Experiment Name – Free and Forced Convection (HT-304)

Aim/Objective
1. To study forced convection in Pinned heater and determine the average heat
transfer coefficient associated with it .
2. Calculate the Fin efficiency of Pinned heater.

Motivation
Heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and convection, whether free or forced, forms
the basis of most industrial heaters and related equipment. The measurement and
prediction of heat transfer coefficients for such circumstances is achieved in the Armfield
apparatus by studying the temperature profiles and heat flux in duct with heating surface
(having Pins).

Experiment Setup

Position of temperature probe from base plate in Pinned Heater

T4 10mm
T5 36mm
T6 62mm
Theory

Transverse Pitch ST
Longitudinal pitch SL
Diagonal pitch SD

√
SD= S + L
2

S +D
ST 2
( )2

If S D > T
2
ST
V max = U
ST − D a
else,
ST
V max = U
2 ( SD − D ) a

Average Heat Transfer Coefficient

Zakaukas expression
0.25
hD n Pr
Nu D =
k
m
=C Re . D Pr
( )
Pr s
value of C, m,n depends on Re . D
ρ .Vmax . D
R e . D=
μ

Range of Re . D Correlation
0-500 Pr
0.25

( )
1.04 Re . D0.4 Pr 0.36
Pr s
500-1000 Pr
0.25

5
0.71 R Pr
e. D
( Pr )
0.5 0.36

1000-2X10 0.2 0.25

0.35
( SS ) . R Pr ( PrPr )
T

L
e.D
0.6 0.36

2X105-2X106 0.2 0.25

0.031
( SS ) . R Pr ( PrPr )
T

L
e.D
0.8 0.36

s
Note:
Prs evaluated at Average of T3 to T6, while all other properties are evaluated at average of T1
and T2.

NuL = fNuD where f=0.93

Heat transfer rate

Q=h A s ∆ T ln
( T s −T 2) − ( T s − T 1 )
∆ T ln =
ln [ ( T s −T 2 ) / ( T s − T 1 ) ]
T1 air input temperature
T2 air output temperature
Ts Surface temperature
A s HT surface area = π D L p N = 0.0435m2
L p length of tubes = 68mm
N number of tubes = 17

Fin Efficiency

m=

where,
√( hP )
k Ac
; ŋ=
tanh mL
mL

h - average heat transfer coefficient ;

P- Perimeter of one tube;
k - thermal conductivity of Aluminium ;
Ac- - Cross Section of one tube ;
Procedure

1. Place the Pinned heater into the duct and set the heater power control to 75watts.
2. As the heater temperature attains 80 oC adjust the heater power control 19 watts
until steady reading is obtained.
3. Log all the data through computer software by hitting 'GO' button.
4. Repeat steps by increasing the air velocity to 1m/s, 1.5m/s, 2m/s.

Observation

Table-01: Observation table for Temperature and velocity

Table-02: Calculation for Prs

Table-03: Calculation for Pr and heat transfer coefficient (h)

 Table-04: Calculation for fin efficiency

Sample Calculation

ST= 28mm, SL=16.5mm,SD= 21.63mm, Diameter of one pin = 12mm

Let us assume air velocity = 2 m/s

at 2 m/s Tavg 1-2 34.6 C

Density 1.1474 [kg/m3]
Viscosity 1.8896 X 10-5 [kg/ms]
Specific heat 1006.7 [J/kgK]
Conductivity 0.02668 [w/mK]
Pr 0.7130

ST ρ .Vmax . D
V max = U a for Ua =2 m/s, Vmax= 6.909 m/s and R e . D= =5034.4
( ST − D ) μ

0.2 0.25
S
NuD = 0.35 T
SL ( ) . Re . D0.6 Pr 0.36
Pr
( )
Pr s
= 46.408

NuL = 0.93 NuD = 46.408

NuL .k
h= = 95.957 W/m2K
D
Q=h A s ∆ T ln
( T s −T 2) − ( T s − T 1 )
∆ T ln = =7.1
ln [ ( T s −T 2 ) / ( T s − T 1 ) ]

Q=h A s ∆ T ln = 29.49 W

Fin efficiency

h =95.957 W/m2K
C = 2πr = 0.0376 m
k of aluminium = 220 W/mK
A = πr2 = 0.00011m2
1
m= 12.21 ; L = 0.068m; mL = 0.83; ŋ= =120
mL
Results And Conclusion

1. The Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient is 95.957 W/m2K, when air velocity
is 2m/s and Heater Surface Temperature is 42.8 oC.
2. Longfin Efficiency - 120 % while insulated tip efficiency is 82%.

pinned surface temperature VS air velocity

surface temperature (deg C) 30

Air Pin 25
Velocity surface 20
Ua temperatur
[m/s] e (T3-T1) 15
0.0 28.5 10
0.9 11.2 5
1.6 9.7
0
2.0 8.9 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
air velocity (m/s)

Fig1. Surface temperature of pinned heater decreases with increasing air velocity

Rate of Heat transfer VS air velocity

35
30
rate of heat transfer (W)

Air 25
Velocity
Ua rate of HT, 20
[m/s] Q (W) 15
0.0 4.66 10
0.9 25.29 5
1.6 27.36
0
2.0 29.49 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
air velocity (m/s)

Fig2. Rate of heat transfer at pinned surface increases with increasing air velocity
 Fin efficiency VS air velocity
1.2

1
Insulatedti 0.8
Air p

fin efficiency
Velocity efficiency,
Ua 0.6
(TANH
[m/s] Ml/mL) 0.4
0.0 0.99 Insulatedtip efficiency, (TANH Ml/mL)
0.2
0.9 0.87
1.6 0.84 0
2.0 0.82 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
air velocity (m/s)

Fig3. Fin efficiency of pinned heater decreases with increasing air velocity

Concepts Learned -
1. Forced convection in a Heater with Pinned extended Surface, and calculation of
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient.
2. Fin Efficiency Calculations

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