MUSEUM DESIGN

DATA COLLECTION
HISTORY OF MUSEUMS… ...................... 1

DISPLAY AREA & SPACE REQUIREMENTS… ....2

I
USER BEHAVIOR………………………………….3
N
CIRCULATION SYSTEM…………………………..4
D
E
BYLAWS & STANDARDS… ........................ 5
X
LIGHTING… ..................................... 6

SERVICES… ................................. 7

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN… ....................... 8

 Museum
For Culture and Art

History Of Museums
 CONTENTS

1.1 ABOUT THE MUSEUM

• PURPOSE & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND… ............................1.1.1

1.2 TYPES OF MUSEUM

• INTRODUCTION… .................................................... 1.2.1
• EXAMPLES… ....................................................... 1.2.2

1.3 CULTURAL ASPECTS

• HISTORY OF DURGAM CHARUVU .................................. 1.3.1
• EVOLUTION OF MUSEUMS ....................................... 1.3.2
• EVOLUTION OF HYDERABAD’S ARCHITECTURE .................. 1.3.5

1.4 MUSEUMS IN HYDERABAD

• SALAR JUNG MUSEUM ........................................... 1.4.1
• TELANGANA STATE MUSEUM… .................................... 1.4.2

1.5 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AMBIANCE

• PROPOSED PROJECTS ............................................ 1.5.1
MUSEUMS :
A place which conserves artifacts and other objects
of scientific, artistic , cultural or historical importance
and makes them available for public viewing through
exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.

REF: http://www.academia.com/

PURPOSE :
The purpose of museums is to collect, preserve,
interpret and display items for the education of the
public on one’s history.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND :
• Museums began as a private collection of wealthy
individuals, families or institutions of art and rare
of curious natural objects and artifacts.
• In the ancient time period, these private
collections gained a higher social status in the
world.
 An children’s museum
TYPES OF MUSEUMS : provides interactive exhibits
and programs to stimulate
informal learning experience
for children.

An general museum hold collections in

more than one subject and are
therefore sometimes known as Ethnological museum focus on studying,
collecting, preserving and displaying
An art museum is a space for exhibition multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary
artifacts and objects concerning ethnology
of art objects, paintings, illustrations museums.
and sculpture. and anthropology.
• GENERAL • NATURAL
History museum deals with specialized • ART HISTORY AND
aspects of history. May include • HISTORY SCIENCE
archaeological material. It collects and • BIOGRAPHICAL • SCIENCE AND
exhibits material from an ethnographic • CHILDREN’S TECHNOLOGY
viewpoint. Emphasis is placed on ….Etc
• ETHNOLOGY
culture rather than chronology in the
presentation of the collections Museums of science and
technology are concerned with
the development and application
of scientific ideas and
instrumentation

Museums of natural history and natural science

are concerned with the natural world; their
collections may contain specimens of birds,
An biographical museum display items mammals, insects, plants, rocks, minerals, and
relating to the life of a single person or fossils.
group of people and the items collected by
their subjects during their lifetime. REF: https://www.britannica.com/topic/types-of-
museums-398830
TYPES OF MUSEUMS :

Kanazawa Bunko Museum, japan Brooklyn Children’s Museum

Tate gallery, London

• GENERAL
• ART
• HISTORY
• BIOGRAPHICAL
• CHILDREN’S
• ETHNOLOGY
• NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE
National museum of history ,in • SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ….Etc. Fryderyk Chopin Museum
Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City

Vietnam Museum of Ethnology, Hanoi Deutsches Museum in Munich Natural History Museum in London
CULTURAL ASPECTS :
HISTORY OF DURGAM CHERUVU :

 Secret lake popularly known as DURGAM CHERUVU is spread

over an area of 63 acre and is surrounded by hills of the
Deccan Plateau.
 The rocks found near Durgam Cheruvu are extremely unique and
are 2500 million years old granite rocks, the only one in all of
Asia.
 The girdle of rocks surrounding the lake is the first Heritage
Precinct to have been notified under HUDA Heritage
regulations.
 Hyderabad is the only city that has legally protected rock
formations in the country
 It is said that the lake was used as the source of drinking water
for the Golconda Fort. Also called as the ‘Madhapur Lake.
REF: https://vedasri.wordpress.com/2012/09/22/evolution-
of-hyderabads-architecture/

THE CURRENT SCENARIO :

The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and
Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) is to lay a sewerage
pipeline around the lake right next to the water
from Inorbit mall along the shore up to the old bund
of the lake for which 'protected' granite rock slabs
are to be cut which is against the HMDA regulations
EVOLUTION OF MUSEUMS :

The architectural design of the museums is the ability to create a special and an
inspiring envelop which provides its visitors with different experiences, according
to its cultural message.
MUSEUMS OF ANCIENT TIME (B.C)
• Under the Egyptian dynasty Pharaoh Akhenaton had built a library to preserve antiques and
precious collections.
MUSEUMS OF THE MEDIEVAL (5TH -15TH CENTURY)
• With the spread of Christianity in Europe, the art collections were mainly preserved in
Princess’s palace or in the churches and were used economically by funding arms during the war
and for trading purposes.
MUSEUMS OF RENAISSANCE (15TH - 17TH CENTURY)
• The Passion of collecting antiques has increased and spread all over the European countries.
• Started by king Matthias I in Hungary followed by Frances II in France, Charles V in Spain,
Charles I in England.
MUSEUMS OF THE LATE 17TH CENTURY
• At the end of 17th century the nobles and royals started keeping their collections in "Cabinet
of Antiques" which contained paintings, antiques and some pieces of natural history.
• All these Palaces where later converted into museums officially. ex: Louver Palace was turned
into Louver museum by Louis xiv to present is royal collection.
MUSEUMS OF 18th CENTURY
• The public interest for art and culture became
higher after the industrial revolution. Museums were
for aristocratic class but were opened for few days
for public.
• New museums such as British Museum in London
and Louvre museum in Paris had been built.
• In the 18th century museum building architecture
was as follows:
• The museum was with the cross shape plan, with a
dome in the center surrounded by exhibition halls
Louver Palace
covered by vaults.
• They used solid elevations in case of using top
lighting. The main elevation was full of column,
natural forms, with big entrance.
British museum
• The light source was always from the natural light by
top lighting, so they used the clear story lights,
and large numbers and areas of windows in the
elevations to get the maximum advantage of the
natural light.
MUSEUMS OF 19TH CENTURY
• After French Revolution, French Campaign on Egypt
and Damadcus was returned with Egyptian artefacts
which lead to the new museums and more palaces
turned into museums.
Metropolitan museum
MUSEUMS OF 2OTH CENTURY
• After the Three Russian revolutions, new
museums had been established to glorify these.
• Adopting a different ideology of the new
architectural pioneers which had effected the
design concept of museums to be different
from the past.
• New scientific and Technological progress The Winter palace
resulted in new types of museums: science and
technology, anthropology and ethnology,
archaeology, arts and natural history.
MUSEUMS OF 21ST CENTURY
• New functional spaces have been added:
• Preservation and restoration rooms: labs and
workshops
• Educational and cultural spaces: library, lecture
hall, showrooms and conference halls The London
• Entertainment spaces: restaurants, cafeterias, science museum
and stores for gifts and souvenirs.
• The shift to the digital design technology
offered the architects new solutions for their
problems. the new technology provided new
ways of presenting artefacts, lighting
techniques and virtual visits for the museums.

The Denver museum

EVOLUTION OF HYDERABAD’S ARCHITECTURE:
• Architecture is quite literally the face of a civilization; it largely depends on cultural, technological and economic
imprints.
• Different rulers build differently, at times merging completely diverse techniques to create a new style and
different time frames bring about whole different meanings to buildings of their eras.
PERIOD TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

1. MAURYAN EMPIRE MOSTLY BUILT WITH BAMBOO STICKS, DRIED LEAVES, AND
MUD.
2. QUTUB SHAH’S DYNASTY  DIFFERENT FROM ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE SEEN IN
(ISLAMIC STYLE) NORTHERN INDIA.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES WERE LARGELY MOULDED ON THE
WESTERN LINES WITH MUGHAL IDEALS.
IT GAVE RISE TO A COMPLETELY NEW STYLE IN FORM,
CALLED INDO-SARCENIC OR INDO-PERSIAN.
EX: GOLCONDA FORT, CHARMINAR, QUTUB SHAHI TOMBS
CHOWMAHALLA PALACE

3. AURANGZEB’S REIGN  MOSTLY PATRONISED ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE DURING NIZAM’S PERIOD
( NIZAM’S) AND THE INDO-PERSIAN STYLE WAS HUGELY EMPLOYED.
 THEY WERE INSPIRED WITH THE BRITISH ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE (WOOD, BRICK STONE, LIME MORTAR WERE USED)

• When the Nizam signed into the Indian Union and Hyderabad was to be made a state
capital, the need for an infrastructure was sufficed through new public buildings.
• Concrete, was then new and an increasingly important building material. Most of the
buildings made of concrete slabs and frames were skinned with brick and painted or clad
with stone.
• After a couple of decades of steadily brewing architecture scene globalisation came
knocking. The potentials are manifested as tech parks, estates and huge multinational GOLCONDA FORT
offices.
• Concrete, brick and glass were the materials which were in common use. DURING QUTUB SHAH’S DYNASTY
Salar Jung museum :
Introduction :

• The museum is one of the top three National Museums of India .

• It has a collection of sculptures, paintings, carvings, textiles,
manuscripts, ceramics, metallic artefacts, carpets, clocks, and
furniture from Japan , China , Burma , Nepal , India
, Persia, Egypt ,Europe , and North America .
• The museum's collection was sourced from the property of
the Salar Jung family. It is one of the largest museums in the
world.
Location:
The present museum building was constructed on the
southern bank of River Musi, which is in close proximity
to the important monuments of old city of Hyderabad
like the historic Charminar, Mecca Masjid etc.
Brief history and evolution of the museum :

• The major portion of this collection was acquired by Nizam Mir Yousuf Ali Khan popularly known as Salar Jung III.
• The zeal for acquiring art objects continued as a family tradition for three generations of Salar Jungs.
• In 1914, Salar Jung III, after having relinquished the post of Prime Minister to H.E.H., the Nizam VII, Nawab Mir
Osman Ali Khan, devoted rest of his entire life in collecting and enriching the treasures of art and literature till he
lived.
• The precious and rare art objects collected by him for a period of over forty years, find place in the portals of
the Salar Jung Museum, as rare to very rare pieces of art
• With a view to perpetuate the name of Salar Jung as a world renowned art connoisseur, the Salar Jung Museum
was brought in to existence and was opened to the public by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of
India on 16th December, 1951
• The collections of the Museum and the library were transferred from Dewan Deodi to the new building in the year
1968, and two more buildings were added in the year 2000
 Telangana State Archaeology Museum :
Introduction :
• Also called Hyderabad Museum.
• one of the richest repositories of antiquities and art objects
in the country and is the oldest museum in Hyderabad state .
• The present Museum building reflects the Indo-Islamic
architecture with subtle domes, high arches, stylistic windows
and projected eves.
• By nature, the museum has remained mainly research-
oriented, bringing out several publications about its varied
collection
COLLECTION :
• This museum's main attraction is its Egyptian mummy, which was
location : brought to Hyderabad by the son-in-law of VI Nizam Mahbub Ali
located in public garden, Hyderabad, India. Khan, and donated to the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan.
History : • A huge gallery on Buddha dating back to last century. The
museum has a wide variety of archaeological artifacts from the
Nizam,Kakatiya dynasty.
• In 1930, VII Mir Osman Ail Khan, wanted
• From 1950 on, the museum started collecting works of
to preserve the Hyderabad's state's
contemporary artists and, in 1968, its name was changed to
heritage, had named the museum as
the AP State Museum and administered by the state
Hyderabad Museum.
government of Telangana.
• The Museum was formally inaugurated in
• There are many galleries devoted to stone sculptures, bronze
the year 1931
works, manuscripts, modern paintings, and textiles, among
• It was named as Andhra Pradesh State
others.
Archaeology Museum in 1960.
• The collection is spread across two floors of the heritage
• The Hyderabad Museum was subsequently
building, two floors of semi circular galleries, in a separate
renamed, as the State Museum under the
contemporary art pavilion building and in an annex building
Department of Archaeology & Museums.
located behind.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AMBIENCE
• In last 15 years, Hyderabad emerged as IT and Pharma hub of India
• After the formation of the Telangana state, the government claims to safeguard its rich culture along with a
larger Vision to make Hyderabad as a Global Smart City meeting the long term needs of the city.
 Proposed projects:
• Ccc twin towers
• High rise buildings all around Hussain sagar
• Secretariat
• Multi level flyovers

Command and Control Centre Twin Towers

• Twin towers of 16 floors and 24 floors and helipads atop, with a skywalk
connecting them is a world class Command and Control Centre for the state.
• The one lakh surveillance cameras to be installed in the city with public-private
participation and police headquarters of all the districts would be synchronised
with the CCC.
• Hoping that the twin towers would be icon building for the city, the Chief
Minister directed officials to construct it at the eight acres allocated to
Hyderabad police Commissionerate.
• It has an auditorium with seating capacity for 1,000 persons. Source:
http://www.thehindu.com/news/citie
• The twin towers would have four lakh square feet of built up space. s/Hyderabad/twin-towers-to-house-
police-command
centre/article7466052.ece
published on July 26th 2016
 Hussain Sagar Lake with Skyscrapers
• The surroundings of Hussain Sagar are all set to be dotted with skyscrapers.
• The surroundings of Hussain Sagar might all likely to be glittering with towers of
60-100 floors. These towers would house government offices, commercial
complexes and also entertainment zones.
• Rao said his government has grand plans to develop Hyderabad on par with
international standards, and skyscrapers and high-rise towers are a part of it.
• “There are several advantages of skyscrapers. Using minimum land, various facilities
can be provided. They can house government offices, commercial complexes and Source: By Express News Service
also entertainment zones,” Rao opined and said the Petronas Towers in Published: 13th November 2014
Kaulalampur in Malaysia and the ones on the shores of Mumbai are best examples. http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/t
elangana/KCR-Plans-Big-to-Garland-
Five star hotels and tourist rest houses can also come up in these towers. Hussainsagar-Lake-with-
Skyscrapers/2014/11/13/article252077
• Environmentalists also argue that there is more at stake here than just heritage. 8.ece

NEW SECRETERIAT
• The Telangana new Secretariat Building design submitted by noted architect
Hafeez Contractor has apparently been approved by the Chief Minister K
ChandraShekar Rao.
• The government of Telangana is keeping open its options of going for a new
Secretariat buildings complex even after its initial plans to have the complex on
the premises of Chest Hospital at Erragadda first and, then, on the defence land
at Bison Polo Grounds in Cantonment area in Secunderabad later hit the roadblock
for various reasons. Source:
https://www.telanganastateinfo.com/telanga
• The U shaped design comprises five new blocks with five floors each. The CMO na-new-secretariat-building-design-plan-
block will be built in the existing location, surrounded by two blocks on either side. images/
The century-old G-Block in the Secretariat, which has survived several demolition
attempts earlier due to resistance from heritage lovers, is set to be razed soon
to pave the way for construction of the new Telangana Secretariat.
DISPLAY AREA &
SPACE
REQUIREMENTS
 CONTENTS

2.1
DISPLAY AREA

• PAINTINGS & PHOTOGRAPHS… .............................. 2.1.1

• SCULPTURES… ............................................ 2.1.2
• JEWELLERY & CLOTHING… ................................... 2.1.3
• OBJECT DISPLAY FOR CHILDREN… ....................... 2.1.3

2.2
PARKING STANDARDS......................... 2.2.1

2.3 SPACE REQUIREMENTS....................... 2.3.1

 DISPLAY AREA
• A set of showcases, freely positioned in space, with or without special air-conditioning, may be used.
• The showcases should be arranged in such a way as not to be directly exposed to the sun.
• Similarly, when artificial lighting is used, steps must be taken to prevent heat being given off inside.
• Continuous mural showcases, large sections of the exhibition area insulated by means of glass panels going right
up to the ceiling and provided with separate air-conditioning, may be used.
• The showcases are usually built against the walls but may also be positioned in such a way as to be
approachable on all sides.

1500mm

PAINTINGS & PHOTOGRAPHS

Paintings, drawings and similar objects must be secured to the walls by mirror plates or security screws.
Unglazed paintings, fragile/sensitive material or works/objects on open display must be protected by rope or
other barriers, which must be at least 1 metre from the exhibits.
Height of ceiling in display area 4m is adequate.

REFERENCE:
https://www.britishcouncil.in/sites/default/files/guid
elines_for_museum_display.pdf
SCULPTURES
• Recommended distance to place objects out of ‘casual arm’s length’ taken from the edge of the object to the
edge of any proposed form of barrier- 600mm minimum.

600mm

height of ceiling in display area for sculptures may be in excess of 13m.

JEWELLERY & CLOTHING

• All cased displays should fall within the general optimum viewing band of 750–
2000mm.
• Desk cases should be no higher than 800mm FFL.
• Provide a toe space of 230mm x 180mm deep around cases and plinths to allow
wheelchair access.
• Position small items or those with fine detail no higher than 1015mm from floor
level.

REFERENCE: https://www.britishcouncil.in/sites/default/files/guidelines_for_museum_display.pdf
Manual of Museum Exhibitions edited by Barry Lord, Maria Piacente
• A curio (or curio cabinet) is used to display
collections of artefacts, clothing.
OBJECT DISPLAY FOR CHILDREN
• Most curios have glass on each side, or possibly
a mirror at the back, and glass shelves to show
the entire figurine.
2100mm
 Arrangement of objects in display area

PARKING
• Entries
• Services and security
• Approach to parking
• Walkway from parking
• Entrance to lobby

Many security problems can be avoided by keeping the number of access points to the site and to the building
to a minimum.
Such as
• service entry
• staff entry
• loading and docking
• main entry
• entry to the parking
• Minimum of 2-line way
• Turning radius of 5m-12m
• Clearance height of minimum -4m
• when a vehicle travels round a curve the
road width it occupies is greater than the
track width on.
STANDARDS
 BARRIER-FREE
• Parking stalls should be built to
accommodate larger cars. • Surface parking for two car spaces shall be
• The larger cars have an over-all provided near entrance for physically
length of 5.7m,over-all width of 2.5m. handicapped persons wit max.travel distance of
• Ramp angle must 30m from building entrance.
not exceed 7 • Guiding floor materials shall be provided
• Limit of front • Width of parking bay shall be min. of 3.6m.
approach angle is
14.

VEHICULAR DIMENSIONS
 DISPLAY AREA SPACE REQUIREMENTS
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DISPLAY
DISPLAY CATEGORY ARTICLES UNDER DISPLAY
AREA

HISTORY OF TELANGANA
(FORMATION)
RELIGION MANUSCRIPTS
8%
FESTIVALS PHOTOGRAPHS
LANGUAGES
CUISINE
MANUSCRIPTS
LITERATURE BOOKS 10%
DOCUMENTS
CLOTHING CLOTHES 5%
MODELS
ARCHITECTURE 15%
PHOTOGRAPHS
SCULPTURES SCULPTURES 15%
PAINTINGS PAINTINGS 15%
NUMISMATICS COINS 4%
JEWELLERY JEWELLERY 8%
WEAPONS WEAPONS 5%
PERFORMING ARTS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
DANCE INTERACTIVE DIGITAL MEDIA
15%
MUSIC AV ROOM
SHADOW PUPPET SHOW
TOTAL DISPLAY AREA / PERSON - 2.8 TO 4.6 m2 (CONSIDERING THE PEAK HOUR FLOW AS 500)
(SOURCE: The Engaging Museum: Developing Museums for Visitor Involvement-By Graham Black)
 SPACE PEOPLE AREA/PERSON (SQM) REMARKS
SECURITY (24X7) 4 4 -
TICKET COUNTER 2 2 -
HELP DESK 2 3 -
CAFETERIA 50 2 -
STORAGE - - 200 SQM (MIN)
OPEN AIR THEATRE 300 1.5 -
RESEARCH CUBICLES - 5.0 – 10.0 -
AV ROOM 250 2 -
LIBRARY 10 2 -
WORKSHOP AREA 50 2 -
INFORMAL PUBLIC - 0.5 -
GATHERING SPACE

DISPLAY AREA IN THE PREVIOUS TABLE

LOADING/UNLOADING - - 50 SQM (MIN)
5m height clearance

DIRECTOR’S OFFICE 1 14 -
CONFERENCE ROOM - 2.5 -
CURATORIAL OFFICES 4 9.3 -
OPEN WORK STATION 5 6.0 -
 USER GROUP
AND
BEHAVIORAL STUDY
It is in Vitruvius’ words “Architecture is the art that combines utilitas, firmitas,
venustas, technology and beauty. Not only the objects of architecture are
important but also their ‘audience’.”

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

• THE STUDY OF USER GROUP AND BEHAVIOR IS VERY IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR BUILDING DESIGN,
WHICH IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED.
• THIS STUDY HELPS BETTER IN UNDERSTANDING HUMAN INTERESTS, AND RESULTS IN A DESIGN
MORE CUSTOMISED TO ITS USER AS IT WAS ORIGINALLY INTENDED.
• HERE, THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE TOPIC ARE COVERED, RELATED TO MUSEUM AND OTHER
GALLERY SPACES.
 CONTENTS

3.1 DIFFERENT USER GROUPS

• DEMOGRAPHICS… .................................................. 3.1.1

3.2 HUMAN COMFORT, SAFETY ANDACCESSIBILTY

• VISITOR CHARACTERISTICS… ..................................... 3.2.1
• MUSEUM DESIGN AND LAYOUT… .................................... 3.2.2
3.3 OTHER USERS
• MAINTENANCE STAFF… ............................................ 3.3.1
• ADMINISTRATION… ................................................ 3.3.2
• SECURITY ........................................................... 3.3.3
• MUSEUM CURATORS… .............................................. 3.3.3
• RETAIL SECTION… ..................................................... 3.3.3
3.4 STANDARD SIZES
• WHEEL CHAIR USERS .................................................. 3.4.1

3.5 CASESTUDIES
• VARIOUS FACTORS CONSIDERED
• DESKTOP STUDIES
• GANDHI SMARAK SANGRAHALAYA
• LIVE CASESTUDY
• SALARJUNG MUSEUM
 DIFFERENT USER GROUPS
The different user groups expected and considered while designing a museum are:
• Age • Visitors
• Gender • First timers
• Purpose/ Interest • Researchers
• Size • Non- Visitors
• Ability
• Life stage

DEMOGRAPHICS BY MUSEUM TYPE

• Art museums and historic museums primarily draw adult audiences. And children's museums and science
centers primarily draw family audiences.
• Also the aesthetical and technological aspects of museums attract different age groups.
• (note- age of 50 is considered as the draw line.)
• Visitors to museums and galleries tend to be from the higher socio-economic groups.
REF: (http://reachadvisors.typepad.com/museum_audience_insight/2010/04/whos-coming-to-your-museum-demographics-by-museum-type.html)

Based on their lifestyle,

• The table below shows the percentage of people who attend,
proportion, who have visited etc. are:
museum in a year. (Mintel 2006).
• Ages from 35 to 45 have the
highest attendance and followed
by the age groups above 55.
• Age groups above 65 don’t
seem to visit much.

REF: (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120215211132/research.mla.gov.uk/evidence/documents/audience%20knowledge%20digest.pdf )
AGE
Ages 16+ are considered for a general museum.
Classified into teenagers, adults, elderly.
Various types of museums attract different age groups.
This factor also decides the accessibility to rest areas, toilets and other circulation.

GENDER
Females tend to visit museums and art galleries more than male in the age
group 30-50.
Male cover more area (footpace) than female while walking.

PURPOSE
Hierarchy of motivations-
Spiritual 3%, emotional 11%, intellectual 38%, recreational 48%.
For art galleries social motivational is lesser and the spiritual motivational reasons increase.
Only 20% of the total visitors of a day may be re visiting , all others are generally first timers.

SIZE OF THE GROUP

Family visitors are more, with children.
School children visit in groups.
Group of 2-3 is common in the age groups 20-30.

ABILITY
Different age groups have different walking speeds and capacities.
Usage of the rest areas depends on various factors- age, waiting or satiation.
Also disability locomotion should be considered.
WALKING SPEEDS
Average constant speed generally assumed in museums is 3km/h with hovering speed 1km/h.

REF: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-756/paper07.pdf
HUMAN COMFORT, SAFETY, AND ACCESSIBILITY
Make the transition from being a warehouse of cultural relics to being a genuine public service and
educational facility.
Some specific ways are-
• The physical space (layout, lighting, flooring) - for all human sizes.
• The content – for all cultures.
• The environment – adaptive for all ages.

Results of behavior mapping

By Benjamin Gilman

Difficult human postures

Bent, crouching, stretching
up, climbing up, looking up.

It is important to maintain a balance between the

building, visitors and the exhibits
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSEUM VISITORS-
• Most visitors come as family, friends, guided tour, or school group
• Building components. [doors, colors, room sizes, and locations] effect
the use of gallery space.
• People observe other people’s behavior and pick up non-verbal clues
about what to do.

REF: Visitor characteristics

• http://dc.uwm.edu/caupr_mono/16/
• http://www.emuzeum.cz/admin/clanky/files/194-EXStandards.pdf
• http://www.aam-us.org/docs/default-source/accreditation/committee-on-education.pdf?sfvrsn=0
ORIENTATION-
Integrated approach maps and signs
Handouts for orientation aids

MUSEUM FATIGUE-
Gallery satiation, body postures,
rest areas

ROUTE SELECTION-
Exit attraction, walking habit (r to l),

TRAFFIC FLOW-
Traffic coordinator for school groups,
Controlled flow without disruption

GALLERY SATIATION-
Lack of diversity and contrast

RANGE OF MOVEMENT-
Dark walls, cover more area with an
exit, diversity display

ATTENTION, DISTRACTIONS-
Exits, windows, lengthy walks
OTHER USERS
The different users of a museum are the visitors, janitors, curators, educators, administrators, security
providers.
MAINTENANCE STAFF-
Operation of museum involves 3 functions :
• Managing daily operations
• Maintenance and repair
• Security
 JANITORIAL ROOM
• Housekeeping supplies & equipment such as mops ,brooms ,tools ,lawn mower ,snow blower ,
including sinks for wet mop activities.
• The janitors’ closet and sink location not cause any disruption to visitors.
• Mobile shelving techniques.
 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
• Clear lines of demarcation must be drawn between building maintenance and collection care
responsibilities, especially if there are open displays or large artefacts or specimens that are easily
accessible to cleaners.
• Building exterior and interior maintenance be done daily, weakly, monthly and yearly.
• Maintaining strict temperature and humidity control to protect artwork and antiquities is an additional
challenge.

SIZEOF STORAGE
• Equipment storage : 24 sq.M
• Maintenance block : 55 sq.M
MUSEUM ADMINISTRATION
• Museum administrators make choices, developing and executing plans so that museum collection can be
preserved and museum visitors can have compelling experience with the artifacts and specimens from the
collections.

Requirements for museum administration-

• Work areas
• Multipurpose room –where informal meetings are conducted
• Meeting areas
• IT rooms- devoted to the continuous operation of computer servers ,data center and is air conditioned
• Archives-place where all historical records are stored
• Supporting office
• Conference room
• Employee area
• Rest room
Max areas for meeting & conference
rooms in museum administration ARCHIVE ROOM

TYPE .AREA(sqm)

Meeting room( up to 8
15
persons)
Conference room(12
25
persons)
Conference room (18
32
persons) IT ROOM
 CURATOR
MUSEUM SECURITY
• Most museums require at least two types of alarm
• Curator is a manager or a keeper.
systems: burglar alarms and fire alarms.
• A traditional curator’s concern involves tangible
objects- artwork, collectibles, historic items etc..
 TYPES OF SECURITY SYSTEMS
1. Vibration sensors
CURATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
2. Environmental sensors
• He will conduct researches on objects and guide
3. Motion detection devices
public through exhibitions and publications.
4. Saturation motion device
• In large museums, multiple curators assigned to
5. Cctv cameras
specific area- ancient art, prints and drawings
6. Fire alarms, sprinklers, temperature controls
etc.
7. Eye hooks
• As a teacher and facilitator through materials and
8. Window alarms
digital words.
9. Security guards
• Visitors tend to touch, lean forward as a result of
• Physical care of collections by museum conservators.
strong impulses.
• Documentation and administration matters by museum
• People observe other people’s behavior and pick
registrar.
up non-verbal clues about what to do.
RETAIL SECTION OF MUSEUM

• This section is gaining popularity in recent

times.
• Museum spaces an be used for exhibition or
other events.
• Retailers can sell various collections to the
visitors, such as antique collection or other
REF: Security products.
• http://www.securitycommittee.org/securitycommittee/Guidelines_ • The retailers focus on the reasons that make
and_Standards_files/SuggestedPracticesRev06.pdf
• http://www.csoonline.com/article/2122573/physical- the non visitors and focus on to improve on
security/museum-security--the-art-of-securing-pricelessness.html those sections for greater audience range.
 STANDARD SIZES :

REF: Standard sizes

• https://www.si.edu/A
ccessibility/SGAED
• http://dc.uwm.edu/c
gi/viewcontent.cgi?a
rticle=1015&conte
xt=caupr_mono
• https://www.britisco
uncil.in/sites/default/
files/guidelines_for_
museum_display.pdf
CIRCULATION
SYSTEM IN A
MUSEUM
 CONTENTS

4.1 GENERAL CIRCULATION GUIDELINES

• APPROACH .............................................. 4.1.1
• AT SITE LEVEL… ........................................... 4.1.2
• CONFIGURATION OF PATHS & WALWAYS… ............... 4.1.3

4.2 CIRCULATION WITHIN BUILDING

• ENTRANCE… ............................................ 4.1.3
• ZONING… ................................................ 4.2.1
• CONFIGURATION OF CIRCULATION… ................... 4.2.2

4.3 UNIVERSAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (BARRIER FREE)

• GUIDELINES… ........................................... 4.3.1
• STANDARDS AS PER CPWD ............................ 4.3.7

4.4 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT FOR COMFORTABLE CICUATION

• TYPES & EXAMPLES… ....................................... 4.4.1
CIRCULATION
• The journey or the circulation path can be conceived as the perceptual thread that links the various
spaces of a building be it the exterior with the interior or various interior spaces within the building in
relation with time.
• The design of circulation throughout a built environment starts from the approach road that leads to entry
into the site.

TYPES OF APPROACH
• Frontal: A frontal approach leads straight to the building along an axial
path where the visual goal at the end of the approach is clear

• Oblique: An oblique approach

enhances the effect of perspective
on the façade and form of the
building. This kind of approach can
be redirected once or more times
to prolong the sequence of
approach.

• Spiral: A spiral approach prolongs the sequence of the

approach and also emphasises the three-dimensional form of
the building as movement progresses along the perimeter. The
entrance could be visible intermittently to clarify position or can
be hidden until the point of arrival.
REF: Architecture, Form, Space & Order By Francis DK Ching
http://www.slideshare.net/kumarsadananda/circulation-11087408?qid=abb872c1-11a8-4be1-8afe-5549ea70b3c0&v=&b=&from_search=1
 GUIDELINES FOR CIRCULATION AT SITE LEVEL
Providing for access and circulation for pedestrians, automobiles,
and service vehicles is an important aspect of site planning,
which influences both the location of a building on its site and the
orientation of its entrances.
1. Provide for safe and convenient pedestrian access and
movement to building entrances from parking areas or public
transit stops with minimal crossing of roadways.
2. Determine the number of parking spaces required by the
zoning ordinance for the type of occupancy and total number
of units or floor area of the building.
3. Determine the number of accessible parking spaces as well as
curb cuts, ramps, and paths to accessible building entrances
required by local, state, or federal law.
4. Provide loading zones for buses and other public
transportation vehicles where applicable.
5. Separate service and truck loading areas from pedestrian and
automobile traffic.
6. Furnish access for emergency vehicles such as fire trucks and
ambulances.
7. Establish the required width and location of curb cuts and
their proper distance from public street intersections.
8. Ensure clear sight lines for vehicles entering public roadways.
9. Plan for control of access to parking areas where required.
10.Provide space for landscaping; screening of parking areas may
be required.
11. Slope paved walkways and parking areas for drainage.
Illustration adapted from
the site plan for the Carre
REF: Building Construction Illustrated By Francis DK Ching House, designed by Alvar
Aalto.
CONFIGURATION OF PATHWAYS & DRIVEWAYS

Pedestrians

Bicycles & Smaller Vehicles

Cars & Larger Vehicles

• The form and scale of entrances and paths must also convey the functional and symbolic distinction
between public promenades, private halls, and service corridors
• If the paths at a crossing are equal, sufficient space must be provided to allow people to pause
and orient themselves

ENTRANCE OF A BUILDING
• Entering a space marks a transition in the vertical plane and hence should be made
significant. Even though there is a difference in the spaces, greater visual and
spatial continuity is desired.
• The Entrance can be emphasised by a change in the level or by a gateway etc. No
matter what the form of the space is or the form of the enclosure, an entrance is
best signified by establishing a plane perpendicular to the plane of approach.

REF: Architecture, Form, Space & Order By Francis DK Ching

http://www.slideshare.net/kumarsadananda/circulation-11087408?qid=abb872c1-11a8-4be1-8afe-5549ea70b3c0&v=&b=&from_search=1
 ZONING AND PLANNING OF SPACES IN A MUSEUM

ZONING

BASIC PLAN
• This plan shows minimum sizes of spaces required for an
effective minimum museum.
• The display area is only about 40 percent of the building.
• Sufficient space left for future expansion. BASIC PLAN

REF: Time Savers Standards (TSS)

CIRCULATION WITHIN A BUILDING
The circulation within a building is chiefly categorized into two
• Horizontal Circulation (Corridors, Lobbies, Foyers, etc.)
• Vertical Circulation (Stairs, Ramps, Elevators & Escalators)

FORM OF THE CIRCULATION SPACE

• Spaces for movement form an integral part of any building  Terminate in a Space
organization and occupy a significant amount of the volume
of a building • The location of the space
establishes the path
• If considered just as functional linking devices, then
circulation paths would be endless, corridor-like spaces • This path-space relationship is used
to approach and enter, functionally
• The form and scale of a circulation space, however, should or symbolically important spaces
accommodate the movement of people as they walk, pause,
rest, or take in a view along a path

PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS
Paths may be related to the spaces they link in a number of ways
 Pass by Spaces  Pass through Spaces
• The integrity of each space is maintained • The path may pass through a space
axially, obliquely or along its edge
• The configuration of the path is flexible
• In cutting through a space, the path
• Mediating spaces can be used to link the path with creates pattern of rest and movement
the spaces within it

REF: Architecture, Form, Space & Order By Francis DK Ching

http://www.slideshare.net/kumarsadananda/circulation-11087408?qid=abb872c1-11a8-4be1-8afe-5549ea70b3c0&v=&b=&from_search=1
CONFIGURATION OF CIRCULATION FOR VARIOUS SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
LINEAR
• All paths are linear
• A Straight path, can be the primary organizing element for
a series of spaces
• Also it can be curvilinear or segmental, intersect other
paths, have branches or form a loop
RADIAL
• A Radial configuration has linear paths extending from or
terminating at a central, common point
SPIRAL
• A Spiral configuration is a single, continuous path that
originates from a central point, revolves around it and
becomes increasingly distant from it
GRID
• A Grid configuration consists of two sets of parallel paths
that intersect at regular intervals and create square or
rectangular fields of space
NETWORK
• A Network configuration consists of paths that connect
established points in space
COMPOSITE
• In reality, a building usually employs a combination of the
different paths
• Important points in any pattern are centres of activity,
entrances to rooms and halls and places for vertical
circulation provided by stairways/ramps and elevators
REF: Architecture, Form, Space & Order By Francis DK Ching
http://www.slideshare.net/kumarsadananda/circulation-11087408?qid=abb872c1-11a8-4be1-8afe-5549ea70b3c0&v=&b=&from_search=1
 UNIVERSAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS  Typical Detail of Walkway
• Walkway should be constructed
SITE PLANNING with a non-slip material & different
Walkways and paths from rest of the area.
• Incorporating clear and consistent paving. • The walkway should not cross
• Incorporating wide pathway. (Min 1650mm for a wheelchair and a vehicular traffic.
walker as per CPWD Guidelines) • The manhole, tree or any other
• Ensuring minimal street clutter. obstructions in the walkway should
• Using blister surfacing for pedestrian crossing points. be avoided.
• Using corduroy hazard warning surfacing. • Guiding block at the starting of
walkway & finishing of the walkway
should be provided.

Blister
Surface/Tactile signal
at intersections

Covered Walkways for protection against the elements

as well as a defining feature of designated pedestrian
access

Resting areas for everybody as a part of

universal design at the required distance
REF:Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach,
As part of National Disability Act (NDA), Ireland
  Parking
• The needs of pedestrians should be taken into account when
designing the layout of parking. This includes
both those who have parked and those accessing on foot.
• Pedestrian access, segregated or shared surface, should be provided
along the routes within the car park, rather than simply
relying on the vehicular route.
• The provision of raised footways, through the car park and crossing
points across main vehicle routes will help to alleviate conflict
between pedestrians and vehicles.
• A tactile distinction should be made between pedestrian areas and
vehicular areas, in order that people with visual impairment can
distinguish between the two. Provision of raised areas, footway areas
and tactile paving at all dropped kerbs should achieve this.
• Signage/information stating that the space is reserved for the differently abled.
• A covered pathway leading from the parking to the accessible entrance without the risk of passing though
vehicular traffic.
• Guiding floor materials shall be provided or a device which guides visually impaired persons with audible
signals or other devices which serve the same purpose..
 Accessible Entrances
• Ensure entrances are clearly visible and prominent.
• Provide Ramps for universal accessibility.
• Provide adequate space inside and outside entrance Recessed Doorways
doors.
• Arrange outward-opening doors so that they are
recessed or guarded.
• Ensure threshold to entrances are very minute with Guarding Doorways
chamfered, pencil-rounded or ramped profile.
• Provide canopy or door recess for weather protection.
REF:Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach, As part of National Disability Act (NDA),
Ireland & Inclusive Mobility, Govt. Of United Kingdom
 Entrance doors
• Provide adequate clear space on both sides of doors
• Incorporate vision panels into all entrance and entrance lobby doors.
• Incorporate visually contrasting markings at two levels on all glazed
doors and screens
• Make sure entrance doors contrast visually with adjacent walls or
screens.
• Include a highly contrasting strip on all edges of frameless glass doors.
 Entrance lobbies
• Provide an entrance lobby only where absolutely
necessary.
• Ensure external and internal doors are accessible, Matted surface flush to
the flooring to avoid
understandable and useable.
tripping and hindrance
• Ensure lobbies are clear of obstructions such as of movement
displays or stored items.
• Make sure lighting eases the transition between external
and internal environment.
• Highlight glazed screens and doors effectively. Automatic entrance doors
that lead into the lobby
• Ensure mats are firm and flush with the adjacent floor
and are accessible to all
surface.
 Internal lobbies  Corridors
• Avoid creating internal • Design as per the standard guidelines
lobbies unless absolutely • Recess wall-mounted items wherever possible.
necessary. • Ensure any projections into the clear width are
• Install floor surfaces that guarded.
are firm and level. • Consider using handrails for certain building types
• Ensure junctions between and in all cases where corridors are over 20m long.
different floor finishes are • Provide seats at no more than 20m intervals on
Corridor in
fixed with threshold long corridors British Museum
plates. REF:Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach, As part of National Disability Act (NDA), Ireland
 Reception and waiting areas
• Ensure logical arrangement of circulation routes and Braille Signage for visually
facilities impaired people
• Make sure reception desk is clearly visible with direct
route from entrance doors Example of signage
for an induction loop
• Provide induction loop system at reception desk.
at a reception desk.
• Install well-designed lighting to optimise visual
communication and lip reading.
• Choose floor finishes that are firm and slip-resistant.
• Provide comfortable seating and free space for wheelchair
users; parents with strollers; people with visual difficulties;
guide dog users; and those with walking aids.
• Locate toilet facilities adjacent to reception area.
• Highlight the location of key facilities with well-designed,
clear signage.
Alternative view of
• Ensure telephones or combined telephone, text and email a reception desk
units are accessible and useable. with two levels
 Queuing areas and temporary barriers
• Fix queuing barriers firmly to the floor.
• Leave sufficient aisle width for wheelchair and crutch users.
• Ensure barriers incorporate rigid handrail and visually contrast
with surrounding surfaces.
• Make sure sockets for temporary barriers are flush with floor
surface and incorporate cap or cover.
• Limit the use of unfixed barriers.
• Provide seating at queuing areas. Fixed queue Turnstiles with
• Turnstiles barriers in Wheelchair
 Provide an accessible gate wherever turnstiles are located. receptions Accessibility
 Ensure gates contrast visually with surroundings and are clearly signed.
REF:Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach, As part of National Disability Act (NDA), Ireland
 Vertical circulation
• Avoid changes of level within a storey for new buildings.
• Design and maintain stairs to provide safe access at all times
even if rarely used.
• Install passenger lifts in preference to other devices, as they
provide the most convenient means of vertical circulation.

 Internal stairs Providing Vertical

• Make sure each step edge is visually highlighted Circulation such as
• Incorporate clear width of steps to suit expected level of use Ramps, Stairs,
Escalators, Lifts
• Avoid single steps on an access route.
etc.
• Provide clear landings at top and bottom of steps, with the length
equivalent to the step width.
• Use tactile hazard warning surface at top and bottom of flight, only
if deemed appropriate following risk assessment.
• Provide handrails on both sides of the steps and continuous around
intermediate landings
• Provide an additional central handrail where the stairs are more than
Use of Tactile
2000mm wide materials at the top
 Internal ramps and bottom of the
Stairs
• Ensure maximum gradient of a ramp is 1 in 20
• Make sure the gradient of a ramp slope is constant
and consistent throughout and between consecutive Flush carpet
ramp slopes. finish for ramps
• Incorporate top and bottom landings Provide handrails
on both sides of the ramp and continuous around Contrasting colours
intermediate landings of handrails and
• Provide a kerb upstand or guarding to the side of ramp floor finish
ramp.
REF:Building for Everyone: A Universal Design Approach, As part of National Disability Act (NDA), Ireland
 Lifts Use of contrasting
• Provide passenger lifts in preference to platform lifts, wherever possible. surfaces in a lift with a
• Locate passenger lift adjacent to an accessible flight of stairs. grab-rail at the
• Ensure lifts are clearly signed from building entrance and other key areas. opposite side of the
entrance
• Ensure that all lifts are accessible , where more than one lift is provided.
• Design a lift door arrangement that is consistent and logical.
• Provide visual and tactile floor numbers at each landing.
• Position landing and lift car controls within reach of all users.
• Install control buttons that are easy to use
• Ensure the lift signalling system is both visual and audible. Visual & Tactile floor
• Provide an emergency communication system that is suitable for all users. numbers
• Provide half-height mirror to rear wall.
• Install handrails on all walls without doors.
 Escalators
• Ensure the direction of travel is clearly signed
• Make sure the footway at each end contrasts
visually and install a change in floor finish.  Travelators
• Ensure moving handrails extend 300mm • Install footway at each end that contrasts visually and a
minimum beyond the start and end of escalator. change in floor finish.
• Ensure escalator steps are a minimum of • Moving handrails to extend 700mm minimum beyond the
580mm wide and a maximum of 1100mm wide. start and end of walkway
Provide maximum step height of 240mm, or • Install visually-contrasting handrails.
210mm if escalator used for emergency • Ensure recommended walkway width of 1500mm.
escape when stationary. Employ recommended speed of 0.5m per second.
• Incorporate contrasting band to full width of • Ensure emergency stop controls are clear, visible, and
each step edge. accessible to all users.
• Install visually-contrasting handrails. • Restrict inclined travellators to maximum gradient of 1
• Employ escalator speed not exceeding 0.75m in 20.
per second. • Use fixed guarding at entry and exit points and
• Ensure emergency stop controls are visible and alongside adjacent access routes. Ensure guarding
accessible to all users. contrasts visually.
STANDARDS AS PER CPWD GUIDELINES
Mobility devices
 Wheel chairs
• Standard size of wheel chair has been taken as 1050mm x 750mm (as per ISI).

 Cane
 Crutches
A minimum width of
The radial range of the white cane is a Heights of people
band 900 mm wide • The average height of a
950 mm is desirable.
-Any obstacle above 750 mm cannot person seated upon a
be detected by the white cane wheelchair is generally less
. If there are projections above this than 1200 mm.
height then the projections have • The average height of a
to be reflected at the floor level in standing person is generally
terms of level or textural differences. less than 2000 mm.
• If vertical clearance of an area
Width adjoining an accessible route
is reduced to less than 2000
• The minimum clear width of an accessible route shall be 900 mm, except at
mm, (nominal dimension), a
doors.
barrier or signage to warn
• If a person in a wheelchair must make a turn around an obstruction, the
visually impaired persons shall
minimum clear width of the accessible route shall be 1100 mm or 900 mm
be provided.
.
REF: CPWD Standard Guidelines for the Aged & Disabled, Govt. of India
 Doorways
• Minimum clear
 Toilets
opening of the • One special W.C. in a set of toilet shall be
entrance door shall provided for the use of handicapped with
essential provision of wash basin near the
be 900 mm. and it entrance for the handicapped.
shall not be provided • The minimum size shall be 1500 x 1750 mm.
with a step that
obstructs the • Minimum clear opening of the door shall be.
900 mm and the door shall swing out.
passage of a wheel
chair user. • Suitable arrangement of vertical/horizontal
handrails with 50 mm. clearance from wall shall
• Threshold shall not be be made in the toilet.
raised more than 12
• The W.C. seat shall be 500 mm. from the
mm. floor.
 The optimum dimensions for accessibility for all

 Washbasins

REF: CPWD Standard Guidelines for the Aged & Disabled, Govt. of India
 Changes in levels  Width of kerb ramp
• If an accessible route has changes in level greater than 12 mm, then a curb • The minimum width of a
ramp, ramp, elevator, or platform) shall be provided curb ramp shall be 900
• An accessible route does not include stairs, steps, or escalators mm, exclusive of flared
 Ramps sides.
• Minimum clear width is 900mm.  Slope and rise
 Head room • The least possible slope
• Walks, halls, corridors, passageways, aisles, or other circulation spaces shall be used for any
shall have 2000 mm minimum clear head room ramp. The maximum slope
of a ramp in a new
construction shall be
1:12. The maximum rise
for any run shall be 760
mm
 Landings
• Ramps shall have level
landings at bottom and
top of each ramp and
 Handrails  Stairs each ramp run, and at
every 10 mts of run
• On any given flight of stairs, all steps • -The landing shall be at
shall have uniform riser heights and least as wide as the ramp
uniform tread widths. run leading to it. The
• Stair treads shall be no less than 280 landing length shall be a
mm wide, measured from riser to riser. minimum of 1500 mm
clear
• Open risers are not permitted on an • -If ramps change direction
accessible stair.Risers should be at landings, the minimum
150mm.
landing size shall be 1500
REF: CPWD Standard Guidelines for the Aged & • Provision of 900mm high handrail. mm x 1500 mm.
Disabled, Govt. of India
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT FOR COMFORTABLE CIRCULATION
• An exhibition layout may show the intentions of a curator in presenting narratives in a particular viewing
sequence, which implies a path visitors are expected to follow.
• The manner in which museum architecture and the layout of the exhibitions constrain visitor circulation may
determine visitors' patterns of interaction with display objects.
• Therefore, the way in which circulation constraints are structured is the central question of museum design.
• The manner in which museum architecture and the layout of the exhibitions constrain visitor circulation may
determine visitors' patterns of interaction with display objects.

 Various
spatial
arrangements
possible in a
museum
Conventional Style

Modern Style
REF: Time Savers Standards (TSS)
 • Museums of the modern movement reflected the ‘modern' ideals, such as “form follows function", and
“transparency" in materials and functional boundaries.
• These ideals have re-introduced museum design by suggesting that an interior can be
• Open Plan Museum: Merely defined with circulation space (form follows function)
Example: Le Corbusier’s “Museum of Unlimited Growth”
• Flexible Plan Museum: Divided by only a few partitions in a rectangular volume (transparency)
Example: Mies Van der Rohe’s “New National Gallery”

 Open Plan Type Museum

• In 1929 Le Corbusier designed a model of unlimited
growth Museum (Musée à croissance illimitée) for
Mundaneum of Geneva

MUSEUM OF UNLIMITED GROWTH, GENEVA

• It was a square spiral, on one floor

supported by stilts, which would
eventually evolve and grow according to
the needs of the project.
• There are three versions of this type of
museum in the world by architect: Kendra
in Ahmedabbad (1957), the Museum and
Art Gallery in Chandigarh Government
(1965) and the National Museum of
Western Art in Tokyo (1959).
REF: Study of the Ann Arbor Hands-on Museum, Ipek Kaynar, University of Michigan, USA
  New National Gallery
• This work was a new way of thinking and understand a museum, away from the closed building
composed of building theme rooms.
• The building contains elements of walls that vary with different exhibits and limiting the visual
continuity.
• This building is from 1968, and it´s a jump from the traditional museum idea of a closed building
with exhibition rooms, into an open-plan flexible space.

NEW NATIONAL GALLERY, BERLIN

The Structural Detail

The Circulation through the museum

REF: Study of the Ann Arbor Hands-on Museum, Ipek Kaynar, University of Michigan, USA
BYE LAWS AND
STANDARDS
 CONTENTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
• STANDARDS AND THEIR NEED ........................... 5.1.1
• TYPES AND CIRCULATION SPACES… ...................... 5.1.2

5.2 STANDARDS
• RECEPTION ................................................ 5.2.1
• EXHIBITION HALLS AND GALLERIES ......................... 5.2.2
• TYPES OF DISPLAY .......................................... 5.2.3
• LECTURE HALLS AND SEMINAR ROOMS...................5.2.3
• LIBRARY ................................................... 5.2.4
• SHELVING UNITS ............................................ 5.2.5
• CAEE AND RESTAURENTS ...................................5.2.6
• VISITORS CONTROL ..................................... 5.2.8
• PARKING ...................................................5.2.10

5.3
BYE LAWS
• APPROACH FOR BUILDING SITES ......................... 5.3.1
• PERMISSIBLE SET BACKS ............................... 5.3.2
• OTHER CONDITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS. ...............5.3.3
• PARKING REQUIREMENTS.................................. 5.3.4
• FIRE SAFETY CONCERNS… .............................. 5.3.6
• FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS… ............................5.3.7
WHAT ARE STANDARDS ? WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT AND WHY DO WE FOLLOW
THEM ?
Standards are documenting agreements containing technical specifications to be used consistently as rules ,
guidelines ,characteristics to ensure that materials , products , processes and services are fit for their
purpose .
 Building standards address many of a society’s most important concerns, including public health and safety,
and environmental protection.
Because they are developed by a democratic and deliberative process that applies improvements
incrementally, the building codes also address cost efficiency and investment value.
 In large part, building codes establish a building’s quality, safety and energy performance for years to come,
because initial design and construction decisions determine operational and maintenance costs for the life of
the building.
Building equipment and other components may be replaceable and upgradeable, but many aspects of
building performance are "designed in" at the beginning, and are too expensive and difficult to change.
Foundations and other parts of the building envelope are typically in place for 50 years or more. Building
codes and design and construction decisions affect us every day.
Some requirements such as fire safety codes and structural and seismic standards affect us in obvious
ways.
Others, such as lighting quality, acoustics and the air we breathe also have major effects on our health and
productivity.

TYPES OF STANDARDS :
 CURRENT STANDARD
 BASIC STANDARD
CURRENT STANDARD : THIS STANDARD IS USED OVER A SHORTPERIOD OF TIME AND IS RELATED TO
CURRENT CONDITIONS .
BASIC STANDARD : THIS STANDARD IS USED OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME , FROM WHICH A
CURRENT STANDARD CAN BE DEVELOPED .
STANDARDS AND CIRCULATION SPACES :
 MAIN ENTRY AND EXIT
 PARKING
 RECEPTION , LOBBY SPACE
 STAIRCASE , LIFTS AND
CORRIDORS
 WASHROOMS
 STORAGE ROOM
 EXHIBITION AREA
 DISPLAY AREA
 LIBRARY
 LECTURE HALLS AND
SEMINAR ROOMS
 CONFERENCE ROOMS
 CAFE AND RESTAURENTS
 KITCHEN AND PANTRY
 FIRE EXIT

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK:
• RECEPTION:
Closed plan offices have full height
walls or partitions dividing the
space into offices with doors are
typically located along the window
wall. The advantages include a
controlled environment, security,
visual privacy, physical separation,
external views add traditional and
systems furniture applications.
 DETAILS OF
RECEPTION AREA
AND WAITING AREA
 EXHIBITION HALLS AND GALLERIES:
• It should be remembered that the usual custom is to set aside for these
purposes and area which may be as much as 50 percent of the total
space available.
• In small museums this proportion may be reduced. But the fact remains
that two conflicting needs have to be reconciled: on the one hand there
must be easy communication between the public rooms and the museum
services, since this makes for smooth relations between visitors and staff;
on the other hand it must be possible to separate these two sections, so
that they can function independently at any time.

• This is necessary chiefly to safeguard the collections et

times when the building is closed to the public while the
curators or office staff are still at work end the library and
lecture hall in use.
 TYPES OF DISPLAYS:
 If the cases are arranged with gently curving lines to take advantage of
this pattern of movement visitors will find the room more attractive and
can progress easily with the line of the case.

LECTURE HALLS ,SEMINAR ROOMS

• The room itself should be arranged so that the audience can
see well, hear well, and be comfortable. In part this depends
on temperature, humidity, background of light and sound, and
seating space.
• If lecture rooms are built in a fan shape instead of a
rectangular shape, the minimum angle between line of sight
and the blackboard should be at least 30 degrees and
preferably more than 45 degrees. These limitations of viewing
distance and angle impose restrictions on the placement of
seats for adequate viewing .
• The angle of elevation from the
eye to the upper part of an
object on the screen or
chalkboard should not exceed
30 degrees .
 LIBRARY
• Libraries perform a range of function in society. Museum libraries,
obtain, collect various study on history ,architecture etc…

Floor area for an Minimum distance between tables

individual work station

Floor space for book shelves in area

closed to public

Micro fiche reading workstation

 SHELVING UNITS
• Most widely used type is metal shelving, individually adjustable, single sided (along walls) and double sided
(island). Unit height 2000 (loan area), 2300 (block stock areas) main routes in open space areas 1800 clear
width and minor routes 1200.

Shelves for adults Height of 5 shelf unit Book shelf for school children Height of 4 shelf unit
for small children

Shelves for children

 CAFES AND RESTAURANTS:
• Seating areas and table arrangements .There are significant differences
in seating arrangements depending on:
• Types of customer: price level, expectations
• Type of establishment: self-service, waited service, counter seating
• Grouping: table sharing, flexibility of arrangement
• Room characteristics: shape, obstructions, windows. Furniture falls into
four categories:
• Fitted counters or bars
Movabl tables, with legs or pedestals
• Fixed tables, usually pedestal or cantilevered
Stackable tables
o Cafeterias are self-service establishments, commonly run on a
non-commercial basis as a service to staff and others such as
students.
o They are characterised by:
Scale of operation: usually fairly large, giving certain economies of
scale .
REASTAURANT SEATING

Circulation

Toilet
VISITORS CONTROL:
• Visitors receive the first impression of an organization from the décor and layout of the reception area. It should
be attractive,nest,business like and above all ,adequate to accommodate normal visitor traffic.
• An allowance of 0.9sq.m pr each visitor to be served may be used for space allocation.
• Individual seats are preferred over sofas
• Corner seating arrangements must always consider leg clearance.
• Circulation between low tables and the edges of chairs must be adequate to allow for the legs of persons
seated in the chairs.
• Convenient location for side tables. So that magazines,artwork,portable lighting can be placed on them , which
areCO
imN
po
FrEtR
anEtN.CE REQUIREMENTS:
• Conference spaces are private offices or the conference
rooms.
• In large offices it is desirable to provide a conference
room adjoining the office of a top official and early
conference rooms for official with more limited
requirements.
• Separate conference rooms permit maximum utilization
through scheduling at an appropriate level of management.

LOCATION OF CONFERENCE ROOMS:

o Conference room should be centrally located to the users.
o An interior space which is not most desirable for office
purposes, is well suited for conference use.
o The location eliminates outside distraction and the needs
for window coverings during visual presentations.
o Access in conference rooms should be through corridors
and through reception areas.
 SIZES OF CONFERENCE ROOMS
• Conference rooms should be designed to accommodate average but not maximum
attendance. Extra chairs can be used to achieve additional seating.

CIRCULATION SPACES
• Widen corridors beyond the typical 8-9 feet currently in use .
• Corridors should be able to easily handle two way traffic.
• Break up corridor lengths . This will reduce travel time and also discourage kids from running through the halls.

Core space
 PARKING
• The type, size and shape of a turning place in a road depends on the road use in that particular
area. Parking stalls should be built to accommodate larger cars. The larger cars have on over-all
length of 5.7m over -all width of 2.5m. The ramp angle must not exceed 7°. The limit of the front
approach angle is 14°.

HAMMER HEAD TURNING

SPACE FOR CARS
STANDARD CAR CAR TURNING CIRCLE CAR TURNING CIRCLE
RADIUS FOR AN
ENTRANCE DRIVE >OR
PARKING SPACE STANDARDS FOR EQUAL TO 5-6.50M
AUDITORIUM:

HAMMERHEAD TURNING SPACE

FOR VEHICLES UPTO 8M (
REFUSE COLLECTION
VEHICLES,FIRE TENDERS,TRUCKS
UPTO 6T)
 ACCORDING TO GO No. 168
REQUIREMENT OF APPROACH ROAD FOR BUILDING SITES / PLOTS :
The minimum abutting existing road width required for various uses of building activities shall be as given below.
Stilt Floor meant for parking is excluded from the permissible height in the previous Table.
o Height of stilt floor shall not be less than 2.5m.
o In case of parking floors where mechanical system and lift are provided, height of such parking floor shall not
be less than 4.5m.

OTHER CONDITIONS:
• The setbacks are to be left after leaving the affected area of the plot / site, if any, for road widening.
• Where a site abuts more than one road, then the front setback should be insisted towards the bigger road
width and for the remaining side or sides, the setback as at Column-10 shall be insisted.
• A strip of at least 1m greenery / lawn along the frontage of the site within the front setback shall be
developed and maintained with greenery.

RESTRICTIONS ON PROJECTIONS IN MANDATORY OPEN SPACES:

The following are the Restrictions on Projections in the mandatory open
spaces / setbacks / interior open spaces:
(a) Cornice, Chajjas / weather shades only of width not exceeding 60cm shall
be allowed in the mandatory setbacks.
(b) No balcony projections or corridor shall be permitted projecting within the mandatory open spaces /
setbacks in case of non-high rise buildings.

These, if provided for, shall be set back as per the minimum mandatory open spaces and the setbacks shall be
clear from the edge of the balcony or corridor. However, a Portico or Canopy without access to the top may
be considered in the front open space.
PARKING REQUIRMENTS
In all buildings provision shall be made for parking spaces as per the following requirements.
 The parking spaces may be provided in:
• Basements or cellars (one or more) / multi-level (allowed for plots 750sq.m and above only) or
• The Open space over and above the setbacks i.e. after leaving the setbacks to be left around the building
with adequate vehicular access, aisle, drives, ramps required for manoeuvring of vehicles, or
Cellar floor shall be used only for parking and not for any habitation purpose. There shall be ventilation to cellars
with not less than 2.5% of each cellar floor area .
In the Stilt floor a watchman room and 2 toilets (W.C), with maximum built up area of 25sq.m may be
allowed.
Such space shall not be disposed and shall be part of common facility of the complex.
For the sites above 750sq.m area it is permitted subject to fulfilment of parking requirement.
 For parking spaces in basements and upper floors, at least two ramps of minimum 3.6m width or one ramp of
minimum 5.4m width and adequate slope 1 in 8 shall be provided. Such ramps shall not be allowed in mandatory
setbacks including building line, however they may be permitted in the side and rear setbacks after leaving
minimum 7m of setback for movement of fire-fighting vehicles. Access to these may also be accomplished
through provisions of mechanical lifts.
 The minimum width of the drive way shall be 4.5m.
 In case where the permissible set back is less than 4.6m the pillars position in stilt floor shall be so designed
that there shall be clear space of 3.6m (excluding Greenery) is available for movement of vehicles.
 Cellar shall be with a setback of at least 1.5m in the sites of extent of up to 1000sq.m, 2m in the sites of
extent of more than 1000sq.m and up to 2000sq.m, and 3m in the sites of extent of more than 2000sq.m
from the property line. In case of more than one cellar, 0.5m additional setback for every additional cellar
floor shall be insisted.
 Up to 10% of cellar may be utilised for utilities and non-habitation purpose like A/C Plant room, Generator
room, Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP), Electrical installations, Laundry, etc.
 Visitors’ parking shall be provided with minimum 10% of the parking area and may be accommodated in the
mandatory setbacks other than front setback where ever such setbacks are more than 6m (excluding green
strip).How ever this is not permissible in case of transfer of setback. The Visitors’ Parking facility shall be
open to all visitors which shall be properly demarcated on ground .
 MUSEUM FIRE SAFETY CONCERNS:
Here it is the content of the buildings which generally needs to be protected at all costs as many objects on
show in museums are irreplaceable and consequently a monetary value cannot easily be placed on their loss: they
are priceless. From a fire insurance point of view displaying priceless arti facts to the public demands the highest
levels of security and fire protection. In other words we need to be prepared to make more compromises
regarding the introduction of both passive and active measures to provide maximum fire protection. The less
sensitive the building is to the introduction of physical protective measures, the more effective the protection
can be made. Storing and exhibiting priceless objects in a priceless building is an extremely high-risk strategy.
Modern buildings are designed to provide maximum protection and enable all occupants to exit the building quickly
and safely. However adapting a historical building is a much more difficult undertaking and a great many museums
are still housed in historical buildings. It is estimated that less than 20% of museums are modern purpose-built
structures, where the appropriate fire-protection building codes have been observed. Such buildings will be
capable of providing first class protection including: · Fire compartmentalization · State-of-the-art fire detection
and alarming equipment · Smoke control · Multiple exit routes · Tailored extinguishing systems .

FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS
EXTERIOR WALLS, COLUMNS AND BEAMS :
• Load bearing exterior walls shall be 3 hour fire resistance provided the building is protected with automatic
sprinkler system.
• Columns and beams shall be 3 hour fire resistance provided the building is protected with automatic sprinkler
system.
• Non-load bearing exterior walls shall be 2 hour fire resistance provided the building is protected with automatic
sprinkler system .

INTERIOR WALLS
Exits are constructed as smoke proof enclosures;
Sprinkler control valves with supervisory initiating devices, and water flow initiating devices are provided on each
floor .
Non-load bearing interior walls shall be permitted to have no fire resistance rating based solely on the specified
construction type herein, provided the building is protected with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
PROTECTION OF OPENINGS
• Opening protection, where required, shall be fire resistance.
ELEVATOR LOBBIES

• Elevator lobbies shall be required on every floor and shall be enclosed by

smoke partition walls having a minimum fire resistance rating of 1-hour.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
The building shall be fully sprinkle red and supervised .A secondary water supply equal to the hydraulically calculated
sprinkler demand, including the hose stream requirement, shall be provided for high-rise buildings . The secondary
water supply shall have a duration of not less than 30 minutes .

PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS
• Portable extinguishers shall be provided at each compartment / floor of the building
HOSE REELS
• 8.3 HOSE REELS One First Aid hose reel shall be provided for every 1000 sq.m. Floor area, located in
the vicinity of an exit staircase.
FIRE PUMPS
• Fire pumps and jockey pumps shall be designed and installed per NFPA 20 based on the hydraulic
demands of the fire protection systems provided.
WATER SUPPLY TANKS
• Terrace tank with a minimum capacity of 100,000 Liters shall be installed to provide an adequate water
supply for fire protection systems.
• An underground water tank with a minimum capacity of 4.00 lakhs Liters shall be provided for firefighting
purposes.
LIGHTING
 CONTENT
6.1 ROLE OF LIGHTING
• NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING .............................. 6.1.1
• METODS OF LIGHTING… .......................................... 6.1.3
• OBJECTS CONSIDERED IN MUSEUM… .............................. 6.1.4

6.2 LIGHTING IN DISPLAYED AREAS

• TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ...................................... 6.2.1
• AMOUNT OF LUX LEVELS. ........................................... 6.2.3
• ARRANGMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING .............................. 6.2.4

6.3 LIGHT FOR VARIOUS SPACES

• FOYER,CORRIDOR,STAIRS, LIBRARY............................... 6.3.1
• CAFETARIA ,MUSEUM SHOP AND WORK SHOP AREA ......... 6.3.2
• OUTDOOR EXHIBITS… ................................................ 6.3.3.

6.4 EFFECTS OF LIGHTING

• LIGHT AND PSYCOLOGY… ............................................ 6.4.1
• BASIC OBSERVATIONS IN HUMAN TOWARDS LIGHT… ..........6.4.3
• MATERIALS TO BE ADOPTED ......................................... 6.4.5
• EFFECTS OF LIGHTING IN MUSEUM… ............................... 6.4.6
• CONTROLLING LIGHT AND PRECAUTIONS… ........................ 6.4.7
 ROLE OF LIGHTING-
• In a museum ,light must perform dual function
• Must serve for the interpretation of the both object and the surrounding space.
• The light is capable of sending large number of messages
o To guide o Hide / Reveal
o Inform o Brighten / Sorrow.
o Separate / bring together o Enlarge / Reduce

WHY NATURAL LIGHT?

• Interior lighting has multiple functions to reveal the object to generate a pleasant welcoming
ambience.
• Natural light contains all the visible colours in equal amounts.
• It is diffused as a soft white colour which enhances and accentuates shape , texture and colour.
• Daylight contributes to our mood and can make visitors and employees feel comfortable and at-
ease.
• Being able to switch off electricity during the day and diffuse natural sunlight is both financially and
environmentally responsible for museums.
HOW TO USE NATURAL LIGHT
• The delicacy and rarity of museum artefacts means that there are certain
aspects to consider when integrating daylight intro museum :
• UV exposure should be limited
• Infrared should equally be avoided
• Day light should be concentrated and directed to specific areas, and
should , if possible incorporate artificial light
• Light is one of the greatest cause of deterioration in museum collections,
so the right type of light and right quantity of light is paramount
• Daylight is essential to our vision and therefore should be considered as a
means of communication within museum.
• Diffusing daylight therefore has numerous positive impacts.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• Artificial light sources include incandescent, fluorescent, HID, fibre optics,
cold cathode and LEDs.
• In museums, incandescent, fibre optic and HID are the most common light
sources.
• The location and purpose of the light, along with the type of light source, become crucial in providing
• the correct amount of light and the lamp properties for interior applications in the museum.
• The intensity of light can be easily controlled.
OBJECTS CONSIDERED IN MUSEUM

 Sculpture
o Wood
o Stone
o Ivory
o Glass
o Marble
 Painting
o Oil
o Water Colors
 Textiles
 Brass Plates
 Weapons
 Machines
 Manuscripts
 Porcelain Dishes
 Jewelry
 Furniture
 METHODS OF LIGHTING
DIRECT LIGHTING
• Widely used lighting system , in this system more than 90%
of the total light fulx is amde to fall directly on the working plane
with the help of deep reflectors.
• Its is mainly used in general outdoor and industrial lighting.
• Through out the most efficient but causes a hard shadow and glare appear during lighting.
SEMI DIRECT LIGHTING
• In This lighting scheme 60 to 90% of the total light flux is made to fall downward directly with the help of
semi direct reflectors.
• Reaming light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls. such a lighting scheme is best suited to room with
high ceiling where a high level of uniformly distributed illumination is desirable.
• The Glare in such units is avoiding by employing diffusing globe
which not only improve thew brightness toward the eye level but also
improve the efficiency of the system with reference to working plane.
SEMI INDIRECT LIGHTING
• In this lighting scheme 60 to 90% of total flux is thrown upwards to the
ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane .
• Direct excepts for some absorption by the bowl .This lighting scheme is
with soft shadows and glare free.
• It is mainly used for indoor light decoration purpose.
INDIRECT LIGHTING
• In this lighting scheme more than 90% of total light flux is thrown upwards
to the ceiling for diffusion reflection by using inverted or browl reflectors.
• in such a system the ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare is reduced
minimum.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN DISPLAY AREAS
Artificial lighting by definition is any light that does not come from sunlight. It
is man made lighting, including fluorescent, tungsten, mercury vapour, sodium
vapour, halogen, compact fluorescent, etc. In addition, all artificial light can be
turned on and off with a switch.

Types of artificial lighting

The most important lighting systems used in exhibition rooms are:
Luminous ceilings with opal glass enclosure (diffuse light) or sanitised and
textured glass (diffuse/ directional)
o Luminous ceilings are particularly suitable for painting galleries. The cove
lighting provides additional brightness.
o Tubular fluorescent lamps are generally used.
o Arranged according to the structural grid of the luminous ceiling.
o Luminous ceilings imitating
natural daylight need to
deliver a high level of
luminance: 500 to 1,000
cd/m2, ranging up to
2,000 cd/m2 for very high-
ceilinged rooms.
o They are suitable for
interiors with ceiling height
6 meters or higher.
Cove luminaires (diffuse) :
o These are the diffuse light of luminaires installed in the curving transition between
wall and ceiling.
o Used in modern museums.
oThe main direction of light with cove lighting is closer to the horizontal than with a
luminous ceiling and corresponds roughly to that of perimeter luminaires mounted in
continuous rows.
o The lights are shadow free.
o Fluorescent lamps – are the most widely used light source.

Indirect luminaires (diffuse) :

o Its impact is similar to that of luminous ceiling.
o The indirect light bounces off the ceiling and upper wall surfaces into the room.
o Used in rooms where no daylight enters.
o Produced by suspended luminaires radiating light upwards.

Wall washers (directional or diffuse/directional):

oThey are used either in individual luminaries or continuous rows.
o Wall washers distribute their light asymmetrically.
o This task is performed by reflectors with asymmetrical optics.
oFavoured light sources for wall washers include linear lamps: fluorescent lamps,
compact fluorescent lamps in elongated designs, linear high-voltage halogen lamps.

Spot lamps :
o The directional light of spot lamps raises the brightness for exhibits – here
with an appropriate beam angle for paintings.
o Elements on the luminaire for mounting accessories – such as filters or anti-
glare flaps – are useful.
 Light levels can vary depending on the type of • Use non reflective glass or film on all interactives,
exhibition, the material being displayed and the cases, displays and paintings wherever reasonable.
desired ambience. The balance between When low light levels are called for, find the best
conservation and display requirements must be compromise between conservation and disabled
carefully considered. Objects can be grouped into visitor requirements.
three categories of light sensitivity: • Consider temporary or timed illumination of objects,
o Insensitive to light: metals, stone, ceramics, glass e.g. by timed push button.
and enamels.
o Sensitive to light: oil paintings, wood, ivory, bone,
TAKING ACCOUNT OF LIGHTING
some works on paper Where revolving exhibitions are staged in day lit rooms,
daylight incidence and the position of showcases in
o Textiles, art on paper, fur and feathers, dyed leather
These are the recommended minimum light levels relation to windows (see page 9) must also be taken
into account. To maximize the scope for catering to
• Good lighting is extremely important for visually exhibition requirements, it is
impaired and older visitors so ensure that best to ensure that day lit
adequate lighting is provided on the vertical rooms can be fully darkened.
planes of graphic displays.

SKYLIGHTS
• Skylights are classic daylighting elements for
picture galleries.
• They provide uniform, diffuse lighting. Because the
light is admitted over a large area, the shadows
produced are soft.
• The incident daylight that passes through a
skylight reaches nearly every part of the room,
including freestanding display cabinets, sculptures
and partitions.
 ARRANGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

• Preferred in • Provides uniform • Uniform wall • Provides low • Gives

• By regular
work rooms, wall illumination- illumination room light or impression of
arrangement
meeting rooms, direct light rest depends upon illumination of bright room –
of lamps on
circulation ,etc of the room separation b/w a single wall. free of glare –
celling
lamp and wall. high ceiling

• Fluorescent •Generally employed • Decorative • Generally used in sale

lamps are to illuminate ceiling or wall lightings. rooms, exhibitions ,
generally used flooring. museums and galleries.
EXAMPLES :
 LIGHTING FOR VARIOUS SPACES
FOYER , CORRIDOR, STAIRCASE Corridors, staircases and lifts connect
Foyers space also serve a functional purpose as the entrance area with the deeper
they lead into the interior of the building. recesses of the building.
• Mini of 100 lux is required.
• A harmonious lighting atmosphere sets the
scene for a friendly reception. • Entry desk – 300 to 500 lux
• Lifts : 50 – 50 lux
• Ranges between 150 to 300 lux.
• Direct or direct/indirect luminaires with
compact fluorescent lamps are the most widely
used and wall luminaires for indirect lighting.
• During the day, the immediate entrance area
needs to be particularly brightly lit.
• At night, illuminance inside the building should
decrease towards the exit. • The illuminance should be at least 150 lux
should be given for the stairs and ramp.
• For high ceilings ,high-intensity spots with high-pressure
discharge lamps are re -commended. • Wall lights at the side of the stairs casting
direct light onto treads.
LIBRARY
Library lighting has several functions: it helps to get our bearings, find the literature
we need , facilitates reading and creates a peaceful to subtly stimulating atmosphere.

o Circulating areas - 100 lux, • Wall washers with

o Shelving systems - 200 lux. asymmetrical beams are
o Reading areas - 500 lux. particularly suitable for
o Counter – 300 lux this lighting task.
 CAFETARIAS AND MUSEUM SHOPS
These are attractive places, especially at the end of a museum visit.

 Pendant luminaires for tables.

 Wall luminaires and downlights for a
moderately higher lighting level.
 Downlight sand spots for accent lighting.
 Service areas in a cafeteria can keep a low profile.
 Where food and drink are displayed or on sale need to be more brightly lit than
the rest of the room. Stimulates 200 – 300 lux.

• A distinction needs to be made

between “viewing light” and
“display light” – for shelves, walls
or special offer presentations on
the sales floor.

WORK PLACE LIGHTING

Which are not open to the public and where the lighting caters solely for • Illuminance in museum
the visual tasks performed by the people who work there. workshops, including training
workshops, should be 500 lux.
• These rooms are essentially offices, e.g.
administration areas, workshop and storage • Storage lighting -.mini of 100
facilities such as warehouses, depots and lux is required. 300 lux vertical
archives. illuminance is used for handling
• luminance in the task area must be no lower small and delicate things.
than 300 lux.
 OUTDOOR EXHIBITS
OPEN AIR MUSEUM FACADE LIGHTING
Open air museums are a showcase for historical buildings and • Light can make any building an eye-catcher.
complexes.
• Ensuring floodlights are not installed too
• For outer space recessed ground close to the building avoids excessively
floods , lighting from below can deep shadows.
be used.
• To avoid glare lights need to be • Illumination is also
set at a greater distance than for possible with wall
highlighting details. luminaires
• Directional signage :200-300lux integrated in the
facade and
recessed ground
floods positioned
directly in front of
it.
• Floods with a long-range impact should be
positioned high and mounted as
inconspicuously as possible.
• If daylight and artificial light are mixed,
their rays should be fully blended if not the
exhibits will be distorted.
COVERD CAR PARKING
• Floors : 5-20 lux
• Ramps and corners: 30
• Entrances and exits: 50-150
• Control booths: 150-300
• Outdoor car parks: 5-20
 MATERIALS TO BE ADOPTED
• All materials used for display purposes must be approved by the Conservation. Department, and must be
tested by the recognized bodies.
• Materials and finishes used in construction must meet current fire regulations.
• Display objects against a 70% contrasting background wherever possible.
• Display objects against a plain background wherever possible.
• Background colors should contrast, but not overwhelm or jar, with the items inside the display case and
provide 70% tonal contrast.

Objects can be grouped into three categories of light sensitivity:

• Insensitive to light: metals, stone, ceramics, glass and enamels.
• Sensitive to light: oil paintings, wood, ivory, bone, some works on paper.
• Textiles, art on paper, fur and feathers, dyed leather.

Reflective and Translucent Surfaces – Eliminating Glare

• Take care to eliminate unnecessary reflections and glare from light sources. Items to consider are video
monitors, computer screens, glazed objects, highly polished objects, display cases, and so on.
• When assessing potential reflections and glare, consider the aspect for both standing and seated visitors.
Where children are the target audience, take special care to eliminate glare at child height (between
800mm and 1060mm).
 LIGHT AND PSCYCOLOGY
Lighting is a key factor in helping the space meet the intent of its owner and the needs of
its users.
LAYERS IN LIGHTING PROCESS
 Thinking of layers
• Visual task: : providing enough light to walk safely through a corridor
 How light affects the users
of a space on both • General lighting or Ambient lighting: to set a mood or impression
psychological and and maybe the lighting that provides for safe circulation within the space
behavioral level • Visual interest: something that adds a touch of magic, or something to
 The play of colour and light tickle the user’s “joy button.”

How lighting shapes behavior and users response

• Visibility of vertical and horizontal junctions aid Lighting could create a space that would make
orientation users say it was:
• “pleasant” versus “unpleasant”
• People follow the brightest path
• “public” versus “private”
• Brightness can focus attention • “spacious” versus “confined”
• Facing wall luminance is a preference • “relaxed” versus “tense”
• Lighting can affect body position • “visually clear” versus “hazy”
• uniform/non-uniform distribution of light
• bright/dim levels of illumination
• overhead/peripheral (or wall) lighting
 FEW GENERAL GUIDELINES WE MAY CHOOSE TO FOLLOW

• Public :Requires the opposite with a uniform distribution of light, and more ceiling lights

• Pleasant :Utilizing more wall

lighting as opposed to ceiling
lights, as well as breaking up the
lighting in the room.

• Spacious : Provide overall high

levels of illumination with even
distribution of light on walls and
uniform lighting on all surfaces.

• Relaxed: Use non-uniform

distribution, wall lighting
and lower light levels,
typically.
• Visually Clear: Provide higher luminance on the activity/task
planes, with peripheral luminance
 BASIC OBSERVATIONS IN HUMAN ACTIVITY TOWARDS LIGHT
 Lighting designers may choose to illuminate a certain space more than others to draw people
towards it.
 When given a choice people will move towards light, acting like moths.
 Designers can also use this concept to FOCUS attention on a particular object by increasing the
contrast between the illuminated surface and the surfaces surrounding it.
 An example of this in practice can be seen in many bars and nightclubs, where either the bar, or the wall
behind it is illuminated to create a contrast with its surroundings and pull people towards it.

THE WORLD OF COLOURS

• The visual, emotional, psychic and biological effects that color and light on humans
• Natural light is essential for normal healthy life .
• The rhythms of light and dark is essential.
• If regulated exposure to light is not achieved, and either exposure to light or dark is prolonged, it
may have strange effects on us.
Color can have temporary psychological and physiological effects on us
• Red- will raise blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, perspiration and excite brain waves.
• Green - effects are more or less neutral
• Blue - lower blood pressure ,pulse rate and perspiration and brainwaves start to decline.
• Orange and yellow- similar to effects of red, but less pronounced.
• Purple and violet- similar to blue.
 There is a very “public” approach to lighting, Compare
that to the small specialty shop where the lighting
subjective impression is more “private” and there is an
expectation that there will be lower light levels, a sales
Bright person to assist, fewer customers, and often higher
product costs. The same expectations are true for the
lighting of fast food restaurants compared to more
expensive restaurants.

The museum mission aims at

Dim
1) Collect and
MUSEUM exhibit art and
historic artefacts for
public education and
enjoyment,
EXAMPLE 2) Protect the
• When it comes to navigating through a space we collection from
may struggle if there is not sufficient lighting damage, and
where vertical meets horizontal, an Example for 3)Do this all as
this could be a hallway in a hospital, where if the efficiently as possible.
light falling on the wall and floor where the same That’s it, Pure and Simple...
in value in hue, it would become a visual problem,
making it hard for us to navigate easily. preserving and presenting our
art and heritage.
• Reference : Delores (Dee) A. Ginthner, Associate
Professor University of Minnes
 Effects of lighting in museum Effects of UV radiation

Oil paints and varnishes

Chemical change due to Exhibition always
  Drying oils, such as
excess light increases the risk of linseed oil, are used as
damage. the medium for oil paints.
 The more visible and  When exposed to UV
more accessible an radiation in daylight, the
artefact, the higher long molecular chain
the risk become unstable and a
 For our purposes, variety of reactions take
exhibition increases place .
Fading caused by light the dangers of light  As a result the drying oils
damage
damage, 'polymerise' to a semi-
both photochemical damage (fading) and solid state.
photomechanical damage (structural damage).  They are also bleached
by light and tend to
A staircase inlaid with marquetry increase in transparency
The amount of damage that light causes depend on : at Claydon House, Buckinghamshire, over time.
faded by sunlight and damaged by heels
1) The type of light, (National Trust Photographic Library /
2) The materials from which the objects are made Rob Matheson)
3) The time exposed to light.
4) Exposure to light in all forms causes a chemical reaction to happen within the molecular level of an
artefact.
5) Decreasing the intensity of light will decrease the rate of photochemical damage but will not
completely prevent damage.
6) The best preservation practice would be to house all artefacts in complete darkness but some
amount of light is needed to see an object.
Wood Pigments and dyes
 Wood contains cellulose, Cellulose  The materials and fittings which are
undergoes auto-oxidation in the most vulnerable to deterioration
presence of UV radiation leading to when exposed to visible as well as
bleaching of the surface Cellulose. UV radiation include naturally dyed
 results weakening the material. textiles, tapestries, and costumes,
 Nevertheless, deterioration is unlikely dyed leather, paintings in distemper
to have a significant effect on the media, gouache and watercolours,
structural integrity of joinery because prints and drawings, and wallpapers .
joinery is usually solid and auto-  Damage occurs on two fronts; loss
oxidation only occurs at the surface. of colour and pattern, and the
structural deterioration of the fabric
Textiles
 Textiles made from natural fibres also Controlling
contain a high proportion of cellulose, Categories of Objects Visible Light Sensitive collections
which deteriorates in the same manner  Including textiles, photographs, works on paper , watercolours
as the cellulose of wood. on any medium, feathers, etc.
 As textiles are far more fragile objects  Maximum:50 lux
than joinery and the fibres often become Less sensitive collections
brittle, leading to rapid structural  Including oil paintings, wood, leather, acrylic paint surfaces,
deterioration. polychrome, panels, furniture,
 Maximum:150 lux
Least sensitive collections
 Including most metal, ceramics, stones and glass
 Maximum:300 lux

Curtains at Blickling Hall, Norfolk made brittle by sunlight and damaged by

touch (National Trust Photographic Library / Rob Matheson)
Controlling- Ultraviolet light Precautions
 UV should be completely eliminated.  A reliable roof that covers all organic
 All of the techniques used to limit visible light will artifacts (and preferably most inorganic
also cut down on UV light. artifacts).
 To block the remaining UV light Install  Reliable walls, windows, and doors that block
filtering material. local weather, sunlight, local pests , amateur
 Types of filters include: thieves, and vandals.
• UV filtering film for windows or glass on  Avoid areas of direct sunlight and intense
framed objects spot lamps at close distances on all organic
• UV filtering plex iglass instead of glass artifacts
• Filter sleeves for fluorescent tubes  Minimize exposure to light, especially UV.
• UV filtered fluorescent tubes)  Keep levels as low as possible.
 Monitor UV radiation at least every five years to  Use storage rooms that are windowless.
be sure the filtering material is still effective.  Rotate the artifacts for ‘resting period’ in the
storage.
 To help limit the duration of exposure of
Controlling Infrared radiation materials, timed light switches can be used in
storage rooms
 IR(heat) generated by natural or artificial lighting
should also be controlled to prevent rapid
changes in relative humidity.
 Window coverings and filters and good air BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
circulation systems (for example, fans and air 1. http://www.buildingconservation.com/articl
conditioners) help control heat build up. es/daylight/daylight.htm
 Control the heat produced by artificial lighting 2. NOUVIR RESEARCH
fixtures by using filters and good air circulation 3. http://www.amnh.org/
systems, as well as keeping lights outside 4. The Museum Environment_Transforming the
exhibit cases Solution into a Problem_Steven Weintraub
 SERVICES
MUSEUM DESIGN

ABSTRACT
The services and maintenance of any building is essential, and more so for a museum. A museum
houses different kinds of artefacts and objects, from different parts of the world and periods in
history. Preservation of these artefacts should be the highest priority. Hence the services and
maintenance related features will be covered in the following slides
 CONTENTS

7.1
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM……7.1.1

7.2
PLUMBING AND WATER SUPPLY………7.2.1

7.3
ELECTRICAL SERVICES… .............. 7.3.1

7.4
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS…....... 7.4.1

7.5
STORAGE… ............................. 7.5.1

7.6
PRESERVATION .......................... 7.6.1

7.7
CLEANING AND MAINTANANCE… ...... 7.7.1
BUILDING MANAGEMENT/AUTOMATION SYSTEM
• A building management/automation system may be considered to be provided for controlling and monitoring of all
parameters of HVAC, electrical, plumbing, fire fighting, low voltage system such as telephone, TV, etc
• In a museum planning, building services engineering comprises mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and
plumbing engineering (MEP) that can be further divided into
 Communication lines,
 Telephones and it networks
 Escalators and lifts ZONE A-public non collection areas-
 Fire detection and protection foyer, lobby, shop, cafe, public
 Heating and ventilation and washrooms etc
air conditioning (HVAC)
 Lightning protection natural lighting
and artificial lighting,
 Building surfaces
 Security and alarm systems
ZONE B-public collection
 Water, drainage and plumbing areas-permanent and
temporary collection
display, open for public

ZONE C-non public collection areas-

collection storage rooms, packing-
unpacking spaces, crate storage
rooms, conservation labs, elevators
used for transporting collections

ZONE D-nonpublic non collection areas- offices,

(REF:-Manual of Museum
Planning: Sustainable Space,
non collection storage areas, workrooms, security
Facilities, and Operations) stations, staff washrooms etc.
 STORAGE AREAS

SHAFT DETAILS:
electrical rising main shaft:2.2mX0.8m
wet riser shaft:1.2mX0.8m
telephone shaft:0.6mX0.3m
fire alarm shaft:0.6mX0.6m
SERVICE LIFT
Fire control room-4mX3m near entrance lobby
Telephonic room-4mX3m
PLUMBING AND WATER SUPPLY
In a building, provision is required to be made for storage of water for the following reasons:
• To provide against interruptions of the supply caused by repairs to mains, etc.
• To reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mains
• To tide over periods of intermittent supply
• To maintain a storage for the fire fighting requirement of the building
• The water may be stored either in overhead tanks (OHT) and/or underground tanks (UGT).

Materials Used –
• Reservoirs and tanks for the reception and storage of water shall be constructed of reinforced concrete
brick masonry, ferro cement precast, mild steel, stainless steel or plastic.
• Every storage tank shall be easily accessible and placed in such a position as to enable thorough inspection
and cleaning to be carried out. If the storage capacity required is more than 5 000 l, it is advantageous
to arrange it in a series of tanks so interconnected that each tank can be isolated for cleaning and
inspection without interfering with the supply of water. In large storage tanks, the outlet shall be at the
end opposite the inlet to avoid stagnation of the water.
• The outlet pipe shall be fixed 50 mm to 75 mm above the bottom of the tank and fitted with a strainer,
preferably of brass.
• Preferable to have underground pump house beside underground water reservoir to ensure flooded
suction.
• Provide 1.5m wide ramp with suitable slope for easy access
• Roof slab may be 500m above G.L with ventilators, provided with water proofing
• The fire pump house size shall be 5.5mX8mX3.5m where engine driven fire pump, electric motor driven fire
pump and pressurization pump are installed.
• One wet riser is required for every 1000 sqm of covered area
(tables is12701-1996, cpwd campanion volume for general specifications of electrical works)
Sanitation Requirements for Assembly Occupancy
All vertical soil, waste, ventilating
Buildings (Art, Galleries, Libraries and Museums) and anti- siphonage pipes shall be
covered on top with a copper or
heavily galvanised iron wire dome
or cast iron terminal guards. All
cast iron pipes, which are to be
painted periodically, shall be fixed
to give a minimum clearance of 50
mm clear from the finished surface
of the wall by means of a suitable
clamps.
Drainage pipes shall be carried
to a height above the buildings as
specified for ventilating pipe of 3
m.
Soil pipes A soil pipe, conveying
to
a drain, any solid or liquid filth,
shall be circular and shall have a
Minimum diameter of 100 mm.
The ventilating pipe shall always
be taken to a point 1500 mm
above the level of the eaves or
flat roof or terrace parapet
whichever is higher or the top of
any window within a horizontal
distance
SPACING OF MANHOLES
The spacing of manholes for a given pipe size should be as follows:
Pipe Diameter Spacing of Manhole (mm)
Upto300 45
301 to 500 75
501 to 900 90
Beyond 900 Spacing shall depend upon local
condition and shall be gotten approved by the Authority

RAIN WATER DRAINAGE

• The roofs of a building shall be so constructed or framed as to permit effectual drainage of the rain-water
there from by means of a sufficient number of rain-water pipes of adequate size so arranged, jointed and
fixed as to ensure that the rain water is carried away from the building without causing dampness in any
part of the walls or foundations of the building or those of an adjacent building.
• Roof area (in square meters (horizontal plane)) X total annual rainfall (in mm) X efficiency factor / runoff
coefficient = annual water supply in liters
• Gutter is provided along the edge of the roof. It is fixed with a gentle slope towards downpipe. which is
meant for free flow of water to the storage tank . This may be made up of G.I. sheet, wood. bamboo or
any other locally available material. The downpipe used should be at least 100mrn diameter and be
provided with a 20 mesh wire screen at the inlet to prevent dry leaves and other debris from entering it.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
• The design and planning of an electrical wiring installation involve consideration of all prevailing conditions,
and is usually influenced by the type and requirement of the consumer. the clear height required for sub
station equipments shall be a minimum of 3.6m.
Area for sub station

Area for generator

• In order to prevent storm water entering the transformer
and switch rooms through the soak pits, the floor level of
the substation shall be at least 15 cm above the highest
flood water level that may be anticipated in the locality.
• Also, facility shall be provided for automatic removal of
water. enclose any part of the substation, which is open to
the air and contains live equipment which is not encased,
with a fence or wall not less than 2.4 m in height to
prevent danger or unauthorized access metal doors to be
used

(cpwd campanion volume for general specifications of electrical works,is sp 7 2005)

TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Temperature affects museum collections in a variety of ways.
• At higher temperatures, chemical reactions increase. For example, high temperature leads to the increased
deterioration of cellulose nitrate NPS Museum Handbook, Part I (1999) 4:9film. If this deterioration is not
detected, it can lead to a fire. As a rule of thumb, most chemical reactions double in rate with each
increase of 10°C (18°F).
• Biological activity also increases at warmer temperatures. Insects will eat more and breed faster, and mold
will grow faster within certain temperature ranges.
• At high temperatures materials can soften. Wax may sag or collect dust more easily on soft surfaces,
adhesives can fail, lacquers and magnetic tape may become sticky. In exhibit, storage and research
spaces, where comfort of people is a factor, the recommended temperature level is 18-20° C (64-68° F).
• Temperature should not exceed 24° C (75° F). Try to keep temperatures as level as possible. In areas
where comfort of people is not a concern, temperature can be kept at much lower levels—but above
freezing. Avoid abrupt changes in temperature. It is often quick variations that cause more problems than
the specific level.
• Fluctuating temperatures can cause materials to expand and contract rapidly, setting up destructive
stresses in the object. If objects are stored outside, repeated freezing and thawing can cause damage.
Temperature is also a primary factor in determining relative humidity levels. When temperature varies, RH
will vary. This is discussed in more detail in the next section.
• Relative humidity is a relationship between the volume of air and the amount of water vapor it holds at a
given temperature. Relative humidity is important because water plays a role in various chemical and
physical forms of deterioration.
• There are many sources for excess water in a museum: exterior humidity levels, rain, nearby bodies of
water, wet ground, broken gutters, leaking pipes, moisture in walls, human respiration and perspiration,
wet mopping, flooding, and cycles of condensation and evaporation. Relative Humidity Optimum Ranges for
Various Materials Housed in a Park’s Museum Collection
 ARCHEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
• NEGLIGIBLE CLIMATE-SENSITIVE MATERIALS ..........................................30%–65%
• CLIMATE SENSITIVE MATERIALS ...........................................................30%-55%
• SIGNIFICANTLY CLIMATE SENSITIVE MATERIALS ......................................30%-40%
• METALS.............................................................................................<35%

 NATURAL HISTORY MATERIALS BIOLOGICAL

• SPECIMENS.....................................................................................40%-60%
• BONE AND TEETH............................................................................45%-60%
• PALEONTOLOGICAL SPECIMENS ........................................................ 45%-55%
• PYRITE
SPECIMENS.....................................................................................<30%
• PAINTINGS......................................................................................40%-65%
• PAPER .......................................................................................... 45% - 55%
• PHOTOGRAPHS/FILM/NEGATIVES........................................................ 30%-40%
• OTHER ORGANICS (WOOD, LEATHER, TEXTILES, IVORY)..........................45%-60%
• METALS..........................................................................................40%-60%
AIR CONDITIONING
The objective of installing ventilation and air conditioning facilities in buildings are to provide comfort to work
efficiently.
The aim of ventilation and air conditioning it to control and optimize the following factors in the building:
• Air purity and filtration
• Air movement
• Relative humidity
• Noise and vibration
• Energy efficiency
• Fire safety

• Equipment Room for Central Air Conditioning Plant :-In the case of large installations (500 TR and above),
it is advisable to have a separate isolated equipment room where possible. The clear headroom below
soffit of beam should be minimum 4.5 m for centrifugal plants, and minimum 3.6 m for reciprocating and
screw type plants.
• Cooling Tower :-Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from water cooled refrigeration, air
conditioning and industrial process systems. Cooling is achieved by evaporating a small proportion of
recirculating water into outdoor air stream. Cooling towers are installed at a place where free flow of
atmospheric air is available.
• The recommended floor area requirement for various types of cooling tower is as given below:
a. Natural draft cooling tower- 0.15 to 0.20 m2/t of refrigeration .
b. Induced draft cooling tower- 0.10 to 0.13 m2/t of refrigeration
c. Fibre-reinforced plastic 0.07 to 0.08 m2/t of refrigeration
STORAGE
• Museum storage space must provide adequate space to
accommodate growth of the collection over the next ten years.
• Incorporate aisles at least 15m wide between rows of equipment;
this width allows safe handling and movement of drawers, cabinet
doors, and larger objects.
• Ceiling height is sufficient to accommodate raised and stacked
cabinets without interfering with lighting and protection systems
• Different types of structures have different construction
requirements. Therefore, installation of equipment such as fire and
security systems, and storage furniture needs will also vary.
• Locate the storage space outside the 100-year floodplain.
• Use space that is constructed of fire-resistant or fireproof materials.
Cover interior wood framed walls and ceilings with gypsum wallboard
or other material to achieve a minimum one-hour fire.
• Install an adequate vapor barrier in walls, ceilings, and floors in a
purpose built museum structure.
• Make sure the level of the top of the concrete slab is at least 6"
above the grade level of the soil.
• Lighting is required in storage spaces.
• Eliminate ambient light sources that can damage objects that can
damage collections.
• Use LED or UV-filtered fluorescent lighting. Remove or replace
incandescent lighting to reduce energy costs over time.
• Provide indirect (diffuse) lighting by aiming fixtures at walls or
ceilings.
PRESERVATION
• The role of preventive care, also known as preventive conservation, is to avoid, block, or minimise the agents of
deterioration. By using preventive care techniques, the imperceptible deterioration that occurs on a daily basis
(cumulative over time) and the occasional catastrophic damage can be limited. The agents of deterioration are as
follows:
• Fire:- Fire resistance is essential for the protection of the artefacts. The materials that are used for construction
must have good heat resistance.
• Water:- Water that causes efflorescence in porous materials, stains, swells organic materials, corrodes metals,
delaminates and/or buckles layered components, and loosens joined components. Water and damp proofing is also
important
• Pests:- Pests, such as insects that consume, perforate, cut, graze, tunnel and/or excrete and destroy, weaken,
disfigure, or etch organic materials. Pests include vermin such as birds and other animals that gnaw organic
materials and displace small objects, foul objects with feces and urine, and mold and microbes that weaken or stain
objects. Architectural considerations must be made to resist pests, insects, and birds
• Contaminants:- Contaminants that disintegrate, discolor, or corrode all types of objects, especially reactive and
porous materials. This includes gases (such as pollution, ozone, formaldehyde, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide), liquids
(such as plasticizers, grease), and solids (such as dust, soot, salt).
• Light Levels:- Light levels including both ultraviolet radiation and visible light. Ultraviolet radiation disintegrates,
fades, darkens, and/or yellows the outer layer of organic materials and some coloured inorganic materials. Visible
light fades or darkens the outer layer of paints and wood. Incorrect temperature that can be too high causing
gradual disintegration, discolouration or embrittlement of organic materials; too low causing embrittlement, which
results in fractures of paints and other polymers; or fluctuating causing fractures and delimitation in brittle, solid
materials.
• Incorrect Temperature :- Fluctuations in temperature also cause fluctuations in relative humidity. Incorrect relative
humidity that can be damp, causing mold and corrosion, or above or below a critical value, hydrating or
dehydrating some minerals and corroding metals that contain salts or cause embrittlement of other materials.
• Incorrect Relative Humidity:- Organic materials will gradually disintegrate, become brittle or discolour, especially
materials that are chemically unstable at any RH level. Fluctuating RH will shrink and swell unconstrained organic
materials, crush or fracture constrained organic materials, cause layered organic materials to delaminate and/or
buckle, and loosen joints in organic components. NPS Museum Handbook,Part I (2012) Preservation: Getting
Started
CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
Cleaning and maintenance of museums is really important for the preservation of Artefacts.
• Dust is the one of the most common forms of pollution. There are several problems that can be
encountered by dust, since it can build up quickly.
• It absorbs moisture so can create a humid environment in a small, confined area. Can be gritty and
therefore abrasive when rubbed from an object. It attracts and harbours pests. Can absorb, carry
pollutants and cause staining. It can collect in pockets and cause physical damage to objects through
distorting their shape and causing cracks
• Pest control is also very important for the preservation.
• Provisions need to be made for vacuum cleaners, in terms of electrical points as well as storage.
• Creating an environment which can resist entry of dust is important, especially in areas used to store
historic, delicate artefacts.
• Regulated are movement into the sensitive areas of the museum would help avoid dust getting into the
space.
• Air Conditioning Ducts need to be well maintained. Air purifiers help in maintaining indoor air quality and
also regulate dust.
• Carpets to be avoided, as they usually hold onto a lot of dust. Wet or damp mopping of floors helps get
rid of dust, hence proper drainage of water in all spaces must be addressed.
SUSTAINABILITY
MUSEUM DESIGN
 CONTENTS

8.1 INTRODUCTION
• SUSTAINABILITY… ..................................... 8.1.1
• PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY… ...................... 8.1.2

8.2 SUSTAINABILITY IN DESIGN

• SUSTAINABLE SITE PLANNING.......................... 8.2.1
• FLORA AND FAUNA....................................... 8.2.2
• SOLAR ENERGY… ...................................... 8.2.2

8.3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• ENERGY CONSERVATION… .......................... 8.3.1
• WATER CONSERVATION… ........................... 8.3.3
• HEAT ISLAND EFFECT… ................................. 8.3.4

8.4
• QUALITY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT… ................ 8.4.1
• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS… ........................ 8.4.1
• REFERENCES… ....................................... 8.4.2
INTRODUCTION
• Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings
by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the ecosystem at
large. This process covers environmental sources, starting from the design, implementation, construction,
materials, maintenance, renovation, until the deconstruction of the building.
• Sustainable buildings should metaphorically ‘tread lightly on the Earth’ by minimising the environmental
impacts associated with their construction, their life in use and at the end of their life.
• Culture forms and holds humanity’s deepest values, attitudes, and actions. Sustainability asks people to
adapt at a cultural level, changing their beliefs and behaviour.
• Museums have a unique role to establish and promote a culture of sustainability. "In their role as places of
authority and keepers of culture, museums have unequalled power and responsibility to model and to teach
the methods of preserving ourselves, our planet and our cultural resources“.

AIMS OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN:

• Reduce the amount of energy
consumed (during construction
and use)
• Enhance material recyclability
and component reuse
• maximize sustainable use of
renewable materials
• Extend product durability where
appropriate
• Building interior spaces should
be responsive to outdoor
environment.
Principles of Sustainability:
 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

• Observe and interact: By taking time to engage with nature we can design solutions that suit
our particular situation.
• Catch and store energy: By developing systems that collect resources at peak abundance, we
can use them in times of need.
• Obtain a yield: Ensure that you are getting truly useful rewards as part of the work that you are
doing.
• Apply self-regulation and accept feedback: We need to discourage inappropriate activity to
ensure that systems can continue to function well.
• Use and value renewable resources and services: Make the best use of nature's abundance to
reduce our consumptive behavior and dependence on non-renewable resources.
• Produce no waste: By valuing and making use of all the resources that are available to us,
nothing goes to waste.
• Use and value diversity: Diversity reduces vulnerability to a variety of threats and takes
advantage of the unique nature of the environment in which it resides.
• Use edges and value the marginal: The interface between things is where the most interesting
events take place. These are often the most valuable, diverse and productive elements in the
system.
• Creatively use and respond to change: We can have a positive impact on inevitable change by
carefully observing, and then intervening at the right time.
• Design from patterns to details: By stepping back, we can observe patterns in nature and
society. These can form the backbone of our designs, with the details filled in as we go.
• Integrate rather than segregate: By putting the right things in the right place, relationships
develop between those things and they work together to support each other.
• Use small and slow solutions: Small and slow systems are easier to maintain than big ones,
making better use of local resources and producing more sustainable outcomes.
SUSTAINABLE SITE PLANNING: Impervious Surfaces are Storm water quantity & quality is
Site Selection is environmentally minimised. considered.
responsible. • Limit ground water recharge • Best management practices –
• Limit development within / on – • Increase pollutant load Rain gardens / bio retention
o 100 yards flood plain • Increase runoff o Landscape islands
o Prime farmlands • Create heat inland effect o 4-10’ + between parking rows
o 100’ of wetlands • Minimise parking areas – o 8-10’ for double loaded
o 50’ high quality of water o Zoning code min or less
bodies
o Incorporate compact car
o Habitat of endangered or spaces when possible
threatened species
o Reduce lane size
• Select previously developed sites • Planting in & around parking
– grey fields & brown fields areas • Landscaping is water efficient &
• Select sites that encourage • Green roofs. active.
• Use of public transport. • Pervious paving options: • Limit potable water use
o Pervious pavement o Use native species
• Building Orientation is optimised.
o Pervious concrete o Place landscape areas to
• Energy saving of 25% + receive runoff
o Permeable pavers
• 8 degree can make significant o Use captured rainwater
difference o Grass pave system
o Shade large hardscapes
• Elongate on EW axis o Shade buildings in summer; allow
• Maximise NS exposure for day sunlight in during winter
lighting • Place to filter & clean stormwater
• Minimise EW facing windows o Raingarden in parking areas
• Orient most populated areas to N o Bioretention rather than
&S Site Disturbance is minimised. retention ponds
Grading & Slope:
oParking – 2%
oDrives – 2 – 8%
oVegetated slope – 3:1 or less
oPervious pavements – 0-5%
 Nature (Flora and Fauna) Solar energy

• As the pressure on land grows globally, it is

important to recognise the value of natural
environments. Nature contributes towards satisfying
basic human needs and improving human quality of
life in many ways.
• It plays a part in purifying our water and air, and
helps moderate global and local climate by providing
cooling, shading and shelter from winds.
• Natural environments affect people at a
psychological and physical level.
• Protecting the ecosystems and the biodiversity
they support is as important as protecting truly
natural landscapes unaffected by humans. The loss
of an ecosystem would mean the extinction of
specific plant and animal species and a reduction in
the biodiversity.
• Originally developed for energy requirement –
The main aim of a sustainable design or environment is Solar Power – has expanded in recent years for
to protect the existing ecosystems and the potential our domestic and industrial needs.
for developing new natural environments. • Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight
The links between a development site and other natural and converting it into electricity.
environments should also be considered. • This is done by using solar panels, which are
large flat panels made up of many individual
solar cells.
• It is most often used in remote locations,
although it is becoming more popular in urban
areas as well.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of
energy required to provide products and services.
• For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and
maintain a comfortable temperature.
• Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy and are
high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy.

• Save up to 30% energy consumption in the

residential buildings and 40% in commercial
buildings by integrating energy efficient design
• Energy efficient design using climate responsive
techniques in buildings can achieve thermal and
visual comfort levels at low energy costs (EPI
@25kWh/m2-yr for non-air-conditioned and
140kWh/m2-yr for air-conditioned buildings)
• Eco-friendly transportation on-site using electric
vehicles results in 10 times cheaper running
costs and 40% lower O&M costs in a span of 3
years as compared to petrol vehicles
• Institutional buildings adhering to ECBC
provisions related to the Hyderabad climate, can
save up to 50% of their annual energy
requirement
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Various Methods To Achieve An Passive Cooling
Energy Efficient Building
Passive cooling is the least expensive
For Hot and dry climate: (Hyderabad) means of cooling
a home in both financial and
• Orientation: Longer walls of building environmental terms.
should face North & South so that the
building gets minimum solar exposure. Some level of passive – cooling is
• Pressure balance for improved air required for every climate at some
circulation. time of the year.
• Daylighting As cooling requirements are dictated by climate, distinctly
• Improved insulation different approaches to passive cooling are required for:
• Efficient HVAC systems • Hot humid climates: where no heating is required.
• Energy efficient lighting • Temperate and warm climates: where both heating and
• Proper roof coating systems ,etc. cooling are required.
• Cool and cold climates: where heating needs are more
important.
Use of passive cooling techniques in buildings for Hyderabad’s
climate, like evaporative cooling, passive downdraft cooling,
thermal storage, night cooling, courtyard planning, earth air
tunnel systems help in achieving thermal comfort
 WATER CONSERVATION

Rainwater harvesting: Waste Management

• Rainwater harvesting can save upto • Segregation of wastewater (grey & black) at source can
30% water demand for a 4 member save upto 45% of water demand in individual residential
household residing in a building with a buildings
roof area of 100 sqm in Hyderabad • Wastewater recycling and reuse can save upto 60% of
• Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating water demand in apartment complexes, residential layouts,
and storing of rainwater for reuse
before it reaches the aquifer. townships, institutional buildings and other large
• It has been used to provide drinking neighbourhoods
water, water for livestock, water for • Use of efficient fittings and pressure restrictors can save
irrigation, as well as other typical uses. >30% of water consumption
• It can supplement the subsoil water • Water conserving practices can reduce the landscape
level and increase urban greenery. water requirement by upto 60% in your premises
• Water collected from the ground, • Adherence to site contours and integrated approach to
sometimes from areas which are
especially prepared for this purpose, is SUDS in neighbourhoods can reduce on-site storm water
called storm water harvesting runoff by 40%
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT:
An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or
metropolitan area that is significantly warmer
than its surrounding rural areas due to human
activities.

Strategies and Technologies

• Trees and Vegetation - Increasing tree and vegetation cover lowers surface and air temperatures by
providing shade and cooling through evapotranspiration. Trees and vegetation can also reduce
storm water runoff and protect against erosion.
• Green Roofs - Growing a vegetative layer (plants, shrubs, grasses, and/or trees) on a rooftop
reduces temperatures of the roof surface and the surrounding air and improves storm water
management. Also called “rooftop gardens” or “eco-roofs,” green roofs achieve these benefits by
providing shade and removing heat from the air through evapotranspiration.
• Cool Roofs - Installing a cool roof – one made of materials or coatings that significantly reflect
sunlight and heat away from a building – reduces roof temperatures, increases the comfort of
occupants, and lowers energy demand.
• Cool Pavements - Using paving materials on sidewalks, parking lots, and streets that remain cooler
than conventional pavements (by reflecting more solar energy and enhancing water evaporation) not
only cools the pavement surface and surrounding air, but can also reduce storm water runoff and
improve night time visibility.
• Smart Growth - These practices cover a range of development and conservation strategies that help
protect the natural environment and at the same time make our communities more attractive,
economically stronger, and more livable.
QUALITY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
• Segregation of waste at source and treating organic waste on-site can reduce its collection upto 30%
• Effective recycling and reuse of construction waste for building activities on-site can reduce burden on
landfill by upto 40%
• Preserving existing vegetation on-site wherever possible helps in reducing heat island effect and cost
savings through reduced maintenance
• Use of fly ash in building components can reduce the usage of cement by upto 25% for various construction
activities
• Conserving the ecological and geological formations on-site and integration by sensitive design wherever
possible can help in retaining natural heritage of Hyderabad
• Use of low energy/recycled and locally available materials help in reducing stress on fossil fuels, non-
renewable natural resources, transportation and other related costs

DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
 REFERENCES
• http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/364430/5461758/1264099091933/Daylighting+Museums+Guide.pdf?toke
n=GRH2MYPN8lDxScUlYs7NE3XmeUk%3D
• http://www.iar.unicamp.br/lab/luz/ld/Arquitetural/Museus/manuais/Museum%20And%20Gallery%20Lighting.pdf
• http://www.hmda.gov.in/ebgh/benefits.html
• http://www.hmda.gov.in/ebgh/benefits.html#one
• http://www.teriin.org/ResUpdate/reep/ch_1.pdf