SHEN vite per the New Revised Syllabusroy Wjeriacademic year 2016-2017 i MAAC oa tou tule ao Us(es72 1) D, ” HuDear Students, ‘We are extremely happy to come out with tis frst edition of “Calculus” (Semester If for you. This book is based on the new syllabus prescribed by the Mumbai University for F-Y.B.Se.(Compater Science) students from academic year of 2016-2017. The chapters have] been arranged ina proper sequence to ensure stmooth flow ofthe subject ‘A large number of solved examples have been included with complete solution and many examples are provided for practice. ‘We are thankful to the staff members of Tech-max Publications and others for their| efforts to make this book as good as it is. We have made every possible efforts to eliminate all, the errors in this book. However if you find any, please let us know, because that will to improve further. We are also thankful to our family members and friends for patience and| encouragement. Authors goa B.Sc, (Computer Science) Periods per week (1 Period is 50 minutes) Credits valuation System TH!" Examination Internal Syllabus Details Derivatives and Its Applications : fa function, continuity of a func 1g And Applications: Analys Relative Extrema; Graphit Cusps and Vertical Tangents. Absolute Maxima and Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems, Newton's Method. Integration And Its Applications : ‘An Overview of the Area Problem, Indefinite Integral, Definition of Area as a Limit; Sigma Notation, Definite Integral, Evaluating Definite Integrals by . Area Between Two Curves, Length of a Plane Curve. Numerical Integration: Sis tule. Modeling with Differential Equations, Separation of Variables, Slope Ficlds, Euler's Method, First- Partial Derivatives And Its Applications = Functions of Two or More Variables Limits and Continuity Partial ferentials, and Local Linearity, Chain Gradients, Tangent Planes and Normal, ‘Vectors, Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables.UNIT (Chapter 1 : Derivative and its Applications. 1101-50 Syllabus. Review of Functions, limit ofa function, continuity of a function, derivative function. Derivative 'n Graphing And Applications: Analysis of Functions: Increase, Decrease, Concavity, Relative Extrema; Graphing Polynomials, Rational Functions, Cusps and Vertical Tangants. Absolute Maxima and Minima, lied Maximum and Minimum Problems, Newton's Method. Syllabus Tople: Review of Functions. Y Syllabus Topie : Continuity of a Functia.. 1.3. Continuity ofa Function at a Point. 144 Examples based On Dfferenisbliy Syllabus Tope: Rational Functions, 15 Desvatives of Rational Functions... © Spllbas Tople# C78 PP catcuns 2.s2- Comp mv) + Vertical Tangeats. Vertical Tangents os Examples based on Vertical Tangent. 18 Asympote.. 18 PO}YOOMAS ns Example based on Graphing Polynomials. Y Syllabus Topic : Absolute Maxima and Minima, 1L14 Absolute Maxima and Mini.2103 Examples based on Numerical Integration: Simpson ¥ —Syllabus Tople: Modeling with Differential Equations. 2.11 Modeling with Differential Equations nun 211.1 Procedure to solve the Above Differential Equation 2.11.2 Example based on Modeling with Differential Equations ¥ —Spllabus Topic: Fist Order Differential Equations and Applicat 215 First Onder Linear Differential Equations su 2.16 Application of First Order Linear Differential Equation, 2.16.1 Newion’s Law of Cooling... 2162. The Logistic Mode... 2.163 The Malthsian Model 264 (Chapter 3: Partial Derivatives And Its Applications. 34110338 | ‘Syflabus Functions of Two or More Variables Limits and Continuity Partial Derivatives, Ditferentabilty, Diterontals, and Local Lineaty, Chal Rue, Directional Derivatives and Gradients, Tangent ‘Planes and Normal, Vectors, Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables. _Spllabus Topic: Functions of Two or More Variables. von 6S (Br caus (52 compu) 6 Syllabus Topic Differentials and Local Linearity. Linearization ofPE coos 1:5c-Conp-M) z 3.62.1. Examples based on Gradient Vectors. 3.64 Properties of Gradient Vector : 3464.1 Examples based on Properties of Gradient Vector. 365 Application of Partial Detivaties eer 365.1 Example based on Applications of Paral Derivatives. Syllabus Topic : Tangent Panes and Normal ‘Tangent Planes and Normal Lines toa Surface 37.1 Examples based on Tangent Planes and ‘Syllabus Topic : Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables O ero Derivative and Its Applications ‘Syllabus Topic : Review of Functions 1.1_Review of Functions 4.4.1 Definition spondence which assigns 10 led the Image of a, under the function f, alled the pre-Image of under the function f. all b € B which have a pre-image in set A, is called the Range of the 1.1.2. Composite Function '@. Define composite function, "A Band g : B > C be functions then we can define the composition of g and fDuman wnt etry [Domai f= domsin of and co-domai of got = co-damain fg. Pet 1.43 Clanton o Functions tere em eat dts ees eu ‘Syiabes Topi init of s Fonction 412 Limit ofa Function + Lean peel conning spa func Fs» eel umber" a be ami eto as -topracies if ran €> 0380 sacha bree Octal e810) ae 0 ene See nok o Socket oe os ecru eer » Meee SOIT soe 0 teeta Senin sen _ meaty vsamincet Nei tats TOO ene rine uncon fray 6 A, be cco rs fucion 'V ye BSG A Nest mtn if and nly one oe as Nate: (0) Weeserete ini esa ia (2) Tedetiion ays tat ear tot et ton (0) Thescleion ote value a5 depends pon the vale ane (4) Teter) std by Staton stave 12.1 Example bated on Limit ofa Function PL 1212 Vag the dfn prow io) 23 ab =, where Re = +3, © >be nny to fat > Och at cle 81< 8-911) -251<6 Conir, Ma)=23t = 14x4a~201 aes = Nae aladin st Mo-Bieessiesice ie tnaste€ sing = eget tim Oete-s16-1H0)-BIee wm gy =Bewmseseccompmy bettas pkey a _ “Syllabus Topic : Continuity of a Function , eee + tise (9 0 $ atx=p oD 1.3 _ Continulty of a Function at a Point PB cates (8:5e- comp MU) ive, we have 7 lim 4)=f(p) 1O = yop” xp 1.4.2 Lefthand and Right Hand Derivatives of f 1.4.2.1. Definition {@.__Define et hand and ight and derivative of funciton with example, Let Fbe a function from I> R, where Lis an open interval and p be the point in R. 9) =f) and Ten tis sido be continuous x= b it (x pp $ED=AOD is cate ft and derivative at andi denoted by lim | wp > fa) =f) | Eat tim f= A pig) = yin. “We “13:1 Examples based on Continuity of a Function = , Bx 131: Diseuss the continaty o 9) == in 0,7) @ xp s called right hand derivative a and itis denoted by Soln.: Since the denominator becomes 20 at x7 in the interval (0,7) lim | fix) «Fis not defined atx =7 | Dip) = sop’ x=P Heda at27 | oe ey = im, See SEDO lm anette | ‘The function fis said to be differentiable at p iff ore D{f(p~) and D fip*) both exists and they are equal ic. D fip~) =D fip*) 44 DervativeotaFunctionataPont 144. Definition lability of a Function at The End Points of The Closed Interval 1.4.3.1 Definition {Q.__Detne iferentiabty ofa funcional he end points wih example. ‘Let be a fonction from Ito R ie. £1 R where lis an open k is eee apes ‘open interval p isthe point is L ae ‘exists then we can say that the function f is differentiable or derivable at p and the shove lin ; a ara ‘and te above limit is known as derivative of function £ WO =1'2 be the function from [a, b} to R. (1) Fis said to be differentiable at ‘aifpore Derivative and Its Applications owingse-cmpmy 18 a ete Diet) =. sae @) Fis sid tobe differents lim Iw) = sists they are called as derivative off at ‘a' and “b (0) respectively. 1.44 Examples based On Differentiablity Be Lat: Lett: RR, f(x) =sinx ‘Show that, is differentiable V pe R = ot HDaDH Id — “Syllabus Topic : Rational Functions: 4.5 _ Derivatives of Rational Functions a 2017=14 suppose fan fare bh difeenable fonctions. Let (x) = 2 Then a all pins where a) #0 fix) fo F Tim h@sk=no) _ lim pOe+K)~ 25) Y@= x50 kT k40 K ves, frexampl £2) =! ande'@)==22 ee ees Lee gee ass aD gta te Ag tH 422 OR dy =—31x4+88 Syllabus Topic : Cusps and where the (wo wom, iy gon [ Set H=He ] = im eat opposite sides of = x . e720 G the point on the curye where the br: a common: “ = 80). tangent point. The branches ae also.on opposite sides of the tangent. a+ W)—(H Tim gx +k) 26 Fore ile: | S2*W=20)) _ +h) 260 Foto BEE] = 00 SoM ny ae tim oy ' and 50 BODE +B = 8) Py etx += a6) Bt0) = Putting everything together in equation (1.5.1), we have wy = O£0=109.2'9 a result is known as quotient rule Example Suppose f(x) = $2*3 then A d Fig. L6.1, Cx- HF GR +5)-(4x4 52 Gx-4) t@ = = ox is gol | | 5 Sometimes they are also called as vertical cusps because they look like itis going 4Gx- 4-344 double back on itself. In this case the graph is infinite. However, not all graphs are = Gx = infinite that shows signs of a cusp. This is not a cusp. (Fig. 1.6.2) DONT =Fig. 16.2 -————— Syllabus Topic : Vertical tangents aR oo 1.7 __Vertical Tangents ld be an appropriate side limit, See Example 1.7.1) satisfied, the vertical line x = a isa tangent line of the curve =f) atthe point 1.7.1 Examples based on Vertical Tangents Ex-17.1: Find all the points on the graph y = x'*— x where the tangent line Is either horizontal or vertical Soln. : . We first observe the domain of f(x) = x'?— x jorizontal tangent lines ‘occur when y’ = 0 and vertical tingent lines occur wi bove are satisfied, we should compute the derivative. 23773," We te ek la iar eae Bern os Therefore, when x=4, y’= he (5. 13} nts ities eat 07 @) 20,5 =e) vertical tangent line at (0, 0), 0 and soy = f(x) has a horizontal tangent line | *S where nt Tine is elther x.1.72+ Find all the points onthe graph y = “773 where the tange horizontal or vertical Soin. — = sss C1, 0. Since horizontal tangent lines We frst observe the domain offs) = Ey is @ 1,2 Ex. 1.7.3: Find all the points on the graph y =2J4—x' where the tangent line is elther horizontal or vertical jee* The above figures represents the concept of limit at infinity. There are many ways by ‘which the graph of function y = f(x) can approach tothe line y= I foreach graph (at far right or at * curve, tends to zero when x oF y or both tend to infinity. In particular, the line y = Vis called horizontal Asymptote of the curve y = f(x) if either sim tim roe) = FoR Hm 1.8.1 Examples based on Asymptote f@)=1 Ex Lat: ied the asymptote of the function £3) = Sor" Sir—T3-+8 4 | ‘Thus the function approaches the line y ='5 ey eee eee (eles?) lim axtezst—tae9 | tim UVR ee ___Hewey=5 Bae 1 | Ex 18.2: Find the asymptote of the function f(x) = Soln. : Given | y= f= | | | | 1 Here by taking the larger values of x we have x nearest to zero retDetvave ands Aorkey_ | Pokey Agere 20 ‘Ths x-axis is a horizontal asymptote of the 1 carey! The graph of the function y = 2 is as follows Alsowe ve in tin ra0Y = 35055 “Se ismot the number, We cannot say that the limit does exist, 1 ‘Thus we have'y that can be very large by taking x close to 0, Inthis case we say that x = 0 is an asymptote for the function y = + #: wecall x= 0.asa vertical Asymptote. ates tasavertat Asmmptole Ex 183: Find the asymptotes of the function y =: ~ > con: (+1 +27 j Given Ms As x o- 2 yo-e Bg Te eats | 9” Ga | > gaa ota | xe 5 x30 ‘og rd)e( 2) Hee) Also re —__ I 41) (K+ ~ i i _ lim 1 a T 2 Xa00 (7) =O ede "Tag Ths, =0 ia borane esynpite PBT cates case comp. Muy ‘Syllabus Topic : Derivative In Graphing and Applications : Analysis Of Functions : Increase, Decrease, Concavity, Relative Extrema 41.9. The Derivation In Graphing and Applications 1.9.1 Summary oe eS ‘+ Then, intends to some of the many uses of derivatives. For example, derivatives can be used to find the roots of functions. This is the primary motivation behind Newton's Method, In motion problems where a position function describes the location of an object or @ particle, the derivatives of the position function have special meanings such as the ‘velocity and acceleration ofthe particle. Derivatives also find their way into many application problems where certain quantities either need to be maximized or minimized. Because derivatives can be used to find the cextzeme points of function, they can be instrumental in optimizing quantities in many application problems. is increasing or decreasing ive extrema, and points of inflection of a function. To find the maximizing or minimizing values application problems. 1.9.2 Graphing With f” Procedure to draw the graph. (1). Find the points where the graph crosses the x-axis and y-axis respectively Le. x and y intercepts. Find the points where {” (x) is negative, positive and zero. (4) Construct the table of funetion values and slopes. (8) Plot the points and us information about sign of f(x) to complete the sketch. 20 17-1.9.3 Examples based on Graphing With t” Bx. 1.9.1: Draw the graph of y= 4-33" +x" For yintercep putx =0 y = 4-30)+0° yea intercept is 4 (sy = ~6x4+3x° = 3x@-2) ) = G-2)>0 > 0 amt (6-2) 0 r>0 md x32 = x2 2f@ > 0 for x > Case) if 3x <0 and (x-2) <0 ie r x62 + {> 0 enateto ++ The function is increasing for x >2 and x <0 Le, @,) and 2,0) ©) +) = 3x(K-2)<0 Cue if 3x <0 and x-2) > 0 er) and x > 2 Which is not possible (@) Increases in (2, ce) and (~ ©, 0) Decreases in = |e BheloEx 192: a) = 6 ~ 24x - 9x + 23° find the intervals on which the function fy, Increasing and decreasing if (+1) >0 and (x-4)>0 ie. x>-1 and x>4. S333 Fig. P.19.2(a) +The function increase in (~,—1) ETE am erin rca Fig. P1920) eRe Seweermditene | wr Sex | Calcul (8.80 Case) | 1.10 _Increasing and Decreasing Functions (@. _Esplain increasing and decroasinghuncSons with stable exaireos. Applications of calculus depend upon the fact whether we ean get dhe information about * tye Fig. 1.102 We can tere hh ne eprseing he finn y= is ering as we fe observe that x, and x, are any (wo numbers between a and b. canes Stays ‘We observe that curve representating the function y = g(x) is increasing as we move frome tod. We observ and xare any two numbers between ¢ and d f(x,) must be satisfied V pair of numbers x, and x, in with x, x, 2 the inequality f(x;) < f(x.) must be satisfied V pirat oumbers m5 and x, iat 3. A function is said to be monotonic in an interval Ii tis ink 4. Consider the real valued functions. Y= @) andy=g(x) defined as follows R where, ) = 2x 8:10,3) +R, where 20) = 1, =x xe 11,3) ‘We represent the above functions graphically as follows ening ei | | t 1)=1, xe (1,3) and a4 Fig. 1105 Fig. L104 fe see that for any two valueifnumbers xy, Xin [0, 3] if x 0, Vxe(@b) >o =P mNPODerivative and its Applications fa) > fix) when, 0 = [G-3)>Oand (+3) >0) or (x -3) <0 and (x +3) <0] = [> 3andx>~3] % function fis increasing V x€ (—=,~3)UQ, =) For decreasing = 3) (+3) <0 SU ~3)> O and (x +3) <0) or (e-3) <0 and (x +3)>0] > [x>3 and x <~3) orfx <3 and x >—3] But x>3 and x>~3 isnot possible. X<3 andx>-323-3 > x<-2 i.e f(x) is decreasing VWxe (2-2) ‘Show that the function f(x) =x°+ 9x" + 30x + 7 is always increasing ‘We know that a function f(x) is increasing if f(x) >0 fix) = 49x + 30K +7; 2 £49) = 3x4 18x+30 vreR vreR WreR v¥reR 7 WreR fa real nuinber is always a non-negative (positive Iways increasing function, “(+320 1.11 _Test For Concavity Find for what values of x the curve y = x" — 6x’ + 12x" + 5x +7 ls concave upward and downward y = X60 612045047 ype taterne FE = oles rss(Br cates 2.82 Comp-MU) ‘s a a) <0 = ease 424 <0 > 64-% <0 ie Gam <0 | 1 1 3x42 < Die. (x <0 ie 1 5 = 1) >O and (x-2) <0} (<1 andx>2) or (> 1nd <2) ——————————— Butx <1 and x>2 is not possible | “Syllabus Topic : Relative Extrema a i Topic Rae es 2B com xotandxe? ie forxe (12) 142 Relative Extrema 1 | + The curve concave downwards ifx>3- ++ The curve concave downwards in (I, 2) ‘The curve concave upwards if£(x)>0 (Explain elatve extrema in datas with sutable example, dy From algebra we Know that neeaing lines have a Bro x+2) > 0 @-2) > 0 : 2)< 0) or (x 1) > and (x -2) > 0} ie. (&<1and x <2) or (x> 1 and x>2) x<1 or x>2 &y 1.12.1 Definition of IncreasingDecreasing Functions Boge > 0D x>QorxO same way a function i sid ‘The curve concave upward inthe interval (= 1) and (2, =). to decrease on an interval where {”(x) <0. When f(2) = 0 there is neither an increase + For what values of x the curve y = 's concave downwards and wi ei itis concave upwards Saree ome eh of the tangent line is positive and f(x) <0 is negative, Note: {(x) > 0 actually means that the ‘means thatthe slope of the tangent 2_ a 2 ay yew teas Seen Tecare come wait fnton ela enema eave mas iin, hen wl x at ao rca xeemum cn nate steam eae oa ivan lower point in the entire domain of the function. 1.12.2 Rolative Extrema of a Function | je, 6-2) > 0 ie, 1-2K > 0 1 1.12.3 First Derh (FOT) ie toms ie goa ie xed | Lette sel rin oa oon and et (8 eae a neal he ans “ ‘The curve concave upwards if x <4 | us cH |pose for a f(x) for all xis 1Remark. mum and maximum of 2 fortion onan interval ae called the ext The mini ‘ coxexteme ofthe function onthe interval, ‘Afanctionnced not havea minimum or maximum on an interval examples fis) = as nei maximum or minimum on open interval (0,1, Similarly, (x) =3° has nether any maximum nor any minimum va wooorre icine : f fa)=x,x€ 00 fis « continuous function defined on a closed and bounded interval (a, b], then fs both a maximum and a minimum value on the interval (a, b). This is called the extrem) value theorem. ‘We us the following graph for further discussion, FEET coteuus (8 5e- Compu) 1.14.2 Definition of Local Maximum {@. Define local maximum and cal minimum wih example. ned on an intervals I. fis said to have local maximum at ‘number b such that for each x € I for which ¢—h0 | 4 The function has oa nina, | Tee function has | Local masini atx =~ 1 and Local minima atx =0,—2. | Ex. 1142: Find points of ocal extrema at f(x) =3°— 8x + 20x" 24x 4 1 Soin, : Given: x) = x 82° 42052441 ‘san polynomial and continuously differentiable 2G) = 4240 + 4x24Derivative ands Apptcatn| For0Sx$2n. <2 The tical point are m 3n RS 202 x=8 £G) = ~2sin2x +e0sx 4G) = ~Soon2e—siax Box-B .wheresin B=} a 2608 20 = 1-2 sin? = -448sinx—sing f(@) = -4-sinx+8 sin? 1B) = -4-sinB+s fi Pens peagy ‘Ex LIGA; Find the local extremum values ofthe fancion1@)=xlogx Soin: Given: = x-logx rane 2 0 2d £@) = 1+logx ‘equating this with zero for critical points ie. = Lelogx = 0; 2 loge = -1 ‘Applying exponential function on both sides 1 axet togx+ dog 2 x=x-44 Q0gx)-1 SG) = Lelogx: + The function has lea! minimum at x= and the minimum value is 1) 2 4 (1) 4 (2) = Z10(2)=L00¢1-keo = The ‘eon bas el mibiowm a and oan valves (=!) (Eh caus .82- Comp. mu) a1142 =15 egy = I? A co -.has a maximum value atx =B.(B=sin"()) sx = (4 saponin £ Gi x2 (= in +8 sin’ (% )=-4—-1+8(1) =3>0 (3) = -s-sns ast ($)=—4-1 eat) «3 ; 2 fhe anieum etna ax = E sapinotbel anima, es eee in? 4s £° (RB) = —4-sin (xB) +8 Gin’ (-B))=—4~ 447g oe) x 4st imam ve ax=2f sx = Sisapitotoe ina, [BE LAEST bide ic be 10 to fo pars ah at ee pro ana — SELTRS Disa ewer oo fo a we a I Twa fain: TReiven ers. Tn stec pl een bth erp (8) = 100x-3° 2 @) = -2= 100-2x=0 = 50 Forx = 50, = -2<0 Soln.: ‘The given number is 100, [Let x be the one part ofthe number and y be the other part. aRty = 10 0 y= 100-x (100 x)" = x°-+ 100-200 x +x" = 27-200 + 100 = 4x-200 and res 4 = 0; 4-20 =0 4x = 200 x= 50 Forx = 50, £(50) = 430 + fis minimum at x=50 ty = 50; ny = 50 + A metal wire at 72 em lon its area is maximum. Soln. : ‘Let the length and breadth ofa rectangle be and b. + Perimeter of rectangle = 2(1+ 6) =72 cm, 4b = 36-18=18¢m ‘Ths he area a the rectangles maximum when length = breadth = 18, Ex 1.146: Divide 100 into two parts such that sum at their square is minimum, ig Is bent to form a rectangle. Find dimensions whe A) 1.15 Absolute Extreme Values (2. _ Explain abtoto extrema in deal wih example. 8 exacily what we mean by absolute maximum and minimum values. imum ata point cif f (c) f(x) for all x in domain D led the absolute maximum value. OR ‘A function f has an absolute minimum ata point cif f (c) < f(x), forall x in a domain p at the function f. The value f() is called the absolate minimum value. 1.15.2. Absolute Extreme Values For a Continuous Function Defined on a Closed Interval ‘maximum or minimum at a continuous function, on a ' theorem it occurs at a critical point or it occurs at end + If we have to find an ab closed interval, then by Fe We use the fol 1. Find the values of the function fat the end points ofthe interval. 2. Find the critical poinis (stationery points) in the interval. Also find the values of f rng steps for absolute extreme value al these critical points, 3. ‘The largest atthe values from the above steps isthe absolute maximum value ; the smallest at these values is the absolute minimum valves. 1.15.3 Examples based on Absolute Extreme Values Determine fx) = x2 —4x in (0,2) ite extrema for the function As f(x) =x°— 4x is a polynomial function onR is continuously differentiable everywhere fix) = 4x = 2-4 Vxe@,2) = 032x-4=0 > Ux-2) = 0; 2 x-2=0 ane? We also calculate the values ofthe function fat the end points of the interval 0, 2 and at the critical point 2, But the end value and critical points value is same.| | Pe cxake ase- Cone MU 138 Derivative ans Apc. «| atx = 0, 0) = 0 atx = 2, f(2) . a x= 2 x<1 x21 axe 183 x>3, axel (ane a) Horizontal Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes 120, axso @ y=0 xsd] r<0 120 a xe0 xs2 x>2 a x=2 x<0 x20 eet x50 1>0 a x=0 Ditferentiabiity Exception everywhere 7 a “Ans: Increasing on 1, ») and decreasing on == 1) everywhere conn ‘Ans. Increasing on (~©,—2) U (0, =) and decreasing on (~2, 0) {3 +) Does not exist everywhere x23 | io) Dio+)=0 everywhere x29 | . 2 | PO +) =2 eeywiee sey. | easing 1 2 = Beomnebaaze 1 i 0)comp Mt) 245 1 = Ee a-2aito 5 si " | get yea -20) 4g VE VT-* ne area by the Limit . par fe-2049 Na Find the reglon bounded by the gra ped the graph fx) =, sertical lines x= O and x= 1, as shown in Fig Pe.a, "(M3 and the ONES sit @ pat Examples based on Area By the Limit Denton -x4C From Equation (1) nd @) re 4{4o-20s0"" fetyex} 2 t{4 = 2 (fae (1-29) si fx} -x+C Syllabus Topic : Definition of Area as a Limit eo 2 we 24 Definition of Area as a Limit lem Fi P2AL [ef be coniauous and non-negative on the interval (a, b]. The area of the ria touded by the graph of function fhe x-axis and the verical lines x = and x = bis negative and continuous on the interval (0,1), Making partion ofthe aay Fig. 241 ‘The width of the subimervalis Ax = x, x, So, the rea of region is 4+216 Intograton and its a region bounded by the graph of (4) = 4 —y# Tand x= 2asshown in Fig. P.242, * rag Find the area of the Bes ae vertical lines x= ty=4-e ‘Fig. P.24.2 som: Given he funtion fs continuous and (x) 2 0 Le. non-negative on intra (3 sing te prt ofthe interval int‘! sbineval, each of width Ax = °=#=2=1,1 By choosing the right end point A, = atidt=l+in (* suas) %, - ‘eat ofthe eion bounded by the pap of (4) = 4 22 is 3 . cong: MU) 2a7 (comm 0S Com: — = | Find the area of the graph bounded by the = ‘ Bets Dest. {729 of) =" and yan fr Fig. F243 ann Given Fis continuous and f(x) 2 0 on (0, 1}, by partitioning the interval (0, Vinton | 1 subitervals, each of width Ay = | By choosing upper endpoints x} => pea = tin E e(styay= tim. 5 (2}(E ie 2 ose in = lim 4 ot hone) (* tsaa=9) The wea ofthe region bounded bythe graph) =i} Suman Fool SB .C=Cm C— constant peericea 2 ist EPMO DOn+1) 625 Sigma Notation er ages TORS : ais written 2S Ba = nent . oct index of summation, X bounds of summation ae and I For example Egy x = Ma) Be +0) + 10) BX fone 1. Ufsfistbeleftend poat isthe term ofthe sum and the pr, 5 Heonene((Sae 254 Example based on Sigma Notation Bx.251: Find area of repon ofthe graph ft) = 9x" over the interval (0,3) 8 0 tere is comesponding umber 6 > 0 such that forevey of fb] wit ple 8 and any choice of <> | Tin [x1] minf (b-a) < J f(x) dx ue 1-40) =1 the integral is now, . che te |! [atyinman = 1 furan $0" | c 3 ‘The substitution and converted limits are u=2t +17, du= (2+ 2t)dt (1 Yat =} do te-l 3 us-l t25 3 u=3s bere isthe integral, +024 ey a ax Fx 286: ie § J lta Hm, Sotn: ers the subtion and converted limits fr this problem eet, oe eo deb Xe -2 = us -3, xe-65us-11 5} = 5 749) ton)-5 ($-su3) eo aaa: J (e+ 20st) dy. Ex: o ain: Tis integrals needs 10 be split ito two integral since dhe 1* tem dose Sesion and the second does, Soest rei ws 2 on J te rzeoseyney= feay + | reoseyn ey d en) substitution and converte iis fr second tem, ose) Ses, ay =haa z yoo 30-0 y21R Suen ra 2 n [2 +2eostmpldy= forays? J cosuan Jie Jews? 3 a a oP Bian Paes? san 2 nocd ed seaas: | [an( ‘les ($)-seae-o]ae J ou(§Ja- [sano £ i 5 Putu = 5, du = 3 dt, dt = 2du tem Suen 20 su=0 Vs mt = dy = -dt dt = -dv 2015 temo ve2f 2017ation and Its Ape J [ese($)-semce-o]e a ° « . . = 6 fsinucay+s | cosdv=—6eos(e) | +5singy) | a ws a = 6-61-3986 tae tu =F tm 198) - in (70) ” ex 2810; f S2an 30 4, - Yivwecay Soin.: wu = 2+s0c(3t) du tam tems here isthe integral - 4 feGounny 1 fw 0 Pre ¥ Su = 24500 (Ws) =24y3 Su = 2esee (3) =4 2+") du = cosxdx =u = sinna=1 Su = sincm=0 putu = sinx, x= m2 1 (8) 60s (sin) dx = fecsudeasion I mnt 2 = 2 A a = -% ee =a oes w=2 erie © = 1/50 2 me do = o Jag = Fel-e%) — Syllabus Topic : Length of a Plane Curve ——_Suizbus Topic: Length of Plane Cove _— 28 Length of Plane Guve i oflincar segment ‘We can approximate the length ofa plane curve by adding up lene 2017 ‘etveen points on the curve x =Fe294 Fig. 292, AS, = litle bit of arc length da, = YFQ+e) oy Le ae = o0= =r Vf@ +a" is 21 = tk, (Ee Ls Nrrrta-h SB ‘The rectangular forms, use whichever of the following is easier. iB bm denislB) oy itxenyy, esysa lapeanexicfom se an, | Sala. ests eR wef wo aot Examples based on Length of a Plane Curve scannerinateotareottecinay=(2)?4(Sepemsetisen soln arclength = Ts,t,14 Gx tgege dx 2 [GE a] y = 64)-G-4)-0 T.292; Find the length of the curve in one period of the cyclold x = t sin & dm ci dsinet ae dt y=1~cos t. The values of trun from 0 to 2m. Ossine. ig F292 2017204 Integration ands Mio FG a » asf a = J YFeorr a (- sin$20, where 0 1) Nemec (-Aeosm)-(-4.c080)=444=8 E293: Determine the length parametric equation x =3 sin Soin: x=3sint, y=3eosh thisis ‘We can use the formula, teat b= TTA Fig, P2960) wy -[Wie ingen] 2017296 for s€ 10,4) pe287 Find the arc length ote carne ==" 1 € 10,4} son Syllabus Topics Numerical Integration : Simpson's Rule 2.10 _Numerical Integration ‘There are various rea ion ean be analytical might still not be the most efficient way of be very efficent since than the other numerical methods ‘We divide the area into n equal segments of width ax. The approximate area is given by the following, b ea = J faye [ = eeeee # FOAM NF tnt ty,) Fig 201 wean -write Simpson's rule by grouping itas follows : DALY Yat Y6+ Fro a= F td Oty t¥s+ ‘This gives us an easy way to remember Simpson's rule. 2 Ax Jc ax = Sf First + 4 (sum of odds) +2 (Sum of even’) + as) 210.2. Proof of Simpson’s Rule We consider the area under the general parabola. y = ax?+ bx +c, For easier algebra, we start atthe point (0, ,). tnd consider the area under the parabola between x =~ h tnd x= has shown (Note : Ax =h). » Wehave J (ax?+bx+6)dx « [Aa] tt fata] BP = Baw? +69 pra passes through (— h, ys), (O, yi) and (by ys). Substituting there x and y- into the general equation of our parabola, we get Mos = ah bh oe eerie Maz obtetn te = y,and2ah =p 29 +9 (yang Ian") 2 otya= 20Na2€ sar= yo AUehe/ — San tue = tu aah aatteee 4 From above,Integration ands Aptian, Botan ty) we an area of ng eo pererroeens) poets en een panos ay we ave 6 bint A= Nypeay t2ve tty t dyer hist 90 8 eager Bete) 2.10.3 Examples based on Numerical Integration : Simpson's Rule 4 Vive ax + Use Simpson's rule with n= 6 to estimate 35 | 4 i vias [5 aan [Ve ‘ j Tow dx = 9 (fi VTE +2 @) +4160 +28 + 41.875 +S) Views ax Flot ited ty - Sy @esrasrceyes 1 oteaayie207 = F040 27440) 64 = F233 Remark ‘Simpson's rules to puta parabola across ech par of subintervals so, n must be even F103: Using m = 4 and all Simpson’s rule to approxi 2 integral fe ax. é ce purposes, gives the following value for this integral. = 1645262776 a Incach ease the width of the subintervals will be, Ax = be, (0,05), 20.1 By Simpson's rl 2 “4. 2 JePar = Poy saysrytayey0 a Do Osc 2 gad ee = 17235362645 In this case we were able to determine the error for each estimate because we cou st ien this won’t be the case and so we would net ike to lost sible ertr in the estimate but it shoud aso be Printed out thatthe actual. ily smaller than te bound. ie) s Maat ‘where M is the largest derivative of the function f(x) 2017‘amis | seis | 6/18 = 73 sot [0875 | 0.930 ys | ys Ye J Yinxd = Soyssorentyd+20r490 +90 ° 28 6 (05167 +0707 +0875) +2(0.584 +0801) +0930) = 06st . 1 Ex.2105: Evaluate [1 defor n= 6>by Simpson's rule ° Soin: bes e000 Pe a =P ot we foe Fig P2105 Lig eB lire =F Wott 499 42014304 - + £ (Rs) +2 (ny) + £ (xy) + £ (QI) 5 ! 1 aya 3y (5 1+(3) 5) een oe re Syllabus Tople : Modeling with Diferentat Foust Err Teens 11 Modeling with Differential Equations equation to describe 8 phys led diffeerisleqaion | io active substances decay at arate ale meant time rate of change which QO) = Qo. that we have not expicty the proportionalty constant k unt Qs of the substance. These parameters can be given or found y= (eaotse eee iable equatiIntegration and its 1 procedure to solve the Above Ditferentil Equation 2st factors integration to be zero in this step. Weean take the constant Matiply both sides of % + px) =4 (8) of by H and express the result as Step 2+ ‘ Sov = 1a ‘Step3 the integra oblained in step (2) and then y. Be sure to include a co 2.11.2 Example based on Modeling with Diferential Equations ay ye x DULL Solve the dierent equation ty = Soin.: Compute P(x)=-1, Q()=e* Find integrate f wee a) [Now multiply Equation (1) othe original differentia equation ad ety ett doeryag i . deme Tntegrating both sides ofthis equation with respect tox we obtain ety = dee finally, solving for y yields the general solution, ye Sed ‘Syllabus Topic : Separation of Variables 2.12 _ Separation of Variables ._Eipl pacen of wpa ova wh ote wang. + ist onder equations ht ae exes inthe frm ‘ roe = gm) Such frstordr equation ar sid tobe separable. This names arises from he fact this equation canbe re-written in the differential form body = ganar | Gomes — x c= Comp-MU) 243 expression involving x appear on one si , which the expression inv ‘one side and those invo in Wing appear on of hi especie of KY) and (3), especialy MBI aad wedennave Jo) dy= Jes) dx Hg) = G@)+C = Integration constant. where Example based on Separation of Variables ‘on gqnunt: Soe the ferential equation $= —4y* Fig. P2121 tne cave for = — 49 for abitay conta By spain ve iin yes 1 \ fay = trae fora = fossee 1 -} = -28+c oY? Bee ae ®t "5.2122: Solve the differential equation (4y ~ cos 3) gq~38'=0 Sen: a ag y-cosyGe = 3x By separating variable and integrating yes (ay cos y) dy = 3x°dx | J(4y-cos yay = 3a dyr-siny = 2 +C 201Fig. P22 eee eee le Serena crs (:S6= Come) 245 pins: Save +e #09 +) (eae 7a) fe 53 gating aah nd ineratg bath sie (8, re = IRR eae loniy+b) = ton (RFA!) +g (HVT sag Biers waar sonedt eee wore eBec xsinx 22 sin hy Soin, : So, we can re-write the above differential equation. xsinxdx = 22 sinby dy Jrsinxde = 2fe'sinnydysc=2 foPS ay gc = fe-nase . dy. Ex.2123: Soe gt =: bs x(-coss)-Jccorn te = ye 2 ~xeosxtsinx = Foy 4c e~2y +2xcosx-2 sinx+C=0i8 ay & Ex 21247 Sole Yap are Vay x0 Shin: Re wrist tet enuton aan, Ver yp =? dx dy Faas le = 0 sit'x=sir'y = tion of differential equation dy > Be 2127: Solve (x-+ 1) Gr + 1 = 2e y=c (C5 using logarithmic rule) 3 "2128: Use the substitution y= wand solve(4~%3) aay =0, San. Put y = vx a dv ao Gb = vaexd + the equation becomes . te) svea(vexs) = 0 By separating and integrating Qv dx Fea y Saw = IF 2. log(?+4) = loge-loex='oe (2) 24dy _2x-y pe 2i29: Soke gee son , dy a payee, Lavexgt uation becomes vert nat wat . pesbee “Ta 42 o- log(v-2v+2) = ~2logx+ loge tog (vn 2042) = Plog toge yt wenn; | saved eE2 oy ,idt son: pays 2 = veh 4. The diferent equation becomes os ae VOR Gx = ave a x0ey) ver = aed dye ety shu ft Tae} = FE w(2)-fa( te) cme 1 2 Flog sy) 10g = lope ) te(2)-Sue'sy) = nW Fi salve x'y B= tan (v pot som Pur xy =v mag . aydv _ dv Sr ad ax'ygt = & on ‘ ay? e2ey St = gy) 25g ang! ay dx = tan(y) ade tany = ok es ait cos v ce + Saree = fac ayant cs legtsint = x4¢ ns, at Oe tee Ee0) an sin(x’y) = Pee (fac) ro mam Sal: te a) - ve Zon pu y = ¥%, fey 2 ps w : Bs ven gave de 4 Vat ney 20) ++ the differential becomes, aad + vineatdy | a? (avda + voy ayo) amy Auer) A 20Y sy vardy loge = -logv’-Ielogv +s yam de log x+ log y+ 1-logv = log (1.8 M2123: Sone y oxy) (xl-y) =x (149) Using x+y =m and y= vx : anv ed vendy a, andy 20T%- waSeine eye ad y= a, dm wt =F ey wy Bo vax (eon) « log (me) vi = 2log (me) ¥ = x log x+y) ‘Syllabus Topics : Slope Fields SEE 2.13 Slope Fields + A-slope field is the graphical representing ofa differential. It is @ graph of short it Segments whose slope is determined by evaluating the derivative at the midpoint of segment, Slope field also known as direction fields. It is graphical representation of solutions of a first-order differential equation, ‘Wien we work with differential equation, we dealing with expressions in which & etivaive appears as a variance ie, 2 function y looks lik. ie. solution . And doing like this we will get graphically representation of ‘we find at points all over the plane by shor line segment. We cll resulting picture a slope field or direction field or vector fel, ee Fe. 2tM a ame by comparing P(x) =~ 1, Q(x) =~ x by using method of integrating factors to show that ‘Se general solution ofthis eq y = x+14Ce Values of fix, y) =y—x aeig. 2132 Fig. 2135 213.1 Examples based on Slope Fields ay Ex2131 Draw the slope feld for Gy = 08%. Soln: dy Te = 05x dy = cosxdx (by separation of variables) Bay = foosxex ° y = sinx+c ie means sce | 7ay Ex.2132: Draw the slope Meld of gy =X+Y wa Solution of (1) in y==-(x+ 1) +¢ EEO BAG Euler’ Method ‘To approxi ion ofthe initial - value problem yO) =Ye Proceed Step 1: n-2ero number Ax to serve as an increment or step size slORE the X-axis and let Bameth eR TAK MER HCH | Step 2: Compute successively Ys = Yat fy y) Ax Yass = Yat fe, ‘The numbers Yu. Yar Examples based on Euler's Method the IVP y+ 2y=2-€"% y(0) = 1 use Ti approximate values ofthe stn them to the exact values ofthe solution as th Linear differential equation 42y “0 fy = ~0.155264954 , y= 083744 f, = 0.023022 Ya = 0839833 f = 01184359, yy = 0851677 so, Percent error = _lexaet - =| 4 ee 7) ioe he FLLISS: Solve’ en's 3p) xD 0 Soin, : Given the initial condition y(1) = 2 ‘Write the above differential equation in the standard formSoln. : With x > 0, we write the equation in standard form y = —(lax+4)+Cx® when x=, y=? this last equation becomes. =2 = (+4) 4C, 10,C=2 + ‘Thepanicular solution ofthe differential equation y = 2x! inx~4 ‘Ex.2155: The switch in the RL circuit in figure is closed as time t = 0. How will the ‘current flow as 2 function of time ? Soin. : a Fig. P2uss ferential equation for ata funtion oy, ard form is gi Roy Cae espatng whinge Andie coresponding solution, given that i =0 when = MY pe is, iE Me seoRetl eepouiics (ts 4p = tim (Y_V an) Vy = 50 (RHE) “EY oed —— wy ye pu 2156: Solve By sol ee y So given differential equation is in the form of + Px) = 04) ey jae, au mys ge = vars vet dy 4 So Ge xY = 1 becomes oS ay Ly Sup2 ae (ey) oftee(e-4) = 1 Sip3: Putte v term equal to zero then ee ae any = 0 sm $= Sepa: a (by separation of varisble) Put integral sign 20Step 5: Subautuackinto the emationatstep2 (Remember v team equals Oso can be ignored): X gy. = Step 6: Solve this to find v. Step 7: uty = wv to find the solution tothe original equation. 1 yeu, yak simplify y = yen. and it produces this nice family of curves Fig P2186 Y= X1n(cx for various value of C. y FE +P@y = aw) a where Pa) = =. Wer sotats fellow the sep 1" “ yd ae payevnand 2 wuts vil pieresising Equation () becomes (:C=-h@) 2017212sips: “ ‘Substitute u back into the equation at step 2. za zemember v term equals 0 so, ‘i ge. (emt vme050 beige step 6: dv = we'd (separation ova fav = fax? ae ve ok '4C, step: yew y= Eck CD simply = e+ Gt Sit replace with single constant C ay = (R=? ‘Adit produces this ice fail of cures. y_= Cx’~x' for various values of C. 4s > eee Soln.: Where P(x) = 2x, Q(x) =-28" Step 1: fy av, du Substitute y wy, and 2 =u t+ vt ‘Then the origina ferential equation becomes. av | du ; ug tyget aay = =2 oun? uf gy (Qean) = 22 ‘Step 3: Patho vem al Simm eo Fig. P215.7 494 ethos of separation of varible, 8 onde = fede ina) = -24C nay) = = uk = e = sup: ; ebsueu back int the equation a tp? (e\dv _ ay? (ig = sens: . dy = -2kxe" dx fav = Jaen’? ax v= be f 200? dc-k [xen = be kee ves ke" (=x) 4 ‘Step 7: Sibsinuey =w7 y= wet aeta-s10 21-29) vin ye 1-408" 216 Applications of First Order Linear Differential Equation 2481 Newton's Law of Cooling A Sain Newors aw of cooing ma eo Newtons law of cooling stats tht fan objet is hose tT ae. 205741 2-4 =o & = ~K@-A)withie cbt Alvte anc temps (cu ere b's np mms ae an Tsar ine ODE: andy using the intial condition and rearranging results in a) = A+(@,-Ae™™ 2.16.2 The Logistic Model (= enone ‘The logistic equation : ® © 2 w(1-B).wiarwor, VF td pops mina ppln a he pont te nitty sal pn Wecmsae be hee teeta opt, i - Ia e Fay = Ines z I (beg spijlee « nse Lee IP-lpins-P = poe ote ” Plow = Ae ‘Where A=, wecan now us the initial condition Pl) = Ppto find A: Ae pe et gy PB wy PL-P, ©" °p_—p =PL-P, © Now eaang toad P): Pe Pe pe-pyct ) = bpWand De, ‘Where band d are constants, so F ® - @-a9-m where 1 = b-disaconstant 1 fesin xa fea roo xasaa eration an Arteta a Se Qx—Soosx tel) dr 5. Jseex (see x-+tan x) dx 2-3sinx FOX ay cor x Examples based on Substitution Method of Indefinite Integrals ax +5 (x-D4C Ans. F(- Df +(x Lin | Es ans:-4in| 55] *€ 3 + ans:-Ba| Z| in| BEB Ans. 2555 im | px +5+N5 ‘Ans, : x (In 2x)"— 25 In 2x4 204€ 4c ns. :} ax +4) fered VO 1 Poosinda soos aan 2, J sin (Sx) dx +2x?— I) ax ‘ 4 Ja-y+yay an 8 IG+sjax le 2) yew 2 2 J @-aey "ax ° u * Ie-ca)« hi x D ementese $40 J (0x? 80x" + 55805""+ 1yax 20= Ans. : 147: Jers using Simpson's rule for n= 8. 17s, proximate fel dx ws nA J yy [pac epproximate his integra using Simpson's rule for n = 8 - ‘Ans, := 3.098725; x+tny=c x Ans.:logly+11=S4x4¢ =x4C ‘Ans. tan (xy + Ans.: tan y =C(1-e medel y n oy 9 6 SeGttapees me 2037 Ans: (2x + 3y) + log [ (2x +3y) + 1]=x+C = sop(2) 2 Wy-my de (305 dy =O, puty sve Ans log + log C=57e-3 og (2 Examples based on Euler's Method 2 3 *3(0)=2, Ax = 01, nat sluion atx = 1 : Esme the value ofthe Soluon at the given poin,x*. Find the value of the ex solution tx 4 ysyte =2,Ax=05,x¢=2 S$ ¥=1+¥,¥0)=0,ax-04 4021 6 Y=Wi.y>0.¥0)01,8¢- 01 ae 1 Examples based on First Order ‘Solve the differential equations 4 Lox tye, aso Linear Ditferential Equation a ebtezty=t ee) yecannyscosx, Berek 1 aH anyet-d xz (aay ty=ve ayze+y wy a0 Py’ 420" y =2x wo. + 4252304 D4 sts 1 Gy oooPartial Derivatives and Its Applications Syiabus Topic Functions of Two or More Variables 31. Functions of Two or More Variables: ‘+ Functions occurs in Mathematics as Engineering et. In rel life also most of the functions have more vaibles. eg. Area, Prime! “There are two kinds of functions scalar valued and 3.1.1 Real Valued Functions of Two Variables ‘Explants fo variables with example lines x =0, x= 1 and 3.1.2 Functions of Three Variables 2. Ela non te vraton wa ‘The concept is similar 7 from R° ie hcionat ons of two variables. We ean defined the furei=? roe aviables denoted by fx, 2) and the region D in {=D Naya ey ee De x+y42s1) DER: 1exe1,-28y 53,3525) ‘Limits of functions of two or more variables ‘The definition ofthis is as follows Suppose f(x «Fora fixed poi ) in Rand a real number 1 we say that ¥) We write the Function as 9) approaches to Las Huy =LVe>0,38> ty is equivalent to0<1x—ul<8 andO (, and y—v#0 above concept we have constant real alae funtion of ne vile re appibleo toe of two or more variables. ve 34.4 Theorem ‘hat 9) beth bp mal vid co aha yg CO) ¥y) both exist and are equal © m and m respectively then. J=min yy Mos y) Bey ]=mn led as product rule = Bn eOandg(x.y)#0forany (%y)in wkakeR © @p-rtay) KE? (Mis rule is called as constant muliple rule) 3.1.5. Examples based on Functions of Two or More Variables ai txy-y+ 4) =F Ban ( reside Bronte g nn Be 342: Braluate 5) 93,1) iy ag and subtracting ‘x y" in Numerator » Sage) Beau: En S132 Bralaate yy). acess soln: in sytem? Gy, eo Seedy ) . 47 _2-2-167 6 3 “354447 “1075 ——_____s@n@rcn' sear 1075 ELAIA: Evaluate son: sy-s}40 ] * e221) [ OD) is same as limit in Gi) 322 Examples based on Continuity of Functions of Two or More Variables 9 = gy 5@3) 2: The function is continuous at Av 99) B22: tye gogr, fordeesy =5 + if2e=3y Is fcontinuous at (3,2). SF & e(e% -). lim Brady) = yO. Lim 5 +3) aya.Parl Dorivatives. and Its Apptcatong jal Derivatives 33._Partlal Derivatives 3.3.1 First Order Partial Derivatives [seinen tometer T has two frst Tif isa real valued function of two independent variables x and y 1 f, and f,. These partial onder partial deri ‘obvained by differentiating f with respect to one variable and keepi the other asa constant. The reason is change in the function f occurs only in one direction of ‘This is clear from the definition of partial derivative. 3.3.4.1 Definition Let D be an open region in xy plane and f(x, y) bea real-valued function defined on D. ie eda R Lata die Di im, MABEL enc cll Paria dese of with espe oy (8) and itis dence by 3 fin faben-tan k-0 oo OR bean open region in xy plane and fy) be a real-valued function de jet: DR Let, bye D,i¢ tm Lar ) =f@d) ho xi Hence, by definition, f (a,b) = fps dea Partial derivative of f with respect to x at (a, b) and it is denoted by 5~ a (ab). * Hence, by defi Goomececome 36 Examples based on First Order Partial Deri fx, 0) = 0, x Bea Pe Him Oth 3F0.9 im Seen Pete hoo #4 8o| — tm (sesso :). lim 4h = n30 3h noo 3 4 h@d = 3 reat pa dein 2 2 tim 3k A = Fk0 E sl ee = k50 K Faso kl Sek T3+R 73 lim 1 35] _ lim 1 3587] wo t Loewe ie 3] ey gPemew Sse _ lim ap, 21-35), 8 ]_ lim If (2,4 8), 8 wy Ei voce (258) she] ayo tL 4-3) see] = tim j[Separdawnes) kook Gtk 28k = lin 1 | EH IK-B 4k 4 $e k50 kL ———__ ar) Rok Es") kG+H poy? M6 vooes kG+H Le3+k oO 6 ahQa= > 4 x 46 2,3) = Fmd AIG FE RAT: Waing detain, find ff at, 0 forthe following function os fy) t=O, x Soln.: ito — lim £0b,0)-F0,0 £09 =. 0 Fhoo Ob lim (0-0) _ =110.0)=0¢0n = o(e)=° «fh, 0) = £0, 0) =0 (Given) lim £0,0+1=f0.0) _ lim £0,10-F0.0 500 = 5 0 = lim, fone +40 , Cs a = k30 E F ko LZ )= ko W= » £00 500-000 Xoo = 500-0 332 Second Order Partial Derivative a se Sl ot dy cents Mat ok We can study the second wing diagram represents ptr | oun send —Y ote ey) ty Oey) fay tin m — | —-L, oj “ooo & & © & fg F331 2 _ # # fa = 5 y= Faye eye ver 52% We hve the definitions at all second order pais deivaives, 4321 Definition EL3I3: My)=2y'-3e y4y'+ tidy hatany Gaye Soin: fay) = vy -3tyeye1 © Differentiating fparilly with respect tox we get cer Peed erty _eysy O40 GY) = 3xy oy Ditfereniaing equation 1 partially with respect to y we get hoo lim §,(.v+W—f,0.¥) = omy * y= ea Bene yo r% i Fr a(t), 9 tin LOrsD-f00 = Boned (Sone So rs The derivatives fy and f,, are called as mixed partial derivatives off.Partial Drivatives and ts, sed on Second Order Partial Derivatives 9.3.2.2 Examples ba: + partial derivatives of f. Also verify whether f,, Ex. AS4: Find all second order ps Ne ‘any (4, y) for each ffx, y) = €05X— Frat Sole. . Given f(y) = yeosx-e 7 Differentiating partially w.1. x fanysinx-e 5 8) “ o 6) 4) f= dxty- 10x y+4y = 12244 14y'—20,y4, fy = 42x'y-10x'4 129 and Hence fy = {Vay fy = 2ny?=300' 9, fy = Adxy'-308'Y x,y) = — 7 fOr x#0, f(x,y) <0itx=0 xy+y" Gan: My) = ° ind the first order partial derivatives we have ow nae Dey ME oe equ Rt aa) _ Yat dr £2) = veo Different nn ty) ty-28y-ay? oy ap? fy) = ¥ y 2 day? = xty-2 49 eae Rhy eay at ant efay) = 5 ae 337: Find fay fat any (9) # (, 0) for each Fand sate whether [=f fix, y)=y"4 38 y=x'y? a = yt3eynxty? = 6xy-20y" and f= ayaa arty these again we get fy = Ox-dny and fy = Gx tny any (% 3) #0, Also check whetherf, =f, or not cos x.sin y oO Grea: fix,y) = e+ eos. siny ) = yel—sinx. si f= ne" soosxoory Ditleeniatng hese 7 hy = Ge ; fa = x(ye¥) +e". 1—sin xcos y=ay e+e" ~sin x.008y PA Pant baad x (K42y)-Gy ty) x +2eyn0_ NHI . Te x wyaly way toa Ex-4y)-Cxy-2¥)@ _axt-dl'y = x~4y x ~ ar aad 1a yd = tS ey-y=B0x-49) OR yy) = By CAVE BEXAY x “) Sa2 day = x'= day eS +) From equation (4) and equation (5) £069) = fy (9) ——$—$—$—$—$———— ‘Syllabus Topic : Differentials and Local Linearity EE Ect tinearity 3.4 Linearization of a Function Bee eT ea) ‘+ Many times function of two variable is become complicated so that we required 10 ‘obtain a simple function whose values are same as those of the given function and which alled as “approximating” function of f. ind first degree in x and y say L(x ly same near a given point. Hence stead of fx, y). If the function is differentiable its linearization can be obtained the help of following theorem will study how to find linearization of a sie differentiable function f(x,y) 3.4.1. Theorem is known asthe standard linear approx! and we can denotes that by F(x, y) = L (x,y) {2 Examples based on Linearization ofa F Find the linearization ofeach ft the poin, f(x,y) =x" + xy +y" at (1,2), ‘unction D= IOs = 6s127 ) = 142025 enby L@&y) © fy+ 6-0) +5,0.9).g-» = 74+5K-D+5y- Lay) & Sx 5y—8 2VS SK+5)~5- 147% Sx45y-8 gatas eanaronzezanya( a) be z - £,2 z 2)+F O=0 ~ysinx+siny sin? 4 si sin} + sin =m (1) +0 =-n cos x +x cosy cos $ + F cosm=0+ F CD) =n oon==1 =z SE Lay) = f(u,v) +, (,¥)-&-4GGV-0-Y) 2 n) (2 ems tyke «oem (x-S)o(o-neore- dr & mms ony smo 9-8) Sea, ton, Dax vox y ata. Sr fy) = tytiey?aril Davatves 2nd Aston 22.3) = BxI =P xF= 4x27 -8X9 = 108-72=36 = dsy'-aty! = 2x2x9=3x2°xF = 108 - 108 =0 = axty'-28y xP S22 x3 =x KIA 2XBXI= 108-48 = 60 ‘sing Linearization Ls.3) © f(0,9) +f (0) +f (Y= © 36 + 0(K=2) + 609-3) = 36+ 60y~ 180 = Oy ~ M44 4 Ley) = 6Oy- 144 — ‘Syllabus Topic : Chain Rule ——_—_— eee Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation By Is simple and weal efor iting te derivatives of compost functions. 3.5.1 Chain Rule Set 8 3.5.1.1, Theorem + If z=, is iferentiable function atx and y and x, y are differentiable functions of {then 2s differentiable wih respect tot and + The particular value of the derivative of z with respect to t ean be calculated att (an sven value): We can expres in tems oft by subsiuting the values of x and y. Tea wwe can find % directly 3.5.1.2 Examples based on Chain Rule Ex.3S1: Find fix,y)=x+y\x=0-1,y=4te1, Soln.: We have the chan Rule, a ot ae at oy a On dt tay de o Given fy) = Py, xePa1, yedter ae Hl ax gy ts ay = 5Y Ho and a4 at at Juas2: fy) =e%,x=sIn tb y=cost a ek Find f atta. sain ae xesint, y=oost a 2 Fee By chain Rule a _ ot dx at oy at = Ox dt Fay “at Replace the values of x and y = ¢™ A er. Ss emt os 21 z aise af tnt i GE = oot cosa) weil cos F = §.@ =o a “qeat t= Fiszero 352 Implicit Differentiation Eric imp neon or iterntiaton wih sable xan 8 an implicit function of x. +964 126-120. 12.16? +8141) +192 + 1024 12 aetna =e" (y cost—xsint) £0820 = 08" 8 sin? 8 8 og HH hen fix y) =O. With the help of this we have the relation between “Gy 894 9x dy5 Paria Detvatves 2 ts Astcatong 3.5.2.1 Theorem wo spa dferetabl function and ifs, 3) =Othen yy = Fy suming hae of x and f, #0. io, y) = O defines yas «differ fF xand f, # 3.5.2.2 Examples based on Impl ion Bx.353: Find y'+x°-sy=0,att=(2,3)- Son: _ Given: f(x,y) = y'+x=4y en equation is ofthe form fx, y) = 0 a t= @3) at Hs 2x3-2=6-25 2 6-2=4 9 a le Ex 354: Find, y)=ye+xsin y-2at (0,2) Soln.: Given: ffxy) = yetexsiny-2 oye sciny and f= ee xcory 2) tsin2=24sin? and f, = e+ 0xc052 f= By using Implicit and Rule yk Qasin mot = Gn, He = ~@2+sin2) 3.6 Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors : 36 Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors 3.6.1. Directional Derivatives © D, £@) and is defined to be the limi ‘Provided thatthe imit exists, calculus (8.50 Comp: MU) Weknow that vector = Casathy = (0,4) 4 rate of change in Fat u along the direction ¢ 46.11, Examples based on Directional Derivatives Find the directional derivative off atu long ¥ us funtion. pe361: 9) =3x445,U= 2,9, FadT eS] ing the definition forthe following | sain: The given vestr is nota uni vector However uniter along Vis > WI Sj 4i+5j 4iesj TFS “Yievas = ar Sime = 3); ff) = Sx2MxIeEs De satin veone = ayanf eS )elrath gS wie = enon Erie) rere) oo tay = a(2scH Joao )ase BBsin RDB 8ydettio, 2h IS +218 Tim funy —t)_ tim 'S* Yar fluy) = Oe KSo0 hth 0 —__ oe fx, y) =x? + 2xy',u=62,-3,727 +h 5 7 (h-2) yh 41th -& Sh) 202+) 0- a347. Paral Deivatves and Is Appi eating 342184 12h- 2h? + 9h— 6h? + hy 24? 36-+24h— 4h? + 18h— 12h? + 2h? = gn 20h + Sah 44 By Definition im f(ushv)-f) __ lim 3h’=22h" + S4h— a4 — (44) fw = yao kB SO h lim 3h’ — 22h" + Sah— 44 + 44 = nod bh ; im gW=22n'454h _ lim hGh’—22h +54) = hoo h “hoo h Sh md _ meee | 2 Theroied noes = Eph ng [Note that we can get the same answer if we have started with ¥ (without taking a wit ‘vector) Evaluate the Limit nd then divide answer by 19 Remarks (0) The directional desivaive ff, y, 2) atu € R? along ¥ = vji + va] + vis defined sinialy (2) The value at a diectonal derivative need not be positive It may be negative oF e¥en 3.6.2 Gradient Vectors [a pawonsctaearmeaee Td Same 8 9h 96 He (£5) 22% itn. y2= (5e>3y+92)= 3 exists andthe paral va ay &) 362.1 Examples based on Gradient Vectors | Find the gradient vector of f(x,y) where p.363: {6%,y) =x" + 2xy?, Evaluate tat @3,—4), soln: \ fixyy) = 24249" x 4, “ i" 5 aad ey | = Gx'42y",4xy) wadic3.- 4) = ECR W= = GX9+2x16, 4x12) 2.ViC3,-4) = (69,48) Tix, y) =e" + cos 2y. Hence ind VF (0,22). 2-474-3)4)) 32,48) j Se ans e-2sin 2S = andy =—2sin2y Given: f(xy) = ef +c0s2y x grad (%y) = Vila y)= Hence, viman ~ (6-29) =,-2sin2y) eat sing =0 = tytyzerx Hoy 2 ae 2 yee = ayet, Fave md yyan aril Deatves 2 5 Ate, so find te eto derivative at function wigsat rt Deaton oo ee a 264 Properties of Gradient Vector with Together with the above algebraic propetics following lent vector ae shousefl {By thetheorem, weave Fear) = Vfa).¥ of changes =I £1 (UD IE VF is onthogonal wo ¥ then 8 =F and hence cos 0 = 0 s cet (a,v)=0 Hence, when ¥ is perpendicular to VF there is no change in fat w alo above ‘Properties ar also applicable for gradient ve 3.6.4.1 Examples based on Properties of Gradient Vector Ex.349: Find the direction in which f(x,y) =x" y* + y*— 1 increases most rapidly at Also conclude the rate of change in fa the point.p isi-zk (a) ence, increases most rapily along = 5 -i-i+2ie (ef decreases mos rapidly -WE= Fg (6). For ‘No change’. We have to find te vector perpendicular to VA(u) Such vector we can obtain by inspection. For Vi(u) = 2, 2,~4) a vector perpenticutr 2242-420 «thas po change along 1+] + someone can choose (6, 4,5) instead of (1, 1,1) Remark ‘This tors not unique (Per student different vector canbe seleted) (€)_ Rate foincreas is 6 and that of dcrease is V6 Se Ex. 3612: Find the maximum and minimum rates at change in f at u if f(x, y,2)=3°+ y= and w= (1, 2,3) Also state their direction. Taco =F = 5 = 28 Hence Maximum rates uis {6 and its directon i Goissjci) _aliv7j_i) ~ 24 14 - wesetens « Haas, Cia) Teapot Note:The ate and direction vay according tothe value of. + For the same function if wis diferent, the rates and directions wil be diferent ss (8,50 Como-MU) 324 | “a5 Applications of Partial Derivatives | 7 gtand Normal toa given curve sy eurve in they plane is given by Fa, 3) = w 0 ee arable ich represents a gap of function of fr pve already dived the equation of taagent toa * jgxitstd. as Bento curve at any point pty on it YoYo = MEX) dy Where m= $e aly) Tbe equation in terms at partial derivatives of, canbe expel (-%) +f, -y) = 0 “ | Where, ff ae the partial derivatives of tatendible othe surfaces. 9) at (yy) and it can be easly 365.1 Example based on Applications of Partial Derivatives 36.13: Find the equation of tangent to the circle x" + y* = 25 at a point (3, 4) on It, ‘Also state the equation of the normal. San: | Wecan rewrite the equation ofthe circle as try'-25 = 0 | : = xr 4y'-25 =x and f, = y = 26) =Gandf,=24)=8 -3)+8y-4) = 0 6x +18 +8y-32 = 0 2 Ox +8y-50 = 0 = ax + dy-25 = 0 | | rpeniurtoiisbe~ay += 000 |p a suitable dis | value atx =3 ad |seeqycalt nomal passes through the point (34) substintig te 4° | **eequaion we get, | yt,ee wy-xed = 0 2 d= 0 Gt ein fe ll. aay = 0 Planes and Normal Syllabus Topic : Tangent 47 Tangent Planes and Normal Lines to a Surface “This isthe thee dimensional analogue tothe tangents and normal toa curve Wye pom tat. te equation aa surface (x, y,2)=O represents the graph of the fi oftwo variables. Fora gen pin surface bas many tangents lies and the tangent plane isthe locus of lose nent ines: aac rion ofthe tangent plane ote given surface f(y, 2) =O at He Jo 5) oats, ae A e- 8) +5930 th le=2) =0- Wire 1 rte paral derivatives 2) 8 Ot Yo 1) and are the ditection Uy fe ff 5 Ben We yf ee We pan frm a he Eton stf | noma: Plo ve2d) ipaq x + x'y-2y' 425 3x + 2xy ~2y? and, f= atom f= x atay 3-2)°+2-2) G)-26) = 12- 12-18-18 Te 16-9) #6, YW) +f, (2-2) =0 Pasting the above valu ro) = 18x = 18 + 28y-84 = 0 3x + 28y— 102 = Oisthe equation of the tangent. 28(-2)+ ake? and f, = -2«-9=6 2a 1) + Aly 2) + 64243) = 0Paral Dotvatves end ts Appeaony 2x24 4y-84 62418 = 0 ie, 2x4 dy 6z48 = 0 “The equation ofthe normal is st - 3 23 rave already discuss . ° scons ve variable, Now a Bebe 2GE EE sepresesterguied normal ine | ya1 Local Extrema The Equation of the tangent plane is ; ‘2x44y+62+8 = 0 and the normal lin is | 7 a3 a _____ FeI737 Find the Equation atthe tangent plane and normal line forthe folowing, x says at (14,3). and f, = -6 itis remain unaffected by the point (1, bstitting these values in the equation ofthe tangent plane. Ae-1) 46 VW +h (ez) = 0 2x-D-Ay-4)-62-3) = 0 2x-2-4y+ 16-624 18 = 0 ie, Ix-4y-62432 = 0 1s the Equation ofthe tangent plane andthe Equation of the normal lin x1 a _ Moliplying throughout 2? jus (8.50 Comp-MU) 328 Som Pata Dervates ands Apcatons Syabus Topic : Maxima and Minima of Funclens ofTwow rab ae aaa tons of Two Varies — extreme Values 3g_Extreme Value S$ concept tone ale ain sina) yee are ncn (be local minimum at (a,b) from B —> R where B € R’ and (a,b) € B Le D be the open um of eninimmum values. the points where suface 2 = ffs, y) has arable we were looking for those points 1 Fitst Derivative Test hoo ‘We use the following steps (conditions) to find the extreme valves instead of using the | Maton lomain ofthe fe fet he fis oer oc minimum oll mascava osescone. 329 arta Doras as Agee jm ht=0 tim Ib1 A h = hoo bh Tho which does not exist. Tim £(0,0+H=f0,0_ lim £(,8)-£(0,0) 10.0 = 50 Kk =k0 k im lki-0_ lim kt = 507k “k30 Kk which i also does not exis. Even though the first order partial derivative does not exist atthe point then also ih function can have exteme value at a point. 2. Second derivative test “@.__Enplan the socond derivative test fo fndng extreme values with example Let f be a function from B —> R where B¢ R’ and (m, 1) € s. Let D be adse 1) then Then the case is doubtful (in conclusive) we need further investigation. 3.8.3 Critical Points ‘As per the condition discussed in first derivative test that isa function can have ext interior points and f, does not exist of the domain of the f 1 | Bf comms(.86.Comp- any 330 ‘Thus the function f can have an exte me value it Poundary points for a function of two varabl cp ns st 1° every critical point does sot gs 8 NOt give rise in local or 9 A which function don't have extreme value. The And sole both the egos forte rales of and vee . The combination of +) recalled acral point, met Sep3: Find the second ode partildevativs h =fy and t=f,, Get the values of rand t~s"for the critical poins. | r | r0 | Funeson has i ‘eal anu Fig 381 3.84 Examples based on Extreme Values , Ex.38.1: Find all local maxima and minima of the function £ where fa) =» + 27°— 3x Bay + 16, Sola: Given f(x, y) = x° + 2y’—3x'-24y + 16 : = 3x 6x and 1, = 6-0 and f, with zero =0 gives us the extreme valve » ae 0) 6y'-24 = 0 equation (1) 3x°-6x = 0 2 3x(x-2) = 9Pert Derivatives and Its Appeatons nae xe? 2 6G7-4) = 0 aye _ rect pointe mye. [email protected]) ee y= G20 aad te Sy ey Wow weds te extn ws 202 = €6)24-0=-144<0 neither local maximum nor minimum at (0, 2) FE £,0,-2)=-6<0 1 = fy(0,-2)= 12-2) =-24 a r0 ‘The function has local maximum andthe local maximum value is, £(0,-2) = (0)+2C-2'-3 ()-24(-2) + 16 =— 16+ 48+ 16=48, 42,2) 8 = fy @2)=0 contos = 6x24= 14430 2) andthe minimum value is, ~32)-242)+16=8 + 16-12-48 + 16 =40-60=-20 = fy-2)=12-6=6>0 2)=0 = 6 (-24)-0=— 144 <0 ‘Hence, function f has no extreme values at (2,2) + (2,~2)isa saddle point ad neg | esaase-commy 5 p.382: M0 2x ~y"+ 2x4 8y—70, Jocal maximum and local minimum, = aye 2e 4 By ven ees 'y-70 For extreme valves equate f, and f, with ero f= +220 22842 20> e120 ad -2y48 f(x, y)=2x' +38" y-y? hhas neither a local maximum nor a local minimum at (0,0). axt+axvty-y* sx + 6xy and extreme valueif f, =0,f,=0 =0 x20 oF2x Tey @ fy) = Examples based on Second Order Partial Deelvative Zramples based on Second Order Partial Derivative, W fay) = xtesey Jim © wy20, Find fat any a) £6, ae y+ 209? 439, G(x y)=20 y 230Partial Deratves and Its Applications lope x+ Tog, yat(l, 1) Examples based on Chain Rule where = f(y forthe following function. oy nae Ans, p= 40 ~ 241° —241-6 © fen = Xr saree (Zpmetier Hoy 2h ) = Poay-yaetetys tor an: SEatte sX= cosy =si ns eco xan bee on ml iterentiaton = Ve seoscat(2, Ans. 220 = ye'exsiny—2ar Ans.:-@+8i0? = 9-27 edna, = e3ry, © tay = ye (Bf cxows 8.80 Comp: Mu) 3.36 2) = xy428"-ynuzc1, Xx + ay422,u=) x+2y-3,u=(1, aft ® fay = ® fay) = ‘Ans. : increases most rapidly atu along Gi) decreases most rapidly Ans. : decreases most rapidly at u Pata Dervatvos an ts, Examples based on Theorem of Patil Derivative foreach function f,u and v find f(a, v) using definition v=i-5j along LO,v=3i+]+k Ans. VF( asi +j-3k Ye rate Ans.:¥ 0) (0,5,3) NBParal Derivatives and Its Applications ee Ans: with no change is +4 xay’ +2xy,u=(D Q et ae: Poe » 9° incexses moet gly Ans. Fe with ate 35 ANS. : Local minima 0 at (0,0) ‘Ans. : No local maxima and minima =sisi (ii) decreases most rapidly Ans. : with rate ~ 26 ‘Ans. : Local maxima 1, ny = 3 + 2nx | 3x (ii) has nochange Ans. : with no change is 7+ 35 so Local minima~1,xy= 3 42x Examples based on Tangent and Normal () f(qy) = x4 2y'—3x*— 2dy +16 ‘Ans. : Local maxima 48 at (0,~2) AnH Local minima ~20 at (2,2) FQqy) = 3x°+y*— Say +6x-dy ‘Ans. :No local maxima, Local minima ~4 at (0,2) Find the equation ofthe tangent and normal fo each of the following curves at the points against (hem. oog Kay-2+3y42=0 at Q,-2) Equation of normal line =0Evaluation Scheme Internal Exar -25 Marks, @ w ‘Test -20 Marks 20 magks Test - Duration 40 mins It will be conducted either using any open source learning management system such as Moodle (Modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment) OF a tex based on an equivalent online couse on the contents of the concemed coune (abject) offered by of build using MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) platform. ‘5 Marks -Activé participation in routine class instructional ‘Over conduct asa responsible student, manner, qualities demonstrated through organizing co-curricular activities, External Examination -75 Marks o @ Duration -?5 Hours ‘cory question paper patern; All questions are compulsory. Question Qt Q2 e3 | wu 24 [Unittatand All questions stall be compulsory with intemal choice within the questions. ach Question may be sub-ivded ito sub questions as a, b, c,d & e, ete. and OF allocation of Marks depends onthe weightage ofthe topic. Based on Practical Examination ~300 marks (50 marks x 6 core papers) Each coe subject caries 50 Marks : 40 Marks +05 Marks Gournal) +05 marks(viva) Minimum 75 % practical fom e < pple 8 ‘wien athe joa ach core subjects are required to be compl (Certified Joumal (Cesfed Joumaiscompulory fr appearing tthe ine of Practical EX) Q2 A °@) Q3- Attempt any four from the Model Question Paper 1 Q.1. Attempt any four from the following, 6) Fate an ert aye ty = ADE (Esplin he em up indi (©) State the interval on which f(x) = 3 ~2x? + xis increasing or decreasing. (@) Find the approximate rot for x? ~ 2 ~ 4 =0 in (1.5, 3) upto 3 approximations. Take 2.25 asa inital value (© Divide 200 into two pans such that sumo hee squares is minimum (0) Find for what values of x the curve y = 27 + x + 1247 ~ 60 + xis concave upward and downward any four fom the followin uler's method solv. y= 1 +9, yO)= he stepsize x =0.05 05x = 03 (b) Derive the formula of Simpson's Rate dy 2xe3y- Solve Gx = Ge+9y +6 ~” ri (@) Evaluate J (90x"—80x"+5580x" + 1) dx — 0 (6x 4=20 Marks) @ (©) Find the length ofthe curve in one paid fhe eyelid x= tay = = 08 ‘The values of trun from 010 2 (9) Solve te foo y+ (an x). ¥=60 (6x4 =20 Marks) (@) Find the linearization - yee, x=costy=sintatt=F Using chain rule find ara Find the equation of the tangent and normal tothe Tine ¥ y a Find ocal maxima and minima fo 9) ; cones Find f(x, 3) by using definition (x y) = 1-48 +98 bans aie 4 we (lo Dav 230445 pada any te ay" (0) Find gradient vector of f8. 9 =¥(BF cosas (.8e-Comp-MU) ms Mosel Quesion Peper Q.4 Attempt any thre from the following 1 8X32 15 Marts (a) Fad allthe second order pana derivatives of ix y) = + Sx'ys dy! 79) Explain Notation of Definite Integral {0)_Awetangle has an area of 50 sem. Finds dimension for last pevineter, (@) Explain inereasing and decreasing function in detail (5x4 =20 Marks) in [2, 3] correct upto four places of Jimals. Take x)= downwards, x varying in (0,2). (©) Determine the absolute extrema for f(x) = 30 + 30x" ~ 10x" 15x* + 6x° in (0) Divide the number $00 into two pars such that their product is maximum, (Sx 4 = 20 Marks) 0 soveny+39=H8E 50 4 (6) Use Simpson's rule with n=6 tocstimate [ JI+x° dx i (@ Explain length ofa plane curve. ” © Evauae f 2200-2080 4 wa Yeweeh (O) Explain area between two curves using integration, Q.3- Attempt any four from the fol (Sx-4= 20 Marks) (@) Using Chain rate find SE ay xscos ty = sint +" (©) Find the Linearization of f(x,y) = x'y +29? « Ee eaton of tangent and normal othe curve x + y'—2x + 39 +2 = 0% (@ Find the local maxima and minima f (% y) = 3x" + y?— Say + 6x —4y- (©) Find (u,v) by using definition fix, y) = 2x + 3y,u=(1,2,7=37 +47 (0, Find the gradient vector ofthe function fix, y,2)=y 008 x—xsiny +2, (600). (q44 Attempt any three from the following ind all the second order partial derivatives of xty xy oy () Solves = (2 Deeminhe mamum an nine vaste? I$ 1) Prove thatthe function 3x'y—y"+2x*has neither a local maximum nor a ocal minimum at Q.1 Attempt any four frm the following. nd the point of maxima an minima off ($x4=20Marks) R 12x + 1, Also find the Q2 Attempt any four from the following. (8) Explain length ofa plane curve ©) Solve 2x? y P= tan (x'y)- 27° syd with step siz of 01 to make table of proximate value of te mn ofy'= y ~x, yO) =2 over the itera} 0S #51 i sre fora=8. 7 imate this integral Using ison’ (©) FS, pproxint tegral (©. Solve the differential equations ye 2ety a2(a) Using definition, find the values of 9) Find the local maxima and minima for Iinearization of f(x) = 10g. + 1 mal tothe curve x' +y"= 25 at (~5, 0) (5x 3= 15 Marks) 0 ste (©) Findall second order fta.y)=x+2y-3,0= 0,3), ¥=4-5) ao Appendix ‘A1 : Continuity of Functions; Derivatives of Functions x1: Discuss the continuity of the function =34V5er =2+x 13} fix) = at xa? a4 at x=2 soln: Given, =e 2+ vn, (23) (anos) 24x) (C3-V5er) 0 =O, xs0, at x=0 Soln.: Given: 0) = 0 | Df) = tim =f | tim 22-9 wo 8FB catesus @ 5e-Comp-MU at Append, (BF cates (8.80 Comp- mu) = Case2) — x+3>0 and x-8<0 : SX>-3 and <8 axed ~3 0 y wy & ay 2 BES asec ene oy s.6x'~30x-144 > 0 dx R(x -2.0=>a>0,b>0 OR a<0,b<0 fe> 2 and x> 1) OR (K<2 and x<1 Case 1) x+3>0 and x-8>0 ec anine ORT ) axb—3 and A> 1 2Y 5 o-sne2 oR xt x>8 : Case2) x+3<0 and x-8<0 “The curse once upward in te teal (= 1) and 2,9 sxe and x<8. a nxe-3 ‘Thus, f(x) is an increasing function forx<-3orx>8 = Goa. D o (i) —Amdecceasing function 2. (x-2-0) OR (x-2>Oandx-1<0) fo) <0 | (x 2andx> 1) OR (> 2andx<1) + 6% 43)(x-8) < 0 | But x>2 and x < Lis not possible eee AY omx<2andx> Since, ab <0=91<0,8>0 OR ac0,b0 | ie forx€ (1,2) “XS—3 and x>8 ‘+. The curve is concave downward in (I, 2) Which is not possible= CNED-3 and the function is decreasing on this interval @ (3) Q)- SEQ a}-to-9-4 ‘The Function is decreasing on this interval and the function is increasing on this interval «sine the first derivative test we conclude that function f(x) reaches the eis! Pi x=] relative minimum is, (G) - @)-()- 8-2 -89-k anim nt OF ental point x= 0, yes neither a relative maximum nor 2 ~ 47x isa polynomial at ev : 1 in xe Ral is 7, = x= 14x Bix = X=7 and x =~7 are the critical points ‘Here the critical points andthe end poins are identical Now, 7-147 (7) =343- 1029 the point of absolute minimum with value 686. ) is the point of absolute maximum with value 686, ‘Ad : Newton's Method to find Approximate Solution of an Equation + Find 4 of 20 using Newton's Raphson method. Take initial value 2. Find nswer correct upto 4 decimals places. Let x be the fourth oot of 20, x= 00 fx) = x*-20 =e Given, = = f) = 16-20=-4 By Newton Raphson Method(EF cates 1.5e- Come-MUD @) = 4a 3 Approximation 20 =~ 9.559089 x 10°* 174) = 4(2,11474)? = 37.82952875 = 2.11474 oS ars = 2114742 Note that, xy = 211474 and xy = 2.414742 ‘Thus, approximate value of 4” rooth of 20s 2.114742 by Newton Raphson Method. Sacer wate Of root of 20 ZY Ne x2: By using Newton Raphson Method find approximate root of the equation x°=x=11=0 upto two approximations by taking initial root 1. Soln.: Given Given in y= fa) = 1-1-1 fq) = £/)=3(7)-1=2 (BF cozinn 85- conp-sny 1 approximation ++ The approximate root of the equation 1° ‘approximation = 1 = 0 is 1.34782 after 2* ‘AS : Area as a Limit and Length ofa Plane Curve Ext: Find the area of the region bounded by the graph f(x) = x’ the x-axis and the vertical lines x=O and = 1asshown in Fig. 1 So, bythe definition of area we can choose any x-valus inthe # sobinterval. In tis cxamplethe igh end points %) = 5a contesient ava = tin SDA(Bcc 2s coro-my an SAE = ty 5 [24 msn so deme tree Ex.2: Determine the length of the parametric curve given by the following parametric ‘equation x =3¢ost,y=3sint,0 y42x43=0 + The stationery point is (3,3) i iin lesa te isin abi 3,3) = 74303463) 43¢. a ee oe (BT ccs (0.s0-comp-Muy en tse x2: Examine the function for extreme values, fi, y) =x" +342 : Py 5,1, 9) =" + 3x + Lary + y Given: fay) = 343x°4 Uhy +5? = 3+ 6x4 My fi, 0) f=0 = 14429: ° = dy=- 1K nys-tk Substituting in equation (1) we gt, => x=00rx-92)= when x=0=>y=0 92 2 whenx =P = y=—7xF =— The stationery points are, mous oma = 646, 4 1-8 0,0) = 2160)+6 12-196 -184<0 rp O,n-s<0 “The function has no extrema and the point (0, 0 scaled as saddle point ro G=$4)8 of many important functions. From sponding formulae (referred to 28 ted below which will be used to Sr.No. Derivatives Integrals (Anti derivatives) free eens Jaerse Joossaxasinx ve cos x+C Jotroxcunxec Joe xar=— cots Jutunninssecase MODEL COLLEGEFBP coteus 6.8- Comp MU) : a Integrals (Anti derivatives dx 4 [=== =sec x+C enema eS =-cosee'x+C fetdx=eh+e 1 fxg dx =log xl +C ue fa dx= TgatC godar Tr. YB. Sc. (Computer Science) - Semester 1 | Tech-Max Publications = is: 978 | i Office address: 8/5, Fst Floor Manatna Complex, Arenyeshwar Comer, Pune - 411009 Maherashira Stato, Inia, Tek: §1°20°#747008 01.90.40 24088 mal: Info@tetbaybooks cot KSDMC & ‘1h acebockcomte Hi H Toi Max 1) lh ical z 135/- e@ hip Bo uisrntaey mH qt Price® ‘Books are available at: @ KRISHNA BOOKS Cente Flat No. 28, Ground Floor, Krishna Niwas Bullding, Behind BEST Niwas Bullding, Near To Napoo Hal, Chandavarkar Road, Matunga East, Mumbal 40001: Tol No. : 022-24109080 / 022-24102571 Mobile Ni ii y98018909 @ 9833082745 / 9833082761 eon < or i