COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter one
General Introduction To Computer Aided Modeling and Analysis Lab
1.1 What Is FEM ?

In the field of Engineering Design we come across many complex problems, the Mathematical
Formulation of which is tedious and usually not possible by analytical methods. At such instants we
resort to the use of Numerical techniques. Here lies the importance of FEM, which is a very powerful tool
for getting the Numerical solution of a wide range of engineering problems. The basic concept is that a
body or structure may be divided into smaller elements of finite dimensions called as “Finite Elements”.
The original body or structure is then considered as an assemblage of these elements connected at a finite
number of joints called as “Nodes” or “Nodal Points”. The properties of the elements are formulated and
combined top obtain the properties of the entire body.

The equations of equilibrium for the entire structure or body are then obtained by combining the
equilibrium equation of each element such that the continuity is ensured at each node. The necessary
boundary conditions are then imposed and the equations of equilibrium are the solved to obtain the
required variables such as Stress, Strain, Temperature Distribution or Velocity Flow depending on the
application.

Thus instead of solving the problem for the entire structure or body in one operation, in the
method attention is mainly devoted to the formulation of properties of the constituent elements. A
common procedure is adopted for combining the elements, solution of equations and evaluation of the
required variables in all fields. Thus the modular structure of the method is well exploited in various
disciplines of Engineering.

1.2 Applications Of Finite Element Method

With the advent of Computer Aided Design (CAD), the Finite Element Method has been finding wide
variety of applications. Some typical applications of FEM are listed below.

PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS :

a. Stress Flow Around Reinforced Opening :

In steel pressure vessel and aircraft structures, openings have to be introduced. This result is stress
concentrations in a localized region. The stress analysis can be carried out by simply discretizing the
surface near the edge of the hole by very thin triangular element.

b. Dam Subjected To External Pressure :

AXI-SYMMETRIC PROBLEMS :

a. Application Related To Shell :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A shell is a structure which can be derived from a thin plate by initially forming the middle plane to a
singly curved surface. In Finite Element Method, it is assumed that the behavior of a continuously curved
surface can be adequately represented by the behavior of a surface built up of small, flat elements. In a
shell, the element will be subject both to bending and “in-plane” stresses.

One common example of shell is Cooling Tower. The tower is subjected to unsymmetrical wind loading.
The tower is divided into small triangular elements for carrying out stress analysis.

b. Belleville Spring:

The Belleville Spring, also called Belleville Washer, is a conical disk spring. The load is applied on the
periphery of the circle and supported at the bottom. As load is applied in the axial direction, the
supporting edge moves out. Only the rectangular cross-section area needs to be modeled. Load-deflection
characteristics and stress distribution can be obtained by dividing the area into elements and using a
computer program. In the Belleville spring, the load-deflection curve is non-linear. The stiffness depends
on geometry. We can find a good approximate solution by an incremental approach.

APPLICATIONS RELATED TO FLUID FLOW :

a. Aircraft Wing :

FEM can be used to find the lift and drag forces on an aircraft wing in the design stages itself. Given a
cross-section of an aerofoil and its relative speed with respect to air, we can find the pressure distribution
of air around the aerofoil. Basic idea here is to discretize the region around the aerofoil, thus we can
calculate the lift and drag forces on it. The method can also be used to find the optimum cross-section of
the aerofoil for a particular speed.

b. Aerodynamics Of A Vehicle :

FEM can be used to compare the Aerodynamics of various proposed vehicle shapes. It is used to
calculate the air resistance acting on a particular vehicle shape. Here we discretize region surrounding the
vehicle boundary. Thus we can use FEM to get a Sleek body for a vehicle.

APPLICATIONS RELATED TO HEAT TRANSFER :

FEM is a very powerful method for Heat Transfer analysis in the design stages.

a. Engine Piston :

To find out various parameters such as area required for heat transfer, cooling fluid flow, material
selection, etc. temperature distribution in a piston must be initially found out.Using FEM the temperature
distribution throughout the piston can be found out.

b. Fins :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fin is an extended surface of a structure used to increase the rate of Heat Transfer. For example, fins are
used as extension of cylinder head for heat dissipation in engine. Geometry and arrangement of fins is
complex. FEM can be used to find Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer in the fins.

1.3 What is ANSYS?

ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element
Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of
user-designated size) called elements. The software implements equations that govern the
behaviour of these elements and solves them all, creating a comprehensive explanation of how the
system acts as a whole. These results then can be presented in tabulated, or graphical forms. This
type of analysis is typically used for the design and optimization of a system far too complex to
analyze by hand. Systems that may fit into this category are too complex due to their geometry,
scale, or governing equations.

ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the Mechanical Engineering Department at
many colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as well as the Physics
and Chemistry departments.1

Why use it?

ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of products or processes in a

virtual environment. This type of product development is termed virtual prototyping.

With virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various scenarios to optimize the product
long before the manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level of risk, and in the
cost of ineffective designs. The multifaceted nature of ANSYS also provides a means to ensure
that users are able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of the product, be it
electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical etc.

1.4 ANSYS in the Professional World:

If you are interested in ANSYS and what it accomplishes in the professional world, here are two
links that briefly discuss different aspects of the company. (*note: Their headquarters is based 20
minutes outside of Pittsburgh.) For more information, just use www.google.com

1. http://www.shef.ac.uk/mecheng/staff/ay/cae/tutorials/ansys/ansys1.html
2. http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20020406topstockbiz7P7.asp

1.5 Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS:

Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution domain, (2) the
physical model, (3) boundary conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the
problem and present the results. In numerical methods, the main difference is an extra step called
mesh generation. This is the step that divides the complex model into small elements that become
solvable in an otherwise too complex situation. Below describes the processes in terminology
slightly more attune to the software.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Build Geometry
Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the object to be modeled and tested
using the work plane coordinate system within ANSYS.

Define Material Properties

Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary materials that compose the
object (or project) being modeled. This includes thermal and mechanical properties.

Generate Mesh
At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part. Now define how the modeled
system should be broken down into finite pieces.

Apply Loads
Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the system with constraints,
such as physical loadings or boundary conditions.

Obtain Solution
This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state (steady
state, transient… etc.) the problem must be solved.

Present the Results

After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to present ANSYS’ results,
choose from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots.

Specific Capabilities of ANSYS:

Structural

http://www.cs.unc.edu/~hirota/fem/
see a quicktime movie of the knee joint here:
http://www.cs.unc.edu/~hirota/fem/movies/op2tr.mov

Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method as it implies
bridges and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies,
and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and tools.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static loading
conditions. ANSYS can compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can
include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact surfaces,
and creep.

Transient Dynamic Analysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily

time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis above are allowed.

Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the buckling mode
shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling analyses are possible.

In addition to the above analysis types, several special-purpose features are available such as Fracture
mechanics, Composite material analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and Beam analyses.

Thermal

ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis of any solid with thermal boundary
conditions.

Steady-state thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or component.
Users often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a transient thermal analysis, to help establish
initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be the last step of a transient thermal analysis;
performed after all transient effects have diminished. ANSYS can be used to determine temperatures,
thermal gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in an object that are caused by thermal loads that do
not vary over time. Such loads include the following:

Convection
Radiation
Heat flow rates
Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
Constant temperature boundaries

A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties; or nonlinear, with
material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties of most material vary with
temperature. This temperature dependency being appreciable, the analysis becomes nonlinear. Radiation
boundary conditions also make the analysis nonlinear. Transient calculations are time dependent and
ANSYS can both solve distributions as well as create video for time incremental displays of models.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Coupled Fields

A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interaction (coupling) between two or
more disciplines (fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis, for example, handles the interaction
between the structural and electric fields: it solves for the voltage distribution due to applied
displacements, or vice versa. Other examples of coupled-field analysis are thermal-stress analysis,
thermal-electric analysis, and fluid-structure analysis.

Some of the applications in which coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels (thermal-
stress analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-structure analysis), induction heating (magnetic-thermal
analysis), ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis), magnetic forming (magneto-structural analysis),
and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS).

1.6 ANSYS Environment

The ANSYS Environment for ANSYS 7.0 contains 2 windows: the Main Window and an Output
Window. Note that this is somewhat different from the previous version of ANSYS which made use of 6
different windows.

Main Window

Within the Main Window are 5 divisions:

Utility Menu

The Utility Menu contains functions that are available throughout the ANSYS session,
such as file controls, selections, graphic controls and parameters.

Input Line

The Input Line shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in commands
directly.

Toolbar

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Toolbar contains push buttons that execute commonly used ANSYS commands. More
push buttons can be added if desired.

Main Menu

The Main Menu contains the primary ANSYS functions, organized by preprocessor,
solution, general postprocessor, design optimizer. It is from this menu that the vast
majority of modelling commands are issued. This is where you will note the greatest
change between previous versions of ANSYS and version 7.0. However, while the
versions appear different, the menu structure has not changed.

Graphics Window

The Graphic Window is where graphics are shown and graphical picking can be made. It
is here where you will graphically view the model in its various stages of construction and
the ensuing results from the analysis.

Output Window

The Output Window shows text output from the program, such as listing of data etc. It is usually
positioned behind the main window and can de put to the front if necessary.

1.7 ANSYS Interface

Graphical Interface vs. Command File Coding

There are two methods to use ANSYS. The first is by means of the graphical user interface or GUI. This
method follows the conventions of popular Windows and X-Windows based programs.

The second is by means of command files. The command file approach has a steeper learning curve for
many, but it has the advantage that an entire analysis can be described in a small text file, typically in less
than 50 lines of commands. This approach enables easy model modifications and minimal file space
requirements.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The tutorials in this website are designed to teach both the GUI and the command file approach, however,
many of you will find the command file simple and more efficient to use once you have invested a small
amount of time into learning the code.

For information and details on the full ANSYS command language, consult:

Help > Table of Contents > Commands Manual.

1.8 FEM Convergence Testing

Introduction
A fundamental premise of using the finite element procedure is that the body is sub-divided up into small
discrete regions known as finite elements. These elements defined by nodes and interpolation functions.
Governing equations are written for each element and these elements are assembled into a global matrix.
Loads and constraints are applied and the solution is then determined.

The Problem
The question that always arises is: How small do I need to make the elements before I can trust the
solution?

What to do about it...

In general there are no real firm answers on this. It will be necessary to conduct convergence tests! By
this we mean that you begin with a mesh discretization and then observe and record the solution. Now
repeat the problem with a finer mesh (i.e. more elements) and then compare the results with the previous
test. If the results are nearly similar, then the first mesh is probably good enough for that particular
geometry, loading and constraints. If the results differ by a large amount however, it will be necessary to
try a finer mesh yet.

The Consequences
Finer meshes come with a cost however: more calculational time and large memory requirements (both
disk and RAM)! It is desired to find the minimum number of elements that give you a converged
solution.

Beam Models
For beam models, we actually only need to define a single element per line unless we are applying a
distributed load on a given frame member. When point loads are used, specifying more that one element
per line will not change the solution, it will only slow the calculations down. For simple models it is of no
concern, but for a larger model, it is desired to minimize the number of elements, and thus calculation
time and still obtain the desired accuracy.

General Models
In general however, it is necessary to conduct convergence tests on your finite element model to confirm
that a fine enough element discretization has been used. In a solid mechanics problem, this would be done
by creating several models with different mesh sizes and comparing the resulting deflections and stresses,
for example. In general, the stresses will converge more slowly than the displacement, so it is not
sufficient to examine the displacement convergence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.9 ANSYS: Saving and Restoring Jobs

Saving Your Job

It is good practice to save your model at various points during its creation. Very often you will get to a
point in the modeling where things have gone well and you like to save it at the point. In that way, if you
make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this point.

To save your model, select Utility Menu Bar -> File -> Save As Jobname.db. Your model will be saved
in a file called jobname.db, where jobname is the name that you specified in the Launcher when you first
started ANSYS.

It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to
backup your work incase of a system crash or other unforseen problems.

Recalling or Resuming a Previously Saved Job

Frequently you want to start up ANSYS and recall and continue a previous job. There are two methods to
do this:

1. Using the Launcher...

o In the ANSYS Launcher, select Interactive... and specify the previously defined jobname.
o Then when you get ANSYS started, select Utility Menu -> File -> Resume Jobname.db .
o This will restore as much of your database (geometry, loads, solution, etc) that you
previously saved.
2. Or, start ANSYS and select Utitily Menu -> File -> Resume from... and select your job from the
list that appears.

1.10 ANSYS Files

Introduction
A large number of files are created when you run ANSYS. If you started ANSYS without specifying a
jobname, the name of all the files created will be FILE.* where the * represents various extensions
described below. If you specified a jobname, say Frame, then the created files will all have the file prefix,
Frame again with various extensions:
frame.db
Database file (binary). This file stores the geometry, boundary conditions and any solutions.
frame.dbb
Backup of the database file (binary).
frame.err
Error file (text). Listing of all error and warning messages.
frame.out
Output of all ANSYS operations (text). This is what normally scrolls in the output window during
an ANSYS session.
frame.log
Logfile or listing of ANSYS commands (text). Listing of all equivalent ANSYS command line
commands used during the current session.
etc...

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Depending on the operations carried out, other files may have been written. These files may
contain results, etc.

What to save?

When you want to clean up your directory, or move things from the /scratch directory, what files do you
need to save?

If you will always be using the GUI, then you only require the .db file. This file stores the
geometry, boundary conditions and any solutions. Once the ANSYS has started, and the jobname
has been specified, you need only activate the resume command to proceed from where you last
left off (see Saving and Restoring Jobs).
If you plan on using ANSYS command files, then you need only store your command file and/or
the log file. This file contains a complete listing of the ANSYS commands used to get you model
to its current point. That file may be rerun as is, or edited and rerun as desired (Command File
Creation and Execution).

If you plan to use the command mode of operation, starting with an existing log file, rename it first so
that it does not get over-written or added to, from another ANSYS run.

1.11 Printing and Plotting ANSYS Results to a File

Printing Text Results to a File

ANSYS produces lists and tables of many types of results that are normally displayed on the screen.
However, it is often desired to save the results to a file to be later analyzed or included in a report.

1. Stresses: instead of using 'Plot Results' to plot the stresses, choose 'List Results'. Select 'Elem
Table Data', and choose what you want to list from the menu. You can pick multiple items. When
the list appears on the screen in its own window, Select 'File'/'Save As...' and give a file name to
store the results.
2. Any other solutions can be done in the same way. For example select 'Nodal Solution' from the
'List Results' menu, to get displacements.
3. Preprocessing and Solution data can be listed and saved from the 'List' menu in the 'Utility Menu
bar'. Save the resulting list in the same way described above.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART- A
EXERCISES

CHAPTER -2
ANALYSIS OF ONE
DIMENSIONAL
PROBLEMS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER TWO

ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS (Bars)

2.1 Introduction

Elements having spread in a single direction are known as one-dimensional elements. Such elements have
a particular dimension quite longer compared to its other dimension. Such elements are pipes, shafts,
truss members, cables, small diameter chimneys, thin towers etc.
For one dimensional problems, the stress, strain, displacement and loading depend only on the variable x.
The degree of freedom is a variable that describes the behavior of a node in an element. In a one
dimensional problem, every node is permitted to displace only in the ± x direction. Thus each node has
only one degree of freedom.

2.2 Element used in one dimensional problem - LINK1 2-D Spar (or Truss)

LINK1 Element Description

LINK1 can be used in a variety of engineering applications. Depending upon the application, you can
think of the element as a truss, a link, a spring, etc. The 2-D spar element is a uniaxial tension-
compression element with two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y
directions. As in a pin-jointed structure, no bending of the element is considered.

Figure LINK1 Geometry

LINK1 Input Data

Figure 1.1: "LINK1 Geometry" shows the geometry, node locations, and the coordinate system for this
element. The element is defined by two nodes, the cross-sectional area, an initial strain, and the material
properties. The element x-axis is oriented along the length of the element from node I toward node J.

"LINK1 Input Summary" summarizes the element input. Element Input gives a general description of
element input.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LINK1 Input Summary

Nodes

I, J

Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY

Real Constants
AREA - Cross-sectional area
ISTRN - Initial strain
Material Properties

EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), DENS, DAMP

Surface Loads

None

Body Loads
Temperatures --

T(I), T(J)

LINK1 Output Data

The solution output associated with the element is in two forms:

Nodal displacements included in the overall nodal solution

Additional element output as shown in Table 1.1: "LINK1 Element Output Definitions".

Figure 1.2: "LINK1 Stress Output" illustrates several items. A general description of solution output is
given in Solution Output. LINK1 Stress Output

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:

A colon (:) in the Name column indicates the item can be accessed by the Component Name method
[ETABLE, ESOL]. The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT. The R
column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.

In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and a - indicates that the item is not
available.

2.3 LINK1 Element Output Definitions

Name Definition O R
EL Element Number Y Y
NODES Element node numbers (I and J) Y Y
MAT Material number for the element Y Y
VOLU: Element volume - Y
XC, YC Location where results are reported Y 2
TEMP Temperature at nodes I and J Y Y
FLUEN Fluence at nodes I and J Y Y
MFORX Member force in the element coordinate system X direction Y Y
SAXL Axial stress in the element Y Y
EPELAXL Axial elastic strain in the element Y Y
EPTHAXL Axial thermal strain in the element Y Y
EPINAXL Axial initial strain in the element Y Y
SEPL Equivalent stress from the stress-strain curve 1 1
SRAT Ratio of trial stress to the stress on yield surface 1 1
EPEQ Equivalent plastic strain 1 1
HPRES Hydrostatic pressure 1 1
EPPLAXL Axial plastic strain 1 1
EPCRAXL Axial creep strain 1 1
EPSWAXL Axial swelling strain 1 1

Only if the element has a nonlinear material

Available only at centroid as a *GET item.

The Item and Sequence Number... table lists output available through the ETABLE command using the
Sequence Number method.

Output Quantity Name

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Output quantity as defined in the Element Output Definitions table.

Item
Predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
Sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J
Sequence number for data at nodes I and J

2.4 LINK1 Item and Sequence Numbers

Output Quantity Name ETABLE and ESOL Command Input

Item E I J
SAXL LS 1 - -
EPELAXL LEPEL 1 - -
EPTHAXL LEPTH 1 - -
EPSWAXL LEPTH 2 - -
EPINAXL LEPTH 3 - -
EPPLAXL LEPPL 1 - -
EPCRAXL LEPCR 1 - -
SEPL NLIN 1 - -
SRAT NLIN 2 - -
HPRES NLIN 3 - -
EPEQ NLIN 4 - -
MFORX SMISC 1 - -
FLUEN NMISC - 1 2
TEMP LBFE - 1 2

LINK1 Assumptions and Restrictions

The spar element assumes a straight bar, axially loaded at its ends, of uniform properties from end to end.

The length of the spar must be greater than zero, so nodes I and J must not be coincident.

The spar must lie in an X-Y plane and must have an area greater than zero.

The temperature is assumed to vary linearly along the length of the spar.

The displacement shape function implies a uniform stress in the spar.

The initial strain is also used in calculating the stress stiffness matrix, if any, for the first cumulative
iteration.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.5 Solved problem - one dimensional bar

Consider the bar shown as below. Determine the following when

an axial load of P=200000 N is applied.

Nodal displacements.
Forces and Stresses in each material.
Reaction forces

Ansys solution procedure

Preprocessing: Defining the problem

Preferences-structural-Ok

Preprocessor -element type - add/edit/delete - add - link- 2D spar1-OK-close

Real constant-add/edit/delete-add-Ok
Real constant Set No - 1
Cross sectional Area - 2400 Apply

Real constant Set No - 2

Cross sectional Area - 600 Ok - close

Material properties-material models-structural-linear-elastic- isotropic

Enter EX- 70e3 Apply-OK as Material number 1
Material-New model-isotropic
Enter EX - 200e3 OK as Material number 2.

Material – Exit

Modeling-Create-keypoints-inactiveCS

Key point Number 1

X Y Z locations in active CS 0 0 0 Apply

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Key point Number 2

X Y Z locations in active CS 300 0 0 Apply
Key point Number 3
X Y Z locations in active CS 700 0 0 Ok
Create-Lines-Lines-straightLine
-Click at key point 1 and 2
-Click at key point 2 and 3 OK

Meshing-Size controls-Manual size-lines-Picked lines-

Pick both the lines-OK
Number of element Divisions- 1 - Ok

Mesh attributes-Picked Lines-Pick line 1- Ok

Set material number - 1
Real constant set number - 1 OK

Picked Lines-Pick line 2- Ok

Set material number - 2
Real constant set number - 2 OK

Mesh-pickall.
Solution Phase : Assigning loads and solving

Loads –Define loads- Apply-Structural-Displacement-Onkeypoints

Pick first and the last keypoint – Ok
Select Ux & Uy Displacement Value - Enter 0 - OK

Force/Moment- Pick the middle keypoint-Direction of Force/Moment – Fx

Force/Moment Value - Enter 200000 Ok

Solution-Solve-Current LS – OK
(Note…….Solution is Done) Close
Post processing : Viewing the results

General postproces-Element Table-Define Table –Add

User label for item - Enter BG1
By sequence number - Select LS
- In the Box below type
- LS,1 (For stress axial from element table)
- Apply

User label for item - Enter BG2

By sequence number - Select SMISC
- In the Box below type
- SMISC,1 (For Member force from element table)
- OK – Close
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RESULTS LISTING
List Results-Nodal Solution-DOF Solution-All DOFs DOF-OK

NODE Ux Uy
1 0 0
2 0.23256 0
3 0 0
File-Close

Element table Data-click on BG1-OK

Element BG1(Axial stress)

54.264
–116.28
File – Close

Element table Data-click on BG1,BG2-OK

Element BG1(Stress) BG2( force)

54.264 0.13E06
–116.28 -69767
File - Close

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS – One Dimensional Problems

2.61) BARS OF CONSTANT CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

A load of P=60x103 is applied as shown. Determine the nodal displacement, stresses and forces in each
member and support reactions taking E=20 x 103 N/mm2

2.62) STEPPED BARS

The structure is subjected to an increase in temperature DT=80 deg C.

a) Determine the nodal displacements.

b) Stresses and forces in each material.
c) Reaction forces.

Take E =206.8GPa weight density=7850 kg/m3

2.63) BARS OF TAPERED CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

For the tapered bar as shown below a) Determine the nodal displacements)Stresses and forces in each
material and c)Reaction forces considering three finite elements.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER -3
ANALYSIS OF
TRUSSES

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER THREE
Analysis of Trusses
3.1 Introduction
Truss is an engineering structure with each member in either direct tension or compression. Hence forces
developed within the members of the truss are purely axial i.e.no bending is considered. Each member is
connected to the adjoining member by means of welded connections or by bolts, rivets, pins. A truss
element is two dimensional i.e. it can displace both in x and y directions. Thus we have two degrees of
freedom at each node. Analysis of trusses is of vital importance as they find wide applications in bridges,
roofs of buildings, cranes, transmission towers etc. Typical truss structure is as shown below.

3.2 Solved problem-Truss

A small railroad bridge is constructed of steel members, all of which have a cross sectional area of 3250
mm2 . A train stops on the bridge, and the loads applied to the truss on one side of the bridge are as
shown. Estimate how much the point R moves horizontally because of this loading. Determine also the
following
a) Nodal displacements.
b) Reaction forces.
c) Forces in each member.
d) Stresses in each member.
e) Axial elastic strain in the elements.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ansys solution procedure

Preprocessing: Defining the problem

Preferences-structural-Ok

Preprocessor -element type - add/edit/delete - add - link- 2D spar1-OK-close

Real constant-add/edit/delete-add-Ok
Real constant Set No - 1
Cross sectional Area - 3250 Ok - close
Material properties-material models-structural-linear-elastic- isotropic
Enter EX- 200e3 OK .

Material – Exit
Modeling-Create-keypoints-inactiveCS
Key point Number 1
X Y Z locations in active CS 0 0 0 Apply

Key point Number 2

X Y Z locations in active CS 3600 0 0 Apply

Key point Number 3

X Y Z locations in active CS 7200 0 0 Apply

Key point Number 4

X Y Z locations in active CS 10800 0 0 Apply

Key point Number 5

X Y Z locations in active CS 1800 3118 0 Apply

Key point Number 6

X Y Z locations in active CS 5400 3118 0 Apply

Key point Number 7

X Y Z locations in active CS 9000 3118 0 Ok

Create-Lines-Lines-straightLine
-Click at key point 1 and 2
-Click at key point 2 and 3

-Click at key point 3 and 4

-Click at key point 1 and 5

-Click at key point 5 and 6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-Click at key point 6 and 7

-Click at key point 7 and 4

-Click at key point 7 and 3

-Click at key point 6 and 3

-Click at key point 6 and 2

-Click at key point 5 and 2 OK

Meshing-Size controls-Manual size-lines-All lines

Number of element Divisions- 1 - Ok
Mesh-lines-Pickall.

Plotcntrls – numbering – node numbers – ON

Element numbers - OK
Solution Phase : Assigning loads and solving
Loads –Define loads- Apply-Structural-Displacement-On keypoints
Pick keypoint 1 – Ok
Select Ux & Uy - OK

On key points - Pick keypoint 4 – Ok

Select Uy - OK

Force/Moment- on keypoints - Pick keypoints 1 & 3- Ok Select – Fy

Force/Moment Value -280000 Ok

Force/Moment- on keypoints - Pick keypoint 2- Ok -Select – Fy

Force/Moment Value -210000 Ok

Force/Moment- on keypoints - Pick keypoint 4- Ok Select – Fy

Force/Moment Value -360000 Ok

Solution-Solve-Current LS – OK
(Note…….Solution is Done) Close
Post processing : Viewing the results
General postproces-Element Table-Define Table –Add
User label for item - Enter BG1
By sequence number - Select SMISC
- In the Box below type
- SMISC,1
- Apply

User label for item - Enter BG2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

By sequence number - Select LS

- In the Box below type
- LS,1 Apply

User label for item - Enter BG3

By sequence number - Select LEPEL
- In the Box below type
- LEPEL,1 OK - CLOSE

RESULTS LISTING
Plot results – deformed shape – Ok

List Results-Nodal Solution-DOF Solution-All DOFs DOF-OK

NODE Ux Uy

1 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.74604 -6.5759
3 2.3127 -6.9923
4 3.1334 0.000
5 3.0836 3.5033
6 1.5416 -7.2363
7 0.49E-01 -3.7330
File – Close

List Results – Reaction solution – All items – Ok

Node Fx Fy
1 0.2E-09 .5133E06
4 .6166E06
File - close

List results - Element table Data-click on BG1,BG2, BG3-OK

Tabulate the results as follows

Element BG1 BG2 BG3

(member Forces) (Member Stresses) (Axial strain)
1 0.1347E06 41.447

File – Close

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.3 Practice Problems – Analysis of Trusses

3.31 For the truss a horizontal load of P = 18000 N is applied in the x direction at node 2.

Determine
a) Nodal displacements.
b) Reaction forces.
c) Forces in each member.
d) Stresses in each
member.

3.32 Consider the truss loaded as shown. Cross sectional area in square mm are shown in parenthesis.
Consider symmetry and model only one half of the truss shown. Taking E = 200 GPa Determine the
following.
Determine
a) Nodal displacements.
b) Reaction forces.
c) Forces in each
member.
d) Stresses in each
member.

3.33 For the truss shown below determine the following. Taking E 206 GPa determine the following
a)Nodal displacements)Reaction forces)Forces in each member)Stresses in each member.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER -4
ANALYSIS OF
BEAMS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
4.1 Introduction
A beam is a long, slender structural member generally subjected to transverse loading and produces
significant bending deformation. Long horizontal members used in buildings and bridges, and shafts
supported in bearings are some examples of beams.
Beams with cross sections that are symmetrical with respect to plane of loading are considered here. A
general horizontal beam as shown below shows the cross-section and bending stress distribution. For
small deflections, we recall from the elementary beam theory that

σ =MY/I ε = σ/E d2ν/dx2 = M/EI

where σ is the normal stress, ε is the normal strain, M is the bending moment at the section, ν is the
deflection of the centroidal axis at x , and I is the moment of Inertia of the section about the neutral axis.

Element used in this chapter is BEAM3 2-D Elastic Beam

4.2 BEAM3 Element Description

BEAM3 is a uniaxial element with tension, compression, and bending capabilities. The element has three
degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions and rotation about the nodal
z-axis.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BEAM3 Geometry

BEAM3 Input Data

Figure 3.1: "BEAM3 Geometry" shows the geometry, node locations, and the coordinate system for this
element. The element is defined by two nodes, the cross-sectional area, the area moment of inertia, the
height, and the material properties. The initial strain in the element (ISTRN) is given by Δ/L, where Δ is
the difference between the element length, L (as defined by the I and J node locations), and the zero strain
length.

"BEAM3 Input Summary" summarizes the element input. Element Input contains a general description of
element input.

BEAM3 Input Summary

Nodes

I, J

Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY, ROTZ

Real Constants
AREA - Cross-sectional area
IZZ - Area moment of inertia
HEIGHT - Total beam height
SHEARZ - Shear deflection constant
ISTRN - Initial strain
ADDMAS - Added mass per unit length

Note

SHEARZ goes with the IZZ. If SHEARZ = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element Y
direction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Material Properties

EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), DENS, GXY, DAMP

Surface Loads
Pressure --
face 1 (I-J) (-Y normal direction)
face 2 (I-J) (+X tangential direction)
face 3 (I) (+X axial direction)
face 4 (J) (-X axial direction) (use a negative value for loading in the opposite direction)
Body Loads
Temperatures --

T1, T2, T3, T4

BEAM3 Output Data

The solution output associated with the element is in two forms:

Nodal displacements included in the overall nodal solution

Additional element output as shown in Table 3.1: "BEAM3 Element Output Definitions".

Figure 3.2: "BEAM3 Stress Output" illustrates several items. Solution Output gives a general description
of solution output. Figure 3.2 BEAM3 Stress Output

The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:

A colon (:) in the Name column indicates the item can be accessed by the Component Name method
[ETABLE, ESOL]. The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT. The R
column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.

4.3 BEAM3 Element Output Definitions

Name Definition OR
EL Element Number YY
NODES Element nodes - I, J YY

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name Definition OR
MAT Element material number YY
VOLU: Element volume N Y
XC, YC Location where results are reported Y 3
TEMP Temperatures T1, T2, T3, T4 YY
PRES Pressure P1 at nodes I,J; OFFST1 at I,J; P2 at I,J; OFFST2 at I, J; P3 at I; P4 at Y Y
J
SDIR Axial direct stress 1 1
SBYT Bending stress on the element +Y side of the beam 1 1
SBYB Bending stress on the element -Y side of the beam 1 1
SMAX Maximum stress (direct stress + bending stress) 1 1
SMIN Minimum stress (direct stress - bending stress) 1 1
EPELDIR Axial elastic strain at the end 1 1
EPELBYT Bending elastic strain on the element +Y side of the beam 1 1
EPELBYB Bending elastic strain on the element -Y side of the beam 1 1
EPTHDIR Axial thermal strain at the end 1 1
EPTHBYT Bending thermal strain on the element +Y side of the beam 1 1
EPTHBYB Bending thermal strain on the element -Y side of the beam 1 1
EPINAXL Initial axial strain in the element 1 1
MFOR(X, Member forces in the element coordinate system X and Y direction 2 Y
Y)
MMOMZ Member moment in the element coordinate system Z direction 2 Y

The following tables list output available through the ETABLE command using the Sequence Number
method.

Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 3.1: "BEAM3 Element Output Definitions"
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J

sequence number for data at nodes I and J

ILN

sequence number for data at Intermediate Location

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.4 BEAM3 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 0)

Output Quantity Name ETABLE and ESOL Command Input

Item E I J
SDIR LS - 1 4
SBYT LS - 2 5
SBYB LS - 3 6
EPELDIR LEPEL - 1 4
EPELBYT LEPEL - 2 5
EPELBYB LEPEL - 3 6
EPTHDIR LEPTH - 1 4
EPTHBYT LEPTH - 2 5
EPTHBYB LEPTH - 3 6
EPINAXL LEPTH 7 - -
SMAX NMISC - 1 3
SMIN NMISC - 2 4
MFORX SMISC - 1 7
MFORY SMISC - 2 8
MMOMZ SMISC - 6 12
P1 SMISC - 13 14
OFFST1 SMISC - 15 16
P2 SMISC - 17 18
OFFST2 SMISC - 19 20
P3 SMISC - 21 -
P4 SMISC - - 22

BEAM3 Assumptions and Restrictions

The beam element must lie in an X-Y plane and must not have a zero length or area.
The beam element can have any cross-sectional shape for which the moment of inertia can be
computed. However, the stresses are determined as if the distance from the neutral axis to the
extreme fiber is one-half of the height.
The element height is used only in the bending and thermal stress calculations.
The applied thermal gradient is assumed linear across the height and along the length.
The moment of inertia may be zero if large deflections are not used.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.5 Solved problem - Beam

1.A three span beam is as shown. Determine the following taking (Assume square cross section).
a) Determine the deflection curve of the beam.
b) Evaluate the reaction at the supports.
c) Draw the B.M and S.F diagram.
d) List bending moment and bending stress Values at different key locations on the
beam hence identify the position of maximum bending stress using Ansys.
e) Verify maximum bending stress hence obtained using theoretical procedures.

ANSYS SOLUTION PROCEDURE

Preprocessing: Defining the problem

Preferences-structural-Ok

Preprocessor - element type - add/edit/delete – add – beam - 2delastic3 – OK - close

Real constant – add/edit/delete – add – OK

Area - 0 .039 m2
Izz - 0.00012695m4
Height - 0.1975 m (calculate using Izz = bxd3 /12 , assume
square cross section, b = d, find d which is the height of the beam section)
Ok – Close

Material properties – material models – structural – linear – elastic – isotropic – Ex 206e9

Prxy 0.3 OK – material – exit

Modelling – create – keypoints – inactiveCS

Keypoint 1
Location in active CS 0 0 0
2
1.5 0 0
3
3.0 0 0
4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4 0 0
5
7.2 0 0
Ok
Create – lines – lines – straight lines – click on keypoints 1 & 2
click on keypoints 2 & 3
click on keypoints 3 & 4
click on keypoints 4 & 5
OK
Meshing – sizecontrols – Manual size – lines – picked lines – pick all the four lines – OK
Number of element divisions 1 OK
Meshing – mesh – lines – pickall.

Plot controls – numbering keypoint numbers ON

Element numbers
OK
Plot – multiplot
Solution Phase : Assigning loads and solving
Loads – define loads – apply – structural – displacement - on keypoint
Pick keypoint 1 Ok Select Ux & Uy OK.

On keypoint – click at keypoints 3, 4 and 5 Ok - select Uy only – OK

Force/moment – on keypoints – click at keypoint 2 Ok - select Fy -22240
Ok.
Pressure - on beams – click on element 4 – Ok
Pressure value at node I 17500 OK

Solution – solve – current LS – Ok

Post processing : Viewing the results

General postproces – element table – define table – add

User label for item BG1
By sequence number – select SMISC type SMISC,2 below - Apply

User label for item BG2

By sequence number – select SMISC type SMISC,8 below - Apply

User label for item BG3

By sequence number – select SMISC type SMISC,6 below - Apply

User label for item BG4

By sequence number – select SMISC type SMISC,12 below - Apply
User label for item BG5
By sequence number – select NMISC type NMISC,1 below - Apply
User label for item BG6
By sequence number – select NMISC type NMISC,3 below - Ok-Close

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(To draw deformation curve)

Plot results – nodal solution – dof solution - Uy – Ok
(To list nodal reactions)
List results – reaction solution – all items – Ok

file- close

( To draw SF Diagram)
Plot results – Contour plot – line element Result
Element table item at node I BG1
Element table item at node J BG2 Ok

(To draw BM Diagram)

line element Result
Element table item at node I BG3
Element table item at node J BG4 Ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(To draw Bending Stress Diagram)

line element Result
Element table item at node I BG5
Element table item at node J BG6 Ok

Utility menu – List results – Element table data – BG3 – Ok

(BM at i th node)

File – close
(To list Bending stress values on different elements )
Utility menu – List results – Element table data – BG5,BG6 – Ok

(To View Animation)

Plot controls – Animate – over results

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
35
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Theoretical verification of Maximum bending stress

22400 31500

8888.6 15677 14050 15126

A B C D E

We know from the BM and BS diagram max BM and hence maximum bending stress is occurring at the
application of concentrated load i.e., point B

M, Bending moment at B = 8888.6 x 1.5 = 13328.7 N.m

Bending Stress at B = My/I = 13328.7 x 0.1975 = 10367933.2 N/m2 = 10.36 Mpa

0.00012695 x 2

10.36 Mpa is the max stress shown by BS diagram occurring on the beam. Hence verified.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.6 Practice Problems on Analysis of Beams

4.61 Consider the shaft to be simply supported at bearings A and B.
Determine the following taking E=200GPa
a) Determine the deflection curve of the beam.
b) Evaluate the reaction at the supports.
c) Draw the B.M and S.F diagram.
d) List bending moment and bending stress Values at different key locations on the
beam hence identify the position of maximum bending stress using Ansys.
e) Verify maximum bending stress hence obtained using theoretical procedures

4.62 For the beam and the loading shown determine the following taking E= 200 Gpa , I = 4 x 10 6 mm4 .

a) Determine the deflection curve of the beam.

b) Evaluate the reaction at the supports.
c) Draw the B.M and S.F diagram.
d) List bending moment and bending stress Values at different key locations on the
beam hence identify the position of maximum bending stress using Ansys.
e) Verify maximum bending stress hence obtained using theoretical procedures.
4.63 A two span continuous beam with an overhang on one side is as shown. The beam has square cross
section of side 150 mm for the span up to first support and 200 mm for the remaining span. The first
support settles by 10 mm. Determine the following taking E=200GPa
a) Determine the deflection curve of the beam.
b) Evaluate the reaction at the supports.
c) Draw the B.M , S.F and Bending stress diagrams.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART- B
EXERCISES

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER -5
PLANE STRESS AND
PLANE STRAIN
ANALYSIS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER FIVE

PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction
Many engineering problems can be idealized into 2D formulations as plane stress or plane strain analysis.
Finite element formulation for 2D problems and derivation of finite element equations for 2D structural
elements such as constant strain triangular element and quadrilateral element are considered.

Plane Stress
It is a state of stress in which normal stress σz and the shear stresses ξxz and ξyz directed perpendicular to
the normal stress are assumed to be zero. In general, thin member subjected to in-plane loading can be
considered as a plane stress distribution.
A thin plate with a circular hole as shown subjected to in-plane loading and uni-axially loaded member
with fillet shown can be idealized and analyzed as a plane stress problem.

Plane Strain
It is a state of strain in which normal strain εz and the shear strains γxz and γyz are assumed to be
zero.Assumptions of plane strain are realistic for cylindrical or prismatic bodies with constant cross-
sectional area subjected to transverse loading along x and /or y direction and do not vary in z direction.A
unit slice along longitudinal axis of the body can be idealized and analyzed as a plain strain problem.
A long prismatic body subjected to constant uniform load along its length as shown and a long hexagonal
pipe subjected to internal pressure as shown can be idealized and analyzed as a plain strain problem

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Elements used in this analysis can be either PLANE42 or PLANE82.

5.2 PLANE42 Element Description

PLANE42 is used for 2-D modeling of solid structures. The element can be used either as a plane element
(plane stress or plane strain) or as an axisymmetric element. The element is defined by four nodes having
two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. The element has
plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection, and large strain capabilities.

The element input data includes four nodes as shown below, a thickness (for the plane stress option only)
and the orthotropic material properties. Orthotropic material directions correspond to the element
coordinate directions.

Plane 42 Geometry

5.3 PLANE82 Element Description

PLANE82 is a higher order version of the 2-D, four-node element (PLANE42). It provides more accurate
results for mixed (quadrilateral-triangular) automatic meshes and can tolerate irregular shapes without as
much loss of accuracy. The 8-node elements have compatible displacement shapes and are well suited to
model curved boundaries.

The 8-node element is defined by eight nodes as shown below having two degrees of freedom at each
node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. The element may be used as a plane element or as an
axisymmetric element. The element has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection, and
large strain capabilities.

Plane 82 Geometry

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4 Solved problem – plate with a hole

1.In the plate with a hole under plane stress as shown, plot the deformed shape and the stresses on the
plate when it is subjected to uniform tensile stress of 689500 N/m2. The thickness of the plate is 0.25 mm ,
young’s modulus, E=2x105 N/mm2 poisson’s ratio, √ =0.3 Also find a) Maximum Deformation and
maximum stress(Von Mises stress) on the plate b) Plot the variation of Von Mises stress along AB, AC,
CD.

r=125 mm
500 mm

100 689500 N/m2

1000mm

ANSYS SOLUTION PROCEDURE

CONSIDERING THE QUARTER SYMMETRY WE HAVE

D 500 line 3

C
250
line 1 A B
125 mm
line 2

preferences – structural – ok

Preprocessor – Element type – Add/Edit/delete – Add –Solid – 8node 82 – ok – Options – plane 82

element type dialogue box appears – choose plane stress w/thk – ok – close

Real constant – add/edit/delete – add – ok

Thickness 0.25
Ok – close

Material properties – material models – structural – linear – elastic – isotropic – Ex - 200e3

Prxy 0.29 - Ok
Material – exit

Modelling – create – areas – rectangle by dimensions

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X1 X2 X coordinates 0 500
Y1 Y2 Y coordinates 0 250 OK
Create - circle – By dimensions – outer radius 125 Ok
Operate – Boolean – subtract – areas – pick rectangle – Ok – Pick – circle – OK

Meshing – Mesh tool – smart size – slider to 5 –in the mesh session choose areas & free - Click on Mesh
– Pick all

Solution – Define loads – apply – Structural – Symmetric BC on lines – Select line 1 and Select line 2 –
Ok

Solution – Define loads – apply – Structural –Pressure –On lines – Select line 3 – apply – load pressure
value - 0.6895 OK

Solution – Solve – Current LS

Close

Review Results

General post proc – Plot results – Def + Undeformed

General post proc – Plot results – Nodal solution
General post proc – List results – Nodal Solution
General post proc – Plot results – Nodal solution Select stress - Von mises stress in the window

To draw the variation of stress along AB

General Postproce>Path operations > Define path > By nodes , Select nodes at A and B
Map onto Path- select Stress – von Mises SEQV >OK
Plot Path Item > SEQV >ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
43
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.5 Solved problem – Corner bracket

2. The dimensions of the corner bracket is given below. The bracket is made of steel with a
Young's modulus of E=205 GPa (GPa = 109 N/m2) and the Poisson's ratio of 0.27 and a yield
stress, including a safety factor, of 400 MPa.
The upper left hole is constrained around its entire circumference. The lower right-hand hole is
loaded by pin with a total force of 10 kN. The force is approximately distributed along the contact
as a tapered pressure varying linearly along the lower half of the circumference
a)Plot the deformed shape of the corner bracket and the stresses. b) Plot the variation of Von-
Mises stresses along one half of its vertical circumference w.r.t upper left hole.

Corner bracket

Boundary conditions

We will assume plane state of stress, (plane stress is a state of stress in which the normal and
shear stress perpendicular to the plane is assumed to be zero). We will use solid modeling and
automatically mesh it with nodes and elements.

Specify jobname and title

After a while the ANSYS GUI:s will appear on the screen. You can also change the job name
later from the Utility meny:

Utilitymenu:File-Change-Jobname…
Enter bracket and click on OK

Next define the title of your job

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
44
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Utilitymenu:File-Change-Title…
Enter Corner bracket - exercise2 and click on OK

Set preferences

The preferences dialog allows you to set the desired engineering discipline for context filtering of
menu choices. By turning on the structural filtering completely surpresses thermal,
electromagnetic and fluid menu topics.

Mainmenu:Preferences
Select the Structural and click OK

Define element types and options

We will use only one element type, PLANE82 which is a 2-D, quadratic structural higher order
element. The element have 8 nodes (4 corner nodes and 4 midside nodes) and have quadratic
approximation of the displacement field (higher order shape function). Using higher order
elements we can use a coarser mesh to get the same accuracy compared to lower order element
(liner shape fucntion).

We also need to specify plane stress with thickness as an option for PLANE 82, the thickness will
be defined as a real constant in the next step.

Main menu: Preprocessor - Element Type - Add/Edit/Delete..

Add.. an element type

Select Structural Solid family Quad 8 node 82 element and press OK

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the element type dialog now select options… to specify

Plane stress w/thk (with thickness)

OK to close the Element type options dialog

Close the Element type dialog

Defining real constants
Main menu: Preprocessor - Real Constant…
Add a real set
OK for PLANE82

Enter 0.01 for THK ( 10 mm thickness)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Press OK and close the dialog box

Define material properties
Material properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio or density are independent of the
geometry.
Main menu: Preprocessor - Material Props - Constant - Isotropic
OK to define material set 1

Enter 205e9 for EX (Young's modulus)

Enter 0.27 for NUXY (Poisson's ratio)
Press OK to define and close material set 1

Toolbar: SAVE_DB

To create the model in ANSYS

There are several ways to create the model in ANSYS. In this example we will create the model
with simple geometric shapes called primitives and automatically mesh the final model.The
bracket can be built from two rectangles, two circles and two holes. Combining theses primitives
we get our bracket, but first we will start with the two rectangles. The global origin we choose to
set in the center of the upper left-hand hole.

Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Create - Areas - Rectangle - By dimensions

Enter 0, 0.15, -0.025, 0.025 for X1,X2,Y1 and Y2 (Tab key between entries)

Apply to define the first rectangle

Enter 0.1, 0.15, -0.025, -0.075 for X1,X2,Y1 and Y2 for the second rectangle

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OK to define the second rectangle and close the dialog

You should now have two rectangles in the same color drawn in the Graphic window.
Change plot controls and replot
To clearly distinguish between the areas just created we will turn on the area numbers and color
control is turned on. This is done from the utility menu:
Utility menu: PlotCtrls - Numbering
Turn on area numbering and press OK to close and replot

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Create – Areas – Circle- Solid circle
Enter WP X 0
WP Y 0.05/2
Radius 0.05/2 OK

To shift work (WP)plane from the present position

Workplane-Align workplane with – key points- click at bottom left corner of A2

Create – Areas – Circle- Solid circle

Enter the following

Enter WP X 0.05/2
WP Y 0
Radius 0.05/2 - OK

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Add areas
We need to add the different areas together to get one continuous area. This is done with the
boolean operation: Add areas
Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Operate - Boolean - Add - Areas
Click on Pick All in the Add areas dialog
OK to add all areas together
Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Create line fillet
We need to fill in the radius between the intersections of the two rectangles. But first we turn off
the line numbers and turn off the display of the working plane.
Utility menu: PlotCtrls - Numbering
Turn on line numbering and press OK .
Your graphic display should now look something like:

Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Create - Lines - Line Fillet

Pick line 17 and 8

Enter 0.01 (10 mm) as fillet radius

OK to create fillet and close dialog box

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Create fillet area

The next step is to create a fillet area that can be added to the rest of the bracket. Before you
continue to create a fillet area of the lines you just creates use the Pan, Zoom, Rotate dialog
under Utility menu: PlotCtrls to zoom in the fillet radius as shown above.
Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Create - Areas - Arbitrary - By Lines
Pick lines L4, L5, L1
OK to create area and close dialog
Use the Pan, Zoom, Rotate dialog again and click on Fit and plot the areas under
Utility Menu: Plot - Areas
Your plot should now look like:

Toolbar: SAVE_DB

Add areas together

Now add the fillet area to the bracket area.

Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Operate - Boolean - Add - Areas
Click on Pick All in the Add areas dialog
OK to add all areas together.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
51
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Create first bolt hole
Workplane – align WP with – global Cartesian – plot-multiplot.

Create – Areas – Circle- Solid circle

Fill up as shown below and click OK

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
52
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Work plane – Align WP with – key points – Pick at the bottom of the circle

Create – Areas – Circle- Solid circle – fill up as shown below – click OK to get second bolt hole.

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Subtract the bolt holes from the bracket

To finalize the model we only have to subtract the bolt areas from the bracket to create holes.
Main menu: Preprocessor - Modeling - Operate - Booleans - Subtract - Areas
Pick bracket as base area from which to subtract
Apply (in picking dialog, Not OK!)
Pick both bolt holes as areas to be subtracted
OK to subtract and close the picking menu

Final model of the corner bracket

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Mesh the area
Meshing – size controls – manual size- picked areas- pickall
We will specify a global element size to control overall mesh density:
Element edge length – Type 0.01 - OK
Finish the preprocessing by meshing the bracket
Main Menu: Preprocessor - Meshing - Mesh - Areas
Pick the bracket area
OK to mesh and close the picking menu
The mesh should look something like this

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Solution
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Apply displacement constraints

The upper bolt hole is constrained, e.g. we have to lock the displacements (set them to zero) of
the nodes on the circumference. Since we have not explicitely defined where the nodes on the
circumference are located, (ANSYS automatically did that), we'll lock the 4 key points on the
circumference and tell ANSYS the all nodes located along the lines between the key points will
also be locked.
Main Menu: Solution - Loads - Apply - Structural - Displacement - On Keypoints
Pick the four keypoints around the upper left-hand hole
OK to complete in the picking menu
Click on All DOF (Degree Of Freedom)
Click to yes to expand displacement constraints to nodes
OK to set constraint and close dialog

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Apply pressure load
We'll now apply the tapered (linearly varying) pressure to the bottom right bolt hole. In ANSYS a
hole is made of four lines defining the perimeter (omkrets). We will apply the pressure to the two
lines making up the lower part of the circle. Since the total load Fy is 10 kN we need to calculate
the maximum pressure pm in the middle of the lower half.

Calculating the maximum pressure

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
55
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The ANSYS convention for pressure loading is that positive value represents pressure into the
surface (compressive). We need to apply the pressure in two steps first from 0 to pm at the left
side then from pm to 0 on the right lower side of the hole.
Main menu: Solution - Apply - Loads - Structural - Pressure - On Lines
Pick the line defining the bottom left part of the circle (line L6)
Apply in the picking menu
Enter 0 for VALI and 62.83e6 for VALJ
Apply in the PRES on Lines menu

Pick the line defining the bottom right part of the circle (line L7)
Apply in the picking menu
Enter 62.83e6 for VALI and 0 for VALJ
OK in the PRES on Lines menu

Pressure applied on the lower part of the circle

Toolbar: SAVE_DB
Solve
Main menu: Solution - Solve - Current LS
Review the information in the status window and close the window (File - Close)
OK to begin the solution in the Solve current load step dialog
Close the information dialog when the solution is done
Postprocessing
Plot the deformed shape
General Postproc - Plot results - Deformed shape
Choose Def+ undeformed - Ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
56
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Plot the von Mises equivalent stress

In uniaxial loading the steel yields when the uniaxial stress is equal to the yield limit. In a
multiaxial state of stress the yielding starts when the stress state is equal to the Von Mises yield
criteria. The equivalent stress (se) value in a multiaxial state of stress can be calculated using:

where s1 , s2 and s3 are the principal stresses . When the equivalent stress value reaches the yield
limit the steel starts to yield.
The postprocessor in ANSYS can plot contours of the von Mises equivalent stress value which
makes it easy to spot critical areas of the steel structure.
Main menu: General Postproc - Plot results - Contour plot - Nodal Solu
Choose stress item and scroll down to select von Mises (SEQV)

OK

As the maximum Von mises stress at the top bolt hole is 380 MPa< 400 MPa specified , the
bracket is not going to yield for the present loading.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.6 Practice Problems On Plane Stress And Plane Strain Analysis

5.61) In the plate with a hole under plane stress, plot the deformed shape and the stresses on the plate
when it is subjected to a tensile stresses of 13.73Mpa as shown. Also obtain a) Maximum Deflection and
Maximum Von Mises stresses on the plate. Take thickness of the plate equal to 10 mm.b) Draw also the
variation of Von Mises stresses along AB. Use Plane 82(8-node structural solid element) and model only
one quarter to perform the analysis.

5.62) In the pipe with a hole under plane strain, plot the deformed shape and the stresses . Also find a)
Maximum Deflection and Maximum stress . b)Plot the stress variation along AB. Use Plane 82(8-node
structural solid element) and model only one quarter to perform the analysis.

5.63)For the culvert/dam made of concrete with the loading as shown plot the deformed shape and the
stresses. Plane strain option must be selected for element behavior. Also find a) Maximum Deflection and
Maximum stress. Use Plane 82 (8-node structural solid element) and model only one half to perform the
analysis .Take E=40Gpa and poison’s ratio, √=0.15

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
58
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER -6
Thermal Analysis

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER SIX

THERMAL ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction
Analyzing Thermal Phenomena
A thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and related thermal
quantities in a system or component. Typical thermal quantities of interest are:

The temperature distributions

The amount of heat lost or gained
Thermal gradients
Thermal fluxes.

Thermal simulations play an important role in the design of many engineering

applications, including internal combustion engines, turbines, heat exchangers, piping
systems, and electronic components. In many cases, engineers follow a thermal
analysis with a stress analysis to calculate thermal stresses (that is, stresses caused by
thermal expansions or contractions).

How ANSYS Treats Thermal Modeling

Only the ANSYS/Multiphysics, ANSYS/Mechanical, ANSYS/Thermal, and

ANSYS/FLOTRAN programs support thermal analyses.

The basis for thermal analysis in ANSYS is a heat balance equation obtained from the
principle of conservation of energy. (For details, consult the ANSYS Theory
Reference.) The finite element solution you perform via ANSYS calculates nodal
temperatures, then uses the nodal temperatures to obtain other thermal quantities.

The ANSYS program handles all three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation.

Convection

An ANSYS user specifies convection as a surface load on conducting solid elements

or shell elements. You specify the convection film coefficient and the bulk fluid
temperature at a surface; ANSYS then calculates the appropriate heat transfer across
that surface. If the film coefficient depends upon temperature, you specify a table of
temperatures along with the corresponding values of film coefficient at each
temperature.

Types of Thermal Analysis

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANSYS supports two types of thermal analysis:

1. A steady-state thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and other

thermal quantities under steady-state loading conditions. A steady-state loading
condition is a situation where heat storage effects varying over a period of time can be
ignored.

2. A transient thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and other

thermal quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time.

Coupled-Field Analyses

Some types of coupled-field analyses, such as thermal-structural and magnetic-thermal

analyses, can represent thermal effects coupled with other phenomena. A coupled-
field analysis can use matrix-coupled ANSYS elements, or sequential load-vector
coupling between separate simulations of each phenomenon. For more information on
coupled-field analysis, see the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide.

Definition of Steady-State Analysis

The ANSYS/Multiphysics, ANSYS/Mechanical, ANSYS/FLOTRAN, and

ANSYS/Thermal products support steady-state thermal analysis. A steady-state
thermal analysis calculates the effects of steady thermal loads on a system or
component. Engineer/analysts often perform a steady-state analysis before doing a
transient thermal analysis, to help establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis
also can be the last step of a transient thermal analysis, performed after all transient
effects have diminished.
You can use steady-state thermal analysis to determine temperatures, thermal
gradients, heat flow rates, and heat fluxes in an object that are caused by thermal loads
that do not vary over time. Such loads include the following:
Convections
Radiation
Heat flow rates
Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
Constant temperature boundaries.
A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties;
or nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal
properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis usually is
nonlinear. Including radiation effects also makes the analysis nonlinear.
6.2 Available Elements for Thermal Analysis
The ANSYS and ANSYS/Thermal programs include about 40 elements (described
below) to help you perform steady-state thermal analyses.

For detailed information about the elements, consult the ANSYS Elements Reference.
That manual organizes element descriptions in numeric order, starting with element
LINK1.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Element names are shown in uppercase. All elements apply to both steady-state and
transient thermal analyses. The usage notes for each element indicate whether other
types of analyses can also use the element.

Two-Dimensional Solid Elements

PLANE35

Dimensions: 2-D
Shape or characteristic: Triangle, six nodes
Degrees of freedom: Temperature (at each node)
PLANE55

Dimensions: 2-D
Shape or characteristic: Quadrilateral, four nodes
Degrees of freedom: Temperature (at each node)
PLANE75

Dimensions: 2-D
Shape or characteristic: Harmonic, four nodes
Degrees of freedom: Temperature (at each node)
PLANE77

Dimensions: 2-D
Shape or characteristic: Quadrilateral, eight nodes
Degrees of freedom: Temperature (at each node)
Usage notes: Useful for modeling curved boundaries
PLANE78

Dimensions: 2-D
Shape or characteristic: Harmonic, eight nodes
Degrees of freedom: Temperature (at each node)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
62
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.3 Solved problem – One dimensional Conduction Boundary condition

1. A furnace wall measuring 5x2 mts comprises three layers. 13.5 cm thick inside layer of fire
brick(Thermal conductivity k = 1.2w/moc) , 7.5 cm thick middle layer of insulating
brick(Thermal conductivity k = 0.14w/moc) and 11.5 cm thick outside layer of red
brick(Thermal conductivity k = 0.85w/moc).. Furnace operates at 870o C and it is anticipated
that the outside of this composite wall can be maintained at 40o C by the circulation of air.
Find the rate of heat loss from the furnace and the wall interface temperatures using
a) Theoretical methods
b) Method 1 - Using Ansys Plane77 element (Thermal Solid 8node 77 elements)

c) Method 2 - Using Link32 (2D conduction 32) element

Solution a) Theoretical Procedure

Insulating brick(middle layer)

870oC 40oC
(Fire brick) (Red brick)

(Inside layer) (Outside layer)

Q=Heat flow from inside of the furnace to outside of the composite wall = Heat loss
= (T1 –T4)
L1 + L2 + L3
K1 A K2 A K3A

= (870- 40) = 10593.3 W

0.135 + 0.075 + 0.115
1.2x10 0.14x10 0.85x10
Thermal flux ,q = Q/A = 10593.3/10 = 1059.33 W/m2

To find wall interface temperatures

Since heat flowing through each layer is same

10593.3 = 870 –T2 T2 = 750.82oC

0.135
1.2x10

10593.3 = 750.82 –T3 T3 = 183.3oC

0.075
0.14x10

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ansys Solution Procedure – Method 1 Using Plane 77 element

Preferences – Thermal –Ok
Preprocessor – Element Type - Add/Edit/delete – Add – Thermal solid – 8 node 77 – Close.
Material Props – Material Models – Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 1.2 – Ok
Material – New model – Ok
Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 0.14 – Ok
Material – New model – Ok
Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 0.85 – Ok
Material – Exit
Modeling – Create – Areas – rectangle – By two corners – Width - 0.135 – height – 1 – ok

rectangle – By two corners – Enter coordinates as shown – Ok

rectangle – By two corners – Enter coordinates as shown – Ok

Operate – Booleans - Glue areas – Pick All

Meshing – Mesh Attributes – Picked areas – Pick the left rectangle – material Number – 1 –ok
Mesh Attributes – Picked areas – Pick the middle rectangle – material Number – 2 –ok
Mesh Attributes – Picked areas – Pick the right rectangle – material Number – 3 –ok
Meshing – Size controls – Manual size – Lines – All lines – No of element Divisions – 10 –Ok
Mesh – Areas – Free – Pick All –Ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
64
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Loads – Define loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on lines – select the left vertical edge – Ok-
Temp – Assign 870 – Ok
Define loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on lines – select the right vertical edge – Ok- Temp –
Assign 40 – Ok
Solution – Solve – Current LS – Ok – Close
General Postproc – Plot results – Contour Plot – Nodal solu – Dof solution – Nodal temperature – Ok

General Postproc – Plot results – Contour Plot – Nodal solu – Thermal Flux – Thermal flux Vector sum –
Ok

Ansys Solution Procedure – Method 2 Using Link32 (2D conduction 32) element
Preferences – Thermal –Ok
Preprocessor – Element Type - Add/Edit/delete – Add – Link – 2D conduction 32- Ok - Close.
Real constant – Add/Edit/delete – Add – Ok- Enter 10 – Ok –close.
Material Props – Material Models – Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 1.2 – Ok
Material – New model – Ok
Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 0.14 – Ok
Material – New model – Ok
Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – 0.85 – Ok
Material – Exit
Modeling – Create – Keypoints – In Active Cs
1 0,0,0 Apply

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 0.135,0,0 Apply
3 0.21,0,0 Apply
4 0.325,0,0 Ok

Create – lines- lines – straight line- Connect key point 1&2, 2&3, 3&4 OK

Meshing – Mesh Attributes – Picked lines – Pick the First line – material Number – 1 –ok
Mesh Attributes – Picked lines – Pick the middle line – material Number – 2 –ok
Mesh Attributes – Picked lines – Pick the right thid line – material Number – 3 –ok
Meshing – Size controls – Manual size – Lines – All lines – No of element Divisions – 1 –Ok
Mesh – lines – Pick All –Ok
Loads – Define loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Key Points – select the left most Key Point
– Ok- Temp – Assign 870 – Ok
Define loads – Apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Key Points – select the right most Key Point – Ok-
Temp – Assign 40 – Ok
Solution – Solve – Current LS – Ok – Close.
General Postproc – List results – Nodal solu – Dof solution – Nodal temperature – Ok

To Determine Heat Flux and Heat Rate we define the element table
Element table – Define table – Add – Enter as below

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Apply
Enter as below

Ok
General Postproc – List results –Element Table Data – Select Heat rate & Heat flux - Ok

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
67
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.4 Solved problem – Two dimensional Conduction and convection Boundary

conditions
For the sake of simplicity we assume that the electronic circuit is made of copper with
thermal conductivity of 386 W/m K. Also it generates heat at the rate of 10e6 W. The
enclosing container is made of steel with thermal conductivity of 20 W/m K. The fins are
made of aluminum with thermal conductivity of 180 W/m K.
Boundary conditions: There is convection along all the boundaries except the bottom
which is insulated. The Film Coefficient is 50 W/m2K and the Bulk Temperature is 20oC.,
a) Find the nodal temperature distribution
b) Heat flux plot
c) Vector Plot of heat flow.

MODELING THE STRUCTURE

Go to the ANSYS Main Menu
Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Areas>Rectangle>2
Corners.
The following window comes up:

Now we will pick the end points of the rectangles.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
68
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

First make the steel rectangle of dimensions width =0.05 height

=0.03.
Next make the copper square of dimensions width =0.01 height
=0.01cm with WP X = 0.02 WP Y = 0.01
Next make the aluminum part by making a rectangle of
dimensions width =0.05 height =0.03. with WP X = 0 WP Y =
0.03
Then create two smaller rectangles by moving the WP as shown

First rectangle
width =0.01 height =0.01. with WP X = 0.01 WP Y = -0.01
Second rectangle
width =0.01 height =0.01. with WP X = 0.03 WP Y = -0.01

Operate- Boolean – subtract – Areas – select the top area as shown below –
say OK

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
69
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now select the two smaller rectangles as shown and say OK

The resulting model should look like the one below.

Modeling>Operate>Boolean>Overlap>Areas. Choose the

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Steel area and then the Copper area, then click OK.
From Preprocessor, choose
Modeling>Operate>Boolean>Glue>Areas. Choose the Steel
area and then the Aluminum area, and then click OK. The
reason why we don’t glue the copper and the steel is that they
overlap. Picture a copper plate resting on the steel area. The
steel and aluminum are connected more intimately, and must be
glued together.
If you cannot see the complete workplane then go to Utility
Menu>Plot Controls>Pan Zoom Rotate and zoom out to see
the entire workplane.
The model should look like the one below.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

We need to define material properties separately for steel,

aluminum, and copper.
Go to the ANSYS Main Menu
Click Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models. In the
window that comes up choose
Thermal>Conductivity>Isotropic.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
71
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter 1 for the Material Property Number and click OK. The
following window comes up.

Fill in 20 for Thermal conductivity. Click OK.

Now the material 1 has the properties defined in the above table.
This represents the material properties for steel. Repeat the
above steps to create material properties for aluminum (k=180,
Material number 2), and copper (k=386, Material number 3).
Do this by selecting Material>New Model in the “Define
Material Model Behavior” window.

ELEMENT PROPERTIES

SELECTING ELEMENT TYPE:

Click Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete... In the
'Element Types' window that opens click on Add... The

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
72
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

following window opens.

Type 1 in the Element type reference number.

Click on Thermal Mass Solid and select Quad 8node 77. Click
OK. Close the 'Element types' window.
So now we have selected Element type 1 to be a thermal solid
8node element. The component will now be modeled with
thermal solid 8node elements. This finishes the selection of
element type.

MESHING

DIVIDING THE TOWER INTO ELEMENTS:

Go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Size Controls>Manual
Size>Lines>All Lines. In the menu that comes up type 0.005 in
the field for 'Element edge length'.

Click on OK. Now when you mesh the figure ANSYS will
automatically create meshes that have an edge length of 0.005m
along the lines you selected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

First we will mesh the steel area. Go to

Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Attributes>Default Attributes.
Make sure the window indicates "Material Ref.#1". The window
is shown below.

Now go to Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Areas>Free. Pick

the steel area and click OK.
Repeat the same process for the aluminum and copper areas.
Make sure you use the correct material number (2 and 3
respectively) for both the areas. Also since the steel and the
copper areas overlap make sure you pick the right area. If you
choose the wrong area, use Preprocessor>Meshing>Clear to
undo the previous mesh and then repeat the previous steps. The
meshed area should look like this:

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND CONSTRAINTS

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define
Loads>Apply>Thermal>Heat Generate>On Keypoints.
Select the corners of the copper square. Click OK. The following
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
74
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

window comes up.

Enter 10e6 for the HGEN value and click OK.

Go to Preprocessor>Loads>Define
Loads>Apply>Thermal>Convection>On Lines. Pick all the
lines on the outside of the object except the bottom one where
the object is considered insulated. Click OK. The following
window comes up.

Enter 50 for "Film Coefficient" and 20 for "Bulk Temperature"

and click OK.
Now the Modeling of the problem is done.

SOLUTION

Go to ANSYS Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>New

Analysis.
Select Steady State and click on OK.
Go to Solution>Solve>Current LS.
An error window may appear. Click OK on that window and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
75
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ignore it.
Wait for ANSYS to solve the problem.
Click on OK and close the 'Information' window.

POST-PROCESSING

Listing the results.

Go to ANSYS Main Menu General Postprocessing>List
Results>Nodal Solution. The following window will come up.

Select DOF solution and Temperature. Click on OK. The nodal

displacements will be listed as follows.

You will find the maximum value of temperature at the end of

the above table.

MODIFICATION

You can also plot the displacements and stress.

Go to General Postprocessing>Plot Results>Contour
Plot>Nodal Solution. The following window will come up:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
76
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Select DOF solution and Temperature to be plotted and click

OK. The output will be like this:

General Postproce>Plot Results>Contour Plot>Nodal Solution.>thermal flux> thermal

flux Vector sum
To View the direction of heat flow
General Postproce>Plot Results>Vector Plot>Predefined.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
77
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.5 Practice Problems on Thermal Anlysis

6.51) A composite wall consists of three materials as shown. The outer temperature is
To=20 deg C. Convection heat transfer takes place on the inner surface of the wall with
Tω = 800 deg C.and h = 25 W/m2 .Determine the temperature distribution in the wall.
Find the rate of heat loss from the composite wall and the wall interface temperatures using
a) Theoretical methods
b) Method 1 - Using Ansys Plane77 element (Thermal Solid 8node 77 elements)

·
·
6.52) The illustration below is a 2 dimensional representation of a 3 dimensional
furnace with obvious boundary conditions including constant temperatures. Using
symmetry, limit the scope of modeling to only one section of the furnace, as shown .
· Boundary Conditions:
1) The symmetry lines of the corner piece can be assumed to be insulated.
2) The outer most boundary has a constant temperature of 300 K.
3) The inner most boundary has a constant temperature of 1000 K.
· Material Properties:
Fire Brick(inner layer): KFB = 0.3 W/m*K
Red Brick(middle layer): KRB = 0.63 W/m*K
Magnesia(outer layer): KM = 1.41 W/m*K
· Dimensions
Length = 1.5 m
Width = 1 m
Thickness of each Layer = .05 m
Find the nodal temperature distribution and the rate of heat loss from the furnace.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
78
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.53) A large industrial furnace is supported on a long column of fireclay brick which
is 1 x 1 m on a side .During steady state operation , installation is such that three
surfaces of the column are maintained at 600 K while the remaining surface is exposed
to an air stream for which Tω = 300 K and h = 12 W/m2K.Determine the temperature
distribution in the column and the heat rate to the air stream per unit length of the
column. Take K = 1 W/m K

6.54) Model as a 2D block subjected to varying boundary conditions.

· Boundary Conditions:
1) The bottom is insulated.
2) The left side has a constant temperature of 100 deg C.
3) The top side has constant temperature of 500 deg C.
4) The right side is exposed to a convective boundary layer.(h=10 w/m2 *C
and T =100*C.)
Material Property
Thermal conductivity of the material 10w/m*C.
· Determine the nodal temperature distribution and create contour plot.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
79
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER -7
Dynamic Analysis

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER SEVEN

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

7.1 Introduction

Modal Analysis

Definition of Modal Analysis

You use modal analysis to determine the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes)
of a structure or a machine component while it is being designed. It also can be a starting point for
another, more detailed, dynamic analysis, such as a transient dynamic analysis, a harmonic response
analysis, or a spectrum analysis.

Uses for Modal Analysis

You use modal analysis to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure. The natural
frequencies and mode shapes are important parameters in the design of a structure for dynamic loading
conditions. They are also required if you want to do a spectrum analysis or a mode superposition
harmonic or transient analysis.

You can do modal analysis on a prestressed structure, such as a spinning turbine blade. Another useful
feature is modal cyclic symmetry, which allows you to review the mode shapes of a cyclically symmetric
structure by modeling just a sector of it.

Modal analysis in the ANSYS family of products is a linear analysis. Any nonlinearities, such as
plasticity and contact (gap) elements, are ignored even if they are defined. You can choose from several
mode-extraction methods: Block Lanczos (default), subspace, PowerDynamics, reduced, unsymmetric,
damped, and QR damped. The damped and QR damped methods allow you to include damping in the
structure. Details about mode-extraction methods are covered later in this section.

7.2 Overview of Steps in a Modal Analysis

The procedure for a modal analysis consists of four main steps:

1. Build the model.

2. Apply loads and obtain the solution.
3. Expand the modes.
4. Review the results.

When building your model, remember these points:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
81
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Only linear behavior is valid in a modal analysis. If you specify nonlinear elements, they are
treated as linear. For example, if you include contact elements, their stiffnesses are calculated
based on their initial status and never change.
Material properties can be linear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent.
You must define both Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) and density (DENS) (or
mass in some form) for a modal analysis. Nonlinear properties are ignored. If applying element
damping, you must define the required real constants for the specific element type (COMBIN7,
COMBIN14, COMBIN37, and so on).

Mode-Extraction Method [MODOPT]

Choose one of the extraction methods listed below.

Block Lanczos method (default)

The Block Lanczos method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue problems. You can use this
method for the same types of problems for which you use the subspace method, but you achieve a
faster convergence rate.
Subspace method

The subspace method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue problems. Several solution controls
are available to control the subspace iteration process.

When doing a modal analysis with a large number of constraint equations, use the subspace
method with the frontal solver instead of the JCG solver, or use the Block Lanczos mode-
extraction method.

PowerDynamics method

The PowerDynamics method is used for very large models (100,000+ DOFs), and is especially
useful to obtain a solution for the first several modes to learn how the model will behave.

Reduced (Householder) method

The reduced method is faster than the subspace method because it uses reduced (condensed)
system matrices to calculate the solution. However, it is less accurate because the reduced mass
matrix is approximate.

Unsymmetric method

The unsymmetric method is used for problems with unsymmetric matrices, such as fluid-structure
interaction problems.

Damped method

The damped method is used for problems where damping cannot be ignored, such as bearing
problems.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
82
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QR Damped method

The QR damped method is faster and achieves better calculation efficiency than the damped
method. It uses the reduced modal damped matrix to calculate complex damped frequencies in
modal coordinates.

For most applications, you will use the Block Lanczos, subspace, reduced, or PowerDynamics method.
The unsymmetric, damped, and QR damped methods are meant for special applications.

When you specify a mode-extraction method, ANSYS automatically chooses the appropriate equation
solver.

Prestressed Modal Analysis

Use a pre stressed modal analysis to calculate the frequencies and mode shapes of a pre stressed structure,
such as a spinning turbine blade. The procedure to do a pre stressed modal analysis is essentially the same
as a regular modal analysis, except that you first need to pre stress the structure by doing a static analysis:

7.3 Harmonic Response Analysis

Definition of Harmonic Response Analysis

Any sustained cyclic load will produce a sustained cyclic response (a harmonic response) in a structural
system. Harmonic response analysis gives you the ability to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of
your structures, thus enabling you to verify whether or not your designs will successfully overcome
resonance, fatigue, and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.

Uses for Harmonic Response Analysis

Harmonic response analysis is a technique used to determine the steady-state response of a linear
structure to loads that vary sinusoidally (harmonically) with time. The idea is to calculate the structure's
response at several frequencies and obtain a graph of some response quantity (usually displacements)
versus frequency. "Peak" responses are then identified on the graph and stresses reviewed at those peak
frequencies.

This analysis technique calculates only the steady-state, forced vibrations of a structure. The transient
vibrations, which occur at the beginning of the excitation, are not accounted for in a harmonic response
analysis (see Figure 4.1: "Harmonic Response Systems").

Harmonic Response Systems

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
83
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Three Solution Methods

Three harmonic response analysis methods are available: full, reduced, and mode superposition.

How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis

We will first describe how to do a harmonic response analysis using the full method, and then list the
steps that are different for the reduced and mode superposition methods.

Full Harmonic Response Analysis

The procedure for a full harmonic response analysis consists of three main steps:

1. Build the model.

2. Apply loads and obtain the solution.
3. Review the results.

Apply Loads on the Model

A harmonic analysis, by definition, assumes that any applied load varies harmonically (sinusoidally) with
time. To completely specify a harmonic load, three pieces of information are usually required: the
amplitude, the phase angle, and the forcing frequency range (see Figure 4.2: "Relationship Between
Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle").

Figure 4.2

7.4 Transient Dynamic Analysis

Definition of Transient Dynamic Analysis

Transient dynamic analysis (sometimes called time-history analysis) is a technique used to determine the
dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general time-dependent loads. You can use this
type of analysis to determine the time-varying displacements, strains, stresses, and forces in a structure as
it responds to any combination of static, transient, and harmonic loads. The time scale of the loading is
such that the inertia or damping effects are considered to be important.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
84
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Preparing for a Transient Dynamic Analysis

A transient dynamic analysis is more involved than a static analysis because it generally requires more
computer resources and more of your resources, in terms of the “engineering” time involved. You can
save a significant amount of these resources by doing some preliminary work to understand the physics
of the problem. For example, you can:

1. Analyze a simpler model first. A model of beams, masses, and springs can provide good insight
into the problem at minimal cost. This simpler model may be all you need to determine the
dynamic response of the structure.
2. If you are including nonlinearities, try to understand how they affect the structure's response by
doing a static analysis first. In some cases, nonlinearities need not be included in the dynamic
analysis.
3. Understand the dynamics of the problem. By doing a modal analysis, which calculates the natural
frequencies and mode shapes, you can learn how the structure responds when those modes are
excited. The natural frequencies are also useful for calculating the correct integration time step.

Three Solution Methods

Three methods are available to do a transient dynamic analysis: full, mode superposition, and reduced.
The ANSYS Professional program allows only the mode superposition method.

Performing a Full Transient Dynamic Analysis

We will first describe how to do a transient dynamic analysis using the full method. We will then list the
steps that are different for the mode superposition and reduced methods.

The procedure for a full transient dynamic analysis (available in the ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS
Mechanical, and ANSYS Structural products) consists of these steps:

1. Build the Model

2. Establish Initial Conditions
3. Set Solution Controls
4. Set Additional Solution Options
5. Apply the Loads
6. Save the Load Configuration for the Current Load Step
7. Repeat Steps 3-6 for Each Load Step
8. Save a Backup Copy of the Database
9. Start the Transient Solution
10. Exit the Solution Processor
11. Review the Results

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
85
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.5 Solved problem - Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

For the beam shown determine the following using a)Subspace method b)Reduced method

i)Determining the mode frequencies and mode shapes of structures.

ii) Animate mode shape.

Open preprocessor menu

Give example a Title
Utility Menu > File > Change Title ...
Give example a Jobname
Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname ...
Enter 'Dynamic' for the jobname
Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the
following table:
Keypoint Coordinates (x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (1,0)
Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
Create a line between Keypoint 1 and Keypoint 2.
Define Element Types
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
86
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

With only 3 degrees of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.0001
Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 8.33e-10
Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.01
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.01 m x 0.01 m.
Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Young's modulus EX: 2.068e11
Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
To enter the density of the material, double click on 'Linear' followed by 'Density' in the
'Define Material Model Behavior' Window
Enter a density of 7830
Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
For this example we will specify 10 element divisions along the line.
Mesh the frame
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'
Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving
Subspace method
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Modal
ANTYPE,2
2. Set options for analysis type:
o Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..
The following window will appear

o As shown, select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract'
o Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
o Click 'OK'
o The following window will then appear

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
87
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o For this problem, we will use the default options so click on OK.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).
4. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

1. Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions
o Select: General Postproc > Results Summary...
The following window will appear

Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be refined
even more (i.e. instead of 10 elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or
more elements depending upon the highest mode frequency of interest).

2. View Mode Shapes

o Select: General Postproc > Read Results > First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
o Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
o To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set . As
above choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
88
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

edge'.
o The first four mode shapes should look like the following:

3. Animate Mode Shapes

o Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape

The following window will appear

o Keep the default setting and click 'OK'

Reduced Method
This method employs the use of Master Degrees of Freedom. These are degrees of freedom that govern
the dynamic characteristics of a structure. For example, the Master Degrees of Freedom for the bending
modes of cantilever beam are

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
89
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

For this option, a detailed understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure is required. However,
going this route means a smaller (reduced) stiffness matrix, and thus faster calculations.

The steps for using this option are quite simple.

Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced method and specify 5 modes for
extraction.
Complete the window as shown below

Note:For this example both the number of modes and frequency range was specified. ANSYS
then extracts the minimum number of modes between the two.

Select Solution > Master DOF > User Selected > Define
When prompted, select all nodes except the left most node (fixed).
The following window will appear:

Select UY as the 1st degree of freedom (shown above).

Mode ANSYS
1 8.300
2 52.01
3 145.66
4 285.71
5 473.66

As you can see, the error does not change significantly. However, for more complex structures, larger
errors would be expected using the reduced method.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
90
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.6 Solved problem - Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam

1. For the beam shown perform harmonic response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of
the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Determine the following using Full
method

i) Draw a graph of amplitude Vs frequency and hence determine the first two natural frequencies of the
beam.

ii) Draw also the graph of amplitude Vs frequency on a logarithmic scale.

We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of
the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts the beam
with the application of the load.

ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the Full , Reduced
and Modal Superposition methods.

This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as compared to the other
two methods. However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the
slower option.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Modal the beam as done earlier in MODAL analysis.

Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type (Harmonic)

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Harmonic

ANTYPE,3

2. Set options for analysis type:

o Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options..

The following window will appear

o As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary DOF printout format
and do not use lumped mass approx.
o Click 'OK'

The following window will appear. Use the default settings (shown below).

3. Apply Constraints
o Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes

The following window will appear once you select the node at x=0 (Note small changes in
the window compared to the static examples):

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o Constrain all DOF as shown in the above window

4. Apply Loads:
o Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
o Select the node at x=1 (far right)
o The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real value of
100 and an imaginary value of 0 in the positive 'y' direction

Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are providing information
on magnitude and phase of the load. In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its
phase is 0. Phase information is important when you have two or more cyclic loads being
applied to the structure as these loads could be in or out of phase. For harmonic analysis,
all loads applied to a structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY.

5. Set the frequency range

o Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency > Freq and Substps...
o As shown in the window below, specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz, 100 substeps and
stepped b.c..

By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ..... 100 Hz. We
will specify a stepped boundary condition (KBC) as this will ensure that the same load
(100 N) which will be applied for each of the frequencies.

You should now have the following in the ANSYS Graphics window

6. Solve the System

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solution > Solve > Current LS

SOLVE

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

We want to observe the response at x=1 (where the load was applied) as a function of frequency. We
cannot do this with General PostProcessing (POST1), rather we must use TimeHist PostProcessing
(POST26). POST26 is used to observe certain variables as a function of either time or frequency.

1. Open the TimeHist Processing (POST26) Menu

Select TimeHist Postpro from the ANSYS Main Menu.

2. Define Variables

Here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Variable 1 is assigned
either Time or Frequency. In our case it is assigned Frequency. We want to see the displacement
UY at the node at x=1, which is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and their attributes, select Utility
Menu > List > nodes).

o Select TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer... and the following window should pop up.

o Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following
window should appear.

o We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of
displacement. Click OK.
o Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables'
window should now look as follows

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
94
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. List Stored Variables

o In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add'

The following window will appear listing the data:

4. Plot UY vs. frequency

o In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'

The following graph should be plotted in the main ANSYS window.

Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz which corresponds
to first two natural frequencies obtained in modal analysis.

To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY.

o Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axis

The following window will appear

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
95
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o As marked by an 'A' in the above window, change the Y-axis scale to 'Logarithmic'
o Select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot
o You should now see the following

This is the response at node 2 for the cyclic load applied at this node from 0 - 100 Hz.

7.7 Practice Problems On Dynamic Analysis

7.71) Consider the problem- right-angle frame for vibration analysis. Take the following material
properties for the frame.

Using a) Subspace method b)Reduced method

i) Determine the mode frequencies and mode shapes of the structure.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
96
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii) Animate mode shape.

7.72) Using a)Subspace method b)Reduced method

i) Determine the mode frequencies and mode shapes of the structure.

ii) Animate mode shape.

7.73) For the beam shown perform harmonic response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the
end of the beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Determine the following
using Full method

i) Draw a graph of amplitude Vs frequency and hence determine the first two natural frequencies of the
beam.

ii) Draw also the graph of amplitude Vs frequency on a logarithmic scale.

7.74) For the beam shown perform harmonic response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the
center of the beam. The frequency of the load 200 N will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Determine the
following using Full method

i) Draw a graph of amplitude Vs frequency and hence determine the first two natural frequencies of the
beam.

ii) Draw also the graph of amplitude Vs frequency on a logarithmic scale.

7.75) Using a) Subspace method b) Reduced method

i) Determine the mode frequencies and mode shapes of the structure.

ii) Animate mode shape.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Take E = 200 GPa, A=Cross sectional area =3250 mm2

SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS

Computer Aided Modeling And Analysis Lab
1. What is FEM?
2. State some applications of FEM.
3. What is ANSYS?
4. What is virtual prototyping?
5. What are the three stages involved in finite element analysis?
6. What are the general steps involved in solving any problem in ANSYS?
7. What is Structural analysis?
8. What is Thermal analysis?
9. What is Dynamic analysis?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
98
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. What are “Utility Menu”, “Input Line”, “Toolbar”, “Main Menu”, and “Graphics window” in
ANSYS environment.
11. What do you understand by the term “FEM Convergence Testing”?
12. What are .db, .dbb, .err, .out, .log files in ANSYS .
13. Which file out of the above you need to save?
14. How do you recall a previously saved job?
15. When do you use “Change Jobname..” and “ Change Title…” in ANSYS.?
16. What happens when you click on “Resume Jobname.db…”?
17. What is an “ETABLE” ? What does it contain? Why do you need it?
18. What is “Element output definitions” with ref to an element?
19. What are “Item and sequence numbers” with ref to an element?
20. What is one dimensional problem? Which element supports one dimensional analysis in ANSYS
and what are its characteristic features?
21. How do you solve problems of Self Weight in ANSYS?

How do you identify the minimum value of the force “P” for which the gap of 1.2 mm just closes using
ANSYS.
22.Which element supports analysis of beams in ANSYS.? What are its capabilities?
23. What is the difference between BEAM 3 and BEAM 188 as applied to solving problems on beams.
24. List the item and sequence numbers for obtaining bending moment, Shear force and bending stress
diagrams during analysis of beams using BEAM 3.
25. List the item and sequence numbers for obtaining bending moment, Shear force and bending stress
diagrams during analysis of beams using BEAM 188.
26.The BM,SF and BS diagrams will be more accurate if more elements are chosen for a beam. Explain
this behavior.
27. When do you use Orientation Key point while analyzing beams using BEAM 188? What is the
procedure?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

28. A beam 100 mm width 50 mm depth with a span of 2000 mm has a concentrated load of 50000N
acting at the center. Does this beam fail? Do you find any design mistake in its orientation and what is the
remedy?
29. What are the commonly used elements while analyzing plate problems or two dimensional problems?
30. What is the difference between PLANE 42 and PLANE 82 elements and what are its capabilities?
31. State the difference between Plane stress and Plane strain analysis.
32. What do you understand by triangular and quadrilateral discretization in two dimensional problems?
Which element in ANSYS supports triangular discretization and which element supports quadrilateral
discretization.
33. How do you plot a stress variation along the curved surface AB using ANSYS. Note that the top left
hole is constrained and the bottom right hole is loaded.

34. When do you apply Symmetrical B.C in two dimensional problems?

35.What are the typical thermal quantities of interest after a thermal analysis using ANSYS.
36.Define Conduction and Convection.
37. Define Thermal Conductivity.
38. List all the thermal loads for a thermal analysis problem.
39. When do you use Glue and Overlap in thermal analysis.
40. What are the elements used in thermal analysis?
41. State the difference between Steady state thermal analysis and Transient thermal analysis.
42. What is the material property of steel in a) Structural analysis b) Thermal analysis?
43. How do you interpret the vector plot of Heat Flux in a thermal analysis?
44. What is FLOTRAN CFD Analysis?
45. What are the elements used FLOTRAN CFD for this analysis in ANSYS?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
100
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004
 COMPUTER AIDED MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

46. What are the different types of FLOTRAN Analyses.?

47. What are the material properties to be defined in FLOTRAN Analyses of air flow between parallel
plates?
48. What are the loads to be defined in FLOTRAN Analyses of air flow between parallel plates?
49. Define Modal analysis and Harmonic analysis and explain their significances.
50. Briefly explain how a Modal and Harmonic analyses are done on a Cantilever beam fixed at one end
free at the other.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Bangalore Institute Of Technology
K R Road Bangalore – 560 004