is important to understand that the
three-phase bolted fault may not be the largest fault current available at the bus. For
example, A_FAULT predicts that the single-line-to-ground fault current at Bus B3 will be
larger than the three-phase short-circuit current. Note the following one-line results from
A_FAULT:

U1

B1

I Symm 14.733 kA 3 Ph
I Symm 13.589 kA SLG C1

G1
B2
I Symm 14.246 kA 3 Ph
I Symm 12.988 kA SLG
TX1

B3

I Symm 34.795 kA 3 Ph
I Symm 36.864 kA SLG C2

B4

I Symm 19.360 kA 3 Ph
I Symm 15.732 kA SLG
M1 L1

Close in to the delta-wye-grounded transformer, the single-line-to-ground fault current is

larger than the three-phase short-circuit current.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-34 Reference Manual

1.4.3 Calculating Interrupting Duties

This example investigates how A_FAULT calculates the interrupting duties associated
with medium-voltage protective devices. Two issues of importance must be examined.
First, how the generator local/remove determination is made, and second, how A_FAULT
uses the various ac decrement figures to determine protective device Total Current and
Symmetrical Current duties.

Case 1
Consider the following one-line with the per unit impedances (expressed on a 100 MVA
base) as noted. Note that in this example resistances have been ignored:

G1
X1 = 1.0 PU
B1

C1
X1 = 0.2 PU

B2

C2
X1 = 0.4 PU
B3
C7
X1 = 0.9 PU

C3
X1 = 0.6 PU
B4

C4

X1 = 0.1 PU

B5

A portion of the A_FAULT three-phase interrupting report is reported below for the
impedances modeled above:
T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================

B4 E/Z: 8.292 KA AT -89.65 DEG ( 59.75 MVA) X/R: 165.70

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0017 + J .2896 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B2 4.363 KA ANG: -89.65

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-35

B3 3.929 KA ANG: -89.65

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

G1 8.292 .40 L
TOTAL REMOTE: .000 KA NACD RATIO: .0000

B5 E/Z: 7.825 KA AT -89.67 DEG ( 56.38 MVA) X/R: 175.60

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0017 + J .3069 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B4 7.825 KA ANG: -89.67

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

G1 7.825 .44 L
TOTAL REMOTE: .000 KA NACD RATIO: .0000

Inspection of this partial report shows that at for a fault at either Bus B4 or Bus B5,
A_FAULT has determined that the single generator at Bus B1 is considered local to the
faulted bus.

The impedance of the branch from Bus B4 to Bus B5 is now increased, as noted below:

G1
X1 = 1.0 PU
B1

C1
X1 = 0.2 PU

B2

C2
X1 = 0.4 PU
B3
C7
X1 = 0.9 PU

C3
X1 = 0.6 PU
B4

C4

X1 = 0.95 PU

B5

T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-36 Reference Manual

B4 E/Z: 8.292 KA AT -89.65 DEG ( 59.75 MVA) X/R: 165.70

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0017 + J .2896 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B2 4.363 KA ANG: -89.65
B3 3.929 KA ANG: -89.65

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

G1 8.292 .40 L
TOTAL REMOTE: .000 KA NACD RATIO: .0000

B5 E/Z: 5.290 KA AT -89.78 DEG ( 38.12 MVA) X/R: 259.76

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0017 + J .4540 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: B4 5.290 KA ANG: -89.78
GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE
G1 5.290 .62 R
TOTAL REMOTE: 5.290 KA NACD RATIO: 1.0000

As the impedance of the branch from Bus B4 to Bus B5 increased from 0.1 to 0.95 pu Ω,
A_FAULT determined that when the fault occurred at Bus B5, the Generator contribution
switched from being a local contribution, where ac decrement and dc decay is considered,
to a remote contribution where there is no ac decrement considered for the generator in
question.

Para 5.3.2 of ANSI Standard C37.010 states that a generator should be considered remote
to the fault location if the per-unit reactance external to the generator is equal to or greater
than 1.5 times the generator per-unit sub transient reactance on a common system MVA
base. In Case 1, the total system reactance (on a 100 MVA base) between Bus B1 to Bus
B5 is:

X total = 0.2 +
b0.4 + 0.5g × 0.9 + 01. pu
0.4 + 0.5 + 0.9
= 0.2 + 0.45 + 0.1 pu
= 0.75 pu

The generator subtransient reactance is 1.0, and 1.5 times Xd”gen (1.5 pu Ω) is less than
the system impedance less the Generator (0.75 pu), thus A_FAULT determined that when
the fault is at Bus B5, the Generator contribution from Bus B1 is a local contribution, and
ac decrement is considered.

However in the second study, the branch reactance from Bus B4 to Bus B5 is increased
from 0.1 pu to 0.95 pu, thus making the total external system reactance between Bus B1 to
Bus B5 equal to 1.6 pu. This makes the total external reactance greater than 1.5 times Xd”
gen, therefore A_FAULT determined in this study that when the fault is at Bus B5 the
Generator contribution from Bus B1 is a remote contribution, and no ac decrement is
considered.

Case 2
In this second example a small industrial power system with co-generation is modeled, as
shown in the following one-line diagram. The Load Flow Study data presented on the
one-line diagram shows that the system load is approximately 12 MVA, and a 2 MVA co-
generator supplies some of the plant load on a continuous basis:

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-37

UTIL-0001

8187.41 kW
3046.42 kvar
UTIL FDR BUS
13800 V
1.08 % VD

C1
8181.50 kW
TX A SEC BUS 2780.41 kvar

13800 V
1.26 % VD
TXA

8167.88 kW
2773.68 kvar

SW-YARD BUS

4160 V
0.21 % VD
PF CAPACITOR C2
500.0 kVA 8096.81 kW
2781.32 kvar
PLANT MAIN
4160 V
0.25 % VD

C3 C4 C5

1498.69 kW 4084.45 kW 5508.89 kW

G1 749.21 kvar 2315.12 kvar 1211.20 kvar

1500.00 kW PROCESS B BUS

750.00 kvar CO GEN BUS
PROCESS A BUS 4160 V
0.43 % VD
4160 V 4160 V
0.16 % VD 0.52 % VD
CAP BANK #2 BLDG 115 LD
500.0 kVA 2000.0 kVA
TXB C6

4074.21 kW 3899.60 kW
2807.66 kvar 5.61 kvar

PROC A MTR BUS PROC B MTR BUS

2400 V 4160 V
2.45 % VD 0.80 % VD

NON MTR LOADS M1 LOAD PROC B MTR LD

2500.0 kVA 2500.0 hp 5000.0 hp

Next the three-phase Comprehensive Short Circuit current Report is run on the above
project, first ignoring the effects of transformer taps and associated change in pre-fault no-
load bus voltages due to the transformer taps. From the following one-line diagram, note
particularly the bus fault currents on the PROC A MTR BUS where there is a lumped load
of 5 MVA, split equally between motor and non-motor loads.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-38 Reference Manual

UTIL-0001

UTIL FDR BUS

13543.65 Amps 3P
X/R 42.18
C1

TX A SEC BUS
13231.92 Amps 3P
X/R 14.95
TXA

SW-YARD BUS
20118.43 Amps 3P
X/R 14.12
PF CAPACITOR C2

PLANT MAIN
20065.35 Amps 3P
X/R 13.90

C3 C4 C5

G1

CO GEN BUS PROCESS B BUS

19314.84 Amps 3P PROCESS A BUS 19698.84 Amps 3P
X/R 8.19 19331.02 Amps 3P X/R 10.27
X/R 11.75
CAP BANK #2 BLDG 115 LD
TXB C6

PROC A MTR BUS PROC B MTR BUS

15593.57 Amps 3P 18815.79 Amps 3P
X/R 11.28 X/R 5.79

NON MTR LOADS M1 LOAD PROC B MTR LD

As noted in the Comprehensive Short Circuit Report following, the initial symmetrical
rms short-circuit current at the PROC A MTR BUS is three-phase with a positive-
sequence network X/R ratio of over 11. The Comprehensive Short Circuit Study predicts
an asymmetrical rms current at five cycles into the fault of 15652.9 A, and even by eight
cycles into the fault there is some (slight) dc offset current present.

PROC A MTR BUS VOLTAGE BASE LL: 2400.0 (VOLTS)

INI. SYM. RMS FAULT CURRENT: 15593.6 / -85. ( AMPS/DEG )
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE: .136 +j 1.537 (PU)
THEVENIN IMPEDANCE X/R RATIO: 11.282

ASYM RMS INTERRUPTING AMPS

1/2 CYCLES 3 CYCLES 5 CYCLES 8 CYCLES
22843.0 16135.9 15652.9 15595.7

Next, the A_FAULT Study is run with transformer taps ignored, as shown in the results
on the following one-line:

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-39

UTIL-0001

UTIL FDR BUS

I symm 13.362 kA
X/R 55.568 kA
C1

TX A SEC BUS
I symm 13.048 kA
X/R 15.452 kA
TXA

SW-YARD BUS
I symm 18.218 kA
X/R 16.019 kA
PF CAPACITOR C2

PLANT MAIN
I symm 18.160 kA
X/R 15.830 kA
C3 C4 C5

G1

CO GEN BUS PROCESS B BUS

I symm 17.561 kA PROCESS A BUS I symm 17.818 kA
X/R 11.960 kA I symm 17.536 kA X/R 11.299 kA
X/R 13.097 kA
CAP BANK #2 BLDG 115 LD
TXB C6

PROC A MTR BUS PROC B MTR BUS

I symm 13.871 kA I symm 17.004 kA
X/R 11.885 kA X/R 7.323 kA

NON MTR LOADS M1 LOAD PROC B MTR LD

The associated interrupting report for bus PROC A MTR BUS is shown below:

T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED

PROC A MTR BUS E/Z: 13.871 KA AT -85.05 DEG ( 57.66 MVA) X/R: 11.88
VOLTAGE: 2400. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0086 + J .0995 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M1 LOAD 2.114 KA ANG: -84.29
PROCESS A BUS 11.757 KA ANG: -85.19

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

UTIL-0001 9.401 .86 R
G1 1.307 .59 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 9.401 KA NACD RATIO: .6778

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.013
DUTY (KA) : 13.871 13.871 13.871 14.047

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.261 1.089 1.020 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 17.491 15.111 14.150 13.871
Note that the initial symmetrical rms short-circuit interrupting duty is calculated as 13.87
kA. The difference between the 15593.6 A short-circuit current calculated in the
Comprehensive report and the 13.87 kA above is due to the modeling of motor ac

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-40 Reference Manual

decrement allowed by the Standard and used in the A_FAULT calculations. The
Comprehensive Study does not explicity model the change in subtransient reactance of
machines.

Close comparison of the calculated X/R ratios shows that at the bus in question the
Comprehensive Report predicted an X/R of 11.28, whereas the A_FAULT procedure of
separately derived R and X calculation predicted an X/R of 11.88.

Referring to the A_FAULT report, note that the total remote generation to the PROC A
MTR BUS is 9.4 kA, or 67.78% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current. The
Interrupting Duty Study setup requested that the results of the ac decrement be
interpolated between the ac decrement that was associated with the co-generator (local)
and that fault current from remote generators associated with the utility service. Thus,
when calculating the Total Current and Symmetrical Current interrupting duty for the bus,
a weighted average of the multiplying factors from the local and remote curves associated
with the respective Standard.

It is important to note that in this project and at this specific faulted bus, the X/R ratio is
not large, thus the interrupting ratings will not differ significantly from the initial
symmetrical rms short-circuit current. Indeed, inspection of the symmetrical current
ratings show multiplying factors of 1.0.

Next, the A_FAULT Study is rerun, with the NACD option set as All Remote. This
yields a more conservative answer, as shown in the Report following:
T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: YES
NACD OPTION: ALL REMOTE

PROC A MTR BUS E/Z: 13.871 KA AT -85.05 DEG ( 57.66 MVA) X/R: 11.88
VOLTAGE: 2400. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0086 + J .0995 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M1 LOAD 2.114 KA ANG: -84.29
PROCESS A BUS 11.757 KA ANG: -85.19

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

UTIL-0001 9.401 .86 R
G1 1.307 .59 R
TOTAL REMOTE: 10.709 KA NACD RATIO: 1.0000

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.019
DUTY (KA) : 13.871 13.871 13.871 14.131

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.257 1.093 1.030 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 17.438 15.159 14.282 13.871

As noted above, the co-generator is now assumed to be remote, and the 8-cycle
Symmetrical current multiplying factor of 1.019 is from Figure 1-12.

Also, note that the 5-cycle Total Current rating is increased to 1.03 (from 1.02 when an
interpolated solution is considered).

In this last case, the A_FAULT study is rerun, but the NACD option is set as
Predominant. The results are reported below:

T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: YES
NACD OPTION: PREDOMINANT

PROC A MTR BUS E/Z: 13.871 KA AT -85.05 DEG ( 57.66 MVA) X/R: 11.88
VOLTAGE: 2400. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= .0086 + J .0995 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M1 LOAD 2.114 KA ANG: -84.29

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-41

PROCESS A BUS 11.757 KA ANG: -85.19

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

UTIL-0001 9.401 .86 R
G1 1.307 .59 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 9.401 KA NACD RATIO: 1.0000

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.019
DUTY (KA) : 13.871 13.871 13.871 14.131

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.257 1.093 1.030 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 17.438 15.159 14.282 13.871

When the NACD Option is set as Predominant, then the Study will calculate the ac
decrement based on whether the short-circuit current from the generator sources is either
predominantly local or predominantly remote. In this case the total utility and generator
short-circuit current contribution is over 50% remote (9.4 kA/13.871 kA is 67%), thus the
multiplying factors for both the Symmetrical Current and Total Current basis match the
results for the All Remote NACD Option.

1.4.4 Example from Plant

The following figure is a one-line diagram for the Plant project. The Plant project is
included on the PTW

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

4/23/2004
U1
A_FAULT 1-42 Reference Manual

001-UTILITY CO

R1 DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR

POWER*TOOLS FOR WINDOWS

CB1
TXL1
diskettes.

002-TX A PRI

R2

CB2

TX A
003-HV SWGR

R5 R7
R M8 R M10
R3 R6
CB5 SW1 CB7
CB3 CB6 CB M8 CB M10
C4
C1 C2 C3

G1 006-TX3 PRI M8 M10

CAP #1 007-TX E PRI
004-TX B PRI

R G1 TX 3WND TX E
TX C

F TX C
CB G1
011-TX3 SEC 012-TX3 TER
BLDG 115 SERV
008-DS SWG1 F5

G3 C10 C11
C5 C6 C7 C8 G2
R G3
R G2
009-TX C PRI
CB G2 CB G3
F TX 3 010-MTR 10 026-TX G PRI
025-MTR 25
013-DS SWG2
020-DS SWG3
F2 SW M25

TX3 MCP5 F M25

M3 MCP M25
M4
M5 C9
PD-0011 F4
L1
M25
TX G
SWBD 1

LV DISTRIB

021-TX F PRI 027-DSB 3

LVP1 LVP2 LVP3

L3
TX6
C14
C16
C13 A
015-MCC 1A 016-H2A C17 C13 B

005-TXD PRI 022-DSB 2

LVP4 LVP5 C21
MCC 15A
PANEL S3
028-MTR 28 B
Subfeed #1 017-H1A C12 028-MTR 28

TX4
MCP M28 #1&2 MCP M28 #3 MCP M28 #4
018-RA
L10
Subfeed #2A
M 28 # 1&2 M28 #3 M28 #4
023-MTR 23
PANEL S1 L9 029-TX D SEC

019-H3A C19

M7 M9

L2 L12 L11
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-43

The following figure shows a portion of the Plant project, including A_FAULT results.

ANSI SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY

FAULT ALL BUSES
BUILDING 115 SERVICE

BLDG 115 SERV

I symm 10.560 kA (lv)
I breaker Rating 0.000 kA
C10 I C/L 16.758 kA (mv)
026-TX G PRI C11 I Interrupting 9.449 kA (mv)
I symm 9.517 kA (lv)
025-MTR 25
I breaker Rating 0.000 kA
I C/L 15.092 kA (mv) I symm 9.802 kA (lv)
I Interrupting 8.558 kA (mv) SW M25 I breaker Rating 0.000 kA
F4 I C/L 15.568 kA (mv)
F M25 I Interrupting 8.786 kA (mv)
MCP M25
TX G
M25

027-DSB 3
I symm 38.277 kA (lv)
I breaker Rating 38.277 kA
I C/L 0.000 kA (mv)
C13 B I Interrupting 0.000 kA (mv)
C13 A
L3

LVP4 LVP5
028-MTR 28 A 028-MTR 28 B
I symm 21.638 kA (lv)
I symm 21.638 kA (lv)
I breaker Rating 21.638 kA
I breaker Rating 21.638 kA
I C/L 0.000 kA (mv)
I C/L 0.000 kA (mv)
I Interrupting 0.000 kA (mv)
I Interrupting 0.000 kA (mv)

MCP M28 #1&2 MCP M28 #4 MCP M28 #3

M28 #4 M28 #3
M 28 # 1&2

A segment of the A_FAULT Report follows. First the Three-Phase Report for application
of low-voltage protective devices is presented:
T H R E E P H A S E F A U L T R E P O R T

(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)

PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV FAULT: 10.560 KA AT -79.09 DEG ( 76.08 MVA) X/R: 7.03
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0431 + J 0.2233 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: 007-TX E PRI 4.163 KA ANG: -80.74
026-TX G PRI 1.021 KA ANG: -63.58
025-MTR 25 1.368 KA ANG: -86.40
029-TX D SEC 4.057 KA ANG: -78.78

025-MTR 25 FAULT: 9.802 KA AT -77.60 DEG ( 70.63 MVA) X/R: 6.49

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0526 + J 0.2393 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M25 1.386 KA ANG: -86.82
BLDG 115 SERV 8.437 KA ANG: -76.09

026-TX G PRI FAULT: 9.517 KA AT -69.53 DEG ( 68.57 MVA) X/R: 3.09
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0883 + J 0.2364 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: BLDG 115 SERV 8.459 KA ANG: -70.10
027-DSB 3 1.061 KA ANG: -64.93

027-DSB 3 FAULT: 38.277 KA AT -70.78 DEG ( 31.82 MVA) X/R: 3.69

VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0024 + J 0.0068 OHMS
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 38.277 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 38.277 KA

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A_FAULT 1-44 Reference Manual

CONTRIBUTIONS: 026-TX G PRI 26.612 KA ANG: -76.87

023-MTR 23 6.328 KA ANG: -30.29
028-MTR 28 A 3.560 KA ANG: -81.20
028-MTR 28 B 3.560 KA ANG: -81.20

028-MTR 28 A FAULT: 21.638 KA AT -52.40 DEG ( 17.99 MVA) X/R: 2.85

VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0078 + J 0.0101 OHMS
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 21.638 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 21.638 KA
CONTRIBUTIONS: M 28 # 1&2 3.752 KA ANG: -86.63
027-DSB 3 18.656 KA ANG: -45.91

028-MTR 28 B FAULT: 21.638 KA AT -52.40 DEG ( 17.99 MVA) X/R: 2.85

VOLTAGE: 480. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0078 + J 0.0101 OHMS
LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER 21.638 KA
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER > 20KA 21.638 KA
CONTRIBUTIONS: M28 #3 1.876 KA ANG: -86.63
M28 #4 1.876 KA ANG: -86.63
027-DSB 3 18.656 KA ANG: -45.91

Next, the Unbalanced Fault Report for application of low-voltage protective devices:
U N B A L A N C E D F A U L T R E P O R T
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
LOCATION FAULT KA X/R EQUIVALENT (PU) ASYM. KA AT 0.5 CYCLES
VOLTAGE DUTIES (RMS) FAULT IMPEDANCE * MAX. RMS AVG. RMS *
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV 3 PHASE: 10.560 7. Z1= 1.3143 14.237 12.471

SLG DUTY: 10.828 7. Z2= 1.3143 14.461
4160. VOLTS LN/LN 9.145 Z0= 1.2170
LN/LN/GND 10.619 ( 11.109 GND RETURN KA)

025-MTR 25 3 PHASE: 9.802 6. Z1= 1.4158 13.002 11.462

SLG DUTY: 9.512 6. Z2= 1.4158 12.256
4160. VOLTS LN/LN 8.489 Z0= 1.5455
LN/LN/GND 9.660 ( 9.238 GND RETURN KA)

026-TX G PRI 3 PHASE: 9.517 3. Z1= 1.4583 10.687 10.111

SLG DUTY: 9.143 3. Z2= 1.4583 9.948
4160. VOLTS LN/LN 8.242 Z0= 1.6415
LN/LN/GND 9.585 ( 8.790 GND RETURN KA)

027-DSB 3 3 PHASE: 38.277 4. Z1= 3.1424 44.697 41.551

SLG DUTY: 40.240 4. Z2= 3.1424 47.789
480. VOLTS LN/LN 33.149 Z0= 2.6891
LN/LN/GND 38.382 ( 42.385 GND RETURN KA)

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-45

028-MTR 28 A 3 PHASE: 21.638 3. Z1= 5.5587 23.913 22.790

SLG DUTY: 18.418 2. Z2= 5.5587 18.772
480. VOLTS LN/LN 18.739 Z0= 8.5031
LN/LN/GND 20.976 ( 16.009 GND RETURN KA)

028-MTR 28 B 3 PHASE: 21.638 3. Z1= 5.5587 23.913 22.790

SLG DUTY: 18.418 2. Z2= 5.5587 18.772
480. VOLTS LN/LN 18.739 Z0= 8.5031
LN/LN/GND 20.976 ( 16.009 GND RETURN KA)

The above two reports are associated with the Complete Report format. The following is
the Summary Report Format for application of low-voltage protective devices.
F A U L T S T U D Y S U M M A R Y
(FOR APPLICATION OF LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS)
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
BUS RECORD VOLTAGE A V A I L A B L E F A U L T D U T I E S (KA)
NO NAME L-L 3 PHASE X/R LINE/GRND X/R
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV 4160. 10.560 7.03 10.828 6.71

025-MTR 25 4160. 9.802 6.49 9.512 5.67

026-TX G PRI 4160. 9.517 3.09 9.143 2.63

027-DSB 3 480. 38.277 3.69 40.240 3.97

028-MTR 28 A 480. 21.638 2.85 18.418 1.59

028-MTR 28 B 480. 21.638 2.85 18.418 1.59

The following is the Three-Phase Medium/High Voltage Momentary, or Closing and

Latching Report:
T H R E E P H A S E M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV E/Z: 10.474 KA AT -79.07 DEG ( 75.47 MVA) X/R: 7.06
SYM*1.6: 16.758 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 14.133 KA
SYM*2.7: 28.279 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 24.301 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0435 + J 0.2252 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: 007-TX E PRI 4.161 KA ANG: -80.76
026-TX G PRI 0.944 KA ANG: -61.98
025-MTR 25 1.368 KA ANG: -86.40
029-TX D SEC 4.055 KA ANG: -78.80

025-MTR 25 E/Z: 9.730 KA AT -77.60 DEG ( 70.11 MVA) X/R: 6.52

SYM*1.6: 15.568 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 12.919 KA
SYM*2.7: 26.271 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 22.258 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0530 + J 0.2411 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M25 1.386 KA ANG: -86.82
BLDG 115 SERV 8.365 KA ANG: -76.08

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-46 Reference Manual

026-TX G PRI E/Z: 9.432 KA AT -69.41 DEG ( 67.96 MVA) X/R: 3.08
SYM*1.6: 15.092 KA MOMENTARY BASED ON X/R: 10.591 KA
SYM*2.7: 25.467 KA CREST BASED ON X/R: 18.157 KA
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0896 + J 0.2384 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: BLDG 115 SERV 8.456 KA ANG: -70.12
027-DSB 3 0.983 KA ANG: -63.29

027-DSB 3 VOLTAGE: 480. ( SEE LOW VOLTAGE REPORT )

The following is the Unbalanced Fault Medium/High Voltage Momentary, or Closing and
Latching Report:
U N B A L A N C E D M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
LOCATION FAULT E/Z X/R EQUIVALENT MOMENTARY FAULT DUTIES
VOLTAGE TYPE KA IMPEDANCE (PU) E/Z * 1.6 @ 0.5 CYCLE
==============================================================================

3 PHASE: 10.47 7.1 Z1= 1.3251 16.76 14.13

BLDG 115 S SLG DUTY: 10.77 6.7 Z2= 1.3251 17.23 14.39
4160. VOLTS LN/LN 9.07 Z0= 1.2170
LN/LN/GND 10.55 ( 11.08 GND RETURN KA)

025-MTR 25 SLG DUTY: 9.47 5.7 Z2= 1.4264 15.15 12.21

4160. VOLTS LN/LN 8.43 Z0= 1.5455
LN/LN/GND 9.60 ( 9.22 GND RETURN KA)

3 PHASE: 9.43 3.1 Z1= 1.4714 15.09 10.59

026-TX G P SLG DUTY: 9.09 2.6 Z2= 1.4714 14.55 9.89
4160. VOLTS LN/LN 8.17 Z0= 1.6415
LN/LN/GND 9.51 ( 8.77 GND RETURN KA)

3 PHASE: 9.73 6.5 Z1= 1.4264 15.57 12.92

The above two Reports are associated with the Complete Report format. The following is
the Summary Report format for application of medium/high-voltage momentary or closing
and latching protective devices.
M O M E N T A R Y D U T Y S U M M A R Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
==============================================================================
BUS RECORD VOLTAGE * 3 P H A S E * * * * SLG * * *
NO NAME L-L E/Z * 1.6 X/R E/Z * 1.6 X/R
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV 4160. 16.758 7.06 17.228 6.73

025-MTR 25 4160. 15.568 6.52 15.146 5.69
026-TX G PRI 4160. 15.092 3.08 14.545 2.63

4/23/2004
 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-47

The following is the Three-Phase Medium/High Voltage Interrupting Report Format.

T H R E E P H A S E I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV E/Z: 9.449 KA AT -78.48 DEG ( 68.09 MVA) X/R: 6.76
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0508 + J 0.2491 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: 007-TX E PRI 4.019 KA ANG: -80.59
026-TX G PRI 0.673 KA ANG: -53.33
025-MTR 25 0.916 KA ANG: -86.54
029-TX D SEC 3.917 KA ANG: -78.63

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

U1 5.155 0.93 R
G1 0.211 0.80 L
G2 0.522 0.75 L
G3 0.232 0.75 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 5.155 KA NACD RATIO: 0.5456

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 9.449 9.449 9.449 9.449

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.096 1.008 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 10.360 9.527 9.449 9.449

025-MTR 25 E/Z: 8.786 KA AT -77.01 DEG ( 63.31 MVA) X/R: 6.07

VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0615 + J 0.2663 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: M25 0.924 KA ANG: -86.82
BLDG 115 SERV 7.878 KA ANG: -75.86

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

U1 4.754 0.93 R
G1 0.194 0.81 L
G2 0.482 0.77 L
G3 0.214 0.77 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 4.754 KA NACD RATIO: 0.5410

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 8.786 8.786 8.786 8.786

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.070 1.002 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 9.400 8.806 8.786 8.786

026-TX G PRI E/Z: 8.558 KA AT -69.21 DEG ( 61.66 MVA) X/R: 3.10
VOLTAGE: 4160. EQUIV. IMPEDANCE= 0.0996 + J 0.2624 OHMS
CONTRIBUTIONS: BLDG 115 SERV 7.875 KA ANG: -70.48
027-DSB 3 0.707 KA ANG: -54.95

GENERATOR NAME -- AT BUS -- KA VOLTS PU LOCAL/REMOTE

U1 4.642 0.94 R
G1 0.190 0.82 L
G2 0.480 0.78 L
G3 0.213 0.78 L
TOTAL REMOTE: 4.642 KA NACD RATIO: 0.5424

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

A_FAULT 1-48 Reference Manual

SYM2 SYM3 SYM5 SYM8

MULT. FACT: 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 8.558 8.558 8.558 8.558

TOT2 TOT3 TOT5 TOT8

MULT. FACT: 1.016 1.000 1.000 1.000
DUTY (KA) : 8.693 8.558 8.558 8.558

027-DSB 3 VOLTAGE: 480. ( SEE LOW VOLTAGE REPORT )

The following is the Unbalanced Fault Medium/High-Voltage Interrupting Report format.

U N B A L A N C E D I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================
LOCATION FAULT E/Z X/R ANSI AC/DC INTERRUPTING
TYPE KA DECREMENT FACT. DUTIES (KA)
3 PHASE SLG 3 PHASE SLG
==============================================================================
BLDG 115 SERV 3 PHASE: 9.45 6.8 SYM2: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.02
VOLTS: 4160.0 SLG: 10.02 6.6 SYM3: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.02
NACD: 0.546 LN/LN: 8.18 SYM5: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.02
LN/LN/GND: 9.67 SYM8: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.02
GND RETURN: 10.67 TOT2: 1.10 1.09 10.36 10.93
Z1(PU): 1.46874 TOT3: 1.01 1.01 9.53 10.11
Z2(PU): 1.46874 TOT5: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.03
Z0(PU): 1.21698 TOT8: 1.00 1.00 9.45 10.02

025-MTR 25 3 PHASE: 8.79 6.1 SYM2: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85

VOLTS: 4160.0 SLG: 8.85 5.5 SYM3: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85
NACD: 0.541 LN/LN: 7.61 SYM5: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85
LN/LN/GND: 8.79 SYM8: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85
GND RETURN: 8.91 TOT2: 1.07 1.05 9.40 9.28
Z1(PU): 1.57954 TOT3: 1.00 1.00 8.81 8.87
Z2(PU): 1.57954 TOT5: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85
Z0(PU): 1.54554 TOT8: 1.00 1.00 8.79 8.85

026-TX G PRI 3 PHASE: 8.56 3.1 SYM2: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
VOLTS: 4160.0 SLG: 8.53 2.7 SYM3: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
NACD: 0.542 LN/LN: 7.41 SYM5: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
LN/LN/GND: 8.75 SYM8: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
GND RETURN: 8.50 TOT2: 1.02 1.01 8.69 8.64
Z1(PU): 1.62180 TOT3: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
Z2(PU): 1.62180 TOT5: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53
Z0(PU): 1.64149 TOT8: 1.00 1.00 8.56 8.53

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 A_FAULT Study A_FAULT 1-49

The previous two reports are associated with the Complete Report format. The following
is the Summary Report Format for interrupting ratings for medium/high voltage protective
devices.
I N T E R R U P T I N G D U T Y S U M M A R Y R E P O R T
PRE FAULT VOLTAGE: 1.0000
MODEL TRANSFORMER TAPS: NO
NACD OPTION: INTERPOLATED
==============================================================================
BUS RECORD VOLTAGE NACD * 3 P H A S E * * * * S L G * * *
NO NAME L-L RATIO E/Z KA X/R E/Z KA X/R
==============================================================================

BLDG 115 SERV 4160. 0.546 9.449 6.76 10.023 6.56

025-MTR 25 4160. 0.541 8.786 6.07 8.850 5.49
026-TX G PRI 4160. 0.542 8.558 3.10 8.530 2.67

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A_FAULT 1-50 Reference Manual

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4/23/2004
 Index
Equivalent First Cycle Rms Currents, 1-4
A
F
A_FAULT Study
ANSI Considerations, 1-19 Fault
ANSI decrement curves used by, 1-21 asymmetrical peak current, 1-5
before running the Study, 1-8 half-cycle, 1-4
component modeling, 1-11 initial symmetrical rms current, 1-5
contribution data, 1-15 Fuses. See Protective Devices
feeders, 1-11
transformers, 1-12
definition of, 1-2
G
examples, 1-27 Generators
calculating interrupting duties, 1-34 local and remote determination, 1-19
induction motor ac decrement factors, 1-27
modeling transformers with taps, 1-31
Plant project, 1-41 H
methodology, 1-3, 1-8 Half-Cycle. See Fault
reports High-Voltage Protective Devices. See Protective Devices
interrupting-duty, 1-19
low-voltage duty, 1-15
momentary-duty, 1-17 I
running the Study, 1-8
IEC Methodology
Study options, 1-9
compared to ANSI methodology, 1-3
ac decrement, 1-4
IEEE Red Book, 1-1
American National Standards Institute. See ANSI Standard
Interrupting Fault Duty, 1-2
ANSI Considerations, 1-19
Interrupting-Duty Report. See A_FAULT Study
ANSI Decrement Curves, 1-21
NACD options, 1-20
ANSI Methodology
compared to IEC methodology, 1-3
ANSI Standard, 1-1, 1-2 J
Asymmetrical Peak Fault Current, 1-5
Julian Heating, 1-4

C L
Circuit Breakers. See Protective Devices
Closing and Latching Rating, 1-4 Low-Voltage Protective Devices. See Protective Devices
Component Modeling in A_FAULT Study. See A_FAULT Study Low-Voltage Report. See A_FAULT Study

D M
dc decay, 1-4 Machine
dc Offset Current, 1-4 rotating. See Rotating-Machine
Machine Contributions
adjusting, 1-7
E Methodology
A_FAULT Study, 1-3, 1-8
Equipment
Momentary Rating Rating, 1-4
low-voltage test power factors, 1-5
Momentary-Duty Report. See A_FAULT Study
Equipment Interrupting Rating, 1-3. see also Rating
Mulitpliers, Reactance

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A_FAULT ii Reference Manual

rotating-machine, 1-8 S
Short-Circuit Current, 1-3
N
National Electrical Manufacturers Standard. See NEMA Standard T
NEMA Standard, 1-3, 1-7
Thevenin Equivalent Fault Point X/R Ratio, 1-4
P
U
Protective Devices
interrupting ratings, 1-7 UL Standard, 1-3
low-voltage test power factors, 1-5 Underwriters Laboratory Standard. See UL Standard
withstand, closing and latching, and momentary rating, 1-4
W
R
Withstand Fault Duty, 1-2
Rating Withstand Rating, 1-4
closing and latching, 1-4
withstand, 1-4
Reports in A_FAULT Study. See A_FAULT Study
X
Rotating-Machine X/R Ratio, 1-6
reactance multipliers, 1-8

4/23/2004