Identification of Mosquito Larva in Water Containers in line with the Knowledge, Attitude

and Practice of Cleaning Service in Relation to Mosquito Breeding

at Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Siguntang Palembang

Melpa Yohana Sianipar1, Chairil Anwar2, Dwi Handayani3

1.Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sriwijaya

2.Bagian Parasitologi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sriwijaya
Jalan Dr. Mohammad Ali Komplek RSMH Km 3,5, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Mosquitoes is the main cause vector insects of various crucial tropical disease in Indonesia. To eradicate
mosquitoes, information regarding breeding place of mosquito larva along with the knowledge and role of
cleaning service are required.This study aims to identify the existence of mosquitoes larva in water containers,
identify the type and amount of mosquitoes larva and to find out the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of
cleaning service in relation to mosquito breeding at Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Siguntang Palembang. This
study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The samples of all mosquitoes larva were taken from the water
containers. The informants were selected with purposive sampling. Knowledge, attitude and practice of cleaning
service in relation to mosquito breeding were obtained by in-depth interviews. From the 27 containers, 4 (14,81%)
indoor containers entirely contain clean water while the remaining 23 (85,18%) outdoor containers consisted of
18 containers contain clean water and 5 containers contain turbid water. There were all 176 mosquitoes larva
found in outdoor containers. Larva index which found Larva Free Rate (LFR) 100.00%, House Index (HI) 0.00%,
Container Index (CI) 22,22%, and the Breteau Index (BI) 0,00 Container per 100 houses. The genus larva found
Aedes, which species Aedes albopictus and Culex. There were 27 containers which could be potential place of
mosquitoes breeding, Aedes albopictus and Culex. Knowledge and attitude of cleaning service didn’t affect the
number of mosquito larva, while practice of cleaning service have influence on the number of mosquito larva.
Keywords : Identification of Larva, Identification of Containers, Larva Index, Amount of larva, Knowledge,
Attitude dan Practice.

1. Introduction continuous control efforts are Dengue

Hemorrhoid.2 From a number of studies
Vector-based infectious diseases are one have shown that the morbidity rate of DHF
of the most common health problems in tends to increase every year . Until the end
some districts / cities in Indonesia. Not of 2013 the disease is reported to have
infrequently vector-based infectious spread in 88% of the 497 districts / cities in
diseases can cause Extraordinary Events Indonesia. While the case of chikungunya
(KLB) to a fairly high mortality rate. has decreased significantly in 2012
Indonesia is a tropical country with compared to the previous 3 years which
relatively high humidity and rainfall that amounted to 1831 cases. Filariasis cases
has the potential to increase vector until 2012 have spread over 60.4% of 497
population. Mosquitoes are the main vector districts / cities in Indonesia. And the case
insects causing major tropical diseases in of malaria in 2011 was 422,477 cases and
Indonesia such as malaria, dengue, in 2012 there was a decrease of positive
chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis and malaria cases to 417,819 cases.3
Japanese encephalitis. Mosquito is one type Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Siguntang is
of insect belonging to the order Diptera and one of the oldest tourist attraction in the city
Family Culicidae.1 The main vector-based of Palembang. This place became one of the
infectious diseases and the current historical tourist destinations for the people
of Palembang and outside Palembang to be research is all water reservoir in Taman
able to see first hand the historical evidence Wisata Sejarah of Bukit Siguntang
of Sriwijaya heritage in the past. Therefore Palembang, both inside and outside the
information on the type and number of room. All of the mosquito larvae found in
mosquito larvae and breeding sites is very the water reservoir as a population variation
important to prevent mosquito-borne per unit of analysis. Selection of informants
diseases. The purpose of this study is to with purposive sampling.
identify the place where the water The data is presented in table form
reservoirs are located where the larvae are and narrative is made of the characteristics
located, identify the type and number of and number of TPA, the number of larvae
mosquito larvae and know the knowledge, and the genus of larvae. Data on
attitude and action of the cleaning officer knowledge, attitudes and actions of janitor
about mosquito breeding that play a role in were transcribed from records and records
eradicating the mosquito vector. obtained during the study. Then data
reduction is done, namely simplification,
2. Research Methods data code generation and analytical text
code and sorting the relevant data for data
This research use desciptive qualitative more easily interpreted. The data that has
approach. Observations in water reservoirs been collected is then presented with
and data collection through in-depth descriptive descriptions, tables and
interviews to janitors. The sample of the narratives.

3. Results

There are 27 TPA located inside and

outside the room. Four (14,81%) TPA are
indoor and 23 (85,18%) TPA is outdoors .

Table 1. Location and Number of TPA

Artificial Natural Landfill

No Location TPA N %
N % n %
1 Indoor 4 14,81 4 16% 0 0%
2 Outdoor 23 85,18 21 84% 2 100%
Quantity 27 100,00 25 100,00 2 100,00

Indoor location consists of 2 public toilets found in the room is 4 pieces of water
and 2 employees toilets. Each toilet has a reservoir.
water reservoir. So the whole of the TPA

Table 2. Type and number of TPA indoor

No Room Name TPA type N % Water condition

Turbid Clear
1 WC umum wanita Bak mandi 1 25 √
2 WC umum pria Bak mandi 1 25 √
3 WC pegawai wanita Bak mandi 1 25 √
4 WC pegawai pria Bak mandi 1 25 √
 Quantity 4 100,00 0 4

From outdoor observation, there are 23 plastic cups located in the tree, an artificial
TPA that have potential to become container in the form of a used plastic bag
mosquito breeding habitat. Of the 23 contained on the grass, two stones with a
landfills, found 18 TPA containing clear sunken surface with water puddles on it,
water and 5 TPA containing turbid water. two plastic drums near the pond (first pool)
Eighteen TPA containing clear water were and two sewers near the public restroom.
found in two buckets located at the security While five TPA containing cloudy water
post, two buckets near the second pool of are found in the first pool of Taman Bukit
Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Siguntang, an Siguntang, three plastic drums around the
open pond (second pool), three water-filled trees, and an artificial container in the form
cans near the WC officer, three fruit of used plastic cups at the edge of the first
artificial containers in the form of used pool.
Table 3. Type and number of outdoor TPA

No TPA type N % Water Condition

Turbid Clear
1 Kolam terbuka 2 √ √
2 Kaleng cat bekas 3 √
3 Ember di pos satpam 2 √
4 Ember di dekat kolam 2 √
5 Wadah artificial (Gelas plastik 4 √
bekas)
6 Drum plastic 5 √
7 Kantong plastik bekas 1 √
8 Selokan 2 √
9 Batu yang terdapat genangan air 2 √
Quantity 23 5 18

As shown in Table 4, 176 mosquito larva and there are sediment of sand and foliage
are found to be outdoors. One hundred and at the bottom of the pond. Furthermore,
twenty one larvae are found in a rock that twenty-one larvae were found in two
has a puddle with a color that is clear artificial containers in the form of plastic
enough, only on the base of the stone there cups with clear water conditions, six larvae
is a pile of leaves that must be set aside first. were found in a plastic drum near an
Twenty-five other larvae are found in a officer's toilet, and three larvae were found
pond (second pool) located in the middle of in a used paint can near a security post with
the site. The water condition is quite clear sufficient water conditions clear

Table 4. Number of larvae found

Total
TPA Type %
Larva

1. Batu dengan permukaan 121 68,75 3. Dua buah wadah artificial

cekung yang terdapat berupa gelas plastik 6 3,40
genangan air 4. Drum plastik 3 1,70
2. Kolam terbuka 25 14,20 5. Kaleng cat bekas
21 11,93 Quantity 176 100,00
From the data obtained, can be calculated Free
Rate (ABJ), House Index (HI), Container Index
(CI), and Breateau Index (BI).
which have been identified in Laboratory of
Table 5. Index Larvae Results Parasitology section of Faculty of Medicine
Indicator Parameter
Unsri shows that from some larvae found in
Value Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Siguntang
Palembang is short and fat. Short, chubby
Angka Bebas Jentik (%) 100,00 Siphon is characteristic of the Aedes larvae.
House Index (%) 0,00
Container Index (%) 22,22 Siphon
Breteau Index (Container/100 0,00
Bangunan)

Comb
Open scales
saddle

Picture 3. Aedes albopictus larvae (10x10)

As shown in Picture 3. shows the

Picture 1. Larva Rest Position characteristics of Aedes larvae, namely:
there is a pair of cockhon feathers, short
In Picture 1. we can see the rest position of siphon and grease, comb scales without
the larvae that form the angle with the water lateral spines characteristic of Aedes
surface. Mosquito larvae have a white to albopictus larvae and open saddle on the
brownish body with varying sizes. anal segment.
Movement of larvae while in the water like
a movement twisting with his body.

Siphon

Comb
Scales

Picture 2. Siphon Picture 4. Comb Scales on Aedes albopictus

(10x4) larvae
(40x10)
Picture of abdominal segment to 6,7 and 8
mosquito larva and siphon indicated by Can be seen with a clear comb that consists
arrows can be seen in Figure 2. Siphon of 8 comb scales in Figure 4. Comb in this
larvae do not have a lateral spine. This is
what distinguishes Ae. aegpyti, where Ae.
Picture 5. Siphon long slim and anal
aegypti has a lateral thorn whereas Ae.
segment with a closed saddle (10x10
albopictus has no lateral spines.
magnification).
In addition to the short and chubby siphon,
Siphon there is also a slim and long siphon which
is characteristic of the genus Culex. In
addition to the anal segment can be seen
that the larva has a closed saddle which is
also a characteristic of the genus Culex.
Anal segment Picture 5. is a siphon image, and the anal
segment with a closed saddle is shown with
an arrow.

Picture 5. Siphon long slim and anal segment

with a closed saddle (10x10)

Table 6. Knowledge of Cleaning Officers on Mosquito Breeding

Items STATEMENT Source

“Iyo tau dari gigitan nyamuk itu pacak nularke ke wong lain” YS
“iyo tau contohnya cak DBD tapi kurang tau jugo jenis nyamuknyo
KW
apo dek”
The knowledge that mosquitoes “Iyo tahu contohnya penyakit DBD disebabken oleh nyamuk Aedes
PR
can transmit disease to humans aegypti”

“Setau mbak sih beda jenis nyamuknyo beda pulo penyakitnyo dek” KW

“Bisolah, umpamanyo demam bedarah” VY

“misalke kita ngisi air ditutup, jangan sampai terbuka gek
YS
nyamuknya bisa berkembang disitu”
“Tempat lembab kayak genangan air, parit, kolam itulah kenapa
Knowledge of mosquito breeding
parit kita selalu bersihkan supaya tidak ada genangan genangan VY
air”
“Di banyu itulah yang tegenang" PR
“Ada bintik merah kalau ditekan kalo masih merah itulah tandanya.
YS
Uda tuh panas gek turun berapa hari habis itu naik lagi”
Knowledge of symptoms of DHF “Kurang tau, belom pernah keno jugo“ KW
“Setau saya ada demam tinggi dan bintik bintik merah terus tuh
VY
gek ada tes darah ya”
Table 7. Cleaning Officers' Action on Mosquito Breeding

Items Statement Source

Agree that disease “Iyo setuju nian” YS
which is transmitted by
mosquitoes can be prevented “Biso, setuju” KW

Table 8. Triangulation of Data of Promotion Officer of Puskesmas Padang Selasa

Items Statement Source

“Untuk pengendalian di Puskesmas ini lebih kepada pencegahan. Dimulai dari
kita mengadakan penyuluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan berkala ke
rumah warga dan sekolah dasar. Mengapa kita memilih ke sekolah dasar, karna
kejadian DBD itu cukup tinggi pada usia 5-14 tahun makanya kita larinya ke NW
sekolah dasar, sesudahnya kita bagikan bubuk abate, penyuluhan tentang
pemberantasan sarang nyamuk dan cara kita PSN dengan cara 3M plus yang
kita ajarkan kepada anak anak disekolah dan warga”

“Penyemprotan dilakukan jika ada warga yang terkena DBD dengan cara kita
Mosquito vector melakukan penyelidikan epidemiologi denganmendatangi warga yang terkena
control program DBD. Setelah kita laporkan ke dinas kesehatan nanti dari dinas ada tindakan NW
fogging tapi bukan berarti setiap warga kena foggingkarena dananya yang
terbatas”

Dengue “Saya liat dari angka kejadian DBD ke Dinas Kesehatan Kota, dan kita lakukan
epidemiology Penyidikan epidemiologi (PE), kita cek lagi dengan tanya apa memang benar
NW
investigation pernah kena DBD, terus kita cek juga bak mandinya, memang bener gak ada
at Puskesmas jentiknya”
Padang Selasa “Untuk kasusnya terhitung dari bulan januari - oktober 2017 terdapat 41 kasus” NW

4. Discussion of larvae found. Large water reservoirs and a

lot of water generally contain more larvae than
Water reservoirs are suitable places for small containers because large shelters are
breeding of Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes main quite difficult to clean. At the location of the
breeding places are places of clean water study, no Aedes aegypti larvae were found in
adjacent to the houses, usually not more than either male or female water reservoirs because
500 meters away from home.4 Man-made the tubs were made of square-shaped
mosquito breeding places, such as pots or container material with an oval angle, the
barrel of drinking water storage, bathtubs, walls were smooth and brightly colored with
latrines or flower pots , cans, bottles, drums, a size of ± 55 cm x 55 cm x 60 cm and were
used car tires contained in the yard or in the able to hold water ± 100 liters.
garden containing rainwater. While the This is in accordance with the results of
natural breeding places such as petals, taro research conducted in the City of
plant leaves, or banana, coconut shell, Tasikmalaya, West Java which states that the
bamboo poles and holes that contain rain size, material and the amount of water
water. In a place of longing often found larvae contained in the container effect on the
of mosquito albopictus that live together. number of larvae found. Large and large water
contained in the container affect the number containers generally contain more larvae than
small containers because large shelters are research in Lampung. There are three types of
quite difficult to clean. breeding places outside the homes of residents
The smoothness of the container walls, the containing larvae. There were 2 larvae, 10
dark container color and the ability of the painted paint cans (10 pieces) found in larvae
container to absorb water also affect the and in pots of water plants (3 fruit) found 10
number of Aedes aegypti larvae within their larvae. The total larvae found outside the home
breeding habitats. Based on research results in were 14 larvae. Of the 14 larvae identified, all
Kelurahan Karsimenak from 39 positive Aedes albopictus larvae were found
containers found 33.33% container Blue, At the time of research outdoors also found a
23.08% black, and the lowest 2.56% in green type of Culex mosquito on the rocks with a
containers. From observations outside the concave surface above which there is a puddle
room, found two open pools and several of water. The possibility of such water is a
landfills. The first pool has a diameter of ± puddle of rainwater. Culex mosquitoes lay eggs
200 cm, the entire pool wall is covered by a and breed in sewers that contain clean water or
red ceramic with turbid water conditions. No sewage gross domestic sewage (organic) as
larva found on the edge of the first pool. This well as in place of domestic waterlogging or
research is in line with Fuadzy and Hendri's rainwater above ground level.11
research which concludes that basic materials House Index (HI) of 0.00% means it has no
such as wood, cement and tires are larval density, Container Index (CI) of 22.22%
categorized as suitable materials for laying, falls into Category 6 which means the area has
whereas materials such as aluminum, glass, a high density of larvae 12 and Breteau Index
plastic and ceramics are categorized as less (BI) 0.00 container / 100 building which means
suitable for spawning. , has a size ± 3 times the area has no high vector density. HI figures
larger than the first pool, the entire pool wall are more than 5% and BI more than 20%
is made of cement, the water condition is indicates that the area is vulnerable and
basically clear and there is a sediment of sand sensitive to dengue disease Obtained (HI)
at the bottom of the pond. Also found foliage 0,00%, Container Index (CI) 22,22% and
on the surface of the pond. On the outskirts of Breteau Index (BI) 0,00 container / 100
this second pool were found larvae of twenty- building with ABJ 100%, it can be concluded
five mosquito larvae. The presence of larvae that the Taman Sejarah Bukit Siguntang
in the second pool may be affected by absence Palembang area is low risk to DHF
maintenance of predatory fish mosquito transmission.
larvae. The presence of fish as a predator of The Aedes albopictus larva has a short, fat tube
mosquito larvae in the breeding habitat affects in the last segment of the abdomen that acts as
the density of mosquito larvae. The more fish, a respirator.13 Aedes albopictus cylindrical
the density of the larvae will be smaller and round head, a short, smooth antenna with brush
vice versa.7 This is in line with the results of hairs on the front of the head and open saddle.
research conducted Sofiana in the laboratory In the eighth abdominal segment there are comb
that examines three types of fish that is Nila scales without lateral spines measuring ± 5 mm.
fish, fish Mas and fish Cetul. Of the three This is what distinguishes Ae. aegypti, where
types of fish the type of tilapia fish is the Ae. aegypti is a lateral spine.14 In distinguishing
predominant larvae compared to the other two instar from Ae larvae. albopictus, can be used
types of fish, with the ability to prey on wide difference as in Ae. aegypti ie: instar I
average of 1551 larvae within 24 hours.8 with head width ± 0.3 mm. Instar II with head
width ± 0.45 mm, instar III with head width ±
Outdoor water reservoirs are generally favored 0.65 mm and at instar IV, head width ± 0.95
by Aedes mosquitoes, especially the Aedes mm.
albopictus species, as their breeding habitat.9
This is consistent with the results of Rosa's
 Larvae found in the study sites are genus And according to their hygiene supervisor
Aedes albopictus and genus Culex. The genus quite often do the wood burning as an effort
Aedes has a white to brownish body of varying curing. Drain and clean the water reservoir is
sizes, has a short and fat siphon and there are also a common task performed by a janitor.
comba scales without lateral spines. While the They claimed to often drain the bath as well as
genus Culex has a long siphon with a ratio of the pool cleaned from the garbage dust trash
length and width of approximately 6: 1, and has while for the draining of the pond is the
tuft on siphon. So it can be concluded that the responsibility of the department of Public
larvae found in Taman Wisata Sejarah Bukit Works (Public Works). According to one of
Siguntang is Aedes albopictus and Culex the cleaners in the Taman Bukit Siguntang,
larvae.15 fogging action has been done in 2016, while
Knowledge of hygiene officers in Taman in 2017, fogging has not been done since the
Sejarah Bukit Siguntang about mosquito location of the research is still under
breeding is good enough. They know that renovation. Although according to two
mosquitoes can transmit disease to humans. informants who became janitor for fogging
One type of mosquito known by two informants action has never been done. The abate sowing
is Aedes aegypti mosquito that can cause in the bath is also never done by a janitor.
dengue disease. They also learned about the They know little about the benefits of abate.
symptoms of DHF, from the four informants Information obtained from the health
interviewed they were able to mention promotion section of Puskesmas Padang
symptoms such as high fever then down and up Selasa that they conduct periodical extension
again as well as red spots on the skin. One and checks to the residents' homes, to schools,
informant also knew that a blood test would be posyandu and neighborhood units (RT) which
done to determine the diagnosis of DHF. They include the work area of the Puskesmas by
also know that puddles and open water doing larvae through jumantik cadres and
reservoirs are a breeding ground for mosquitoes giving abate. Surveillance officers will go to
even though no informants are able to name the the field if there are reports of DHF cases by
life cycle of mosquitoes. conducting Epidemiological Investigations
They know and agree that DHF can be (PE) in the home of DHF patients. If it is
prevented and willing to help implement the proven positive larva, the officers will be
eradication of mosquito vectors with 3M reported to the Health Office of Palembang for
movement. They always close the lid all the further fogging and if not found larvae,
time after collecting the garbage inside enough with 3M counseling only. The
because they know that garbage can become a incidence of dengue fever in january at
habitat for mosquitoes development, they also Puskesmas Padang Selasa was quite high,
drain the water reservoir and close it again. It's which was ranked third for wiayah Ilir west I.
just that one of the informants can not mention DHF incidence in Puskesmas Padang Selasa
3M's definition because they have never heard from January to October 2017 amounted to 41
about it. They claim that their knowledge of cases.
mosquito breeding is obtained from mass
media, family experiences and info from 5. Conclusions
people around. Thus, the janitor's supervisor
has no role in giving knowledge and There are 27 TPAs that have the potential to
determining the attitude of other janitor about become a breeding habitat of Aedes albopictus
mosquito breeding. Types of trash they and Culex mosquitoes. The total number of
usually find in the form of plastic waste and mosquito larvae is 176 larvae. The janitor has
foliage. Garbage found in Taman Bukit good knowledge and attitude about mosquito
Siguntang is always burned every two days. breeding. Knowledge and attitudes of the
janitor does not affect the number of larvae,
whereas the janitor's action has an effect on the and suggestions that have been given. The
number of larvae. researcher also thanked the parents, friends and
staffpart of Parasitology FK Unsri that has
Thank-you note helped the process of data collection.
The researcher thanked drh. Muhaimin Ramdja,
M. Sc and dr. Dalilah, M.Kes for the criticism

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