Bulbar and Pseudobulbar Palsy: Search LITFL ..
Bulbar and Pseudobulbar Palsy: Search LITFL ..
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Overview
A bulbar palsy is a lower motor neuron lesion of cranial nerves IX, X and XII.
A pseudobulbar palsy is an upper motor neuron lesion of cranial nerves IX, X and XII.
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Causes
Bulbar palsy
Motor neurone disease
Syringobulbia
GuillainBarre syndrome
Poliomyelitis
Subacute menignitis (carcinoma, lymphoma)
Neurosyphilis
Brainstem CVA
Pseudobulbar palsy
The commonest cause is bilateral CVAs affecting the internal capsule.
Other causes include:
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
High brainstem tumours
Head injury
Features
Bulbar palsy
The clinical features include:
Gag reflex – absent
Tongue – wasted, fasciculations
“wasted, wrinkled, thrown into folds and increasingly motionless”.
Palatal movement – absent.
Jaw jerk – absent or normal
Speech – nasal
“indistinct (flaccid dysarthria), lacks modulation and has a nasal twang”
Emotions – normal
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Other – signs of the underlying cause, e.g. limb fasciculations.
Pseudobulbar palsy
Pseudobulbar palsy
The clinical features include:
Gag reflex – increased or normal
Tongue – spastic
“it cannot be protruded, lies on the floor of the mouth and is small and tight”.
Palatal movement – absent.
Jaw jerk – increased
Speech – spastic: “a monotonous, slurred, highpitched, ‘Donald Duck’ dysarthria” that “sounds as if
the patient is trying to squeeze out words from tight lips”.
Emotions – labile
Other – bilateral upper motor neuron (long tract) limb signs.
Neurological Mind Boggler 005 — Pseudobulbar and Bulbar Palsies
Critical Care
Compendium
…more CCC
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