ACECOMS

Workshop Notes On

GENERAL TOPICS

Introduction to Modeling and

Analysis of Structures

Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Naveed Anwar

© Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software ii
 COPYRIGHT

These workshop notes and all associated documentation are proprietary

and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership are those of
ACECOMS, AIT. Reproduction of the documentation in any form, without
prior written authorization from ACECOMS, AIT, is explicitly prohibited.

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained

from:

ACECOMS, AIT,
PO Box 4, Klong Luang
Pathumthani, 12120 - Thailand.

Tel: (662) 524-5539

Fax: (662) 524-6059
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.acecoms.ait.ac.th

Material from various sources including books and websites, has been acknowledged.

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iii

 Author
Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai
Naveed Anwar

Compilation and Layout by:

Vittaya Sunthonchanya and Talha Junaid

© Copyright 2003 by ACECOMS, AIT, Thailand

All rights reserved.

No part of this compilation may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat,

microfilm, xerography or any other means or incorporated into any information
retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the permission of the
copyright owner.

All inquiries should be addressed to:

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

ACECOMS, AIT,
P.O. Box 4,
Klong Luang, Pathumthani,
Thailand 12120.
http://www.acecoms.ait.ac.th

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software iv

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Numerous people have guided and helped the author during the development and
preparation of these notes. The mention of all has not been possible as it is a very long
list. Foremost the author would like to thank Prof. Worsak Knok-Nukulchai whose
research, notes and lecturers have contributed towards the development of these
workshop notes. Thanks go also to all ACECOMS Associates, including Computers and
Structures, Inc. (CSI), USA, G+D Computing Australia, and many others whose software
have been used in the preparation of these notes. The author also wish to express his
appreciation to the invaluable contribution of the ACECOMS staff members, especially,
Buddhi S. Sharma, M. Talha Junaid, Keerati Tuntasuwattana, and Vittaya
Sunthonchanya. The author would also like to thank all others that have proved so useful
in the preparation of these notes.

Finally, the author would like to thank the readers, who are the driving force behind all this
effort. This document is the product of the work of many hands and is now in yours.

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software v

 RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Various publications are available at ACECOMS related to these workshop notes, giving
in-depth knowledge and understanding of the topic as a whole. These publications
include:

o Modeling Analysis and Design of Buildings

o Modeling Analysis and Design of Bridges
o Introduction and Application of Finite Element Analysis
o Introduction to Seismic Analysis
o Modeling and Analysis of Buildings Using BATS
o Modeling of Structures in 2D
o Introduction to Non-Linear and Dynamic Analysis
o Modeling and Analysis of Box Girder Bridges

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software vi

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software vii
 INTRODUCTION TO
WORKSHOP NOTES
These workshop notes are the fruit of decades of work by the author and incorporate
feedback from and interaction with the participants of these workshops. Over the years,
ACECOMS has held seminars and workshops around the world, conducting training
sessions on a wide range of topics. These topics have been selected and refined based
on the feedback from engineering professionals from around the globe.

Special emphasis has been placed on helping the reader to understand the topic
conceptually. The background theory is explained in detail with the goal of clearing up
some common misconceptions. These workshop notes are available for the topics listed
below:

WN A-General Topics
01. Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures
02. Computer Applications in Structural Engineering
03. Integrated Approach to Concrete Design
04. Integrated Approach to Steel Design
05. Introduction to Computer Programming
06. Current Technologies in Structural Engineering Software Development
07. Developing Software for Engineering Applications

WN B-Structures and Structural Systems

01. Modeling Analysis and Design of Buildings
02. Modeling Analysis and Design of Bridges
03. Behavior and Analysis of Floor Slab Systems
04. Introduction to Bridge Systems
05. Introduction to Building Systems
06. Floor Slab System Selection and Preliminary Design

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software viii

 07. Cost Sensitive Design of Industrial Floors
08. Modular Design of Industrial Structures
09. Development of Estimation and Budget Control for Industrial Constructions
10. Design of Residential Houses Using ETABS
11. Systems, Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design of Residential Houses

WN C-Structural Analysis
01. Introduction and Application of Finite Element Analysis
02. Introduction to Seismic Analysis
03. Modeling and Analysis of Buildings Using BATS
04. Modeling of Structures in 2D
05. Introduction to Non-Linear and Dynamic Analysis
06. Modeling and Analysis of Box Girder Bridges
07. Moving Load Analysis in SAP2000

WN D-Concrete Design
01. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Deep Beams
02. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Shear Walls
03. Design of Columns and Bridge Piers
04. Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
05. Retrofitting and Strengthening of Concrete Members
06. Applications of the Strut and Tie Model

WN E-Steel Design
01. Design of Steel Beams
02. Design of Steel Columns
03. Design of Strut and Ties

WN F-Foundation Design
01. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Mat Foundations
02. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Pile Caps
03. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Isolated Footings
04. Modeling, Analysis, Design and Detailing of Combine Footings

For more information and details about these workshop notes contact ACECOMS.

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software ix

 SEMINAR DATA SHEET
Over the past eight years ACECOMS has held seminars in over fifteen countries around
the world. These seminars have been conducted in fifteen countries around the world.
The following are some general statistics with respect to the seminars that we have
conducted.

ACECOMS has always given utmost importance to Seminars: 65

the feedback received from the participants of the Training Days: 150
seminars/workshops. We have, to the best of our Training Hours: 900
ability, attempted to improve these training sessions Participants: 2,500
and bring the best to you. A reflection of the success Countries: 15
of this ongoing endeavor is the encouraging way in
Cities: 25
which you have evaluated our seminars. The following
graphical representation shows the overall evaluation of ACECOMS seminars.

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software x

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xi
 CONTENTS
Computer Applications in Structural Engineering

Integrated Overview of Structural Design Process

Design Process and Structural Engineering

Applications

Structural System Selection And Conceptual

Design

Modeling and Analysis

What Type of Analysis should be Carried Out?

Modeling of Excitation

Software for Structural Analysis

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software xiii
 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Introduction
Introduction to
to Modeling
Modeling and
and
Analysis
Analysis of
of Structures
Structures

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 1

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Design Process and

Structural Engineering
Applications

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Structural Design Office: Activities

Cordination Client Dealing

Principal

Design Office
Management Management

Structural
Designer

Conception Costing

Analysis Detailing
Design

Desig
n Proc
ess

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Overall Design Process

• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design Integrated
• Detailing Design
• Drafting Process
• Costing

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Structure Design Process

Conceptual Design

Architectural
Functional Plans Final Design

Structural Detailing
System
Connection
Design and Detailing
Modeling and Analysis

Trial Sections Design

No
Revise
Modeling Acceptable
Sections

Member
Analysis
Design

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Structural Engineering Spectrum

Engineer

Activity Conception Analysis Design Detailing ...

Structure Buildings Bridges Trusses Shells Towers ...

American British European Japanese ...

Code

Material Concrete PSC Steel Timber ...

Model 2D Frame/ Truss 3D Frame/Truss Full 3D FEM ....

Analysis Linear Static NL Static Linear Dynamic Large Disp. ....

Equation Solution Finite Elements Programming ...

Solution

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CAD in Structural Engineering

Conception
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Integrated
Expert Systems
Others

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 4

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Structural Analysis Vs Design

• Structural Analysis
– Fairly General, Unified (FEM, BEM ...)
– Output: Element/ Member Actions, Displacements ...

• Structural Design
– Structural Material (RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ... )
– Design Code (ACI, BS Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
– Design Approach (working stress, ultimate strength, limit state ... )
– Structural Members (beams, columns, slabs, footings ... )
– Local Construction Techniques and Practices
– Output: Element/ Member Cross-section, Reinforcement ...

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Design
Structural Engineering Software Knowledge Tree Codes

Design
Mathematics
Rules

Concrete Concrete Design

Mechanics Procedures
Integrated
Software for
Structural Structural Analysis
Planning,
Mechanics Analysis Procedures
Analysis and
Design
Steel Steel Design
Mechanics Procedures

Numerical
Algorithms
Analysis

Computer Computer Software

Science Graphics Engineering

Computer
Languages

Artificial
Expert Systems
Intelligence

Experience and
Knwledge

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 5

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Design
Structural Engineering Software Knowledge Tree Codes

Design
Mathematics
Rules

Concrete Concrete Design

Mechanics Procedures
Integrated
Software for
Structural Structural Analysis
Planning,
Mechanics Analysis Procedures
Analysis and
Design
Steel Steel Design
Structural Mechanics Procedures

Computer Numerical
Algorithms
Analysis

Computer Computer Software

Science Graphics Engineering

Computer
Languages

Artificial
Expert Systems
Intelligence

Experience and
Knwledge

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Design
Structural Engineering Software Knowledge Tree Codes

Design
Mathematics
Rules

Concrete Concrete Design

Mechanics Procedures
Integrated
Software for
Structural Structural Analysis
Planning,
Mechanics Analysis Procedures
Analysis and
Design
Steel Steel Design
Mechanics Procedures

Numerical
Algorithms
Analysis
Reflective
Rational

Computer Computer Software

Science Graphics Engineering

Computer
Languages

Artificial
Expert Systems
Intelligence

Experience and
Knwledge

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Structural System
Selection
And Conceptual Design

Conception
Conception
Modeling
Modeling
Analysis
Analysis
Design
Design
Detailing
Detailing
Costing
Costing

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Design Basis and Methodology

• Design based on Technical Rationality (TR)

– attempts to achieve mathematical accuracy and objectivity. The
problem is simplified by selective inaction of certain parts,
behavior or aspects, and focus is placed on specific issues

• Design based on Reflective Process (RP)

– attempts to provide a holistic solution to the design problem. The
design process considers reflective interaction with all aspects of
the problem. The design solution is may be “inexact”, but is
“workable” and “dependable” in the overall context

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System Selection and Design

Tools Requirement
Tools Based
Value Based on
on Score
Desirability and
Dialog Tool
ToolBased
Basedonon
Value Engineering
Engineering Constraints
Expert
Expertsystem
system

Preliminary Design of
Preliminary Design of
Feasible Systems
Feasible
Using Systems
Expert System

Preliminary
PreliminaryDesign
Design
Comparison of
Compassion of Designs
Designs UsingExpert
ExpertSystem
System
using
using Value
Value Engineering
Engineering Using

Data Direct
DirectSystem
SystemSelection
Selection Case
Selected and
andPreliminary
PreliminaryDesign
Design Selected
Design Case Tool
ToolBased
Basedonon Data Design
Neural Networks
Neural Networks
Detailed
Detailed Design
Design Design
DesignOptimization
Optimization
using
using conventional
conventional using
usingTools
Toolsbased
basedon
on
Structural Design Tools Genetic Algorithms etc.

Final
Design

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Knowledge Model for System Selection

• Architecture

Engineering
Services
Building
• Building Services

Se d
e
on t an
Co gem ring

ns
Ar
• Construction Eng.

mm en
g

e
ch
ri n

Ju gine
ee

ite
So gi n

ctu
• Value Eng.

En
ftw n

d
sE

r
are

e
En m
gin ste
• Aesthetics ee
rin Sy
g

• Ergonomics Eng.
Structural
• Structural Eng. Construction
Engineering System Selection Artificial Intelligence

• Knowledge Eng.
• Economics ee
rin
g Ec
on
gin om
En
• Artificial Intelligence e ics

s
alu

etic
V

Kno ineerin
Engineering
Eng
sth
• System Eng.

Eng omics
ring

Structural

wle
Ae

inee

dge
• Common Sense

n
Ergo

g
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Approaches for System Selection

• Rigorous Structural Engineering approach:

Design based on TR
• System Engineering approach:
Design based on RP
• Value Engineering approach:
A combination of TR and RP
• Artificial Intelligence approach: Expert Systems:
A sub set of RP
• Hybrid or mixed approach:
Based on RP

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Selecting a System using “Rich Pictures”

Considering
Consideringasasmany
many
factors
factorsas
aspossible.
possible. Space
Requirements
Not
Notjust
justStructural
Structural Floor Usage
Building
Regulations
considerations
considerations Restriction
Site on
Cost Limitations
Building Plan total height
Restrictions
• Column Layout Grid
• Typical Span Length
• No. of bays: X and Y Openings Wind
in Slabs Velocity
• Slab Levels / Steps
• Span variation Basic Selection of
Number of
Lateral Load
• Aspect ratio of Panels Structural Framing Stories
Bearing System
• Peripheral Beam-Girders
Several Seismic
• Internal Beams/ Girders Zone
Other Factors
• Column Size
• Support System

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…Selecting a System using “Rich Pictures”

Restriction on Suspended
Materials Services

Aesthetic
Live Loads
Consideration

Soffit Selection of Designed

Requirement Slab System Service Life

Drop Panels/ Available

Capitals Forms
Available
Restriction on Construction Designs
Structural Depth Technology
Designer’s Designer’s
• Basic Slab System Influence Experience

• Components
Availability of
• Overall Geometry Design Tools

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 10

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

…Selecting a System using “Rich Pictures”

The
The“final”
“final” or
or
detailed
detaileddesign
designisis Concrete
carried
carriedout
outafter
after
strength

system
system selectionand
selection and Steel type/ Preliminary and
Design Codes
Strength Detailed Design
preliminary
preliminarydesign
design
Exposure
Thumb Rules
Conditions
Decision
Decisionininsystem
system
selection
selectioneffect
effectthe
the
performance
performanceand and
value
valuemore
morethan
thanthe
the “Final”
“Final” or
or
detailed
detaileddesign
design Detailed
refinements
Detailed Design
Design
refinements

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Factors Effecting System Selections

Support System Reinforcement Strength
Reinforcement Column Capital
Casting Method Drop Panel
Live Loads A Aesthetic Consideration
Span Length Beam- Girders Internal
Lateral Loads Beam- Girders Peripheral
Lateral Framing Flooring Thickness/ Fitting
Number of Stories Construction Technique & Forms
Soffit Requirement Cost Consideration
Openings Construction System : Allowed
Column Size Usage
Number of bays-X & Y Exposure Conditions
Span variation along X & Y Availability of Analysis and Design Tools
Aspect ration of panels Designer's Experience and Competence
Restriction on Structural Depth Designer's Attitude
no restriction more than 1500 Clients Attitude
Concrete strength Expected Service Life

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Determining System Suitability

The
The Analytical
Analytical Hierarchy
Hierarchy Approach
Approach
AAweighted
weightedimportance
importanceand
andsuitability
suitabilityvalue
valueanalysis
analysisto
to
determine
determinethe
thecomparative
comparativevalue
valueof
ofaasystem
systemor
oroption
option

m  n  p 
Value
an
Valueof
of Vl = ∑ Ai S i  ∑ Bij S ij  ∑ Cijkl S ijk  
anOption
Option
i =1  j =1  k =1 

Global
Global Sub
Sub Suitability
Importance Importance Suitability
Importance Importance Value
Valueand
and
Weights
Weightsand
and Weights
Weightsand
and Score
Scores Scores Score
Scores Scores

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Evaluating System Suitability

The
The Suitability
Suitability Equation
Equation
m  n  p 
Vl = ∑ Ai S i  ∑ Bij S ij  ∑ Cijkl S ijk  
i =1  j =1  k =1 

Using
Using the
the Suitability
Suitability Equation
Equation
Slab Systems Criteria Weights and Scores System
Value
Main Criteria Ai Am (V)
Sub Criteria Bij Sub Criteria Bin Bmn
Item k Item p Item k Item p Item p
Wt Score Wt Score Wt Score Wt Score Score

System – 1
System – l Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
System - q

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Assigning Suitability Values

Score or Weight Representation of Suitability

10 Most important, most suitable, most desirable, essential

8,9 Very important, very suitable, very desirable

6,7 Important, suitable or desirable

5 May be or could be important, suitable or desirable

4,3 May not be important, suitable or desirable

1,2 Not important, not suitable, not desirable

0 Definitely not required, definitely not suitable, ignore

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Modeling
and Analysis

Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 13

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Conception
Conception
Modeling
Modeling
Analysis
Analysis
Design
Design
Detailing
Detailing
Costing
Costing

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The Structural System

STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads Displacements
Strains
Vibrations
Stresses
Settlements pv
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 14

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Need for Analysis

We need to determine the

Response of the Structure to
Analysis
Excitations

so that:

We can ensure that the structure

Design
can sustain the excitation with an
acceptable level of response

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Analysis of Structures

∂σ xx ∂σ yy ∂σ zz
+ + + pvx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
pv
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations” of various order

Direct solution is only possible for:

• Simple geometry
• Simple Boundary
• Simple Loading.

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 15

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Need for Structural Model

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION RESPONSES
Loads Displacements
Vibrations Strains
Settlements pv
Stress
Thermal Changes Stress Resultants

Structural
Model

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The Need for Modeling

A - Real Structure cannot be Analyzed:

It can only be “Load Tested” to determine response

B - We can only analyze a

“Model” of the Structure

C - We therefore need tools to Model the

Structure and to Analyze the Model

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 16

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Finite Element Method: The Analysis Tool

• Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

“A discretized solution to a continuum
problem using FEM”

• Finite Element Method (FEM)

“A numerical procedure for solving (partial)
differential equations associated with field
problems, with an accuracy acceptable to
engineers”

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From Classical to FEM Solution

Classical Assumptions FEM

Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model

∂σxx ∂σyy ∂σzz

+
∂x ∂y ∂z
+ + pvx = 0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr = R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial Differential
Equations”
Equations” _ _ _

∫σ t
ε dV = ∫ pvt u dV + ∫ pst u ds
v K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Continuum to Discrete Model

pv

3D-CONTINUM CONTINUOUS MODEL DISCRETE MODEL

MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by either (Governed by algebraic
(Governed by partial
partial or total differential equations)
differential equations)
equations)
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Simplified Structural System

Loads (F) Deformations (D)

Fv

D K
F

F=KD
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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 18

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Structural System

STRUCTURE

RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv

•• Static
Static •• Elastic
Elastic •• Linear
Linear
•• Dynamic
Dynamic •• Inelastic
Inelastic •• Nonlinear
Nonlinear

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The Equilibrium Equations

1. Linear-Static Elastic
Ku = F
2. Linear-Dynamic Elastic
Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku (t ) = F (t )
3. Nonlinear - Static Elastic OR Inelastic
Ku + FNL = F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic Elastic OR Inelastic

Mu&&(t ) + Cu& (t ) + Ku (t ) + F (t ) NL = F (t )

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Basic Structural Quantities

• Loads The main focus of

• Actions Structural Mechanics is to
develop relationships
• Deformations between these quantities
• Strains
• Stresses The main focus of FEM is
solve these relationships
• Stress Resultants numerically

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Mechanics Relationships

Load

Action Deformation

Stress Resultant Stress Strain

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 20

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Primary Relationships

• Load – Action Relationship

• Action – Deformation Relationship
• Deformation – Strain Relationship
• Strain – Stress Relationship
• Stress – Stress Resultant Relationship
• Stress Resultant – Action Relationship

• Most of these relationships can defined mathematically,

numerically and by testing

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The Structure Stiffness

• Each of the Mechanics Material

Material Stiffness
Stiffness

Relationship can viewed

as “Stiffness” at various Cross-section
Cross-section Geometry
Geometry
levels
Section
Section Stiffness
Stiffness
• Almost all of the
Stiffness are both linear Member
Member Geometry
Geometry
and non-linear for the
Member
Member Stiffness
Stiffness
same structure
depending the level of
deformations Structure
Structure Geometry
Geometry

Structure
Structure Stiffness
Stiffness

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 21

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Matrices in FEM

Global Nodal Deformations

T-Matrix
Global-Local Cords.
Element Nodal Deformations
N-Matrix
Shape Functions
Deformation in Element Space
B-Matrix
Strain-Deforrmation
Strain In Element Space
D-Matrix
Stress-Strain
Stress in Element Space

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Basic Steps in FEA

Evaluate Real Structure

Create Structural Model

Discretize Model in FE

Solve FE Model
Engineer

Interpret FEA Results Engineer + Software

Software
Physical significance of Results

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 22

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Converting Structure to a FE Model

Convert the “Real Structure (Geometry)” and

“Real Excitation (Loads)” into a Finite Element Representation
Finite Element Model is made up of Elements and Nodes
• Nodes
– Geometry: Coordinates (x,y,z, ..)
– Freedom to move (boundary conditions)
– Displacements (dx, dy, dz, rx, …)
– Mass
• Elements
– Geometry (defined by connecting Nodes)
– Material Properties (constitutive law)
– Mass, pre-strains, ...

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Converting Structure to a FE Model

The
The Structure
Structure

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 23

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Converting Structure to a FE Model

The
The Structure
Structure

The
The Model
Model
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Basic Structures

• Cable Structures
• Cable Nets
• Cable Stayed

• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids

• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress

• Solid Structures

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 24

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Seven Degrees of Freedom

1. Movement along z-axis: Axial Force

Y
2. Movement along y-axis: Shear Vy
3. Movement along x-axis: Shear Vx
4. Rotation about z-axis: Torque Tz
5. Rotation about y-axis: Moment My X
Z
6. Rotation about x-axis: Moment Mx
7. Distortion along z-axis: Warping moment

Most software only consider first six DOF

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Global Modeling or ”Macro Model”

• A model of the Whole Structure
• Objective is to get Overall Structural Response
• Results in the form of member forces and stress
patterns

• Global Modeling is same for nearly all Materials

• Material distinction is made by using specific
material properties
• Global Model may be a simple 2D beam/ frame
model or a sophisticated full 3D finite element
model
• Generally adequate for design of usual
structures

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Global Modeling or ”Macro Model”

Overall Global Model of a Detailed view of Moment Distribution in

Water Tank, 55 m Dia portion of the Base slab
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Local Model or “Micro Model”

• Model of Single Member or part of a Member

• Model of the Cross-section, Opening, Joints,
connection

• Objective: To determine local stress

concentration, cross-section behavior,
modeling of cracking, bond, anchorage etc.
• Needs finite element modeling, often using
very fine mesh, advance element features,
non-linear analysis
• Mostly suitable for research, simulation,
experiment verification and theoretical studies

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Global Modeling of Structural Geometry

(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Frame

(e) 2D Frame (f) Grid-Plate

Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture

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The Basic Issues

• Which Model to be used ?

– 3D or 2D
– Frame or Grid
– Plate, Membrane, Shell, Solid
• Which Elements to be used ?
– Beam, Plate, Brick
– Size and number of elements
• Which Solution to be used ?
– Linear or Nonlinear
– Static or Dynamic
– Linear static or Nonlinear dynamic
– Linear dynamic or Nonlinear static

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

The Modeling Space

• The number space dimensions

uses in Modeling

• 3D Model
– Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical
coordinate system

• 2D Model
– Cartesian, Polar coordinate system
– In-plane 2D Model
– Out-of-plane 2D Model
– Axi-symmetric 2D Model

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Dimensions of Elements

• 1 D Elements (Beam type)

– Can be used in 1D, 2D and 2D
– 2-3 Nodes. A, I etc.
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)

• 2 D Elements (Plate type)

– Can be used in 2D and 3D Model
– 3-9 nodes. Thickness Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)

• 3 D Elements (Brick type)

– Can be used in 3D Model
– 6-20 Nodes.

Brick Elements

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

DOF for 1D Elements

Dy
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
Dy

Rz
Rz Dz
Dz
Dx
Dx Dx
Dx

2D 2D
2D Beam
Beam 3D
3D Truss
Truss
2D Truss
Truss

Ry
Ry
Dy
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz
Rz
Dx
Dx Rz
Rz Rx Dz
Dz Dx Rx
Rx Dx Rx
Rz
Rz

2D
2D Frame
Frame 2D
2D Grid
Grid 3D
3D Frame
Frame

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DOF for 2D Elements

Ry
Ry ??
Ry
Ry ??
Dy
Dy Dy
Dy
Dy
Dy

Rz
Rz Dz
Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rx
Dx Rz
Rz

Plate
Plate Shell
Shell
Membrane
Membrane

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 29

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

DOF for 3D Elements

Dy
Dy

Dz
Dz Dx
Dx

Solid/
Solid/ Brick
Brick

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Frame and Grid Model

• The structure represented by rod or

bar type elements
• Does not model the cross-section
dimensions
• Suitable for skeletal structures 3D Frame
• Sometimes surface type structures
can also be represented by frame 2D Grid
model
• The simplest and easiest model to
construct, analyze and interpret
• Can be in 2D or in 3D space

2D Frame
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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Membrane Model

• Ignore bending stiffness

• Tension / Compression
• In- plane Shear
• For in plane loads
• Principle Stresses
• suitable for very thin structures
/ members
• Thin Walled Shells,
• Specially Suitable for Ferro
Cement Structure

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Plane Stress and Plane

Plain-Strain
Assumptions x2
1 unit

∈ 23 ≈0

σ 12
∈ 13 ≈0
∈ 33 ≈0

σ 11
x2

x3 ∈ 22
x1 ∈ 12
σ 22
∈ 11
3D Problem

2D Problem x1

Plane Strain Problem Plane Stress Problem

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Plate Bending Model

• Primarily Bending mode

• Moment and Shear are
predominant
• Suitable for moderately thick
slabs and plates
• For Out-of-plane loads only
• Can be used in 3D or 2D models
• Suitable for planks and
relatively flat structures

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General Plate-Shell Model

• Combined Membrane and Plate

• Suitable for general application
to surface structures
• Suitable for curved structures
• Thick shell and thin shell
implementations available
• Membrane thickness and plate
thickness can be specified
separately
• Numerous results generated.
Difficult to design the section for
combined actions

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 32

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Beam and Plate Elements

• Beam Elements (1D) • Plate Elements (2D)

– 2D Truss – 2D Plane Stress
– 3D Truss – 2D Plane Strain
– 2D Beam – Axisymetric Solid
– 3D Beam – Plate
– Grid – Shell
– Thick Beam/ Thin Beam – Rubber
– Gap Element – Soil
– Tension Only – Laminates
– Compression Only – Isotropic/ Orthotropic
– Friction – 3 Node, 6 Node
– Cable – 4 Node, 8 Node

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Solid Model

• Shear Axial deformation mode in 3D

• Suitable for micro-models
• Suitable for very thick plates / solids
• May not be applicable much to
ferocement structures

• Use 6 to 20 node
elements

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Other Issues and Problems

Which Material Model to use ? How to Determine Material

Anistropic Properties Used in Analysis ?
Orthotropic • Direct Measurement
Isotropic • Compression Wave Velocity
Cross-section Type • Shear Wave Velocity
• Homogenous
• Hetrogenous
• Laminated Plate-shell
• Layered Cross-Sections

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Soil-Structure Interaction

• Simple Supports
• Fix, Pin, Roller etc.
• Support Settlement

• Elastic Supports
• Spring to represent soil
• Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction

• Full Structure-Soil Model

• Use 2D plane stress elements
• Use 3D Solid Elements

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Connecting Disparate Elements

• When elements with different degree of freedom at ends connect with

each other, special measures may need to be taken to provide proper
connectivity depending on Software Capability

Beams to Plates Beam to Brick Plates to Brick

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Connecting Disparate Mesh

• When members with mesh of different size or configuration need to

be connected we may have to:
– Use special connecting elements
– Use special Constraints
– Use mesh grading and subdivision
– Use in-compatible elements (Zipper Elements in ETABS)
– Automatic “Node” detection and internal meshing by the Software
– Consider the Orphan DOF

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Connecting Different Types of Elements

Truss Frame Membrane Plate Shell Solid

Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK

Frame Rx, Ry, Rz, Rx ?

Rx, Ry, Rz OK Rx ? Rx, Ry, Rz
Dz Dx, Dy
Membrane
OK OK OK Dx, Dy OK OK

Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz

Shell Rx, Ry, Rz,

Rx, Ry, Rz OK Dx, Dz OK Rx, Rz
Dz
Solid
OK OK Dz Dx, Dz OK OK

Orphan Degrees Of Freedom:

0 1 2 3 4

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What Type of
Analysis should be
Carried Out?

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Analysis Type

The type of Analysis to be carried out

depends on the Structural System

– The Type of Excitation (Loads)

– The Type Structure (Material and Geometry)
– The Type Response

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Basic Analysis Types

Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type

Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Other Solution Types

• P-Delta Analysis
• Buckling Analysis
• Static Pushover Analysis
• Response Spectrum Analysis
• Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
• Steady State Dynamic Analysis
• Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
• Large Displacement Analysis

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Complexity of Excitation

• Real excitation/ load is generally too complex

• We do not know anything “Precisely” about “Excitation”
– Nature of loading is not known
– Quantity is not known
– Distribution of loading is not known
– Duration of load application and sustenance is not known
– Secondary effects of primary loads are not known
– Interaction of Loading and the Structure is not understood perfectly
– Most loadings are not “Deterministic”. They are rather approximate
and “Probabilistic”

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Static Vs Dynamic

• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant

• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered

“Quasi Static”
• Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
“Equivalent Static Loads”

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Static Vs Dynamic Loads

Excitation/ Load Static Dynamic

Self Load Normal Operation At lifting/ placement
Superimposed Dead Load Normal Operation At placement
Live Load Normal Operation Depends on type
Highway Traffic Quasi Static Impact
Water/ Liquid Normal Operation Filling, Sloshing
Creep, Shrinkage Static No Dynamic Component
Wind Equivalent Static Random Vibration
Seismic Excitation Equivalent Static Response Spectrum, Time
History
Vibratory Machines Equivalent Static Impulse At Startup
Steady State at Operation

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Nature of Dynamic Loads

• Free Vibration
• Forced Vibration
• Random Vibration
• Seismic Excitation
• Response Spectrum
• Time History
• Steady-State Harmonic Load
• Impact
• Blast

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Elastic Vs Inelastic

• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation

• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior

depending upon level of loading.

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Elasticity and Linearity

σ σ

Loading

Unloading

0
∈ 0
∈
Linear, but inelastic Elastic, but nonlinear

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Inelasticity and Load Reversal

• Dynamic Excitation often produces “Load Reversal”

• Inelasticity and Load Reversal may lead:
– The problem of energy absorption, energy dissipation
– Performance degradation in case if imperfect inelasticity
– Fatigue related failure
• Ductility and Hysteris Loops are a measure structural performance
when dealing with inelastic materials and load reversal
• Reinforced Concrete is highly inelastic and degrades during high
seismic excitation
• Steel may be effected by inelasticity and fatigue for repeated load
reversal in highway and wind loads

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Non-Linearity.

Basic Sources of Non-linearities: Load

(1) Geometric Non-Linearity (large deformation) u

Linear Relationship
Non-Linear Deformation vs. Load relationship
Load
Equilibrium must be applied on the deformed
configuration.
u
Nonlinear Relationship

(2) Material Non-Linearity

Stress
Non-Linear stress-strain relationship Strain

Properties must be computed for deformed state Nonlinear Stress strain

relationship

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Non-Linearity

• Types of Non-Linearity
– Smooth , Continuous
– Discontinuous
– Snap-through
– Bifurcation
– Small Displacement Vs Large Displacement
– Elastic Buckling
– In-Elastic Buckling
– P-Delta

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

A Quick Summary

• Excitation
– Static
– Dynamic
• Material Behavior
– Linear or Non-linear
– Elastic or Inelastic
– Isotropic, Orthotropic, Anistropic
• Geometric Change
– Small Displacement
– Large Displacement
• Model Space
– 2D
– 3D

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In most cases, we should use

3D, Nonlinear-Inelsatic-Dynamic Analysis

but
In most cases we actually use
2D, Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Micro Modeling of Concrete

• Micro model to represent the concrete, rebars, bond, cracks and

aggregate interlock using separate elements with appropriate
properties and using constitutive laws
• Analysis carried out using non-linear formulations
• Planer Models
• Solid 3D Models
• Tie and strut models
– Conception model for global behavior of the cross-section
– Actual global model using space truss elements with appropriate
properties
– Actual micro models using cubic space trusses composed of tension only
and compression only elements with nonlinear analysis

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Modeling of Cracks

• Smeared crack models

• Using overall constitutive law including
the effect of cracking
• Fixed crack models
• Direction and location pre-defined
• Swinging crack models
• Crack oriented in principle stress direction
• Simple plasticity model
• Ignore concrete in tension, used concrete in
compression and assign all tension to
rebars

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Modeling of Excitation

(Loads)

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Basic Loads

Actual loads and load effects that exist in real structures

• Gravity Loads
• Dead Load : Self load + Imposed dead load + Partitions
• Live Load: Occupants, Equipment, Vehicles etc
• Lateral Loads
• Wind Load: Wind pressure converted to load on each floor
• Seismic Load: Basic shear converted to load on each floor
• Seismic Excitation imparted at structure base for dynamic response
• Secondary and Internal Loads:
• Temperature, Creep, Shrinkage
• Settlement,` Pre-stressing
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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Load Cases

Different possibilities of occurrence of the Basic Loads

• Dead Load
♦ Self load only
♦ Additional Dead Load
• Live Load
♦ Full live load
♦ Pattern of live loads
• Wind load effects
♦ Different wind directions left-right (x, y)
• Seismic load effects
♦ Different earthquake direction left - right (x, y)

Analyze for Load Cases - Design for Load Combinations

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Load combinations

Different possibilities of occurrence of various “Load Cases”

• Service load combinations

• Simple addition and subtraction of load cases
• Ultimate load combinations
• Factored combination of load cases
• Consider importance of loads
• Consider probability of variance
• Consider probability of simultaneous application

Analyze for Load Cases - Design for Load Combinations

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Asian Center For Engineering Computations and Software 46

 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Live Load Pattern Loads

• Adjacent Spans loaded by 75% of

Live Load to produce maximum
negative moment at supports and
minimum positive moment at mid
span.
• Alternate Spans loaded with 75%
of Live Load to produce maximum
positive moment at mid span and
minimum negative moment at
supports.
• The Critical Moment Envelop
compared with Full Live load

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Software for
Structural Analysis

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 Introduction to Modeling and Analysis of Structures

Software for Analysis

• GRASP
– For linear static analysis of frames and trusses in 2D
• PROKON
– For linear static analysis of frames and trusses in 3D
• BATS
– For static and dynamic analysis of buildings in 3D
• ETABS
– For static, dynamic and nonlinear analysis of buildings in 3D
• SAP2000
– For static, dynamic and non linear analysis of structures in 3D
• STRAND 7
– For general static, dynamic and nonlinear finite element analysis

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