CHAPTER 5

INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL EXPERIENCES TOWARDS

ECO HOUSING

192
After reviewing the main principles of the Eco House, this chapter will present examples
of best practices in Eco-Houses both at the international and local levels in order to study
how these principles were applied and how were their outcomes. On the International
level, experiences from India, Israil and Tunisia were chosen because they applied lots of
eco design concepts from using low embodied materials, low cost construction techniques
and climatic design tools.
On the local level, experiences of pioneer architects such as Hassan Fathy and Ramses
Wissa Wassef , together with the house constructed in Toshka and the Ecolodge of Siwa,
were chosen for the local case studies. Along with these examples, efforts like: producing
Egypt's map of available raw building material and its industries, enhancing building
bricks to come with new types of bricks with insulation materials and bricks from
industrial wastes- construction and demolition wastes- agricultural wastes, producing
Egyptian residential energy code, had to be mentioned as a serious step towards
accomplishing the Eco-Eco house.

193
5.1. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE TOWARDS ECO HOUSING
5.1.1 MONAMA
LOCATION : Hyderabad, India
CLIMATE : Inland composite
This house relies on energy efficient design to reduce loads and, where possible, reverts to
renewable energy to meet them. The house was completed in 2001.
5.1.1. A Low environmental impact:
The underlying ideology behind the building design was to generate as low an
environmental impact as possible, within the limits of site and budget. Environmental
impact resulting from both embodied (from materials) and operational (in use)
considerations were assessed.

5.1.1. B Construction materials:

Although the original idea was to use compressed earth blocks, on further investigation
the soil quality in the area was found to be unsuitable. It was realized that soil would have
to be transported from approximately 400 km away and country bricks that were made
within a couple of kilometers of the site would be a better alternative. Country bricks tend
to require plaster on the external side as they are not of a quality that can withstand the
extreme climate. The solution was to make cavity walls with country bricks on the inside
and first class, wire cut bricks on the external façade. As a result, the need to use plaster
was eliminated. This strategy also provides high thermal mass, which suits the prevailing
climatic conditions. The upper floor and roof structure is made with reinforced concrete,
which has low environmental impact. Natural materials have been chosen for most
internal finishes (Fig. 93).

5.1.1. C Wall orientation and form:

West oriented openings are associated with external conditions of high solar radiation and
ambient temperature during the summer. Thus the windows in this orientation were
minimized or replaced with other solutions. Depending on the time of the day, high or low
pressure zones form in either east or west directions. This induces air movement from the
zone of high pressure to that of low pressure. The windows of the house have been

194
specially oriented such that these pressure differences, in combination with the prevailing
wind direction, may be utilized for continuous ventilation. There is also a ventilation shaft
to exhaust hot air located in the central part of the house, which is based on the principles
of buoyancy and venturi's effect. The open plan design supports this process by
eliminating any internal resistance to the full movement of air (Fig. 95).

5.1.1. D Buried pipes and evaporative cooling:

The system used is a water pond along with an air fan. The system provides cooling by
consuming just the amount of electricity necessary for the operation of the fans. Since the
fans consume less energy than air conditioners this proves an energy efficient design for
maintaining human comfort. During the humid months evaporative coolers are rendered
inefficient owing to the high humidity levels. The system allows for the ponds to be
drained during these months (July through October) and window fans used to forcefully
ventilate the house (Fig. 96, Fig. 97).

5.1.1. E Renewable energy:

In Hyderabad there are four hours of power cut each day. The client specifications were to
design a system that works as a photovoltaic stand alone system during power cuts, and as
a regular grid connected system when the grid is working. The battery chosen for this
design allows for four days of autonomy, making unlikely that the client has to use the
utility power to charge the battery.

5.1.1. F Solar hot water collector:

The system chosen in this house was the free flow system known as a thermosiphon
system. The system has no pump or controls and is fully automatic in operation.
In the thermosiphon system the tank is positioned above the collector. As the water in the
collector is heated by the sun, it rises into the tank mounted above the collector. This
causes the cold water in the tank to flow into the collector, where it is heated. In this way,
flow is created and the tank is filled with hot water125 (Fig. 98).

125
Roaf , op cit, pp.304-309

195
Figure 91

Ground floor plan

(Ref.: Roaf , op cit)

Figure 92

Elevation for Monama house

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 93

Wall construction, using stabilized mud blocks

(country bricks).
(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 94

South and West windows, designed to avoid direct solar gain.

(Ref.: Ibid)

196
 Figure 95

Ventilation paths through the house

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 96

Evaporative cooling
(Ref.: Ibid)
Figure 97

Buried pipes.
A: Inlet to circulate air 2m underground
B: Outlet for living area, with adjustable
"trunk" (Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 98

The solar water collector

works by thermosiphon.
(Ref.: Ibid)

197
5.1.2 REDEVELOPED PROPERTY AT CIVIL LINES
LOCATION : Civil lines, New Delhi, India.
CLIMATE : Composite

This project explores the challenges of designing and building a house in a dense urban
setting. This eco-project includes four courtyard houses built on a street. The houses on
the north face of the street are courtyard houses leading towards gardens on the south side;
whereas the houses on the south side of the street have their gardens on the north side and
are linear. These are all large single family houses, two to three storey high.

5.1.2. A Orientation:
The general orientation of the buildings is aligned east-west, with most window openings
in the north and south faces. The courtyard houses, because of their square proportions in
plan, also face towards the east and west. The windows on these faces look into narrow
protected alleys or the small courtyard between the houses. The alley space on the west
side is shaded by retaining the wall of the original double-storey building that had
previously lined the side street. For the linear houses on the north side, the width of the
driveway that separates the two row of houses is just sufficient to enable winter sunshine
to enter the first floor windows. Terraces on the second floor have skylights that again
admit winter sun into the first floor rooms on the north side of the house.

5.1.2. B Wind driven evaporative cooling:

The west house takes advantage of the prevailing north westerly hot winds that blow
during the hot dry seasons. A vertical screen tower is built on the west wall. This tower
houses Khus evaporative pads on its outer surface, fed by a water pump. The inner side
has adjustable windows opening into the adjacent rooms. The natural wind pressure will
drive air through the wet Khus pads and will then flow into the adjacent rooms. This
vertical arrangement would spread the Khus fragrance across the two storeys of the house
(Fig. 101).

198
5.1.2. C Courtyard roof:
The roof courtyard of the two courtyard houses is intended to be the main climate
response device. The hipped steel frame roof is cladded with a 20mm glass sandwich with
a reflective film and frosted underside for the most part, with a panel of transparent glass
on the south slope. This is under slung by a pair of razais (quilts), which can be pulled
across to cover the underside of the roof (for insulation) or allowed to hang down
vertically (to allow heat transfer). Above the roof is another frame in chicks (bamboo
severs), which can similarly be opened to shade the roof or rolled up to catch the sun.
The ridge of the roof is a water channel from which water overflows on to the thin roofing
membrane of stone and glass. Some water evaporates and excess water is collected at the
foot of the slope and re-circulated. This makes the roof a large evaporative cooler over the
central space of the house. All rooms communicate directly with this central space (Fig.
103, 104, 105).

The roof provides for:

1. Shading from outside / insulation from inside.
2. Roof evaporative cooling
3. Direct radiation

5.1.2. D Insulation / materials:

The roofs are finished with broken marble mosaic, which is reflective in nature.
The roof construction sandwich contains 30mm thick polyurethane board insulation above
the concrete slab. For the courtyard houses the western wall of the upper floor, the east
and west walls of the courtyard roof and the water tank walls are insulated using an
innovative construction sandwich of 115mm brick + 15mm plaster + 30mm polystyrene
foam + 50 mm terracotta jails, whose cavities are rendered with cement sand mortar.
Initially the courtyard roof was to be designed with 20mm thick stone slab. After
revisiting the idea, it was decided to replace the stone with glass sheets sandwiching a
reflective film to ensure a crack free, damp proof cover for water to stream over.

199
Figure 99

Façade of Courtyard House

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 100

Ground floor plan

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 101

Wind driven evaporative cooling

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 102

Section (Ref.: Ibid)

200
Figure 103

Interactive courtyard roof

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 104

West wall "Khus" cooling tower

(Ref.: Ibid)
Figure 105

Looking up from the court

(Ref.: Ibid)

201
5.1.3 MEIR HOUSE
LOCATION : Desert Highlands, Israel
CLIMATE : Arid, with hot and dry
summers, cold winters.

The Meir house was designed as a prototype

towards creating an energy conservating
urban building code. It combines external
insulation and internal thermal mass with
Figure 106
open plan.
View of Meir house (Ref.: Ibid)

5.1.3. A Thermal mass:

The wide diurnal temperature fluctuations characteristic of the Negev Desert climate
dictate the use of thermal mass, both for internal temperature damping and for energy
storage. The exterior walls are 250mm cellular concrete (YTONG) blocks, painted with a
high reflectivity ochre- coloured paint. The low conductivity of the YTONG blocks
eliminates the need for traditional sandwich wall sections or external insulation that
demands precise construction. Floors are reinforced concrete poured in place.
The roof is cast reinforced concrete, covered by extruded polystyrene, aerated sloped
cement and waterproofing. Aluminium frames encase double glazing for acoustical
considerations and are fitted with mosquito screens. To further reduce solar gains in the
summer, external aluminium rolling shutters filled with insulation (expanded
polyurethane) and interior Venetian horizontal and vertical blinds are fitted.

5.1.3.B Winter solar heating and solar water heating:

Approximately 24 m2 of the south façade and 8m2 of the east façade is glass, achieving a
passive approach to heating the house. The addition of a collapsible greenhouse on the
balcony, made of polycarbonate sheeting recovered from a dismantled agricultural
greenhouse, yielded winter temperatures of 35-36 deg C during the afternoon increasing
the room temperatures by 1-2 deg C with the help of a small fan that pushes the air into
the living spaces.

202
5.1.3. C Summer cooling and stack ventilation:
Although the higher windows provide solar access to the northern parts of the plan
(necessary in winter), the different height of spaces and operability enhance stack
ventilation and exhaust hot air from the upper strata (during the summer).
North and south facing windows enable cross ventilation during summer nights.

5.1.3. D Xeriscape
An intense post occupancy project was carried out to reduce by landscaping the amount of
wind driven dust. By laying stone paving, pebble ground covering, and planting drought
and salinity resistant plants, airborne dust is trapped and kept on the ground. Plants are
drip irrigated by a computer, providing a relative humidity sensor by-pass to the automatic
operation mode126.

126
Roaf , op cit, pp.330-343

203
5.1.4 TUNISIA SOLAR HOUSE\ PAVILION
LOCATION : Tunisia
CLIMATE : Pretty warm

The Tunisia Solar House, built by the

National School for Engineers, explores the
use of a passive heating element and a
trombe wall, among other features, in
identical and adjacent units that total 66m2
in area.
Figure 107
View of Tunisia house (Ref.: Ibid)
5.1.4. A Orientation / site
The aerodynamic shape decreases the wind pressure on the sides that are potentially
exposed to the prevailing winds. The shape forces windows to face 45 deg south of east
and west.

5.1.4. B Thermal mass

The construction materials of the west unit is made of an inner layer of 35cm stone, an
insulation of 6 cm cork and an outer layer of 6.5 cavity bricks resulting in a thermal
capacity of U= 0.51. The east unit has a double of cavity bricks separated by 6 cm of cork
insulation, which provides a higher insulator but lower thermal capacity (U=0.43). The
floor is a 10 cm concrete slab with 4 cm of cork insulation on 15 cm of stone. The cork is
placed under the stone in the floor of south area, which is subject to direct solar radiation.
The roof is a 20 cm thick concrete slab with 4 cm of cork on the outward side topped with
a reflective coating for summer radiation reflectance. The high level of insulation is not
customary in Tunisia dwellings. The trombe wall for each unit is made of 35 cm stone and
protected by a single glazing but without night insulation. The assembly (Fig. 109 A and
B ) is indicative of the very high thermal capacity and high insulative quality in each unit's
wall construction.

204
5.1.4. C Underground duct
A cooling chimney is integrated by way of an underground duct which pulls air from a
shaded area about 30m from the pavilion. The air crosses under the garden about 80 cm
below and is refreshed by the cold and humid soil above. The inlet into the pavilion on the
north side and an air flow was added later to blow air near the ceiling of the sitting room,
with the aid of a 30 W fan. However, operation of the underground duct when night
ventilation is active has shown to be disadvantageous. This is because room air in the case
of night ventilation is cooler than blown air from the underground duct.
The actual trombe wall with its thickness of 35 cm is a bit excessive. For this wall, double
glazing is of little help and is not cost effective. Thermal insulation is decisive for the
average level of room temperature but thermal capacity allows for the temperature to
remain stable127 (Fig. 110).

Figure 108
Ground Floor Plan
(Ref.: Ibid)

127
Roaf , op cit, pp.388-393

205
 Figure 109

A: East side
B: West side
(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 110

a: Section showing underground duct and cooling chimney

b and c : Ventilation is reactive to the seasons (Ref.: Ibid)

206
5.1.5 OSBORN CLAASSEN HOUSE, TUSCON,

LOCATION: ARIZONA, USA

CLIMATE: Hot arid
An overriding aim of the scheme was to be
as sit-sensitive as possible: the design was
developed after careful study of the
existing vegetation and the building was
almost surgically inserted into the native
desert so that no trees or cacti were
destroyed during construction. Rainwater
is diverted from the roof via a gutter that
runs the full depth of the house, but it is
not collected for domestic use so as not to
starve plants of water.

Figure 111
Construction materials View of Osborn house (Ref.: Wilhide, op cit)
The rammed-earth construction of the house further emphasizes the site sensitivity and the
architect’s exposed intention to create a building that was rooted in the context and culture
of its surroundings. The soil used to construct the house was not drawn from the site, but
from three different sources in the immediate area-soils chosen for their color and
structural integrity. These were slightly moistened, mixed with a small amount of iron
oxide pigment and 3 percent Portland cement, and compacted into thick forms. The
unreinforced exposed rammed-earth walls sit on concrete stem walls and spread footings.
The north and south walls are 2 feet thick. The softly warping ‘butterfly’ roof is made of
weathered steel, extended out over the rammed-earth walls to serve as weather protection
and to shield the veranda from heat and sun. Interior walls, where they are not made of
exposed rammed earth, are of painted drywall on steel studs, and the floors are of polished
natural gray concrete and the windows are double-glazed128.

128
Wilhide, op cit, pp.52

207
.

Figure 112
View of the house with its background
(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 113
The guest room is located on the north
side of the house. (Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 114
The main living space of the house comprises an open eating, cooking, relaxing area.
The rammed earth construction of the wall can clearly be seen
(Ref.: Ibid)

208
5.1.6 PALMETTO HOUSE, MIAMI
LOCATION: FLORIDA, USA
CLIMATE: Warm humid

The plan is in the form of a cross, with the longer sides of the building aligned north-
south, and the living space aligned east-west and raised up a level to catch the cooling
southeasterly breezes. On the south side, deep eaves keep the sun off exterior walls in the
summer; awnings shade the windows so they can be kept open, even during storms. At
either end, screened porches shield interior spaces from the sun; inside, there are few
partitions or walls so that air flows freely-the main living space is an open plan
kitchen/living room/dinning room. The floor of the loft space is metal grating, which
allows air to circulate and permits light to filter through and the walls are lined in louvered
windows. Lush subtropical undergrowth shades the house at the lower level.

5.1.6. A Natural cooling

Material use also has a role to play in natural cooling. The exterior walls and roof are clad
with corrugated aluminum, which reflects the light and heat, high-mass concrete, used in
construction of the first floor keeps this part of the house cool.
The upper floors are lightweight timber-frame construction. To supplement these natural
cooling features, walls are also vented. Radiant barriers made of high-emissivity metal foil
inside the walls and roof trap heat before it has a chance to reach the interior and expel it
through high-level vents, drawing cooler air in from the shaded eaves (Fig. 115).

5.1.6. B Solar water heating

Almost all of the house’s hot water is heated by solar panels installed on the portion of the
roof that faces south, and the water is circulated by a pump powered by photovoltaic cells.
There is also a graywater system, with flow-control faucets to conserve water.
Unlike air conditioned homes, which must be hermetically sealed, this house is open to the
elements and to the sights, sounds, and smells of the natural landscape129.

129
Wilhide, op cit, pp.74

209
Figure 115
Detail of vented wall (Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 116
View of the house with its surrounding
(Ref.: Ibid)

210
Figure 117
The loft space on the top level is floored with metal grating to allow air and light
through. The walls are lined with louvered windows. Plexiglas on the ceiling
diffuses fluorescent light. No supplementary lighting is needed during the daytime
in any part of the house.
(Ref.: Ibid)

211
5.2. LOCAL EXPERIENCE TOWARDS ECO HOUSING

5.2.1 NEW BARIZ BY HASSAN FATHY

The first Chairman's Award (which was established to honour special acheivments) was
given in 1980 to Hassan Fathy, an Egyptian architect, artist and poet in acknowledgment
of his lifelong commitment to architecture. Early in career he began to study the
preindustrial building systems of Egypt to understand their aesthetic qualities, to learn
what they had to teach about climate control and economical construction techniques and
to find ways to put them in contemporary use. In his lifetime he designed more than 30
projects including several villages for the poor and modest private residences shaped by
his profound understanding of vernacular design130.

LOCATION : Kharga Oasis, Egypt

CLIMATE : Arid, with hot and dry summers, cold winters.

5.2.1. A Courtyards

One of his most distinguished projects is the village of "New Bariz" in kharga oasis.
In this project, Fathy decided to employ a system of internal courtyards as a primary
means of climate control in his design, along with shading. In his initial presentation, he
stressed that thermal comfort in the housing design he proposed depended on the natural
control of air temperature, air movement, relative humidity and radiation. Air movement
was to be generated by creating a pressure differential and by convection, utilizing the
basic physical principle that hot air rises and is replaced by cooler air to best advantage.

5.2.1.B Wind driven evaporative cooling:

To bring air into the series of internal courtyards planned for each house, he proposed
wind towers, or "Badgirs" to catch the higher cooler breeze above the desert, and bring it
into each house.

130
FISA and Aga Khan, (1996), “Architecture for a Changing World”, Graficas Urania, Malaga

212
His refinement, also used in the market, where cool temperatures were essentials to
preserve agricultural perishables awaiting shipment to larger markets, consisted of two
shafts. One of these has an opening facing the windward side, and the other face the
leeward side with a metal-bladed funnel pointed downward, which ensures suction by
Venturi effect. This second stack and funnel have been painted black to draw air from
below as they are heated by the sun. To add to their cooling capacity the windward towers
had straw mats hanging inside them which were damped by a hand pump at regular
intervals during the day

5.2.1.C Building materials

A shortage of viable building materials indicated a repetition of the same vault and dome
system in mud brick, used at New Gourna, with paraffin and bitumen emulsions used as
stabilizers, since the soil at Kharga Oasis is of poorer quality than that near the Nile.

5.2.1.D Construction System

The housing, had it been built, would undoubtedly have functioned equally well, but we
only have his working drawings to show us what it would have looked like.
Rather than the domes that predominate in New Gourna, he relied mostly on a "Barasti"
truss system; a lighter reed and wire frame roof that was easily built and helped to
promote better convection. The repetitive, triangular forms of the Barasti roof, topping off
the linear, two-story housing blocks, would have been as visually distinctive as the
Badgirs of the market131.

131
Steel, op cit, pp.79-84

213
Figure 118

Site plan of New Bariz

(Ref.: Steel, op cit)

Ground Floor
First floor

Figure 119

Plan of neighbourhood unit for non farmers

(Ref.: Ibid)

214
 Roof plan

Figure 120

Plan, sections and elevations of neighbourhood unit for non farmers

(Ref.: Ibid)

Figure 121

Roofscape of market at New Bariz

(Ref.: Ibid)

215
5.2.2 ART CENTER BY RAMSES WISSA WASSEF

Agakhan winning award

Near the pyramids of Giza, the centre was founded in the early 1950s by the late architect
Ramses Wissa Wassef as a weaving school. It has since evolved to comprise workshops
and showrooms, a pottery and sculpture museum, houses and farm buildings, constructed
entirely of mud brick. For Wissa Wassef, vaulted and domed brick structures represented
something quintessentially Egyptian as these forms had been adopted in turn by
Pharaonic, Coptic and Islamic civilizations. The choice of this traditional technology also
reflected his desire to transmit the values of handicraft to succeeding generations in a
rapidly industrializing country. The jury commended the centre for "the beauty of its
execution, the high value of its objectives, the social impact of its activities as well as the
power of its influence as an example"132

Scale 1:200

Figure 122
Section and plan for the art
center in Haraneya
(Ref.: FISA, op cit)

132
FISA, op cit

216
Figure 123
Different shots for the
art center with its
background
(Ref.: Ibid)

217
5.2.3 TOSHKA HOUSE

LOCATION : Toshka region - Egypt

CLIMATE : Hot arid

A house in Toshka was built as a prototype through which several passive systems were
applied to reach an acceptable thermal performance in this region through out the whole
year using the most convenient construction method in this area and the available local
building materials. The house was built on an area of 200m2

5.2.3.A Building material:

Made of light weighted concrete blocks that are thermally insulated (Lyca aggregate -
cement-sand- thermal insulation). Its dimensions are 20x30x40 cm. This block is made by
a manual compressor. (Fig. 124-125)
The U-value of this block reached 0.365 watt/ m2 deg C which is a very low value
compared to traditional building materials that reached a U-value greater than 1.5 watt/m2
deg C

5.2.3.B Construction system:

The construction method used in this house is bearing walls using the previously
mentioned concrete block.
Reinforced walls are simply built by interlocking those blocks together thus saving
mortar, and therefore decreasing the costs. (Fig. 126-127-128)

5.2.3.C Evaporative cooling:

Wind catchers were used to enhance natural ventilation, and further, water sprinklers were
used inside those ducts to cool the air before entering the house spaces.
The house is thermally comfortable through out the months October and November and
bearable in the period from July till September133. (Fig. 129)

133
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˺˺˺-˺˺˽ιˬϩήϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγΪϨϬϟ΍

218
 Figure 124

The manual compressor for concrete

block production.

Figure 125

Light weighted concrete block

with insulation material

Figure 126

The steel reinforcement in wall construction and the way of preventing it

from conducting the heat

219
Figure 127
Foundations and the steel reinforcement in the middle of the walls

The beginning of wall The completion of wall

construction construction

The beginning of roof The completion of roof

construction construction

Figure 128

Four stages of Toshka prototype construction

220
Figure 129

The prototype after applying the finishing

221
5.2.4 ECOLODGE IN SIWA

LOCATION: SIWA-EGYPT
CLIMATE: HOT ARID

The ecolodge is a hotel located in Siwa, and it was chosen to be presented in our case
studies although it is not a residential case study and does not use electricity at all because
it has adopted a no. of eco design principles which we can learn from.
Built on the edge of the Sahara, at the foot of a mountain and next to a mirage-like lake
(that is as salty as the Dead Sea and great for the skin).134
The hotel was built using the traditional Berber techniques and architecture used in Siwa
for centuries. It is completely made out of mud, wood, straw, and salt.
The locals made everything in the hotel from the doors to the furniture by hand. There is
no electricity but night ventures are enjoyed by candlelight135. There is no telephone or air
conditioning136. The lodge even has its own organic garden where the food for all meals is
grown137.

Figure 130
Interior spaces are lit using natural day
lighting in the morning and candle
lights at night

134
http://greenthenewblack.blogspot.com
135
http://community.iexplore.com
136
http://greenthenewblack.blogspot.com
137
http://community.iexplore.com

222
Figure 131
Exterior views for the Ecolodge with its background

223
5.2.5 EGYPTS MAP OF AVAILABLE RAW BUILDING MATERIAL AND ITS
INDUSTRIES

The objective from this study made on Egypt was as follows:

ƒ Classifying and locating raw building materials all over Egypt.
ƒ Introducing the chemical and natural properties of raw materials in different locations.
ƒ Listing industries of building materials depending on those raw materials.
ƒ Offering a geo technical map of raw material locations that are qualified for use all
over the republic and industries depending upon it.
This study is important for architects because it identifies the available local materials
in order to use it and decrease the embodied energy.
Building materials were classified all over the Arab Republic of Egypt into:
• Clay
• Gypsum
• Aggregate (lime stones and its reciprocals such as dolmite – sand – gravel -
bazalt…etc)
• Decorative stones
The Republic was divided into eight areas:
1. North of Sinai
2. South of Sinai
3. Delta – East of Delta – East of
TafreeaϪόϳήϔΘϟ΍ϕήη
4. Suez Gulf and Red Sea
5. Nile valley
6. Toshka region – South of the valley
Figure 132
7. Western Northern Coast and West of Delta
Egypt's map divided into eight areas
8. Oasis and East of Oaynat ΕΎϨϳϮόϟ΍ϕήη ϦϋήμϣΔτϳήΧ"ˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ
"ΎϬϴϠϋϪϤ΋ΎϘϟ΍ΕΎϋΎϨμϟ΍ϭϪΣΎΘϤϟ΍˯ΎϨΒϟ΍Ω΍ϮϣΕΎϣΎΧ
The following table (20) presents the eight
above mentioned areas of Egypt with its available raw materials138.
Table (20) Available raw building materials in the eight areas of Egypt and its industries.
138
"ΎϬϴϠϋϪϤ΋ΎϘϟ΍ΕΎϋΎϨμϟ΍ϭϪΣΎΘϤϟ΍˯ΎϨΒϟ΍Ω΍ϮϣΕΎϣΎΧϦϋήμϣΔτϳήΧ"ˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ :ΚΤΑ

224
 AREAS
RAW
North of South of East of Delta Suez Gulf Nile valley Toshka Western Oasis and
BUILDING
Sinai Sinai – East of and Red region – Northern Coast East of
MATERIAL
Tafreea Sea South of and West of Oaynat
S
the valley Delta

Qualified for Qualified for Qualified for Qualified Qualified Qualified Qualified for use Qualified for
use in use in use in for use in for use in for use in in manufacturing use in
manufacturin manufacturin manufacturin manufacturi manufacturi manufact clay brick and in manufacturing
g clay brick g clay brick g clay brick ng clay ng clay uring clay general it needs clay brick ,it
1.CLAY and cement brick brick brick and addition of sand could also be
cement due to its used in
sensitivity to manufacture of
drying light weighted
brick(Lica )or
cement
2.LIME Qualified for Un qualified Qualified for Qualified Qualified Qualified Types of lime Aggregate of
STONE use as blocks for production of for use in for use in for use in stones in lime stones is

225
, building production of quick lime constructio lime blocks manufact northern west not qualified
stones and in concrete and lime n works works,also uring clay coast could be for use in
manufacture aggregate blocks. Also either in some of the brick and classified as concrete
of lime. since it qualified for production produced cement follows: works.Most
In case of deviates from use in of aggregate 1.Dolmite lime samples are
using the specs of concrete aggregate could be stones qualified for
aggregate in Egyptian works. Lime or lime used in 2.SlisilicϪϴδϴϠϴγ use as blocks
concrete, it standard. blocks could bricks. concrete lime stones except for
should be Best of these also be used works. 3.Sand lime those of El
taken into stones are in stones Farafra which
consideration those located construction 4.Clay lime stone could be used
that the at El Toor works but 5.Chalk lime in manufacture
increte metal area. It could away from stone. of quick and
present in be used in water sources Studies showed slaked lime
some of the manufacture due to its the following:
lime stones of quick and high ability 1.Qualification of
might react slaked lime of water first type to use
with the absorption. as lime blocks.
alkaline of Those stones 2.Qualification of
the cement could also be second and third

226
 which could used in type to use as
cause cracks manufacture aggregate in
in concrete of quick and concrete works
structure. slaked lime and cement
bricks and as raw
material in
manufacture of
cement and as
stones for
construction.
3.Fourth type
could be used in
manufacture of
clay bricks
4.Fifth type
could be used in
production of
quick and slaked
lime
3.MARBLE There are There are two Qualified Of good

227
 different types of for use in mechanical
types of marble:white constructio and natural
marble such with black n works. qualities.
as :El Feleto- veins and
El selsela – black with
El shabah and white veins.
they are all They are of
qualified for good quality
use in for use in
cladding and wall cladding
decorative ,entrances,
works and in stairs and in
production of decorative
blocks. works.
Of good Abundantly Qualified Qualified for
mechanical found in for cladding works
and natural Aswan and cladding and facades.
4.GRANITE
qualities. Quina ,it is works and Aggregate
red in color facades. produced from
and of very natural

228
 high climatic ctors
resistivity to and found in
pressure ,it valleys , could
is not be used in
easily manufacture of
affected by concrete bricks
chemical and tiles.
factors.
Standard Unqualified Qualified for Unqualified Qualified Used in Found in areas Unqualified
specs for use in use in for use in for use in manufact of west and east for use in
deviates from construction construction constructio construction ure of banks of Cairo – concrete
specs of works and works, taking n works works. clay, Alexandria desert works, but it
aggregate concrete. into due to the concrete road and it is could be used
used in consideration deviation of and sand qualified for use in plaster and
5.SAND
concrete particle its particle bricks. in construction mortar works
works, but it gradation and gradation works such as: or as additives
is suitable for avoiding mud from concrete works- in manufacture
mortar and and soft standard mortar and of other
plaster works, substances. specs, plaster- as an construction
or as an But in besides additive in materials such

229
 additive in general it containing manufacture of as clay ,
manufacture could be used high clay, concrete concrete and
of clay,sand in mortar and percentages and sand bricks. sand bricks.
and concrete plaster works of mud and
bricks. White or as soft
sand is additives in substances
abundantly manufacture which may
found and it of concrete reach 11%.
is known for ,sand and
its high purity clay bricks.
which
qualifies it
for use in
glass
manufacture.
Qualified for Un qualified Qualified for Needs to Qualified Salisilic gravel
6.GRAVEL
use in for use in use in redo its for use in is qualified for
AND
concrete concrete concrete particle concrete use in concrete
GRAVEL
works, except works due to works, except gradation works, works,but the
SOIL
that in its deviation that in since it except that carbonic

230
 general it from standard general it deviates in general it gravel is not
needs Egyptian needs from needs ,but ,it could
improving its specs except improving its standard improving be used in
particle for those particle Egyptian its particle paving works.
gradation. samples in El gradation. specs of gradation.
Toor of concrete
granite aggregate.
origin, those Rest of
samples are properties
qualified for are
use in qualified
concrete for use in
aggregate. constructio
n works.
Aggregate is Bazalt of Abu Qualified Qualified Qualified for
produced zabal is for use as for use in use as
from bazalt qualified for aggregate in plane and aggregate in
7.BAZALT
use as concrete reinforced concrete works
aggregate in works and concrete and in road
concrete in works and paving works

231
 works and in manufactur as or it could be
manufacture e of aggregate cut down to
of tiles, concrete for natural stones
concrete bricks and concrete in order to be
bricks and in in road bricks. used in
road paving. paving. construction
works.
Qualified for Qualified Qualified for use
use in wall for use in in manufacturing
cladding with manufacturi gypsum boards
plaster o paris ng gypsum and plaster of
and in boards and paris
manufacture gypsum
8.GYPSUM of gypsum walls.
boards ,
paints and
used as
additives in
manufacture
of cement .

232
 Percentage Percentage of
of iron iron oxide in
oxide in raw steel
9.STEEL
raw steel reaches 74%
exceeds by weight
80%
Contains an Could be used
acceptable in production
percentage of stone blocks
of minerals. and in
Its rocks are construction
10.SAND of high works.
STONE resistivity to
decaying
and of good
mechanical
and natural
properties.

233
 Figure 133
Raw building material sites in Egypt
ϖΑΎγϊΟήϣˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ

234
 Figure 134
Building material manufacture sites in Egypt
ϖΑΎγϊΟήϣˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ

235
5.2.6 ENHANCING BUILDING BRICKS

Efforts were made to enhance building bricks from different angles.

First: to decrease the U-value and thermal capacity in order to fit in arid conditions.
Second: to produce a recyclable building bricks with low environmental impact.
Both will be discussed respectively.

5.2.6.A Studies and experiments have been held in order to find a way to combine
building materials with thermal insulation material, and the results of those studies
confirmed the importance of using thermal insulation materials with building materials.
Those special bricks have passed through laboratory experiments using five different
walls with five different types of bricks and hot box to show the heat flow and U-value
of each type of brick and results came as follows (Fig. 135):

First wall:
Was built from hollow clay brick with thickness of 25 cm.
Results showed that heat flow reached 60 watt / m2 which confirm the ability of the
brick to prevent heat flow and creating thermal accumulation in outer crust of the brick
which causes reduction of heat flow and consequently reduces the U- value and increase
the thermal resistance of the brick. Also the thermal accumulation resulted in increasing
temperature difference between layer of brick facing the hot room and middle of the
brick which shows capability of this brick, with addition of thermal insulation material,
to reduce heat flow.

Second wall:
Was built from hollow concrete blocks with thickness of 25cm.
The brick contains two consecutive voids. Results showed that heat flow reached 120
watt / m2 which indicate that it is not suitable for use in hot climates due to the increase
of U-value and its low thermal resistance which makes it incapable of creating thermal
accumulation thermal accumulation on the outer crust of the brick.

236
Third wall:
Was built from concrete bricks insulated with extruded polystyrene with thickness of
7.5cm and at 4cm away from the outer surface of the brick, it is also has two separate
voids. Results showed that this brick is suitable for use in hot dry regions since it has
low U-value due to presence of insulating material.

Fourth wall:
Was built from hollow concrete blocks with thickness of 12.5cm.
The brick contains three consecutive voids, but it was taken into consideration, when
building a wall of 25cm thickness, to alternate the void locations in order to create two
separate alternating voids of 4cm apart. Results showed that heat flow reached 29
watt/m2, which clarifies the effect of the two voids in comparison to hollow concrete
blocks in second wall. And so therefore one can say that using two voids in a brick has
good effect on decreasing the U-value, it also decreases the thermal storage capacity of
the brick.

Fifth wall:
Was built from concrete bricks made from light weighted Lyca as a substitute of
aggregate with thickness of 30cm.
This brick has three defensive lines of thermal insulating material from extruded
polystyrene, it was taken into consideration in this brick to distribute the insulating
material in a way to prevent the heat transfer through thermal bridges in the brick.
This type of bricks is constructed b interlocking without using any mortar.
The wall was reinforced by steel horizontally and vertically through leaving voids
without thermal insulation every 80cm to place the steel bars. Results showed that heat
flow reached 18 watt/m2. This type of bricks is considered very suitable since its
manufacture depends on clay Lyca, also it does not contain high percentages of cement.
The outer layer of Lyca facing exterior climatic conditions store heat during day and
expel it during night, this is due to the role of the thermal insulating material in creating
thermal accumulation.

237
Conclusion
From previous study, the following findings can be concluded:
1. Usage of building materials available in the hot dry region alone is not enough and
does not fulfill the thermal needs of the building, and therefore thermal insulation
materials should be used with those building materials in order to increase its thermal
resistivity and decrease its thermal capacity. Thermal insulation layer must be placed in
the outer surface of the wall in order to create a layer capable of storing heat during day
and expelling it during night.

2. Usage of several consecutive air voids in walls give positive results in decreasing the
U- value, it also decreases the thermal capacity of the structure and therefore the
building structure becomes convenient during night. Reflective thermal insulation
materials could be placed on the outer layer139.

139
˼˹˼-˻̂́ιˬ"ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ΓέΎΤϟ΍˯΍ϮΟϷ΍ϰϓΓέ΍ήΤϠϟΔϟίΎόϟ΍Ω΍ϮϤϟ΍ "ˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ:ΚΤΑ
238
Figure 135
Different types of bricks and its corresponding walls
"ΔϓΎΠϟ΍ΓέΎΤϟ΍˯΍ϮΟϷ΍ ϰϓΓέ΍ήΤϠϟΔϟίΎόϟ΍Ω΍ϮϤϟ΍ "ˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ:ΚΤΑ

239
5.2.6.B Other bricks were created by HBRC in order to make good use of solid wastes
in its different forms because solid wastes are considered one of the most important
environmental problems and according to statistics of environmental ministry, the total
amount of solid wastes in Egypt reached 60 million tons annually and that included:
Industrial wastes- construction and demolition wastes- agricultural wastes…etc.
Examples of industrial wastes are:
• Wastes of ceramic tiles during manufacture.
• Wastes of clay brick industry
• Wastes of by-pass cement dust

Figure 136

Different types of bricks made from industrial and construction- demolition wastes:
First one from left is cement block that contains 25% of cement dust
Middle one is clay brick made of clay brick manufacture wastes
Last one is clay brick that contains ceramic wastes

240
Figure 137
Various types of bricks made from
demolition wastes and ceramic
wastes…etc

241
One of the most important examples of agricultural waste in Egypt which caused a lot of
troubles is “rice straw”, where the amount of rice straw reaches 2 million tons per year.
The peasants have tried to get rid of it by burning it but this caused what is called “the
black cloud” which caused lots of illnesses besides, the burning process raises the soil
temperature and emits the ammonia present in the soil and so the soil loses a great
amount of one of its most important elements.
So studies were made and the results came out as follows:
• Production of low density construction units using rice straw
• Production of thermally insulated construction units which contain rice straw
• Production of gypsum boards that contain rice straw 140

Figure 138

Thermally insulating clay bricks that contain different percentages of rice straw

Figure 139

Thermally insulating cement bricks that contain different percentages of rice straw

140
ϪϨϜϤϤϟ΍ΐϴϟΎγϷ΍ϭήμϣϰϓϪΌϴΒϠϟϪΛϮϠϤϟ΍˯ΎϨΒϟ΍Ω΍ϮϣΕΎϋΎϨλϭϰϧΎΒϤϟ΍ϝΎϤϋ΃ΕΎϔϠΨϣήϳϭΪΗΓΩΎϋ΍"ˬ ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ:ΚΤΑ
ΎϬϨϣϩΩΎϔΘγϺϟ
242
5.2.7 Egyptian Residential Energy Code

The Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) and the Organization for
Energy Planning (OEP) were engaged in an effort to produce an Egyptian Code for the
residential buildings. The project intended to improve the efficient use of electrical
energy. The Egyptian Residential building code gives minimum performance standards
for building envelope, windows and openings, natural ventilation and thermal comfort,
natural and artificial lighting. A great effort has been made to ensure its applicability in
our buildings here in Egypt specifically to the general climate conditions of the two
cities, Cairo and Alexandria. For example, the exterior building envelope must comply
with the following requirements141:

5.2.7.A Non air conditioned buildings in Cairo

Table (21) Requirements of building envelope for non air conditioned buildings in Cairo
and Delta region

(a) R Values for typical Roof construction are equivalent to:

141
˻˹˹˿ˬ"ϪϴϨϜδϟ΍ϰϧΎΒϤϟ΍ :ϝϭϷ΍˯ΰΠϟ΍ϰϧΎΒϤϟ΍ϰϓϪϗΎτϟ΍ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍Γ˯ΎϔϛϦϴδΤΘϟϯήμϤϟ΍ΩϮϜϟ΍"ˬ˯ΎϨΒϟ΍ϭϥΎϜγϹ΍ΙϮΤΑΰϛήϣ
243
R value 0.3: equivalent to 12cmConcrete, 6cm of sand, 2 cm of mortar, 2cm of tiles
R value 0.4: equivalent to 12cmConcrete, 8 cm of sloped concrete, 6 cm of sand,
2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
R value 0.6: equivalent to 20 cm Hollow Blocks 8cm of sloped concrete, 6 cm of
sand, 2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
R value 0.8: equivalent to 30 cm Hollow Blocks 8cm of sloped concrete, 6 cm of sand,
2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
(b) R Values for typical Wall construction are equivalent to:
R value 0.4: equivalent to 12 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
R value 0.6: equivalent to 25 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
R value 0.8: equivalent to 38 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
(c) R value for typical insulation material without R si & Rso, are equivalent to:
R value 0.59 = 2 cm expanded polystyrene insulation
R value 1.18 = 3 cm expanded polystyrene insulation
R value 1.75 = 6 cm expanded polystyrene insulation
R value 2.35 = 8 cm expanded polystyrene insulation
If insulation is placed to the inside of the wall the R value is reduced by 30%
R value of 100 mm non vented cavities in the wall is considered 0.16 m2 °C/W
Outdoor surface thermal resistance = 0.04 m2 °CW
Indoor surface thermal resistance = 0.123 m2 °CW

Fenestration Requirements: Compliance is achieved if one of the following are met

for all applicable orientation:
(a) Maximum SHGC (In columns 8-11), or
(b) Minimum SGR (in columns 12-15), or
(c) An adjusted SHGC reduced by applying the SGR factor as indicated in part (B) to
the SHGC of the glassing to achieve an SHGC less than the required maximum
Windows with shutters have no requirement for either SHGC or SGR
* If WWR exceeds 30% SGR must be not less than 0.9
* For exposed glass windows should meet the min SHGF
* Shaded Windows should meet the min SGR iQ6HSWLIQRWWKHJOD]LQJVKRXOG

244
meet the SHGC requirement.
These SHGC values are calculated including window frames
0.27 = reflective single glazing CLR 20%
0.75 = clear single glazing
SGR = percentage of glazing surface shaded from 9 am to 5 pm on 21 September.

5.2.7.B Non air conditioned buildings in North Coast

Table (22) Requirements of building envelope for non air conditioned buildings in
North Coast region

(a) R Values for typical Roof construction are equivalent to:

R value 0.3: equivalent to: 12 cm Concrete, 6cm of sand, 2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
R value 0.4: equivalent to: 12 cm Concrete, 8 cm of sloped concrete, 6cm of sand,
2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
R value 0.6: equivalent to: 20 cm Hollow Blocks 8 cm of sloped concrete, 6cm of sand,
2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
R value 0.8: equivalent to: 30 cm Hollow Blocks 8 cm of sloped concrete, 6cm of sand,
2 cm of mortar, 2 cm of tiles
(b) R Values for typical Wall construction are equivalent to:

245
R value 0.4: equivalent to: 12 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
R value 0.6: equivalent to: 25 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
R value 0.8: equivalent to: 38 cm clay brick 2cm of Plaster on both sides
(c) R value for typical insulation material without R si & Rso, are equivalent to:
R value 0.59 = 2 cm expanded polystyrene insulation with k= 0.032 W/m°C
R value 1.18 = 3 cm expanded polystyrene insulation with k= 0.032 W/m°C
R value 1.75 = 6 cm expanded polystyrene insulation with k= 0.032 W/m°C
R value 2.35 = 8 cm expanded polystyrene insulation with k= 0.032 W/m°C
If insulation is placed to the inside of the wall the R value is reduced by 30%
R value of 100 mm non vented cavities in the wall is considered 0.16 m2 °C/W
Outdoor surface thermal resistance = 0.04 m2 °CW
Indoor surface thermal resistance = 0.123 m2 °CW

Fenestration Requirements: Compliance is achieved if one of the following are met

for all applicable orientation:
(a) Maximum SHGC (In columns 8-11), or
(b) Minimum SGR (in columns 12-15), or
(c) An adjusted SHGC reduced by applying the SGR factor as indicated in part (B) to
the SHGC of the glassing to achieve an SHGC less than the required maximum.
Windows with shutters have no requirement for either SHGC or SGR.
* If WWR exceeds 30% SGR must be not less than 0 9
* For exposed glass windows should meet the min SHGF
* Shaded windows should meet the min SGR in 21 Sept.
If not, the glazing shall meet the SHGC requirement.
These SHGC values are calculated including window frames
0.27 = Reflective single glazing CLR 20%
0.75 = Clear single glazing

246
Conclusion

This chapter reviews international and local case studies of eco houses.
It is also concerned with the local efforts made as an approach for achieving an echo
house. Those efforts were as follows:

• Map of Egypt for available raw material and its industries.

This part divided the republic into eight areas and discussed the raw materials found in
each area and its industries and the conclusion is as follows:
1. Clay:
Present abundantly in all different eight areas that were previously mentioned, and it is
qualified for use in manufacture of clay bricks.
2. Lime stone:
Present in most of the eight areas, and is qualified for use in lime blocks and lime
bricks.
3. Marble:
Located abundantly and with various types in North of Sinai - South of Sinai - Suez
Gulf and Red Sea - Nile Valley, and it is qualified for use in cladding and decorative
works.
4. Granite:
Located in South of Sinai – Nile Valley – Toshka region and South of the valley –
Oasis and East of Oaynat , but it is abundantly found in Aswan and Quina where it is
red in color and of very high resistivity , it is qualified for use in cladding and
manufacture of concrete bricks and tiles.
5. Sand:
White sand is abundantly found in North of Sinai and it is known for its high purity
which qualifies it for use in glass manufacture.
Sand located in: South of Sinai - Suez gulf and Red sea – Oasis and East of Oaynat
areas is unqualified for use in construction works such as: concrete works, mortar and
plaster. Sand located in other areas is qualified for use in construction works and in
manufacture of clay, sand and concrete bricks.

247
6. Gravel and gravel soil:
Located in all areas except in Toshka region, South of the valley, Western Northern
coast and West of Delta.It is qualified for use in concrete works in all areas except in
South of Sinai.
7. Bazalt:
Located in all areas except in: North of Sinai, Delta - East of Delta - East of Tafreea,
Western Northern Coast and West of Delta.
It is qualified for use as aggregate in concrete works and in manufacture of concrete
bricks and in road paving.
8. Gypsum:
Located in South of Sinai – Suez Gulf and Red sea – Western Northern Coast and
West
of Delta. It is qualified for use in wall cladding with plaster of paris and in
manufacture of gypsum boards.
9. Steel:
Located in the Nile Valley, Oasis and East of Oaynat.
10. Sand Stone:
Located in the Nile Valley, Oasis and East of Oaynat. It is qualified for use in
construction works.

• Enhancing building bricks

A study has been held in HBRC on different types of construction bricks and
comparisons were made between them, conclusion of this study was as follows:
1. Usage of building materials available in the hot dry region alone is not enough and
does not fulfill the thermal needs of a building, and therefore thermal insulation
materials should be used with those building materials in order to increase its
thermal resistivity and decrease its thermal capacity. Thermal insulation layer must
be placed in the outer surface of the wall in order to create a layer capable of
storing heat during day and expelling it during night.

248
2. Usage of several consecutive air voids in walls give positive results in decreasing
the U- value , it also decreases the thermal capacity of the structure and therefore
the building structure becomes convenient during night. Reflective thermal
insulation materials could be placed on the outer layer.

New types of bricks were created in HBRC in order to make use of solid wastes, such
as:
• Wastes of ceramic tiles
• Wastes of clay brick
• Wastes of by pass cement dust
Also other bricks were made from agricultural waste such as rice straw.

• Egyptian residential Energy code

The Egyptian residential energy code gives minimum performance standards for
windows and openings, natural ventilation and thermal comfort, natural and artificial
lighting, where the exterior building envelope must comply with the requirements
mentioned in the code.

After reviewing all the principles concerning the Eco Eco house, a cost analysis system
is established to help designers through out the design process and decision making.

249
 CHAPTER 6

ESTABLISHMENT OF COST ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR ECO-

HOUSE DESIGN

250
Studies have shown an urgent need for establishing a cost analysis system in order to
help designers reach a trade off between cost and ecological aspects during the different
phases of housing development. This earned a top priority because of all what has been
stated before in addition to the coming two factors:

1. In Egypt, buildings in general are responsible for 60.18% of the total electricity
consumption in all sectors. Energy demand has reached about 69.2 Billion kWh with an
annual increase of 7%, where the industry takes about 43%, Residential and commercial
buildings share is 42.6%, Governmental buildings and services consume about 16.7%
while Agriculture use only 4%. The two major consumers of electricity are households
and industry, followed by Government and public utilities. In order to reduce the energy
consumption in buildings, the Housing and Building Research Centre in collaboration
with UNDP&JEF. Has produced a building code to provide designers with know how
but we need to provide them also with cost effectiveness evaluation tool to help them
making decisions related to the market, the client affordability and the developments
plans drawn by the government.

2. Modernization trends in building designs in Egypt imported a new technology which

has led to an increase in energy consumption in buildings and at the urban scale for
many reasons:
- Exaggeration in use of metal and glass
- Not using thermal insulation in general practice
- Relying totally on mechanical air conditioning
- No effort done in design to adapt foreign technology to local conditions
Studies of the building industry in Egypt and technological innovations in the building
industry ( intelligent building elements and systems, component for renewable energy)
Show that the cost of these ecological components is still too high to encourage its use
on a large scale. Therefore, feasibility studies and methods to balance costs with benefits
are urgently needed142.

142
Prof. Dr. Suzette Michel and Eng. Hend Elsayed, (2006), “Examples of low energy design at Urban scale in
Egypt”, PLEA2006
251
The thesis recommends a thorough cost analysis system for ecological houses helping
designers to decide according to checklists and choices available in each design phase.
The following is a proposal for a total approach followed by examples of detailed
modules supporting the total system that needs further development and completion in
future studies.

6.1 An integrated approach to achieve trade off between the ecological and
economical aspects of housing design

The designer is constantly making decisions as he goes through the design process.
Each decision has a cost impact that should be analysed and in order to achieve eco-
cities, eco-districts and eco-houses, additional costs might be required, therefore, a
comparison should be done between eco-design cost and the regular or traditional
design solutions in terms of costs taking into consideration all the advantages listed
previously from eco-design and the pay back that may not be instantly felt but on the
long run. The following chart proposes an approach of cost analysis following the
design phases to help defining the costs of eco-house. This system is composed of steps
following design process:

252
 SITE
SELECTION

Checking land for Checking site for air

COST contamination pollution (dust-sand)

If contaminated If found

ƒ Using neutralizing chemicals ƒ Protection from storms ƒA

COST ƒ Replacement with clean soil ƒ Exposure to desirable winds t
ƒ Sealing the base of site with barriers ƒ Site location on slopes r
ƒN
p

SITE DESIGN

ƒ Grouping patterns for cooling effect

and minimizing infrastructure cost
ƒ Road pattern and orientation
ƒ Landscaping and vegetation
COST ƒ Land subdivision
ƒ Distribution of public spaces-wind
breaks -sound barriers-pavements
ƒ Outdoor shading devices

253
 SHELTER DESIGN

ƒ Building envelope ƒ Building materials ƒ Bu

‰ Roof insulation (loose fill-semi ‰ Locality of materials ‰ C
‰ rigid-rigid-foamed-reflective) ‰ Embodied energy of materials h
‰ Roof shape (horizontal-vertical- inclined) ‰ Recycling and renewability e
‰ Wall insulation of materials ‰ F
‰ Opening design: ‰ V
‰ Size and distribution of windows ‰ C
‰ Type of glazing (single-double-triple) ‰ C
‰ Shading devices ‰ In
GARDENING AND
ch
LANDSCAPE ev
‰ O

ƒ Choice of species sh
ƒ Choice of irrigation system w
‰ N
COST ƒ Avoid using insecticides
ƒ Compost organic waste matter

CONSTRUCTION

ƒ Implementing ecological ƒ Choosing an ecolog

COST economical design factors: economical construc
‰ Outer shape system from:
‰ Size, no. of rooms and their areas ‰ Traditional system
‰ No. of storey ‰ Developing system
‰ Clear storey height ‰ Developed system
END OF DESIGN
‰ Horizontal grouping
PROCESS ‰ Openings

GARDENING AND
LANDSCAPE ƒ Choice of species
ƒ Choice of irrigation
system
COST

ADDITIONAL
COSTS TO
ACHIEVE ECO
DESIGN

254
6.2 Cost Effectiveness Modules for ecological measures

As explained in the above mentioned system, cost analysis modules integrated with the
proposed system are needed to help designers decide about cost effectiveness of specific
design measures aiming at ecological and environmental improvement and preservation.
These modules varies from environmental impact assessment (EIA) to evaluation of
Energy performance in residential buildings, as well as evaluation of appropriateness of
different construction systems and different building materials used in residential
buildings regarding their availability and suitability to local natural conditions.
Following are some examples of cost effectiveness modules of ecological measures.

6.2.1. Evaluation of energy performance in residential buildings taking into

consideration life cycle cost

As part of developing the building energy code, the energy performance of new
prototypes of residential buildings and urban planning in Egypt was investigated
theoretically and experimentally taking into consideration the climatic conditions in
Cairo and Alexandria aiming to:
- reduce the energy consumption in buildings
- improve the comfort of the inhabitants in outdoor urban areas as well as in
indoor spaces.
- enhance the building energy efficiency leading to the quality of architectural and
urban environment.
The research used the following methodology in two stages:

First:
A field survey was conducted in both Cairo and Alexandria regions where construction
activities are very high. The survey aim was to evaluate design, construction, and energy
use in typical new residential buildings with a view to improving current building
practices and introducing new energy - efficient features through comprehensive
building code.

255
 In order to have a sample representative of new construction, building selection was
carried out according to predefined sampling scheme based on primary and secondary
variables. The sample was designed to cover:
- Different zones in Cairo (Maadi, Nasr City, New Cairo …) and Alex (Agami, borg El
Arab City...).
Types of building heights (high rise: higher than 6 floors, middle: 5-6 floors, low rise:
villas of 2 floors).
- Income level (high income, middle income and low income level).
- A number of 140 buildings were surveyed, analyzed and classified into two main
patterns:
A) Introvert looking onto internal courts attached and semi detached as shown in table
23.
B) Extrovert with different shapes totally detached with low density arrangements in
sites as shown in table 24.
Table (23) Attached and semi detached introvert units143

-Semi attached) attached from

one side)
- Square shape

- Rectangular
- Two units per floor
Pattern A

- One closed light-well

- Rectangular
- 4 units per floor
- 2 closed light-wells
- Buildings are attached from
the sides
The Base Case Plan

143
Ibid

256
Table (24) Detached extrovert units144

- Detached and surrounded by

a garden
- Irregular shape

- Buildings are detached.

- T shape.
Pattern B

- Units have 3 : 4 external

facades

- buildings are detached

-Swastika shape
- units have 4 external facades

To study the impact of the different factors on energy performance of buildings, a

simulation analysis was conducted using:
ƒ DOE2 program: a standard program for energy simulation in the USA. It was
developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL).
ƒ Visual Doe program: a window application that enables architects, engineers, to
quickly evaluate the energy savings of building design options.
ƒ LCC analysis: The life cycle cost analysis is the most commonly used rigorous
method to determine the economic feasibility of energy efficiency projects,
several parameters are needed to perform LCC analysis such as investment costs
(including initial costs, replacement costs, and residual costs), annual energy
costs (including electricity costs and fuel costs), non – annual operating costs
(such as maintenance costs) and interest rates.

144
Ibid

257
The base case is a housing unit in an apartment building at the top floor. The total area
of the unit is 125 m2 and the floor has 4 units (see Base Case in table 20, pattern A).
Each unit has two 0.25 m thick external walls on different orientation built in cement
bricks. Windows are of single glazing, transparent and 3mm thick.
The results of the simulation can be summarized in table (25) and are shown in figures
140 to 149.
Table (25): Results of the simulation145

Parameter Complied Improvement%

Cairo Alex.
50 mm poly. 39.5 37.16
Insulation
150 siliton 37.3 34.28
Light color & solar
Absorbance 31.64 33.7
Roof

absorbance= 0.3
25 mm Poly.+
Insulation 48.9 42.47
Absorbance 0.3
Shading Optional 20.67 26.76
Insulation
25 mm Poly.+ Shade 42.9 41.4
+Shading
Hclay_25 mm 8.8 7.81
Construction
Silt_brick_25mm 8.1 7.02
Insulation poly 25 mm _Mid 10.5 8.09
Wall

Absorbance Light color 0.3 13.3 17.09

Absorbance + Light color 0.3 + poly 25
14.31 16.05
Insulation mm _Mid
Window type SHGF_29 9.94 8.25
WWR WWR_15 3.16 3.58
Window

PF+ WWR WWR_15+PF0.75 5.31 5.3

WWR +Wind.
WWR_15+SHGC0.29 6.75 9.95
Type
Second:

145
Ibid

258
Energy simulation for performance analysis was conducted using DOE2, Visual Doe
and Life cycle cost (LCC)146.

45000

40000

35000
Total Electricity (KWh)

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
Base Case

Poly_25m m

Poly_50m m

Poly_75m m

Celt_100mm

Celt_150mm

Verm_25mm

Verm_50mm

Perlit_25mm

Perlit_50mm
Cairo Roof insulation Alx.

Figure 140

Impact of roof insulation on energy consumption

45000

40000

35000

30000
LCC (LE)

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
Base Case

Poly_25mm

Poly_50mm

Poly_75mm

Celt_100m m

Celt_150m m

Verm _25m m

Verm _50m m

Perlit_25m m

Perlit_50m m

Cairo Roof Insulation Alx.

Figure 141

Impact of roof insulation on life cycle cost ( LCC)

Studying LCC and the impact of roof insulation on energy consumption shows that the
optimum roof insulation is 50 mm polystyrene or 150 mm siliton

146
Ibid

259
 1P_Clear 1P_GreyTint 1P_Blue
1P_ReflD-Clr 1P_ReflB-ClrH 1P_ReflC-TintM
38500

38000

37500
Total Electricity (KWh)

37000

36500

36000

35500

35000

34500

34000
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
PF
Figure 142

Impact of wall insulation on energy consumption

43000

41000

39000

37000
LCC (LE)

35000

33000

31000

29000

27000

25000
Poly_25mm_Out

Poly_50mm_Out
Poly_25mm_Mid

Poly_50mm_Mid
Poly_25mm_In

Poly_50mm_In
Base Case

Wall Insulation
Cairo Alx.

Figure 143

Impact of wall insulation on life cycle

Studying LCC and the impact of wall insulation on energy consumption shows that the
optimum wall insulation is 25 mm polystyrene mid

1P_Clear 1P_GreyTint 1P_Blue

1P_ReflD-Clr 1P_ReflB-ClrH 1P_ReflC-TintM
38500

38000 260
37500
h)

37000
 Figure 144

Impact of projection factor and SHGC on energy consumption in Cairo

1P-Clear 1P_GreyTint 1P_Blue

1P_ReflD-Clr 1P_ReflB-ClrH 1P_ReflC-TintM
8400.00

8300.00

8200.00

8100.00
LCC (LE)

8000.00

7900.00

7800.00

7700.00

7600.00
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
PF

Figure 145

Impact of projection factor and SHGC on life cycle cost ( LCC) in Cairo

Studying LCC and the impact of projection factor and SHGC on energy consumption in
Cairo shows that the optimum PF is 0.5m with 1P_ref B-clr H or 1P_ref C-Tint M

39000

37000
lectricity (KWh)

35000
Worest Oriantation for Cairo
261
33000

31000
 Figure 146

Impact of orientation on energy consumption

The best orientation for Cairo and Alex is N but the worst orientation for Cairo is SW and for
Alex is SE

41000

39000

37000
Total Electricity (KWh)

35000

33000

31000

29000

27000

25000
12cm_SClay

25cm_SClay
12cm_HClay

25cm_HClay

12cm_CMU

25cm_CMU
Base Case

25cm_SiltBrick

12cm_RoseBrick

25cm_RoseBrick
12cm_HCement

25cm_HCement

12cm_SCement

25cm_SCement

Cairo Wall Construction ALX.

Figure 146

Impact of wall construction on energy consumption

The simulation shows that using 25 cm of wall construction is better than 12 cm and using silt
or hollow brick better than cement brick

262
 1P_Clear 1P_GreyTint 1P_Blue
1P_ReflD-Clr 1P_ReflB-ClrH 1P_ReflC-TintM
43000

42000

41000
Total Electricity (KWh)

40000

39000

38000

37000

36000

35000

34000
Base 0.05 0.1 0.13 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Case
WWR

Figure 148

Impact of Glass type (SHGC) and WWR on energy consumption in Cairo

The simulation shows the optimum WWR is 0.15 with 1P_ref B-clr H or 1P_ref D-clr in
Cairo.

1P-Clear 1P_GreyTint 1P_Blue

1P_ReflD-Clr 1P_ReflB-ClrH 1P_ReflC-TintM
33000

32000

31000
Total Electricity (KWh)

30000

29000

28000

27000

26000

25000
Base 0.05 0.1 0.13 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Case WWR

Figure 149

Impact of Glass type (SHGC) and WWR on energy consumption in Alex

The simulation shows the optimum WWR is 0.15 with 1P_ref B-clr H in Alex.

263
In conclusion, one can state that building energy performance is a trade off between
different design factors to achieve a target level of energy consumption that varies
according to the climatic conditions of the city. The impact of the different design
elements and measures evaluated for both Cairo and Alexandria climates show variation
giving relative importance to the different passive solutions.

6.2.2 Payback analysis for design improvements

Payback analysis help designers decide about accepting or rejecting improvement

measures since it relates initial costs needed to improve building performance to savings
achieved due to it in the following years by users. Examples of payback analysis are:

6.2.2.1 Payback analysis for adding thermal insulation layer to the roof

Assuming an exposed ceiling of 500m2 area composed of a layer of reinforced concrete

12 cm thick (U=3.45 watt/m2.C). Adding a layer of thermal insulation 7 cm thick will
decrease thermal transmittance (U= 0.45 watt/m2.C). Cooling loads will decrease
leading to electricity savings.
¨E = H*A*(Ub-Up)*CDD
Where
¨E energy savings in watts
H occupancy period where AC function in hours
A area of exposed roof in m2
Ub roof thermal transmittance before adding insulation
Up roof thermal transmittance after adding insulation
CDD cooling degree- day for a base of 25C = i ™ j™ (Tao-25)
Tao outdoor air temperature
i month
j hours

¨E = 15 * 500 * (3.45-0.45) *2500= 56250 Kwh/year

264
Payback period = cost of insulation / energy savings
= (500*0>06*300)/ (56250*0.1) = 1.6 years
Previous studies have calculated payback back periods for adding a 7cm insulation layer
to a 500 m2 roof in different climatic regions to assess the impact of each climate. It was
found that payback period is 1.6 years in Alexandria, decreases to 1.2 years in Cairo and
0>9 year in Aswan147. According to theories, a payback is tolerable until a period of 7
years. It is obvious that the harsher the climate, the shorter the payback period.

6.2.2.2 Payback analysis for increasing glazing thermal resistance by using double
glazed panels

Calculation are made for a building envelope with 200 m2 glazing . Single glazing have
a U value of 5.6 watt/m2.C while double glazing U value decreases to 2 watt/m2.C.
Assuming the cost of 1 m2 in double glazing exceeds the cost of 1 m2 of single pane by
200 LE, and the cost of electricity is 0.1 LE/ Kwh.
For Alexandria:
¨E = 15 *200 * (5.6-2)*2500 = 27000 kwh/year
Payback = (200*150)/(27000*0.1)= 14.8 years
The payback is high and is rejected for Alexandria and Cairo (11.6 years). It is
acceptable in Aswan (8.8 years).

6.3 Specific technical conclusion and recommendations

The thesis has reached a set of technical and strategical conclusion and
recommendations based on the literature review and the analysis of the best local and
international practices. These are summarised as follows:

147
˺˺̀ιϕΑΎγϊΟέϣˬϡϳϠγΎηέ

265
CONCLUSION:

An eco eco house should provide:

•Healthy living conditions through selecting eco materials and avoiding materials that
cause sick building syndrome and allergies and cancer, and selecting a site that is clear
of any contamination or radiation.
•Thermal comfort through following passive cooling strategies that are classified
according to Givoni chart.
• Energy efficiency through a set of design principles for shelter, house layout
and building envelope.

An eco house should select :

Low embodied energy materials with minimal environmental impact.
Recyclable and renewable materials to avoid harming the landscape resources of the
earth which may not be able to recover.
Eco gardening by adopting Xeriscaping that fits with our hot arid climate.

An eco house should be economical through:

Applying economical but ecological design factors and through selecting economical
ecological construction systems that uses local and natural building materials that
provide thermal insulation and could be recycled and consumes low energy during
construction.

In order to achieve an eco eco house, cost analysis chart should be applied through out
all the design phases.

266
RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Necessity of applying cost analysis for ecological design frame work through
out all the design phases.

• Directing future studies towards designing cost effectiveness modules for cost
analysis studies to help out the planners and designers evaluate the economic
feasibility and take the decisions needed.

• Establishment of labs for measuring the efficiency of different building

elements.

• Providing eco materials in the market to be available and in reach for

consumers, architects and contractors to use.

• Providing the eco tech needed such as the double and triple glazing with
reasonable and affordable prices.

• Enforcement of Egyptian energy residential code through the building permits

process and training designers on using and applying the code.

267
LIST OF REFRENCES

ENGLISH BOOKS

• Benjamin Stein-John S. Reynolds-William J. Mc Guinness, (1986), Mechanical and

Electrical Equipment for Buildings-7th Edition-Volume 1”, John Wiley and Sons,
New York
• Bill Holdsworth and Antony F Sealey, "Healthy Building " ,Longman, London
• Brenda, and, Vale, R., (1991), ”Green Architecture-Design for an Energy Conscious
Future”, pp.41 ,Thames and Hudson, London
• D.A.Mc INTYRE.,(1980), "INDOOR CLIMATE", Applied Science Publishers LTD,
London
• David Anink,etl, (1996), "HANDBOOK OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING", James
and James, London
• David Pearson, (1991), "THE NATURAL HOUSE BOOK", Conran Octopus , London
• Donald Watson-FAIA-Kenneth Labs,(1983), “Climatic Design”, McGraw-Hill, New
York
• Elizabeth Wilhide, (2003), “ECO”, Rizzoli, New York
• FISA and Aga Khan, (1996), “Architecture for a Changing World”, Graficas Urania, Malaga
• Fuller Moore,(1993), "Environmental Control Systems-heating, cooling , lighting",
Mc Graw –Hill,Inc,New York
• G.Z.Brown, (1985), "Solar, Wind and Light", John Wiley and Sons, New Gersey
• Gideon S.Golany, (1983),"EARTH-SHELTERED HABITAT",VNR, New York
• James Steel, (1997), "SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE", Mc Graw, New York
• Martin Evanes, (1980), "Housing Climate and Comfort", The architectural press,
London
• Peter Chapman, (1980), "Fuel's Paradise", Penguin Books, Middlesex
• Peter F. Smith, (2001), "Architecture in a climate of change", Architectural press,
Oxford
• Rick Schwolsky-James I. Williams, (1982), "The builder's guide to solar

268
 construction", Mc Graw-Hill,Inc.,New York
• Sadat city planning study group,(1986), "The Planning of Sadat City"
• Sue Roaf ,etl (2003)."ECOHOUSE 2:A DESIGN GUIDE". Architectural
Press.Oxford
• Sydney and Loan Baggs, (1996), "The Healthy House", Thames and Hudson, London
• Timothy Cochrane Ali and Jane Brown,(1977), "Landscape Design for the Middle
East", RIBA, London
• Victor Olgay, (1963), "Design with climate, bioclimatic approach to architectural
regionalism",Princeton University, New Gersey
• Yuanhui Zhang,(2005),"INDOOR AIR QUALITY ENGINEERING", CRC PRESS,
FLORIDA

INTERNET RESOURCES

http://www.lhc.org.uk/members/pubs/books/sbs/sbs04.htm
http:// www.efficientwindows.org/gtypes.cfm
http://www.habitat.org/ap/news/2004/12_02_2004_forty_students.aspx
http://community.iexplore.com
http://greenthenewblack.blogspot.com

ENGLISH PAPERS

• ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS,(2004-Part 2),"Indoor Air Quality of an Energy –

Efficient, Healthy House with Mechanically Induced Fresh Air"
• Energy and Buildings 36, (2004), "Experimental work on a linked, dynamic and
ventilated, wall component", ELSEVIER
• HABITAT,(2000),"Report of the Regional Workshop on HOUSING and
ENVIRONMENT", Vienna
• Prof. Dr. Suzette Michel and Eng. Hend Elsayed, (2006), “Examples of low energy
design at Urban scale in Egypt”, PLEA2006

269
 ϪϳΑέόϟ΍ϪϳϣϠόϟ΍ϝ΋Ύγέϟ΍ϭϊΟ΍έϣϟ΍ϭΙΎΣΑϷ΍

ϪϟϭΩϟ΍Γέ΍ίϭˬ"ϩϭ˯Ύηϧ΍ϥϣϑΩϬϟ΍ϭϯΩΎλΗϗϹ΍ϥϛγϣϟ΍ϡϭϬϔϣέϭρΗ "ˬ˺̂̂˿)ˬˬϰϧϭϳγΑϟ΍ϰϧϣ.ϡ :ΙΣΑ •

Ϫϳϧ΍έϣόϟ΍ΕΎόϣΗΟϣϠϟ
Ϫϣ΋ΎϘϟ΍ΕΎϋΎϧλϟ΍ϭϪΣΎΗϣϟ΍˯ΎϧΑϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣΕΎϣΎΧϥϋέλϣΔρϳέΧ"ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :ΙΣΑ •
"ΎϬϳϠϋ
ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ "ΎϬΗΎϳΩΎλΗϗ΍ϭ˯ΎηϧϹ΍ΏϳϟΎγ΍Ώγϧ΃"ˬ(˺̂̂˺)ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :ΙΣΑ •
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍
"ΔϓΎΟϟ΍ΓέΎΣϟ΍˯΍ϭΟϷ΍ϰϓΓέ΍έΣϠϟΔϟίΎόϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣϟ΍ "ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :ΙΣΑ •
Ϫ΋ϳΑϠϟϪΛϭϠϣϟ΍˯ΎϧΑϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣΕΎϋΎϧλϭϰϧΎΑϣϟ΍ϝΎϣϋ΃ΕΎϔϠΧϣέϳϭΩΗΓΩΎϋ΍"ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :ΙΣΑ •
"ΎϬϧϣϩΩΎϔΗγϺϟϪϧϛϣϣϟ΍ΏϳϟΎγϷ΍ϭέλϣϰϓ
˯ΎϧΑϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣέϣΗ΅ϣˬ"ϪϓΎΟϟ΍ϩέΎΣϟ΍˯΍ϭΟϷ΍ϰϓϩέ΍έΣϠϟϪϟίΎόϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣϟ΍ "ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ:ΙΣΑ •
ϪϳΩΎλΗϗϹ΍ΕΎϳΩΣΗϟ΍ϭϪϳΑέόϟ΍
ϰϧΎΛϟ΍˯ίΟϟ΍ -ϪϳΑέόϟ΍ϪοϬϧϟ΍έ΍Ωˬ"˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϰϓϪΛϳΩΣϟ΍ΎϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϟ΍"ˬ˺̂́˽ˬϪοϳϭϋΩϣΣϣ.Ω •
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬ"ϑϳϟΎϛΗϟ΍νϔΧϧϣϥΎϛγϺϟ˯ΎηϧϹ΍ϡυϧ"ˬ(˺̂̂˾)ˬϰϔρλϣϥγΣ :ϩ΍έϭΗϛΩΔϟΎγέ •
ˬ"ϰϧΎΑϣϟ΍ϰϓϪϗΎρϟ΍ΩϳηέΗϰϠϋϰΟέΎΧϟ΍ϑϼϐϟ΍ΎϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗέϳΛ΄Η"ˬ(˻˹˹˼)ˬϡϳϠγΎηέ :έϳΗγΟΎϣΔϟΎγέ •
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟ
ϯϭΫϥΎϛγ΍ΔϠϛηϣϝΣϟϝΧΩϣϛϑϳϟΎϛΗϟ΍νϔΧϧϣϥΎϛγϹ΍ΝΫΎϣϧ"ˬ˺̂̂˻ˬϝϣΎϛΎοέϩΩϳϭέ :έϳΗγΟΎϣΔϟΎγέ •
ΓέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟ-ϪγΩϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛ-ϩέΎϣϋϡγϗ-ϕϳΑρΗϟ΍ϭϡϭϬϔϣϟ΍ϡϳϳϘΗ -έλϣϰϓΩϭΩΣϣϟ΍ϝΧΩϟ΍
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬ"Ϫϳϧϛγϟ΍Ε΍ΩΣϭϟ΍ϡϳϣλΗΕΎϳΩΎλΗϗ΍"ˬΎΟϧϟ΍ϭΑ΍ϥγΣϣ :έϳΗγΟΎϣΔϟΎγέ •
"ϰϧΎΑϣϟ΍ϰϓϪϗΎρϟ΍ΕΎϣ΍ΩΧΗγ΍ΩϳηέΗ "ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :Ωϭϛ •
ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣˬϯέ΍έΣϟ΍ϝίόϟ΍ϝΎϣϋ΃ΩϭϧΑΕΎϔλ΍ϭϣˬ(˻˹˹˺)ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍ϭϥΎϛγϹ΍ΙϭΣΑίϛέϣ :Ωϭϛ •
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ˬ˯ΎϧΑϟ΍

270
APPENDIX

Table (5) Thermal specs for thermal insulation materials

Thermal
Material Density kg/m3 Conductivity
Watt\m.deg C
1.Polysterene products
1 Extruded polystyrene boards 28-40 0.033-0.027
2 Expanded polystyrene boards 15-40 0.03-0.037
3 Polystyrene granules 15 0.045
2.Glass wool products
1 ΩΎΒϠϟ΍ Less than 32 0.045
2 Semi rigid boards More than 72 0.045-0.050
3 Loose fibres 130 0.043
3.Rock wool products
1 Covers 130 0.043
2 Fibre (ΩΎΒϠϟ΍) 70 0.049
3 Boards 100-350 0.043-0.055
4 Loose fibres 150 0.044
4.Polyurethane products
1 Boards 30-40 0.02-0.027
2 Polyurethane εήϟΎΑάϔϨϣ 30 0.026
5.Mortar and insulative concrete
1 Loose perlite 32-176 0.039-0.06
2 Perlite mortar 400-610 0.079-0.11
3 Foamed cement mortar 400-880 0.1-0.25
4 Foam granules mortar 60-1000 0.11-0.19
5 Silton 480 0.17
6 Loose vermiculite 100 0.065
7 Vermiculite mortar 480-960 0.135-0.303

271
 6.Cork products
1 Boards 110-130 0.033-0.039
2 Cork granules 100-115 0.039-0.052
7.Various materials
1 Rigid rubber 1190 0.016
2 Cotton 1500 0.042
3 Textile wool 110-330 0.036-0.063
4 Hand saw 145 0.08

Table (7) Thermal specs for construction and finishing materials

Thermal
Density Specific Heat
Material Conductivity
kg/m3 Joule.kg deg C
Watt\m.deg C
First :Construction bricks
1 Hollow foam 530 0.20
2 Solid foam 800 0.25
3 Hollow gypsum 750 0.41
4 Solid gypsum 950 0.39
5 Hollow lyca 1200 0.39 1000
6 Hollow clay 1790 0.60 840
7 Solid clay 1950 1.00 829
8 Solid concrete 1800 1.25 880
9 Hollow concrete 1140 1.60 880
10 ΖϤμϣ ϲϧΎγήΧ 2000 1.40 840
11 ξϴΑ΍ϑΎϔΧ 985 0.33 850
12 ΖϤμϣϱΩέϭϲϠϣέ 1800 1.59 835
13 Hollow sand 1500 1.39 811
Second :Tiles
1 PVC tiles (Canaltex) 1350 0.16

272
2 Elastic tiles 1700 0.40
3 Ceramic tiles 2000 1.20
4 Concrete tiles 2100 1.10
5 Mosaic tiles 2450 1.60
Third :Wood
1. Natural wood
1 Beech 700 0.17
2 Spruce 415 0.105
3 Oak 770 0.16
4 Mahogany 700 0.155
5 Pitch pine 660 0.14
2. Artificial wood
1 Plywood 530 0.14
2 Chip board 400 0.17
3 Conter 0.212
Fourth :Metals
1 Lead 11300 34.8 129
2 Stainless steel 7830 45.3 500
3 Zinc 7130 110 390
4 Aluminium sheets 2740 221 896
5 Red copper 8780 150 400
6 Yellow copper 8310 120 400
Fifth : Gypsum and cement materials
1 Gypsum 320 0.15
2 Gypsum boards 950 0.39
3 Portland cement 1335 0.12
4 Thermal cement 1406 0.175
Sixth : Aggregate and stones
1 Sand 1520 0.33 800

273
 2 Gravel 1750 0.42
3 Lime stone 1650 0.93 900
4 Sand stone 2000 1.3
5 Marble 2600 2.6 880
6 Granite 2650 2.9
Seventh : Various materials
1 Bitumen 1055 0.16
2 ήϴΠϟΎΑϦϴθΨΗνΎϴΑ 1440 0.7
3 Cement plaster 1570 0.9-1.0
4 Gypsum plaster 1200 0.42
5 Ordinary glass 2470 1.00 750
6 Plain concrete 2460 1.44
7 Vapour barrier 70-120 0.038-0.047
Numbers shown in this table are guidance and not obligatory, they are the most frequently
used in local market.

Table (13) represents selected list of useful plant material located in northern Egypt
including Cairo and Suez area.

D/E
Classification Name Type (Deciduous
or Evergreen)
Acacia spp. Shrubs D
Agaves Succulents E
Aloes Succulents E
Drought resistant Eucalyptus citriodora Large trees E
plants ( R ) Euphorbia schimperi Succulents E
Lantana camara Shrubs E
Nerium oleander Shrubs E
Opuntia dillenii Succulents E

274
 Parkinsonia aculeate Small trees E
Pithecellobium dulce Small trees E
Prosopis juliflora Small trees E
Tamarix articulate Small trees E
Yucca gloriosa Succulents E
Zizyphus spini-Christi Small trees E
Acacia spp. Shrubs D
Atriplex halimus Shrubs
Dodonea viscose Shrubs E
Eucalyptus citriodora Large trees E
Eucalyptus rostrata Large trees E
Hyphaene thebaica Palms E
Parkinsonia aculeate Small trees E
Salinity tolerant
Pithecellobium dulce Small trees E
plants ( S )
Prosopis juliflora Small trees E
Ricinus communis Foilage plants E
Schinus Small trees E
terebinthefolius
Tamarix articulate Small trees E
Taxodium distychum Large trees E
Zizyphus spini-Christi Small trees E
Azadirachta indica Large trees D
Bauhinia variegate Small trees D
Bombax malaburicum Large trees D
Cassia spp. Shrubs
Shade trees Delonix regia Large trees D
Jacaranda acutifolia Small trees D
Mangifera indica Small trees E
Peltophorum Large trees E
africanum

275
 Terminalia arjuna Large trees E
Acacia spp. Shrubs D
Cupressus Large trees E
sempervirens
Screen trees
Ficus retusa Small trees E
Lawsonia inermis Small trees E
Pithecellobium dulce Small trees E
Acacia spp. Shrubs D
Acalypha wilkesiana Shrubs E
Bougainvillea spp. Ground cover E
Casuarina equisetifolia Large trees E
Dodonea viscose Shrubs E
Duranta repens Shrubs E
Hedging plants
Ficus retusa Small trees E
Hibiscus spp. Shrubs E/D
Lantana camara Shrubs E
Lawsonia inermis Small trees E
Nerium oleander Shrubs E
Pithecellobium dulce Small trees E

276
 ιΧ˰˰˰˰˰˰Ϡϣϟ΍

΃ΩΑϭˬϡϟΎόϟΎΑΙΩΣΗϰΗϟ΍ϥϣΎϫέϳϏϭϪϳΧΎϧϣϟ΍Ε΍έϳϐΗϟΎΑέΛϛ΃Ϫϳ΍έΩϰϠϋϡϟΎόϟ΍΢Αλ΍ˬϩέϳΧϷ΍ΩϭϘόϟ΍ΙϼΛϟ΍ϝϼΧ
ϥϣέϳΛϛϟ΍ϪϳΟϭΗϪϧϋΞΗϧΎϣϣϥΎγϧϹ΍ΔΣλϭϰΟϭϟϭϛϳϹ΍ϰϠϋϪϳϋΎϧλϟ΍ϩέϭΛϟ΍ϭΎϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϟ΍έϳΛ΄ΗΑέΛϛ΃ϡΗϬϳ
ϰϓ˯ΩΑϟ΍ϰϟ΍ϥϳϳέΎϣόϣϟ΍ϪϳΟϭΗϡΗέΎλΗΧΎΑˬΎϫέϳϭΩΗΓΩΎϋ΍ϥϛϣϳΩ΍ϭϣϭϩΩΩΟΗϣϭϪϔϳυϧϪϗΎρΩΎΟϳ΍ϰϟ΍ΙΎΣΑϷ΍
ϝΛϣέϬυΗϰϧΎΑϣϠϟΕΎϳϣγϣΩΟϧΎϧ΃ΩΑϭˬΦϟ΍...ϪϳόϳΑρϩ˯Ύο΍ϭϪϳϭϬΗϭ Ϫ΋ϳΑϠϟϪϘϳΩλ˯ΎϧΑϕέρϭ˯ΎϧΑΩ΍ϭϣϡ΍ΩΧΗγ΍
ϭΎϛϳέϣ΃ϭΎΑϭέϭ΃ϰϓϥϵ΍ϝόϔϟΎΑϩΩϭΟϭϣϰϧΎΑϣϟ΍ϥϣω΍ϭϧϷ΍ϩΫϫˬϪϳΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϭϪϣ΍ΩΗγϣϭϪϗΎρϠϟϩέϓϭϣϰϧΎΑϣ
ϭνέϷ΍Ώϛϭϛ΃Ϋϳ΍ϥϋϑϗϭΗϧϡϟ΍Ϋ΍ϩέϭρΧϙΎϧϫϥ΍ΏϋϭΗγϳ΃ΩΑϡϟΎόϟ΍ϥϷϪϣΩϘΗϣϟ΍ϝϭΩϟ΍ϥϣϡϫέϳϏϭϥΎΑΎϳϟ΍
.ϪϣΩΎϘϟ΍ϝΎϳΟϸϟϪϳϠϋυΎϔΣϠϟϕέρϟ΍ϯΩΣ΍ϰϫΎϳΟϭ΍ϭϛϳϹ΍ϰϧΎΑϣϟ΍ϥ΃
έϳϏΕϭϳΑϟ΍ϩΫϫΕϧΎϛ΍Ϋ΍ϩέϳΑϛϪϣΩλϥϭϛΗγϰϟΎΗϟΎΑϭˬΎϧΗΎϳΣϰϓέΑϛϷ΍έΎϣΛΗγϹ΍ϝΛϣΗΑΎϧϧϛΎγϣˬαΎϧϟ΍ϡυόϣϟϭ
.ϪρϳΣϣϟ΍Ϫ΋ϳΑϟΎΑϭ΃ϪϳϧϛΎγΑϪϣΗϬϣ
.ϙϟΫΑϡϠϋϰϠϋϥϭϛϧϥ΍ϰΗΣϥϭΩΑϪΑέηϧϯΫϟ΍˯Ύϣϟ΍ϭϪϘηϧΗγϧϯΫϟ΍˯΍ϭϬϟ΍ϭΎϧΗΣλέϣΩΗϥ΍ϥϛϣϳΎϧΗϭϳΑ
.ϪρϳΣϳΎϣΑέΛ΄ΗϳϭϰϓέΛ΅ϳϪϧϛϟϭϰϣΎϣϷ΍ΏΎΑϟ΍ΩΣΩϧϋϑϘϳϻΕϳΑϟ΍
˯΍έΟ΍ϭΩΑϪϳΑέϐϟ΍ΎϳΟϭϟϭϧϛΗϟ΍ΩέϭΗγϧΎϧ΍ΩΑϰΗΣΎϳΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϰϧΎΑϣϰϧΑΗΕϧΎϛΎϣΎϣ΋΍ΩΎϧϧ΃ΩΟϧγέλϣ΍Ύϧέυϧ΍Ϋ΃ϭ
ϕέρϰϓϡϟΎόϟ΍ϝϭΩϰϗΎΑϥϋϥϳέΧ΄ΗϣϥϷ΍ϥΣϧϓϰϟΎΗϟΎΑϭΎϧϳΩϟϪΣΎΗϣϟ΍˯ΎϧΑϟ΍Ω΍ϭϣϭ΃Ύϧ΋΍ϭΟ΃ΏγΎϧΗϟΎϬϳϓέϳϳϐΗϯ΃
.ΎϧΗϭϳΑϭΎϧϧΩϣϟΎϧ΋ΎϧΑ
ΏϠρϟ΍ΓΩηϟϯΩΎλΗϗϹ΍ϥΎϛγϹΎΑΕϣΗϫ΍ΎϬϧ΍ΎϣϛϩέϳΑϛϪϳϣϫ΃ϥϣϪϟΎϣϟϰΟϭϟϭϛϳϹ΍ϥΎϛγϹΎΑΕϣΗϫ΍ϪϟΎγέϟ΍ϩΫϫ
ϥϣϪϣϳϳϘΗϭϯΩΎλΗϗϹ΍ϥΎϛγϹ΍ϰϓέλϣΏέΎΟΗϭΎϳϟΎΣϕΑρϣϟ΍ϰΟϭϟϭϛϳϹ΍ϡϳϣλΗϟ΍˯ϯΩΎΑϣεϗΎϧΗϰϬϓˬϪϳϠϋ
.ϰΟϭϟϭϛϳϹ΍ϡϳϣλΗϟ΍˯ϯΩΎΑϣϝϼΧ
ϰΗΣϭϊϗϭϣϟ΍έΎϳΗΧΎΑ΍˯ΩΑϪϔϠΗΧϣϟ΍ωϭέηϣϟ΍Ε΍ϭρΧϝϼΧϪΗΩϋΎγϣϟϪϳΩΎηέ΍ρϭρΧϯέΎϣόϣϠϟϡΩϘΗΑϪϳΎϬϧϟ΍ϰϓϭ
ϰϠϋυΎϔΣϟ΍ϰϓϯέΎϣόϣϟ΍ΔϣϫΎγϣΔΑΎΛϣΑϥϭϛϳϟϰΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϯΩΎλΗϗ΍ϥϛγϣϰϠϋϝϭλΣϠϟϙϟΫϭ˯ΎηϧϹ΍ϡΎυϧ
.αΎϧϠϟϯΩΎλϗ΍ϭ΢ϳέϣˬϰΣλϥϛγϣϕϠΧϭΎϫΩέ΍ϭϣΑϭΎϬΑέ΍έοϹ΍ϥϣϝϼϗϹ΍ϭνέϷ΍
 ϰΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϯΩΎλΗϗ΍ϥΎϛγ΍

Ω΍Ωϋ΍
ϡϳγϧϰϣίϋϥΎϳέΎϣ

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛϰϟ΍ϪϣΩϘϣϪϟΎγέ
έϳγϳΟΎϣϟ΍ΔΟέΩϰϠϋϝϭλΣϟ΍ΕΎΑϠρΗϣϥϣ˯ίΟϛ
ϰϓ
ϪϳέΎϣόϣϟ΍ϪγΩϧϬϟ΍
ϰ΋ϳΑϟ΍ϡϳϣλΗϟ΍ϭρϳρΧΗϟ΍

ϥϳϧΣΗϣϣϟ΍ΔϧΟϟϥϣΩϣΗόϳ
ϭοϋ ϥγΣϰϠϋϰϟϭΑΩϣΩϳγΩ.΃

ϭοϋ ΩϣΣ΃ ϥΎγΣϥϣϳ΃.Ω

ϰγϳ΋έϟ΍ϑέηϣϟ΍ ϥϳΩΑΎϋΎοέΩϣΣ΃Ω.΃

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛ
ϪϳΑέόϟ΍έλϣϪϳέϭϬϣΟˬϩίϳΟϟ΍

˻˹˹̀
 ϰΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϯΩΎλΗϗ΍ϥΎϛγ΍

Ω΍Ωϋ΍
ϡϳγϧϰϣίϋϥΎϳέΎϣ

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛϰϟ΍ϪϣΩϘϣϪϟΎγέ
έϳγϳΟΎϣϟ΍ΔΟέΩϰϠϋϝϭλΣϟ΍ΕΎΑϠρΗϣϥϣ˯ίΟϛ
ϰϓ
ϪϳέΎϣόϣϟ΍ϪγΩϧϬϟ΍
ϰ΋ϳΑϟ΍ϡϳϣλΗϟ΍ϭρϳρΧΗϟ΍

ϑ΍έη΍ΕΣΗ

ϥϳΩΑΎϋΎοέΩϣΣ΃Ω.΃
ϪϳέΎϣόϣϟ΍ϪγΩϧϬϟ΍ϡγϗ-ϰ΋ϳΑϟ΍ϡϛΣΗϟ΍ϭϩέΎϣόϟ΍ΫΎΗγ΍
ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛ

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛ
ϪϳΑέόϟ΍έλϣϪϳέϭϬϣΟˬϩίϳΟϟ΍

˻˹˹̀
Figure 54

Shows
different
examples

ϰΟϭϟϭϛϳ΍ϯΩΎλΗϗ΍ϥΎϛγ΍

Ω΍Ωϋ΍
ϡϳγϧϰϣίϋϥΎϳέΎϣ

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛϰϟ΍ϪϣΩϘϣϪϟΎγέ
έϳγϳΟΎϣϟ΍ΔΟέΩϰϠϋϝϭλΣϟ΍ΕΎΑϠρΗϣϥϣ˯ίΟϛ
ϰϓ
ϪϳέΎϣόϣϟ΍ϪγΩϧϬϟ΍
ϰ΋ϳΑϟ΍ϡϳϣλΗϟ΍ϭρϳρΧΗϟ΍

ϩέϫΎϘϟ΍ΔόϣΎΟˬϪγϧϬϟ΍ΔϳϠϛ
ϪϳΑέόϟ΍έλϣϪϳέϭϬϣΟˬϩίϳΟϟ΍

˻˹˹̀