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Last updated January 2, 2019 by Electrical4U

Principle of Tan Delta Test

A pure insulator when is connected across line and earth, it behaves as a
capacitor. In an ideal insulator, as the insulating material which acts as dielectric
too, is 100 % pure, the electric current passing through the insulator, only have
capacitive component. There is no resistive component of the current, flowing
from line to earth through insulator as in ideal insulating material, there is zero
percent impurity.
In pure capacitor, the capacitive electric current leads the applied voltage by 90o.

In practice, the insulator cannot be made 100% pure. Also due to the aging of
insulators, the impurities like dirt and moisture enter into it. These impurities
provide the conductive path to the current. Consequently, an electric leakage
current flowing from line to earth through the insulator has a resistive
component.

Hence, it is needless to say that, for good insulator, this resistive component of
electric leakage current is quite low. In another way, the healthiness of an
electrical insulator can be determined by the ratio of the resistive component to
the capacitive component. For good insulator, this ratio would be quite low. This
ratio is commonly known as tanδ or tan delta. Sometimes it is also referred to as
dissipation factor.
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In the vector diagram above, the system voltage is drawn along the x-axis.
Conductive electric current i.e. resistive component of leakage current, IR will
also be along x-axis.

As the capacitive component of leakage electric current IC leads system voltage

by 90o, it will be drawn along y-axis.

Now, total leakage electric current IL(Ic + IR) makes an angle δ (say) with y-axis.

Now, from the diagram above, it is cleared, the ratio, IR to IC is nothing but tanδ
or tan delta.

NB: This δ angle is known as loss angle.

Method of Tan Delta Testing
The cable, winding, current transformer, potential transformer, transformer
bushing, on which tan delta test or dissipation factor test to be conducted, is
first isolated from the system. A very low-frequency test voltage is applied across
the equipment whose insulation to be tested. First, the normal voltage is applied.
If the value of tan delta appears good enough, the applied voltage is raised to 1.5
to 2 times of normal voltage, of the equipment. The tan delta controller unit
takes measurement of tan delta values. A loss angle analyzer is connected with
tan delta measuring unit to compare the tan delta values at normal voltage and
higher voltages and analyze the results.

During the test, it is essential to apply test voltage at a very low frequency.

Reason of applying Very Low Frequency

If the frequency of the applied voltage is high, then capacitive reactance of the
insulator becomes low, hence the capacitive component of electric current is
high. The resistive component is nearly fixed; it depends upon applied voltage
and conductivity of the insulator. At high frequency as capacitive current, is
large, the amplitude of the vector sum of capacitive and resistive components of
electric current becomes large too.
Therefore, required apparent power for tan delta test would become high
enough which is not practical. So to keep the power requirement for this
dissipation factor test, very low-frequency test voltage is required. The
frequency range for tan delta test is generally from 0.1 to 0.01 Hz depending
upon size and nature of insulation.

There is another reason for which it is essential to keep the input frequency of
the test as low as possible.

As we know,
That means, dissipation factor tanδ ∝ 1/f.

Hence, at low frequency, the tan delta number is higher, and the measurement
becomes easier.

How to Predict the Result of Tan Delta Testing

There are two ways to predict the condition of an insulation system during tan
delta or dissipation factor test.

First, one is, comparing the results of previous tests to determine, the
deterioration of the condition of insulation due to aging effect.

The second one is, determining the condition of insulation from the value of
tanδ, directly. No requirement of comparing previous results of tan delta test.

If the insulation is perfect, the loss factor will be approximately the same for all
range of test voltages. But if the insulation is not sufficient, the value of tan delta
increases in the higher range of test voltage.
From the graph, it is clear that the tan and delta number nonlinearly increases
with increasing test very low-frequency voltage. The increasing tan&delta,
means, high resistive electric current component, in the insulation. These results
can be compared with the results of previously tested insulators, to take the
proper decision whether the equipment would be replaced or not.

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