Agenda

• CMG software
• CMG Launcher
• Simulator data organization
• Builder
• Sections
• Applications
• IMEX
• Applications
• Hands on exercises
CMG Software
CMG Software Introduction to
Required Prerequisite
Recommended Prerequisite
Level 1 IMEX/Builder/Results
Advanced Introduction
Builder/Results to WinProp
Introduction
CMOST to STARS
Level 2

CO2 Sequestration Numerical

in GEM CBM in Shale Gas in Tuning
GEM GEM

SAGD in STARS
Level 3

Chemical Flood in
STARS

Geomechanics in Wellbore
CO2 EOR STARS & GEM Modelling
CMG Software
CMG Software
 CMG Software, Simulators
Conventional Reservoir life cycles

Tertiary
SecondaryRecovery
Primary Recovery Recovery

• Natural • Pressure • Thermal

Depletion Maintenance • Chemical
• Gas • Immiscible
Processes
• Water

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Recovery Recovery Recovery
CMG Launcher

Organize folders and files

Submit jobs, simulators

Interact with CMG and external

applications

Access to Users manuals and

documents
CMG Launcher

Section 2:
Section 1: FILES CONTAINED IN
•FOLDERS AND PROJECTS THE FOLDERS

1 2 Section 3:
CMG PRODUCTS

3
4
Section 4:
•SCHEDULER displays information on queued,
completed, or running datasets.
Simulator Data Organization

CMG directory usually

Documents
stored under C:\Program
Files Templates
CMG Products

• Product
• Version
• Documentation and Available Versions

examples
Simulator Data Organization
PREPROCESSING FILES Basic file extensions:
.dat - Simulator input file that contains all the
*DAT
*INC
information the simulator requires to perform
*FHF its flow calculations
.inc - Additional input files referred to in the
.dat file
.fhf - Historical data can be stored in this file
type for superimposing on simulated results to
aid history matching
GENERATED DURING/AFTER
THE SIMULATION

*OUT *.out - File output by the simulator containing

*IRF information on the model in ASCII text
*MRF
*RSTR.IRF .irf - Header file output for graphical post
*LOG processing
.mrf - Binary data file containing the simulator
results
.rstr.irf - Restart File
 Simulator Data Organization
POST PROCESSING FILES
Basic file extensions:
*SES
*3tp
*
.ses - Template file for post
processing line plots

.3tp - Template file for post

processing reservoir
displays
BUILDER, Main Features
Eclipse IMEX
Black Oil

Builder Compositional

Use BUILDER to convert

Thermal Eclipse to IMEX datasets
and
Chemical

Use BUILDER to CONSTRUCT

IMEX, GEM and STARS
datasets

Use BUILDER to CONVERT

IMEX to GEM and STARS
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section

Builder integrates all the static

and dynamic properties to
construct a reservoir model.

Reservoir section
Consider all the aspects related to geological
data and reservoir properties

• Reservoir Structure
 Tops, layers and faults

• Reservoir Properties
 Different geological properties such as
porosity, permeability and water
distribution
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Reservoir structure Cartesian

Different types of grids can be created in

Builder:
• Cartesian
 Not on regular grid, sparse (e.g. picks at
wells) Corner Point
• Corner point Gridding
 Not on regular grid, sparse (e.g. picks at
wells)
• Quick Pattern Grid
 Quickly creates available pattern types
with properly placed producer and Radial
injector
• Radial
 Regular, orthogonal “grid” of data, value
at each point, may contain fault lines
and well locations
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Reservoir properties Countour map (*.bna)

Types of accepted data:

• Scattered data points

 Not on regular grid, sparse (e.g. picks
at wells)

• Contour maps of 2D surface

 Sets of connected points forming line
with value, may contain faults and well
locations

• Mesh maps of 2D surface

Different map types accepted
 Regular, orthogonal “grid” of data,
value at each point, may contain fault
lines and well locations
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Reservoir properties
Some geological and geostatistical
programs directly create 3D grids: Geological Modelling Software
2D Maps, Petrel, RMS, Gocad

• EDS - Gocad
• Roxar - IRAP RMS Grid (unit system)
Properties
RESCUE Model
Simulation output
(Binary files)
Geological units
• Schlumberger – Petrel Fault surfaces
properties at one
or more times
Well paths
• Landmark – Stratamodel
Builder Results
• Earthvision
Simulator

Builder can import those grids

• Typically those grids are rescue models
• Rescue Models can include properties
such as porosity, permeability, etc.
(*.BIN)
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Reservoir properties
Additional sources of data to construct
a model: Formula Manager

• Formulas
 Formulae manager is a tool in
Builder to generate and assign
new properties (E.g. permeability
as a function of porosity)

• Constant values
 Some simple models can use an
average single value (E.g. core
flood model)
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Properties Interpolation and
Geostatistics

• Builder can create more realistic

distributions of reservoir
properties when interpolation is
required

• Different algorithms/methods are

available in Builder (Kriging,
Gaussian, etc.)
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Apply multiplier
Properties modification to each block
value
separately

• Properties in grid cells or Multiple blocks and

regions can be modified in rectangles by

holding
down <Ctrl> key
Builder

• Constant property values

can be reassigned to the Modification of permeability around
the wells for history match
model or
addition/subtraction/division
/multiplication of the
original property value can
be assigned
BUILDER
Modeling Faults

• Scale of Fault
 Can it be seen from seismic or well tests?
 Does it have significant throw?

• Implicit Fault
 *TRANSI etc i.e. using Transmissibility multiplier of 0

• Explicit Fault
 Grid cell dislocation

• Point distributed grids allow most fault traces to be followed

exactly

• Default
 All fault connections are sand to sand so transmibility must
be specified
• Can use map files to import Faults
BUILDER
Modelling Shale
Several ways to model extensive
shale horizons:
• Explicit layer of cells
 Allows direct modelling
of flow and hydrocarbon
volume
• Transmissibility barrier
 Quicker modelling of thin
horizons
• Gaps in grid
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Grid refinements

• Builder can perform refinements

in order to improve resolution in
saturation distributions

• This can be useful for well studies

of water/gas conning effects

• Cartesian and hybrid refinements

are available

W
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Sectors Definition of a sector in Builder

Sectors define individual reporting

areas in the reservoir

• Used to quantify changes in

production/injection and fluid in
place values Sectors in Results Graph

• Specially useful for pilot tests

Reservoir pressure SEC 1
and reservoirs with multiple
formations or regions Reservoir pressure SEC 2

Reservoir pressure SEC 2

• Simulators generate individual

reports per sector
 BUILDER, Reservoir Section
Quality control on grid and
properties
• Builder automatically remove Pinch-Outs

problematic cells
PVCUTOFF, CORNER-TOL,
PINCHOUT-TOL
• Manually remove problem cells,
NULL

Combining and splitting layers

• Builder can split and combine layers
• Different methods to calculate the
properties of the combined/split layers
 BUILDER, Components Section
Laboratory Results Limited data

Input Input

Output of Winprop PVT Correlations

Builder can handle two different approaches for

PVT modelling:
• Laboratory Results (Winprop)
 Typically include composition and
experiments (Differential Liberation,
Separator test, etc.)
• Limited data (Correlations)
 Basic information related to gas and oil
densities, Saturation Pressure and
Reservoir Temperature is required
 BUILDER, Components Section

• “Black-oil” PVT description (IMEX)

 Primary depletion
 Waterflooding
 Immiscible gas injection (solvent model allows pseudo-miscible)
• EOS PVT description (GEM)
 Miscible gas injection (solvents/CO2)
 Volatile oil systems
 Gas condensate systems
• K value PVT description (STARS)
 Temperature variation
 BUILDER, Rock-Fluid Section

Relative Permeability curves and different

phenomena can be modelled in Builder Multiple rock types

• Multiple rock types and lithotypes

Wettability alteration
• Capillary pressure
• Wettability alteration
Hysteresis
• Hysteresis
• Interpolations between Kr curves
• Adsorption
• End-point scaling
• 3pt scaling
 BUILDER, Rock-Fluid Section

Three phases models:

• Stone 1 and 2
• Linear interpolation
• Linear isoperm
• Adsorption
• End-point scaling
• 3pt scaling
 BUILDER, Initial Conditions

Original conditions in the reservoir are

defined in this section
• Reservoir Pressure at datum depth
• Position of Water and Gas Oil contacts

Initial Conditions, Advanced Options

• Multiple W-O and G-O contacts and
PVT regions
• Bubble point defined as constant: array:
or tables (PBT)
• Gas Cap Initialization with residual oil
saturation
• Initialization Regions Separate from PVT
Regions
 BUILDER, Initial Conditions

Calculation Methods
p re s s u re
Pg
P cog
G a s Ca p

• VERTICAL DEPTH_AVE Po = P
g
P
o
GOC O il Z o n e
P
cwo

Gravity-capillary equilibrium calculations Po = P

w W OC
W a te r

are performed to calculate all grid blocks Pw

pressure and saturations (Sw, Sg, So) d e pth

• USER_INPUT
Pressure, water saturation and oil
saturation are specified for each grid
block. Gas saturations are then
determined by subtraction
 BUILDER, Wells & Recurrent
Typical survey data

(Xn,Yn)

(X2,Y2)

True Vertical Depth (m)

(X1,Y1)

Wells and Trajectories

• Well Trajectories Measured Depth (m)

Measured data of trajectory can be

imported by Builder in different formats
Trajectory

• Well Perforations
History of perforated intervals can be
added to the trajectory of the wells in
Builder Perforations
 BUILDER, Wells & Recurrent
Production/Injection data
Wizard PRODUCTION WIZARD FHF FILES

• This wizard can import simple DATA

BASE
production data (Excel) or robust LIQUID/OIL
CONSTRAINTS
files created on different
commercial software (E.g. OFM)

• Can handle any number of

producer/injector wells and
historical years

• Options to average production on

a monthly basis, yearly, etc.

• Can create history files (FHF) to

compare simulation results
 Builder, Wells & Recurrent
Well constraints and well
performance
Hydraulic table

• Builder can use fixed

constraints for prediction
 Liquid rate
 Bottom Hole pressure, BHP
 Well head pressure, WHP
 Alter History

• Builder can import and handle

well models created on
commercial software (Prosper,
Pipesim, etc)
 Builder, Wells & Recurrent
Groups WAG process using GROUPS

Builder can control production/injection

by using GROUPS, some of the
options available are:

• Cycling Groups

• Voidage Replacement

• Injection/Production rate per group

• Pressure Maintenance Pmaint

• Recycling Option
 Builder, Wells & Recurrent
Condition
Triggers Reservoir Pressure <24000

It is used to monitor some conditions in Action

OPEN two Injector WELLS
the reservoir and execute specific
actions
Reservoir Pressure

• Can monitor reservoir pressure,

injection rate, etc.
• Actions can be related to shut-in
wells, changes in injection/production,
etc.
• Can be applied to groups, sectors,
wells, etc.
• Can monitor injected or produced
polymer or solvent in IMEX
 Builder, Built in Wizards
Wizard to generate fractures 2014 Fracture Wizard

• Non Darcy Flow options

 Geertsma correlation
 Frederick and Graves first correlation
 Frederick and Graves second correlation
 General
• Use table of coefficients that define
the non-Darcy flow as function of
saturation, φ and K of each phase
 IMEX
Variety of reservoir recovery
applications:
Hydraulic Fractures

• Primary recovery, waterflood, gas

injection, infill drilling, horizontal
wells, WAG process, artificial Lift

• Advanced EOR process such as

pseudo miscible flood, polymer flood
Sea Water Injection
• Hydraulic Fractures and Non Darcy
Flow

• Sea water injection

• Multiple PVT regions

 IMEX
Reservoir interactions:

• Different aquifers model

 Analytical aquifer pressure support

including Fetkovitch, Carter-Tracy

 Bottom, boundary or edge drive with

leak-off

 Can apply Aquifer to reservoir

boundary or grid boundary Idealized Reservoir
One Grid Block

Fracture

• Fractured Reservoirs Matrix

∆Z

 Fracture-Matrix and Matrix-Matrix ∆Y

Connections. ∆X

 Dual Porosity and permeability

IMEX
Grid Features:

• Block Groups

 Identify an arbitrary group of cells to

be used for quick property
modifications, or grid refinements

 Allows for easier history matching or

changing properties in and around
fractures

• New Fracture keywords

 Improved definition to reduce file size

by 90%

 Easy fracture property modification

IMEX
Different Fluid model
types:

• Black Oil

• Oil Water

• Pseudo-Miscible Processes

• Polymer Model

• API Tracking

• Solvent Model
IMEX
Sophisticated solvers & Technology to improve run
time:

• Parallelization

 Efficient simulation runs using larger number of

threads on Shared Memory Processors Static

• Static Amalgamation
IMEX
Advanced well features:

• Artificial gas lift options

• Cross-flow among layers

• Vertical, horizontal or
multi-lateral wells

• Perforations, stimulation,
work over history, skin &
turbulent effects

• Wellbore frictional loss

IMEX

Advanced well features:

• Run on current constraint without violation

checking

 Useful when used with new OUTBOARD

option to operate wells externally

• Specify well geometry globally

 Eg. Applying a skin factor to a group of wells

 IMEX
Intelligent Segmented Wells (iSegWell)

Multiple Tubing Strings

Tubing Opening/End

DHS Downhole Separator

Compressor

Pump

Valve

Orifice

Choke

Monitor Point

Packer

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well_scheme.svg
IMEX
iSegWell Main Features:

• Secondary wells within a Wellsite can handle:

 Gas lift

 Recirculating well

• Complex Well Geometry

 Multiple Branches

 Multiple Tubing Strings

 Any Shape
IMEX
iSegWell Main Features:

• Accurate ∆P calculation from wellsite perforations to

the surface

• Modelling equipment (Compressor, Pump, Valve,

Choke, Orifice, Downhole Separator)

• Smart Wells with passive control

• Smart wells with active control

 IMEX
Comprehensive graphical and
text output

• Flux and velocity vectors as well

as stream line representations

• User defined variables output

• Restart records for easy job

resuming

• Efficient and fast calculation

routines