“DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH”

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Lecturer : Rini Fitria, M.Pd.B.I

BY :
MUHAMMAD FATAH PRASSETYO
(1812170065)
RISNA ANGGREINI
(1812170072)
UTY AGUSTIA
(1812170074)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

JURUSAN TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN
SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI BENGKALIS
2019 M/1441 H
 PREFACE

All praise to Allah SWT. Almighty, Lord of the world, who has given
some mercies and blessing, and sent His messenger Muhammad SAW, as a mercy
for the entire universe. Peace and salutation always be given tu our prohet
Muhammad SAW, who has guide us from the darkness to the lightness, from the
stupidly era to the cleverness era namely Islam religion.

In this occasion, We want to say thank you to Miss Rini Fitria, M.Pd B.I
as the lecturer of Educational Research. And also to our parents and friends who
always give the big support and encouragement until we can do this paper well.

We realize that this paper is not perfect yet. But we hope it can be useful
for us for our learning process. Any corrections and constructive suggestions are
welcomed to complete and perfect this paper. Thank you very much.

Bengkalis, 17th of September 2019

Writer

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 THE TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE .................................................................................................... i

THE TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I THE INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1

A. Background ...................................................................................... 1
B. Formula of Content .......................................................................... 1
C. Purpose ............................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 2

A. Definition of Descriptive Research .................................................. 2

B. Types of Descriptive Research ......................................................... 3
C. Criteria of Descriptive Method ........................................................ 9
D. Common Steps in Descriptive Method ............................................ 9

CHAPTER III THE CONCLUSION AND THE SUGGESTION .............. 12

A. The Conclusion ................................................................................ 12
B. The Suggestion .................................................................................. 12

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 13

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 CHAPTER I
THE INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Research method is a systematic procedure a researcher uses to solve the
defined research questions. Research is an academic activity and as such the term
should be used in a technical sense. According to Clifford Woody reseach
comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solution, and at last cafefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit
the formulating hypothesis.
In this opportunity, writer wish respect to “Descriptive Research”. This
paper will be shown under the title “Descriptive Research”. Hoppefuly this paper
will increase our knowledge about Educational Research especially about
Descriptive Research.

B. FORMULA OF CONTENT
1. What is Descriptive Research?
2. What are the types of Descriptive Research ?
3. What are the criteria of Descriptive Method?
4. What are the steps in Descriptive Method?

C. PURPOSE
1. To know about the definiton of Descriptive Research
2. To know about the types of Descriptive Research
3. To know about the criteria of Descriptive Research
4. To know about the Steps in Descriptive Research

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is defined as a research method used to describe the

existing phenomena as accurately as possible. The word “existing phenomena”
makes descriptive research contrary to experiment research which observes not
only the existing phenomena, but also the phenomena after a certain period of
treatment. The phenomena observed in descriptive research are already
available. What is necessary for a researcher to do is collecting the available
data through the use of research instruments such as test, questionnaire,
interview, or even observation. The main goal of descriptive research is to
describe systematically the existing phenomena under the study. A descriptive
method can be interpreted as a problem solving procedure that is investigated by
describing the state of the subject or object in the study can be people,
institutions, communities and others who are now based on the facts That looks
or what is.
According to Nazir (1988:63) a descriptive method is a method of
researching the status of a group of people, an object, a set of conditions, a
system of thought or an event class at present. The purpose of this descriptive
study is to make descriptions, depictions, or paintings systematically, factual
and accurate regarding facts, traits and relationships between the phenomena
investigated.
According to Sugiyono (2005:21) It states that a descriptive method is a
method used to describe or analyse a research result but is not used to make a
broader conclusion.
According to Whitney (1960:160) A descriptive method is a fact-finding
with proper interpretation.It can be said that descriptive research is a study that
seeks to describe a symptom, an event that occurs in the present or an actual
problem.

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 There are basic characteristics of descriptive methods, such as:

1. Focusing on the problems that exist at the time of research or

actual problems
2. Describing the facts about the problems investigated as they are,
accompanied by a balanced rational interpretation.
3. The work of researchers not only gives an overview of the
phenomena, but also describes the relationship, testing the
hypothesis, making predictions, and gaining the meaning and
implications of a problem.

B. Types Of Descriptive Research

According to Nazir (1988:64-65) suggests that a review of the types of

problems investigated, techniques and tools used, as well as place and time, then
the research is divided into several types, namely:

1. Survey method

The survey method is an investigation that is held to acquire the facts

of the existing symptoms and look for information factually, whether it is
about the social, economic, or political institution of a group or an area.
(Nazir, 1988:65)

Kerlinger suggests that the survey methods are research conducted on

large and small populations, but the data learned is the data from samples
taken from the population, so that the distribution of the relative events are
found, And the relationship between variables. Sociology, as well as
psychological.

Surveys are essentially no different from research. The use of both

terms is often only intended to give emphasis on scope. Research focuses
on one or more aspects of the object. While the survey is complete, it will

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 be continued specifically for certain aspects where more study is needed
(Zulnaidi, 2007:11).

Zulnaidi further (2007:11-12) presents several studies in the survey

methods:

• Institutional surveys
• Job analysis.
• Document Analysis (documentary analysis)
• Content Analysis
• Public Opinion Survey
• Community Survey
Nazir (1988:65) In his book research method, found that there are
many research that can be done using the survey method, including the
survey of community issues, communication surveys and public opinion,
survey problems Education, surveys and other issues.

2. Descriptive method of continuity

A descriptive method can be interpreted as a continuous or

continuous study so that a thorough knowledge of problems, phenomena,
and social powers gained if relationships The phenomenon is examined in
a long period.
According to Nazir (1988:65) defines a continuous descriptive
method or continuity descriptive research as a descriptive work of
researching that is done continuously on a research object. One example of
this continuous descriptive research method was done by Whitney and
Milholland (1930) who studied the academic status of preparatory students
from the Colorado State College of Education in 1930. Research was
conducted within four years, by tracing academic status from preparatory
to graduate level.

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3. Case study Research

Case studies research focuses on intensive one of a particular

object, studying as a case. Various social units such as a pupil show
abnormalities, a family group, a group of naughty children, a village, a
social institution and others can be investigated in an intensive manner,
both thoroughly and on aspects of Particular attention. (Zulnaidi, 2007:13)

According to Bogdan and Bikien (1982) is a detailed test of one

background or one person's subject or one document storage or one
particular event.

According to Maxfield (1930:117-122) in Nazir (1988:66) defining

the research on case studies is a study of the status of a favorable research
subject with a specific or distinctive phase of the overall personality. The
purpose of the case study is to give a detailed picture of the background,
traits and characteristics characteristic of the case, or the status of the
individual, which then, from characteristic traits will be made to a Public.
Research on case studies according to Stake (2005) There are 3
types of case study studies divided by characteristics and functions,
namely:
 In-depth case study research
 Instrumental case study Research
 Plural Case Study Research
Creswell (2007) also divides the study of case studies into 3 types.
In case study studies, there were steps. According to Yin (1994), there are
steps in conducting study of case studies in brief as below:
 Designing a case study
In designing case studies, there are two steps to the supply of
knowledge and skills and to develop and restudy research.
 Conducting case studies

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 In this second step there are three steps of 1) Determination of data
collection techniques; 2) dissemination of data collection tools; and 3)
Analysis of the accumulated case study evidence.
 Develop, implication and suggestion
This stage is the final stage of every study as an attempt to report on
the results of its research to everyone.

Nazir (1988:68) suggests that the basic steps in researching the

case are as follows: 1) Find the research objectives; 2) Define study units,
traits and processes that will lead research; 3) Determine the design and
approach in choosing which units and data collection techniques to use.
What data sources are available; 4) Collect data; 5) Organizing
information and accumulated data and analysis to make interpretation and
generalization; 6) Compile the report by providing conclusions and
implications of the research results.

4. Research job analysis and activities

According to Nazir (1988:71) In the research method the book

suggests that job analysis research and activity is a research aimed at
investigating in detail the activities and human work, and the results of the
study can Provide recommendations for future purposes. Nazir further
suggested that in-depth studies are conducted on the behaviour of workers,
workers, farmers, teachers, etc. on their movements in performing the task,
the use of time efficiently and effectively.

5. Research Action (Action Research)

Action Research is a study focused on implementing actions that

aim to improve quality or solve problems in a subject group that is
researched and observed as a level of success or the impact of its actions.
According to Grundy and Kemmis (1990:322) suggests that action
research has two basic objectives, namely improving (improve) and

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 involving (involve). That is, action research aims to improve the field of
practice, improve the understanding of practice done by practitioners, and
improve the situation where the practice is implemented. The research
action also seeks to involve the relevant parties, if the research action is
implemented in the school, the related parties are the principals, teachers,
students, employees, and parents of students. This research is often used
by researchers in the field of education which is often referred to as
Classroom action research.

6. Research Library

Library research is an activity to observe various literature related

to the problem that has been raised in the form of books, papers or writing
that is helpful so that it can be used as a guideline in the process Research.
According to Kartini Kartono (1986:28) in the book Introduction The
social Research methodology suggests that the purpose of the library
research is to collect data and information with the help of various
materials in the library, the results Used as the basic function and the main
tool for research practice in the field.

7. Comparative research

According to Sugiono (2005:11) Comparative research is a

comparing study. In the research method Book of M. Nazir (1988:69-
70) There are advantages and disadvantages of comparative research
methods. The advantages are as follows:
 The comparative method can be a subtitting experimental method
for several reasons: 1) If it is difficult to control against any of the
factors that want to be known or investigated the relationship of
cause; 2) If the technique to conduct a control variable may obstruct
the appearance of the phenomenon normally or does not allow
normal interaction; 3) The use of laboratories for research to be

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 possible, either due to technical constraints, finance, or ethics and
moral.
 With more sophisticated techniques and more advanced statistical
tools, making comparative research can hold estimates of causal
relationship parameters more effectively.
While the weakness is as follows:
 A comparative research that is ex post facto, resulting in such
research has no control over the free variables
 It is difficult to gain certainty, whether the contributing factors of a
causal relationship are thoroughly relevant.
 Interaction between single factors as the cause or effect of a
phenomenon becomes difficult to know.
 Sometimes two or more factors show a relationship, but not
necessarily that the relationship shown is a causal relationship.
 Categorising subjects in a dictatorectomy for comparative purposes
can lead to incorrect decision making and conclusions,
consequently the category of dihotomy made has blurred, varied,
cryptic properties, requires value judgement and Not sturdy.
 Moreover Nazir (1988:70) describes several basic steps in
comparative studies, namely: 1) formulated and defined problems;
2) Explore and research the existing literature; 3) formulated
theoretical frameworks and hypotheses and the assumptions used;
4) Create research draft by selecting a subject that is used with the
desired data collection techniques, and categorizes traits or
attributes or other things that fit the problem you want to solve, to
facilitate causal analysis; 5) The hypothesis test, making an
interpretation of the relationship with the appropriate statistical
techniques; 6) Create generalizations, conclusions, and policy
implications; and 7) Compile reports by means of scientific writing.

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C. Criteria Of Descriptive Method
Nazir (1988:72-73) in the research method book, there are two
basic criteria in the method of descriptive research, namely general
criteria and specific criteria.
1. General criteria for descriptive method of research
 The problems formulated should be appropriate, there is a
scientific value as well as not too broad
 Research objectives should be expressed decisively and not too
general
 The Data used must be trusted facts and is not an opinion
 The standards used to make comparisons must have a validity
 There should be a bright description of the place and the time
the research
 The results of the study should contain in detail that is used
both in collecting data as well as in analyzing the data and the
literature studies conducted. The logical deduction should
clearly relate to the theoretical framework used, if the
theoretical framework for it has been developed

2. Special criteria for descriptive method research

 The principles or data used are expressed in value
 The facts or principles used are about the problem of status
 The nature of the research is ex post facto, therefore there is no
control over variables, and researchers do not conduct any
arrangement or manipulation of variables.

D. Common Steps In Descriptive Methods

There can briefly be known a few steps in a descriptive study
method:

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1. Identifying a significant problem to solve through a descriptive
method;
2. Limiting and formulating the problem clearly;
3. Determining the purpose and benefits of research;
4. Conducting library studies relating to the problem;
5. Determining the framework of thinking and research questions and
or hypotheses of research;
6. Designing the research methods to be used include determining
population, samples, sampling techniques, data collection
instruments, and analyzing data;
7. Collecting, organizing, and analyzing data using the relevant
statistical techniques; and
8. Create a research report.
For more details, Nazir (1988:73-74) said there are many steps
that are often followed as follows:
a. Selecting and formulating problems that require conception there is
a usability of the problem and can be investigated by existing
sources
b. Determine the purpose of the research to be undertaken. The
purpose of the research should be consistent with the formulation
and definition of
c. Provide a limitation of the area or scope or the extent to which such
descriptive research will be implemented. It includes geographic
areas where research will be conducted, chronological boundaries,
size about in the shallow and the whole area of the study will be
reached
d. In the field of science that has strong theories, it is necessary to
formulated a framework of theory or conceptual framework which
is then derived in the form of hypotheses to be verified. For the
social sciences that have developed well, the analysis framework
can be described in forms of mathematical models

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e. Explore the library resources that have to do with the problem you
want to solve
f. Formulating hypotheses that want to be tested, both explicitly and
implicitly
g. Do fieldwork to collect data, use data collection techniques suitable
for research
h. Creating tabulation and statistical analysis is done to the data that
has been collected. Reduce statistical usage to workable boundaries
with appropriate measurement units
i. Provide interpretation of the results in relation to the social
conditions that want to be investigated as well as from the data
obtained as well as the typical reference to the problems you want
to solve
j. To conduct generalization and deduction from the invention and
hypothesis of the hypothesis to be tested. Provide recommendations
for policies that can be withdrawn from research
k. Create research reports in a scientific way

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 CHAPTER III
THE CONCLUSION AND THE SUGGESTION

A.THE CONCLUSION
Descriptive method can be interpreted as a problem solving procedure that
is investigated by describing the state of the subject or object in the study can be
people, institutions, communities and others who are now based on the facts
That looks or what is.
There can briefly be known a few steps in a descriptive study method, i.e.
1) identifying a significant problem to solve through a descriptive method; 2)
Limiting and formulating the problem clearly; 3) Determining the purpose and
benefits of research; 4) Conducting library studies relating to the problem; 5)
Determining the framework of thinking and research questions and or
hypotheses of research; 6) Designing the research methods to be used include
determining population, samples, sampling techniques, data collection
instruments, and analyzing data; 7) Collecting, organizing, and analyzing data
using the relevant statistical techniques; and 8) Create a research report.

B. THE SUGGESTION
Hopefully this paper can increase our knowledge about Descriptive
Research. With this paper, hopefully can be very helpful for beginners who want
to improve their knowledge If you really have a deep understanding of what is a
Descriptive Research, you will surely be able to apply this concept to your
compositions properly.
Realize that the writer is not perfect, next time the writer will focus on
describing and explaining about this paper with many sources and be more
responsible with everything has made.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Haryanto Atmowardoyo.2018. Research Methods in TEFL Studies: Descriptive

Research, Case Study, Error Analysis, and R & D. Journal of Language Teaching
and Research, Vol. 9, No. 1197-204

https://idtesis.com/metode-deskriptif/

https://tugasdaily.blogspot.com/2016/07/research-methodology-
introduction.html?m=1

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