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1.1 Intro To Cells

The document discusses cells and exceptions to the cell theory, noting that striated muscle fibers, aseptate fungal hyphae, and giant algae challenge the idea that cells always function autonomously or that larger organisms are composed of many microscopic cells. It also examines the emergence of properties in multicellular organisms from cellular interactions and differentiation, as well as ethical issues surrounding stem cell research which has growing therapeutic applications.

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Luka Maro
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

1.1 Intro To Cells

The document discusses cells and exceptions to the cell theory, noting that striated muscle fibers, aseptate fungal hyphae, and giant algae challenge the idea that cells always function autonomously or that larger organisms are composed of many microscopic cells. It also examines the emergence of properties in multicellular organisms from cellular interactions and differentiation, as well as ethical issues surrounding stem cell research which has growing therapeutic applications.

Uploaded by

Luka Maro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

1 Introduction to cells

The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell


specialization and cell replacement
Nature of Science
Looking for trends and discrepancies - although most
organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions.

Ethical implications of research - research involving stem


cells is growing in importance and raises ethical issues.
Using light microscopes to
look at cells
The Cell theory 1. All cells come from
pre-existing cells

2. Cells are the


smallest unit of life

3. All living things


are made of cells

mrskingsbioweb.com
Exceptions to the cell theory

Striated muscle fibres

Aseptate fungal hyphae

Giant algae
Striated Muscle Cells

Much larger than most


animal cells (average
length of 30mm in
humans).

Multinucleated (as
many as several
hundred).
Aseptate fungal hyphae
Fungi consist of narrow tube-like
structures called hyphae.
Hypha usually divided by cell-like
sections called septa.
Aseptate fungi contain no septa.
Each hypha has uninterrupted,
multinucleated, tube-like structure
Giant algae
Acetabularia
unicellular organism
Gigantic in size (up to
100mm)
Single nucleus
Complex in form
Excellent model
organism for studying
cell biology
Exceptions to the cell theory
Striated muscle fibres - Challenges the idea that cells
always function as autonomous units
Aseptate fungal hyphae - Challenges the idea that living
structures are composed of discrete cells
Giant algae - Challenges the idea that larger organisms
are always made of many microscopic cells
Cells scale and size

www.biology.arizona.edu
www.slideshare.net
courses.lumenlearning.net

courses.lumenlearning.net

ppurpleppatch.wordpress.com
TEM vs SEM

Ultra thin pieces of inside of


cell http://www.passionflow.co.uk/passiflora-passion-flower-SEM.htm

Transmission Electron microscope


Scanning Electron Microscope
Surface topography
Eukaryotes - Compartmentalized cell structure
Prokaryotes - Simple cell without compartments
Unicellular organisms - one cell
Have organelles that carry out functions of life

biology.tutorvista.com
Functions of life
Metabolism - Chemical processes to maintain life
Reproduction - Producing offspring, either sexually or asexually
Homeostasis - Maintaining a stable internal environment
Growth - An irreversible increase in size
Response - The ability to react to changes in the environment
Excretion - Getting rid of the waste products of metabolism
Nutrition - Obtaining food to provide energy needed for growth
Unicellular organism carry out all the
functions of life in that cell

Functions of life in
Paramecium and
Chlamydomonas
Emergent properties
Emergent
properties arise
from the
interaction of the
component parts
of a complex
structure
Multicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms
have properties that
emerge from the
interaction of their
cellular components.
Emergent properties
● Cells may be grouped together to form tissues
● Organs are then formed from the functional grouping of multiple tissues
● Organs that interact may form organ systems capable of carrying out specific body
functions
● Organ systems collectively carry out the life functions of the complete organism
Limitations of cell size -
the significance of surface
area to volume ratio

ohhaitrish.wordpress.com
Cell differentiation in multicellular
organisms

Each cell in one organism


has the same genes but
some are expressed and
some are turned off.

www.fordiagrams.info
Stem cells
The capacity of stem cells
to differentiate is
necessary in embryonic
development. It also
makes stem cells suitable
for therapeutic uses.
stem cells TED
stem cells FuseSchool

lifenews.com
Therapeutic uses of stem cells
Examples: Stargardt’s disease and Leukeamia

Stargardt’s disease Leukeamia


What is it?

Where do the stem cells


come from?

List the procedure

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