Scribd
Upload
137 views

Mathematics of Diagnostic Xray

The document discusses the mathematics behind diagnostic X-ray imaging. It describes several medical imaging modalities including radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound. It focuses on the techniques of projectional radiography and CT scanning, which involve transmitting X-ray beams through the body and measuring the attenuation of the beams. The key mathematical concept is the Radon transform, which models how an image's attenuation properties are measured from different angles in a CT scan. Taking the inverse Radon transform allows reconstructing the original image from the measured projection data.

Uploaded by

Saad Cheema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
137 views

Mathematics of Diagnostic Xray

The document discusses the mathematics behind diagnostic X-ray imaging. It describes several medical imaging modalities including radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound. It focuses on the techniques of projectional radiography and CT scanning, which involve transmitting X-ray beams through the body and measuring the attenuation of the beams. The key mathematical concept is the Radon transform, which models how an image's attenuation properties are measured from different angles in a CT scan. Taking the inverse Radon transform allows reconstructing the original image from the measured projection data.

Uploaded by

Saad Cheema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Mathematics of diagnostic X-ray

Course no: 803


Course Title : Modeling and simulation of
biological systems

Submitted By
Wajiha Riaz
Mathematics of Diagnostic X-ray
Medical imaging:
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body
for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some
organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin
and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease.

Imaging modalities
• Radiography
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Nuclear medicine
• Ultrasound
• Elastography
• Photoacoustic imaging
• Tomography
• Echocardiography
• Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
• Magnetic Particle Imaging

Radiography
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays to view the internal form of an object. To create the
image, a beam of X-rays, are produced by an X-ray generator and are projected toward the object. A
certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, dependent on its density and structural composition.
The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either
photographic film or a digital detector).

Projectional radiography
The generation of flat two dimensional images by this technique is called projectional radiography.

Computed tomography
In computed tomography (CT scanning) an X-ray source
and its associated detectors rotate around the subject
which itself moves through the conical X-ray beam
produced. Any given point within the subject is crossed
from many directions by many different beams at
different times. Information regarding attenuation of
these beams is collated and subjected to computation to
generate two dimensional images in three planes (axial,
coronal, and sagittal) which can be further processed to
produce a three dimensional image.

Essentially, the mathematics of CT scanning involves two problems. In the forward problem, we model
the data obtained from real-world CT scans using the Radon transform. The Radon Transform allows us

2
to create film images" of objects that are very similar to those actually occurring in x-rays or CT scans.
The inverse problem allows us to convert Radon transforms back into attenuation coefficients using the
inverse Radon transform {to reconstruct the body from a CT scan.

Image reconstruction from projection:


Consider a machine is scanning a cross-section of a body. An X-ray Source is pushing parallel beams.
Energy of X-ray is absorbed by bones , tissues of patient.

Consider a simple image

And applying radon transform at an angle on the image gives the plot as follows.

If we take the inverse radon transform at 0 degree then the resulting image will be

doing same thing for different values of theta inverse radon transform looks like following

3
Consider another example. Following picture shows image and its radon transform when beams are
passed from the bottom.

Following image shows plot when beam is passed from the right.

If we take the inverse radon transform at different degrees then the resulting image will be

For more values of theta inverse transform is closer to the original image but this image is blurring.
Mathematics of the projection will explain this phenomenon and how to handle it.

Mathematics of the Projection


Here we are talking about lines going through an image so mathematically we use
the parametric form of a line. Suppose we have a line in slope intercept form
. Parametrizing in terms of (length) and (angle) we get
.

4
References:
 Mathematics and physics of emerging biomedical imaging, National academy press, Washington
DC, 1996
 Mathematics of Medical Imaging Inverting the Radon Transform KAILEY BOLLES published in
2011
 http://www.infocobuild.com/education/audio-video-courses/electronics/ECSE4540-Spring2015-
RPI/lecture-18.html

You might also like