A.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEFINED:

Physical education is the integral part of the whole educational program

designed to promote the optimum development of the individual physically,
socially, emotionally, and mentally through total body movement in the
performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin, 3).

Furthermore, it is a way of education through physical activities which are

selected and carried on with full regard to value human growth, development
and behavior.

B. Origin

Physical activities of the Filipinos before the arrival of the Spaniards were
concerned mainly with the search for food, self-protection, and religious ritual.
Thus the people were experts in the use of the bow and arrow, spears, and
knives. They were also skilled in swimming, diving, fishing, rowing, and
dancing.

During the Spanish Era, religion influenced every thought and action of the
Filipinos. Physical education received no encouragement and was nowhere in
the school curriculum. The only physical activities allowed the people were
those connected in some way with the affairs of the church like marching
gesticulations, and dancing in the churchyard during church holidays.
However, Filipinos performed their native games and dances in their private
gatherings.

With the coming of the Americans in 1898, the philosophy of education and
of living emphasized democracy. The development of a sound body was
considered essential to successful living and physical education received a
great boost in the Philippines. For the first time, Filipinos participated in
organized athletics as the American soldiers and teachers introduced baseball,
track and field sports, soccer, basketball, volleyball, boxing, and tennis. There
were also folk dances, calisthenics, and group games. Physical education was
soon made a regular part of the school program. The Philippines made such
great progress in physical training during the American regime that she was
soon able to compete in international contests where her athletes made
creditable performance. The American regime thus became the golden age of
Philippine physical education.
 During the Japanese occupation, physical training in the Philippines took
on a militaristic form. The Nippon conquerors believed in the effectiveness of
physical education as a means of developing hardiness and discipline. Mass
calisthenics called radio taisho was made compulsory for all students and
employees at certain required hours. Filipinos, however, did not engage in
sports because it was not allowed by the military officials; besides, they were
too busy in the fight for survival to think of relaxation.

From 1946 to the present, the Philippines has tried to continue the policies
initiated by America in the country especially with regard to physical education
which now occupies a prominent place in the school curriculum. There is a
definite increased interest in physical training with a greater number of
students participating in the various activities. Even as Philippine dancers win
acclaim abroad, there is a trend at home to return to native games and
recreational activities of old. Filipino athletes are being sent abroad to
participate in international meets while outstanding foreign athletes are being
invited to perform locally. Teacher training in physical education is being
widely developed in both public and private institutions of learning. More and
more physical educators seek further specialization by going to the United
States for graduate studies.

With the lessons learned from pioneering physical educators like Jose
Rizal, William Cameron Forbes, Elwood Brown, Regino Ylanan, Jorge B.
Vargas, Candido C. Bartolome, and Francisca R. Aquino, down to the present
group of young mentors who have specialized abroad and have come back with
new and better ideas, the Philippines looks ahead to brighter years for physical
education. It anticipates producing more winners and champions in
international sports festivals. Hope is pinned on the contribution of activities
truly Philippine to the world of sports and games. Envisioned are more
research studies that will pave the way towards concrete improvements in the
field of physical training. With the accent on specialization, it is hoped that
recreation will soon assume a major role in this age of increased leisure..
Certainly the Philippines propose to play an active part in international
deliberations affecting physical training. Slowly but surely, the physical
education program is developing into that activity for all that promotes the
virtues of living in democratic Republic of the Philippines.
 C. Legal Basis of Physical Education

The goal of Philippine education is not only to promote individual welfare

towards the end goal of common good. Thus, by helping our students develop
harmoniously the physical, moral and intellectual faculties, we prepare them to
participate actively in the life of society, and in the process, contribute to the
promotion of good. (de Leon, 2005)

To achieve this end, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates the State to
give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports.

Specifically, Section 19, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution provides the legal
basis for physical development:

(a) The State shall promote physical education and encourages sports
programs, league competition and amateur sports, including training for
international competitions to foster self-discipline, teamwork and excellence for
the development of a health and alert citizenry.

(b) All education institutions shall undertake regular sports activities

throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

D. Objectives of Physical Education

Physical Development – An individual who engages in sports and

recreational activities will develop and maintain good health, high level of
physical fitness and will avoid the risk of various health problems.

Social Development – Activities in physical education provide

opportunities for the development of desirable social traits needed for
adjustment to social life.

Emotional Development – The informal nature of physical education

offers opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery.

Mental Development – The individual develops his mental expertise as

he learns the mechanical principles underlying movement, knowledge and
understanding of rules and strategies of games and sports, and ways of
improving movement in gymnastics and dance.
 A. PHYSICAL FITNESS
 Definition

The ability to carry out daily tasks comfortably with ample energy left
over to meet unexpected events and emergencies. People, who are physically fit
look better, feel better and possess the good health necessary for a happy and
full life. The more physically fit the person is, the greater is his or her energy
reserve throughout the day. It requires a commitment to live a lifestyle that
includes good health habits, good nutrition, avoidance of harmful drugs, and
cigarettes, management of stress, sufficient rest and sleep and regular medical
and dental care.

 Values and Benefits of Physical Fitness

In its most common which means, bodily fitness is a basic state of very
good bodily health. Acquiring and sustaining bodily fitness is an end result of
bodily activity, appropriate diet regime and nutrition and of program right rest
for bodily recovery. In its easiest terms, physical fitness is to the human body
what fine-tuning is to an engine. It permits persons to perform up to their
likely. Regardless of age, fitness can be described as an issue that helps folks
look, truly feel and do their ideal. As a result, physical fitness trainers, describe
it as the potential to perform each day tasks vigorously and alertly, with left
over energy to appreciate leisure-time routines and meet emergency demands.
Exclusively true for senior citizens, physical fitness is the capability to endure,
bear up, stand up to anxiety and carry on in circumstances where an unfit
man or woman could not proceed.

In order for one to be regarded as physically match, the heart, lungs, and
muscle groups have to complete at a specified degree for the person to proceed
feeling capable of doing an activity. At the very same time, considering that
what people do with their bodies right has an effect on the state of thoughts,
fitness influences to some degree qualities this kind of as mental alertness and
emotional expression.
 Physical fitness is generally divided into the following classes in order for
persons to be capable examine its parts. Notably, bodily fitness is judged by:

1. Cardiovascular endurance: This is the potential of the body to deliver

oxygen and nutrients to tissues and to get rid of wastes over sustained
periods of time.
2. Muscular power & endurance: Power deals with the skill of the
muscle to exert force for a quick time period, while endurance is the
skill of a muscle, or group of muscle tissue, to sustain repeated
contractions or to continue to apply force against an inert object.
3. Flexibility: This denotes the capacity to move joints and use muscular
tissues by their complete variety of movement. Health articles.
4. Physique composition: Regarded as a single of the components of
fitness, composition refers to the body in terms of lean mass (muscle,
bone, crucial tissue, and organs) and unwanted fat mass. Truly, the
optimal ratio of fat to lean mass is an indication of fitness. Performing
the right set of exercises can enable men and women get rid of entire
body excess fat and raise or keep muscle mass.

Benefits of Physical Fitness

 reduce your risk of a heart attack

 manage your weight better
 have a lower blood cholesterol level
 lower the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancers
 have lower blood pressure
 have stronger bones, muscles and joints and lower risk of developing
osteoporosis
 lower your risk of falls
 recover better from periods of hospitalization or bed rest
 Feel better – with more energy, a better mood, feel more relaxed and
sleep better.
  Factors that Influence Physical Fitness

 Regularity in Exercise

Exercise promotes fitness depend upon the intensity and regularity and
time elapsed.

 Diet

Good diet gives us proper nutrition and there by provide ample source of
energy and vigor.

 Amount of Training

The amount of exercise in mild, moderate and high intensity decides our
body fitness.

 Rest and Relaxation

Rest and relaxation are necessary for recovery and it speeds up the
muscles to go back to normal stage.

 Gender (sex)

Men and women are biologically two species and their psychological
functions works typically.

 Postural Deformities

Good posture allows body to function effectively and adapts the exercises
accordingly.

 Life Style

Healthy life style always promotes better health and fitness.

 Environment

Work out in high altitude requires more oxygen

  Causes of Physical Unfitness

Working conditions in modern industrial societies are generally

characterized by a gradual elimination of physical effort and a corresponding
decline in physical fitness. Car ownership removes the former obligation of
walking, and people spend much more time on physically undemanding forms
of recreation, such as watching television or playing computer games. Children
fail to exercise adequately for these and two additional reasons: unsuitable play
facilities and parents' fear of letting their children out alone.

Lack of exercise is causing deterioration in health, particularly among

the middle-aged in developed countries. Many complaints about ill-health,
pains, and the malfunctioning of various organs may be related to a sub
normally functioning muscular system. Weak muscles often cause more
passive structures of the body (joints, ligaments, and connective tissue) to be
overloaded. Increasing mortality rates are associated with a higher incidence of
cardiovascular disease and with a lower level of physical fitness.

The current levels of physical fitness are partly due to insufficient

participation in physical activity during leisure time and an increase in
sedentary behavior during occupational and domestic activities. Likewise, an
increase in the use of "passive" modes of transport has also been associated
with declining physical activity levels.

Increased urbanization has resulted in several environmental factors which

may discourage participation in physical activity such as:

 Violence
 high-density traffic
 low air quality, pollution
 Lack of parks, sidewalks and sports/recreation facilities.

Population-based, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant
policies need to be implemented to increase physical activity levels globally.

Poor physical fitness creates some common symptoms, such as being injured
easily during strenuous activity. Other signs include:

 Shortness of breath during activity

 Weak muscles or aching muscles after minimal activity
 Chronic fatigue and low vitality
 Mood swings
 Insomnia or poor sleeping habits
 Chronic health problems
  Components of Physical Fitness

Health-Related Components – these are the factors that affect the health and
well-being of a person. It is concerned with fitness training program.

1. Cardio Respiratory Endurance – the ability of the heart, lungs and

vascular system to function efficiently at moderate to high intensity over
extended period of time.
2. Muscular Strength – ability of the muscles to exert maximum force.
When force is repeated over time, it becomes muscular endurance. The
key to making your muscle stronger is working them against a
resistance, whether that is from weight or gravity. If you want to gain
muscle strength, try exercise such as lifting weights or regularly taking
the stairs. When you increase your strength, you’re often also increasing
the size of your muscles as well as strengthening your connective
tissues. This can help avoid injuries and, of course, make you stronger
and healthier.
3. Muscular Endurance – ability of the muscle to continue to perform
without fatigue. It is also the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to
sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period
of time. To improve your muscle endurance, try cardio vascular activities
such as walking, jogging, bicycling or dancing.
4. Flexibility – ability of the muscles to move joints, which are to perform a
wide range of motions without strain or injury. To improve flexibility, try
activities that lengthen the muscles such as swimming, or a basic
stretching program.
5. Body Composition – refers to the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone
and other vital parts of the body. A person’s total body weight may not
change overtime. Body composition is important to consider in
maintaining health and manage weight.
 Skill–Related Components – These are the factors which are often
the focus of sports training program.
1. Speed – ability to make successive movements of the same kind
or to cover a distance at a short time of period.
2. Power – the ability to release maximum force / perform one
explosive muscular effort in a short period of time. It is the combination
of speed and strength.
3. Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes
in body position. In other words, this is the ability to remain stable even
when moving.
4. Agility – ability of the muscle / body to change direction
swiftly, easily and under control in the quickest possible time.
5. Coordination – harmonious working relationship between the
skeletal muscles and nerves in one aspect of movement.
 A. PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEFINED:

Physical education is the integral part of the whole educational program designed to promote the
optimum development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through
total body movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin, 3).

Furthermore, it is a way of education through physical activities which are selected and carried
on with full regard to value human growth, development and behavior.

B. Origin

Physical activities of the Filipinos before the arrival of the Spaniards were concerned mainly
with the search for food, self-protection, and religious ritual. Thus the people were experts in the
use of the bow and arrow, spears, and knives. They were also skilled in swimming, diving,
fishing, rowing, and dancing.

During the Spanish Era, religion influenced every thought and action of the Filipinos.
Physical education received no encouragement and was nowhere in the school curriculum. The
only physical activities allowed the people were those connected in some way with the affairs of
the church like marching gesticulations, and dancing in the churchyard during church holidays.
However, Filipinos performed their native games and dances in their private gatherings.

With the coming of the Americans in 1898, the philosophy of education and of living
emphasized democracy. The development of a sound body was considered essential to successful
living and physical education received a great boost in the Philippines. For the first time,
Filipinos participated in organized athletics as the American soldiers and teachers introduced
baseball, track and field sports, soccer, basketball, volleyball, boxing, and tennis. There were
also folk dances, calisthenics, and group games. Physical education was soon made a regular part
of the school program. The Philippines made such great progress in physical training during the
American regime that she was soon able to compete in international contests where her athletes
made creditable performance. The American regime thus became the golden age of Philippine
physical education.

During the Japanese occupation, physical training in the Philippines took on a militaristic
form. The Nippon conquerors believed in the effectiveness of physical education as a means of
developing hardiness and discipline. Mass calisthenics called radio taisho was made compulsory
for all students and employees at certain required hours. Filipinos, however, did not engage in
sports because it was not allowed by the military officials; besides, they were too busy in the
fight for survival to think of relaxation.

From 1946 to the present, the Philippines has tried to continue the policies initiated by
America in the country especially with regard to physical education which now occupies a
prominent place in the school curriculum. There is a definite increased interest in physical
training with a greater number of students participating in the various activities. Even as
Philippine dancers win acclaim abroad, there is a trend at home to return to native games and
recreational activities of old. Filipino athletes are being sent abroad to participate in international
meets while outstanding foreign athletes are being invited to perform locally. Teacher training in
physical education is being widely developed in both public and private institutions of learning.
More and more physical educators seek further specialization by going to the United States for
graduate studies.

With the lessons learned from pioneering physical educators like Jose Rizal, William
Cameron Forbes, Elwood Brown, Regino Ylanan, Jorge B. Vargas, Candido C. Bartolome, and
Francisca R. Aquino, down to the present group of young mentors who have specialized abroad
and have come back with new and better ideas, the Philippines looks ahead to brighter years for
physical education. It anticipates producing more winners and champions in international sports
festivals. Hope is pinned on the contribution of activities truly Philippine to the world of sports
and games. Envisioned are more research studies that will pave the way towards concrete
improvements in the field of physical training. With the accent on specialization, it is hoped that
recreation will soon assume a major role in this age of increased leisure.. Certainly the
Philippines propose to play an active part in international deliberations affecting physical
training. Slowly but surely, the physical education program is developing into that activity for all
that promotes the virtues of living in democratic Republic of the Philippines.

C. Legal Basis of Physical Education

The goal of Philippine education is not only to promote individual welfare towards the end goal
of common good. Thus, by helping our students develop harmoniously the physical, moral and
intellectual faculties, we prepare them to participate actively in the life of society, and in the
process, contribute to the promotion of good. (de Leon, 2005)

To achieve this end, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates the State to give priority to
education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports.

Specifically, Section 19, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution provides the legal basis for
physical development:

(a) The State shall promote physical education and encourages sports programs, league
competition and amateur sports, including training for international competitions to foster self-
discipline, teamwork and excellence for the development of a health and alert citizenry.

(b) All education institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in
cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.
 D. Objectives of Physical Education

Physical Development – An individual who engages in sports and recreational activities

will develop and maintain good health, high level of physical fitness and will avoid the risk of
various health problems.

Social Development – Activities in physical education provide opportunities for the

development of desirable social traits needed for adjustment to social life.

Emotional Development – The informal nature of physical education offers

opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery.

Mental Development – The individual develops his mental expertise as he learns the
mechanical principles underlying movement, knowledge and understanding of rules and
strategies of games and sports, and ways of improving movement in gymnastics and dance.

A. PHYSICAL FITNESS
 Definition

The ability to carry out daily tasks comfortably with ample energy left over to meet
unexpected events and emergencies. People, who are physically fit look better, feel better and
possess the good health necessary for a happy and full life. The more physically fit the person is,
the greater is his or her energy reserve throughout the day. It requires a commitment to live a
lifestyle that includes good health habits, good nutrition, avoidance of harmful drugs, and
cigarettes, management of stress, sufficient rest and sleep and regular medical and dental care.

 Values and Benefits of Physical Fitness

In its most common which means, bodily fitness is a basic state of very good bodily
health. Acquiring and sustaining bodily fitness is an end result of bodily activity, appropriate diet
regime and nutrition and of program right rest for bodily recovery. In its easiest terms, physical
fitness is to the human body what fine-tuning is to an engine. It permits persons to perform up to
their likely. Regardless of age, fitness can be described as an issue that helps folks look, truly
feel and do their ideal. As a result, physical fitness trainers, describe it as the potential to perform
each day tasks vigorously and alertly, with left over energy to appreciate leisure-time routines
and meet emergency demands. Exclusively true for senior citizens, physical fitness is the
capability to endure, bear up, stand up to anxiety and carry on in circumstances where an unfit
man or woman could not proceed.
 In order for one to be regarded as physically match, the heart, lungs, and muscle groups
have to complete at a specified degree for the person to proceed feeling capable of doing an
activity. At the very same time, considering that what people do with their bodies right has an
effect on the state of thoughts, fitness influences to some degree qualities this kind of as mental
alertness and emotional expression.

Physical fitness is generally divided into the following classes in order for persons to be
capable examine its parts. Notably, bodily fitness is judged by:

1. Cardiovascular endurance: This is the potential of the body to deliver oxygen and
nutrients to tissues and to get rid of wastes over sustained periods of time.
2. Muscular power & endurance: Power deals with the skill of the muscle to exert force
for a quick time period, while endurance is the skill of a muscle, or group of muscle
tissue, to sustain repeated contractions or to continue to apply force against an inert
object.
3. Flexibility: This denotes the capacity to move joints and use muscular tissues by their
complete variety of movement. Health articles.
4. Physique composition: Regarded as a single of the components of fitness,
composition refers to the body in terms of lean mass (muscle, bone, crucial tissue, and
organs) and unwanted fat mass. Truly, the optimal ratio of fat to lean mass is an
indication of fitness. Performing the right set of exercises can enable men and women
get rid of entire body excess fat and raise or keep muscle mass.

Benefits of Physical Fitness

 reduce your risk of a heart attack

 manage your weight better
 have a lower blood cholesterol level
 lower the risk of type 2 diabetes and some cancers
 have lower blood pressure
 have stronger bones, muscles and joints and lower risk of developing
osteoporosis
 lower your risk of falls
 recover better from periods of hospitalization or bed rest
 Feel better – with more energy, a better mood, feel more relaxed and sleep better.
  Factors that Influence Physical Fitness

Regularity in Exercise

Exercise promotes fitness depend upon the intensity and regularity and time elapsed.

Diet

Good diet gives us proper nutrition and there by provide ample source of energy and
vigor.

Amount of Training

The amount of exercise in mild, moderate and high intensity decides our body fitness.

Rest and Relaxation

Rest and relaxation are necessary for recovery and it speeds up the muscles to go back to
normal stage.

Gender (sex)

Men and women are biologically two species and their psychological functions works
typically.

Postural Deformities

Good posture allows body to function effectively and adapts the exercises accordingly.

Life Style

Healthy life style always promotes better health and fitness.

Environment

Work out in high altitude requires more oxygen.

  Causes of Physical Unfitness

Working conditions in modern industrial societies are generally characterized by a

gradual elimination of physical effort and a corresponding decline in physical fitness. Car
ownership removes the former obligation of walking, and people spend much more time on
physically undemanding forms of recreation, such as watching television or playing computer
games. Children fail to exercise adequately for these and two additional reasons: unsuitable play
facilities and parents' fear of letting their children out alone.

Lack of exercise is causing deterioration in health, particularly among the middle-aged in

developed countries. Many complaints about ill-health, pains, and the malfunctioning of various
organs may be related to a sub normally functioning muscular system. Weak muscles often cause
more passive structures of the body (joints, ligaments, and connective tissue) to be overloaded.
Increasing mortality rates are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and
with a lower level of physical fitness.

The current levels of physical fitness are partly due to insufficient participation in
physical activity during leisure time and an increase in sedentary behavior during occupational
and domestic activities. Likewise, an increase in the use of "passive" modes of transport has also
been associated with declining physical activity levels.

Increased urbanization has resulted in several environmental factors which may discourage
participation in physical activity such as:

 Violence
 high-density traffic
 low air quality, pollution
 Lack of parks, sidewalks and sports/recreation facilities.

Population-based, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and culturally relevant policies need to

be implemented to increase physical activity levels globally.

Poor physical fitness creates some common symptoms, such as being injured easily during
strenuous activity. Other signs include:

 Shortness of breath during activity

 Weak muscles or aching muscles after minimal activity
 Chronic fatigue and low vitality
 Mood swings
 Insomnia or poor sleeping habits
 Chronic health problems
 Components of Physical Fitness

Health-Related Components – these are the factors that affect the health and well-being of
a person. It is concerned with fitness training program.

1. Cardio Respiratory Endurance – the ability of the heart, lungs and vascular system
to function efficiently at moderate to high intensity over extended period of time.
2. Muscular Strength – ability of the muscles to exert maximum force. When force is
repeated over time, it becomes muscular endurance. The key to making your muscle
stronger is working them against a resistance, whether that is from weight or gravity.
If you want to gain muscle strength, try exercise such as lifting weights or regularly
taking the stairs. When you increase your strength, you’re often also increasing the
size of your muscles as well as strengthening your connective tissues. This can help
avoid injuries and, of course, make you stronger and healthier.
3. Muscular Endurance – ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue.
It is also the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions
against a resistance for an extended period of time. To improve your muscle
endurance, try cardio vascular activities such as walking, jogging, bicycling or
dancing.
4. Flexibility – ability of the muscles to move joints, which are to perform a wide range
of motions without strain or injury. To improve flexibility, try activities that lengthen
the muscles such as swimming, or a basic stretching program.
5. Body Composition – refers to the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone and other vital
parts of the body. A person’s total body weight may not change overtime. Body
composition is important to consider in maintaining health and manage weight.

Skill–Related Components – These are the factors which are often the focus of sports
training program.

1. Speed – ability to make successive movements of the same kind or to cover a

distance at a short time of period.
2. Power – the ability to release maximum force / perform one explosive muscular
effort in a short period of time. It is the combination of speed and strength.
3. Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body position. In
other words, this is the ability to remain stable even when moving.
4. Agility – ability of the muscle / body to change direction swiftly, easily and under
control in the quickest possible time.
5. Coordination – harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscles and
nerves in one aspect of movement.