Dr.A.

Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

UNIT-1

EMBEDDED ARCHITECTURE

2-MARKS

1) Define Embedded Computers?

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability
or programmable, designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system. Some systems
use remote user interfaces as well.

2)Difference between general purpose computer and embedded computer?

 A general purpose computer for example our PCs are used for different tasks.

 Embedded Computer can only work on a specific task.

 A PC is able to work on different functions at the same time. As I am typing a document

on MS word while listening to songs and downloading stuff from google chrome. MS
word a special application software for documenting, music player for playing sound
tracks, chrome is a browser, and all of these programs are running at the same time.

 General computers are able to work at different tasks while running different
application software.

 This is not the case with embedded computer. They are programmed for particular
functionality.

 Their code is burnt on the ROM and user cannot install his own application software.

 Embedded computer is designed on a different criteria and constraints as compared to

general computer.

 Embedded computer does not require much power and computing abilities as compared
to general computer.

 A general purpose computer is smart enough to support external devices and

peripherals. It is able to upkeep itself with latest technology and devices.

 While an embedded computer can support only a limited devices.

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

3) Define microcontroller based embedded computers?

 Today microcontrollers are used with embedded computer instead of using

microprocessor.

 Microcontroller is actually a chip with CPU and some other parts like RAM, ROM, Timers,
Counters, Input/ Output ports etc. CPU is the main part that does processing.

 Microcontroller is different from microprocessor which require input/ output ports,

timers and other peripherals as external parts.

 Microcontroller based systems are smaller in size and consume low power.

 Microcontrollers come in a variety of types. 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bits

 Examples of microcontrollers are Arduino, Pic microcontroller, 8051 microcontroller etc.

4) How microprocessors are classified based on word size?

 An 8-bit microcontroller is designed for low-cost applications and includes on-board

memory and I/O devices.

 A 16-bit microcontroller is often used for applications that require either longer word
lengths or off-chip I/O and memory.

 32-bit RISC microprocessor offers very high performance for computation-intensive

applications.

5) With suitable examples explain types of microprocessor?

 Microwave oven -has one microprocessor to control oven operation.

 Advanced thermostat systems- change the temperature level at various times during
the day.

 Modern camera –has powerful features that can be added under microprocessor
control.

 Digital television -uses embedded processors

6) What are the characteristics of Embedded Computing applications?

 Complex algorithms
 User interface
 Real time
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 Multirate
 Manufacturing cost
 Power and energy

7) Give suitable example for Real time and User interface characteristics?

 User interface-Global Positioning system(GPS)

 Real time-Printer

8) What are the factors that determine Manufacturing cost in embedded systems?

 Type of microprocessor used

 The amount of memory required
 The types of I/O devices.

9) What are the challenges faced in embedded computing system design?

 How much hardware do we need?

 How do we meet deadlines?
 How do we minimize power consumption?
 How do we design for upgradability?
 Does it really work?

10) How do we meet deadlines in embedded computing system design?

 The brute force way of meeting a deadline is to speed up the hardware so that the
program runs faster.
 It makes the system more expensive.
 Increasing the CPU clock rate may not make enough difference to execution time, since
the program’s speed may be limited by the memory system.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

11) With diagram define steps involved in embedded system design?

12) Define tasks to be performed at each step in design process?

 Analyze the design at each step to determine how we can meet the specifications.
 Refine the design to add detail.
 Verify the design to ensure that it still meets all system goals, such as cost, speed, and so
on.

13) Define requirements ? What are the two phases in requirements?

 Before we design a system, we must know what we are designing.

 The initial stages of the design process capture this information for use in creating the
architecture and components.

 Two phases:
 First, we gather an informal description from the customers known as requirements.
 Second we refine the requirements into a specification that contains enough information
to begin designing the system architecture.

14) Explain two major components of cost?

Cost typically has two major components:

 Manufacturing cost includes the cost of components and assembly.
 Nonrecurring engineering (NRE) costs include the personnel and other costs of
designing the system.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

15) Define Specification?

 The specification is more precise.

 It serves as the contract between the customer and the architects.
 Specification must be carefully written so that it accurately reflects the customer’s
requirements.
 The specification should be easily understandable.
 System requirements and overall expectations of the customer should be met.

16) What are the components involved in GPS system?

 Data received from the GPS satellite constellation.

 Map data
 User interface.
 Operations that must be performed to satisfy customer requests.
 Background actions required to keep the system running, such as operating the GPS
receiver

17)Define architecture design?

 The architecture is a plan for the overall structure of the system .

 It will be used in later phase to design the components that make up the
architecture.
 The creation of the architecture is the first phase.

18) What are the two types of memory used in architectural design?Explain with
diagram?

 Frame buffer- for the pixels to be displayed.

 Separate program/data memory -for general use by the CPU.

19) Define standard software modules based on topographic databases?

 Standard routines are used to access the topographic database.

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 It is highly compressed to save storage.

 Saves design time.
 Faster implementation for specialized functions such as the data decompression
phase.

20) Define system integration?

 Interconnecting all the components and check whether system is working properly.

 Bugs are typically found during system integration.

 Good planning can help us find the bugs quickly.

 System is built into phases and compiled seperately, which makes to identify bugs
more easily.

 Identify simple bugs at earlier stages so that the more complex or obscure bugs that
can be identified by system a hard workout.

16 Marks

1) With suitable example define embedded computers? Explain characteristics of

embedded computing application?

2) Explain briefly challenges involved in embedded system design?

3) Write short notes on embedded system design process?(8)

4) Define requirements? Explain functional and non functional requirements based on

suitable factors and provide a detailed example with explanation?

5) Explain architectural design and its components?

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

UNIT-2 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

1) Define Operating Systems

 An Operating system (OS) is a piece of software that controls the overall operation of
the Computer.
 It acts as an interface between hardware and application programs.
 It facilitates
 The user to format disks ,create ,print ,copy , delete and display files , read
data from files ,write data to files
 Control the I/O operations
 Allocate memory locations
 Process the interrupts etc.
 Operating system can also be defined as a collection of system calls or functions
2) Difference between Desktop OS and RTOS?

3) Define Kernel in RTOS?

 The core of the OS is the Kernel which is typically a small, highly optimized set of
libraries.
 The Kernel is a program that constitutes the central core of an operating system.
 It has complete control over everything that occurs in the system.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 The Kernel is the first part of the operating system to load into memory during booting (i.e.,
system startup), and it remains there for the entire duration of the session because its
services are required continuously.
 The kernel provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system, typically
including
 Memory management,
 Process management
 File management
 I/O (input/output) management

4) List the examples of Operating Systems?

 Windows (from Microsoft)

 MacOS
 MS-Dos
 Linux(Open source)
 Unix (Multi user-Bell Labs)
 Xenix (Microsoft)
 Android(Mobile)

5) Define Real Time Systems and specify applications?

Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not
only on the Output , but also on the time at which the results are produced.

 Digital Control
 command and control
 Signal processing
 Telecommunication systems
 Defense
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

6) Specify different types of kernels?

 Monolithic kernels: provide rich and powerful abstractions of the underlying

hardware.
 Microkernels provide a small set of simple hardware abstractions and use
applications called servers to provide more functionality
 Hybrid (modified Micro kernels) Kernels are much like pure Microkernels, except
that they include some additional code in kernel space to increase performance.
 Exo-kernels provide minimal abstractions, allowing low-level hardware access.

7) Difference between pre-emptive and non pre-emptive scheduling?

 In a normal operating system ,if a task is running ,it will continue to run until its
completion .It cannot be stopped by the OS in the middle due to any reason .Such concept is
known as non-preemptive.

 In real time OS ,a running task can be stopped due to a high priority task at any time
with-out the willing of present running task. This is known as pre-emptiveness.

8) Sketch the kernel architecture?

9) Define task and specify task states?

 A task is a basic unit or atomic unit of execution that can be scheduled by an RTOS
to use the system resources like CPU , Memory, I/O devices etc.
 It starts with reading of the input data and of the internal state of the task, and terminates
with the production of the results and updating the internal state.
 At any instant of time a task can be in one of the following states :
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

(i) Dormant
(ii).Ready
(iii).Running and
(iv).Blocked.

10) Explain task scheduler and its states

 The scheduler keeps track of state of each task and decides which task enters into
running state.
 Scheduler in RTOS is very simple they work based on priorities.
 If the higher priority task runs in microprocessor for long time and lower priority
task are waiting in queue it is too bad.

 Block-move to blocked state.

 Run-move into running state.
 Switch-change which task is in running state.
11) What are the various scheduling algorithm used in RTOS?

 First in First out

 Round Robin algorithm
 Round Robin with priority
 Non-preemptive
 Pre-emptive.
12) Define ISR?
An interrupt service routine (ISR), also known as an interrupt handler, is a callback
subroutine in an operating system or device driver whose execution is triggered by the
reception of an interrupt.

13) Explain two types of ISR with necessary examples?

 Hardware Interrupts are asynchronous interrupts which are triggered by an electric
pulse.
Eg: Timers,keyboard devices ,I/O ports
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 Software interrupts are synchronous interrupts and these are triggered by a command
or instruction.

14) Define Semaphores?

 A semaphore is nothing but a value or variable or data which can control the
allocation of a resource among different tasks in a parallel programming environment.
 Semaphores are a useful tool in the prevention of race conditions and deadlocks.

15) State different types of semaphores?

There are three types of semaphores
(i).Binary Semaphores- A binary semaphore is a synchronization object that can have only
two states 0 or 1. i.e not taken and taken.
(ii) Counting Semaphores - Semaphores which allow an arbitrary resource count
(iii) Mutexes- Mutex means mutual exclusion A mutex is a synchronization object that can
have only two states. They are not-owned and owned.

16) Difference between Mutex and Semaphore?

Mutex Semaphore
1) Mutexes are typically used to serialize 1) A semaphore restricts the number of
access to a section of re-entrant code that simultaneous users of a shared resource up
cannot be executed concurrently by more to a maximum number.
than one thread.
2) A mutex object only allows one thread 2) Threads can request access to the
into a controlled section, forcing other resource and can signal that they have
threads which attempt to gain access to that finished using the resource .
section to wait until the first
thread has exited from that section.

17) Write short notes on mailboxes?

 One of the important Kernel services used to sent the Messages to a task is the
message mailbox.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 A Mailbox is basically a pointer size variable.

 Tasks or ISRs can deposit and receive messages (the pointer) through the mailbox.

18) State different types of API used in Mailboxes?

 Create a mailbox
 Delete a mailbox
 Query a mailbox
 Post a message in a mailbox
 Read a message form a mailbox.

19) Explain message queues and its applications?

 The Message Queues are used to send one or more messages to a task i.e the
message queues are used to establish the Inter task communication.
 Basically Queue is an array of mailboxes.
 Tasks and ISRs can send and receive messages to the Queue through services
provided by the kernel.
 Extraction of messages from a queue follow FIFO or LIFO structure.
 Applications of message queue are
 Taking the input from a keyboard
 To display output
 Reading voltages from sensors or transducers
 Data packet transmission in a network

20) Name the function calls in message queues?

The following function calls are provided to manage message queues
 Create a queue
 Delete a queue
 Flush a queue
 Post a message in queue
 Post a message in front of queue
 Read message from queue
 Broadcast a message
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 Show queue information

 Show queue waiting list.

21) Explain event registers and its function call?

 Kernels provide a special register as part of each tasks control block .This
 register, called an event register.
 It consists of a group of binary event flags used to track the occurrence of specific
events.
 An event register can be 8 or 16 or 32 bits wide.
 For managing the event registers, the following function calls are provided:
 Create an event register
 Delete an event register
 Query an event register
 Set an event register
 Clear an event flag

22) What is pipe?Explain with diagram?

 Pipes are kernel objects that are used to exchange unstructured data and facilitate
synchronization among tasks.
 In a traditional implementation, a pipe is a unidirectional data exchange facility.
 Two descriptors, one for each end of the pipe (one end for reading and one for
writing), are returned when the pipe is created.
 Data is written via one descriptor and read via the other.
 The data remains in the pipe as an unstructured byte stream.
 Data is read from the pipe in FIFO order.
 A pipe provides a simple data flow facility so that the reader becomes blocked when
the pipe is empty, and the writer becomes blocked when the pipe is full.
 A pipe is used to exchange data between a data-producing task and a data-
consuming task
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

23) Define timers and its function calls?

 A timer is the scheduling of an event according to a predefined time value in the
 future, like setting an alarm clock.
 For instance, the kernel has to keep track of different times
 The following function calls are provided to manage the timer:

 Get time
 Set time
 Time delay (in system clock ticks)
 Time delay (in seconds)
 Reset timer
24) Specify API in memory management?
 It is a service provided by a kernel which allots the memory needed ,either static or
dynamic for various processes.
 The manager optimizes the memory needs and memory utilization.
 The API provides the following function calls to manage memory
 Create a memory block
 Get data from memory
 Post data in the memory
 Query a memory block
 Free the memory block.

25) Write short notes on priority inversion problem?

In any real time embedded system ,if a high priority task is blocked or waiting and a low
priority task is running or under execution ,this situation is called Priority Inversion.
Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

16 MARKS
1) Define Kernel? Draw the diagram of Architecture of the Kernel? Explain functions of
kernel?
2) Explain task and its various states?(8)
3) Explain task scheduler and various function calls provided by API? (8)
4) Write short notes on Interrupt Service Routines?(8)
5) Define Semaphores and Mutex? Explain in detail various types of semaphore? What are
the function call available in semaphore? Difference between mutex and semaphore?
6) Describe Mailboxes with neat diagram?(8)
7) Write short notes on Message Queues and its API?(8)
8) With neat diagram explain Pipes and Signals?(16)
9) Define Timers and write short notes on Memory Management(8)
10) Give a detailed description on Priority Inversion Problem?(16)
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

UNIT-3 PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2 MARKS

1)Difference between C and Embedded C?

S.No C Embedded C
1 C is a general purpose programming Embedded C is an extension of C language . It is
language, which can be used to used to develop micro-controller based
design any type of desktop based applications (low-level or/and application
applications. level).
2 While, writing a C programming Embedded C is fully hardware dependent
language code there is no need to language.
know about computer hardware
3 C language program is hardware Embedded C program is hardware dependent.
independent.
4 For C language, the standard For Embedded C, you need to some specific
compilers can be used to compile compilers that are able to generate particular
and execute the program. hardware/micro-controller based output
5 Readability modifications, bug fixing It’s not too easy to read, understand, modify
are very easy in a C language and fix the bugs in an Embedded C language
program. program.

2) What is Infinite loop?

 An infinite loop (sometimes called an endless loop ) is a piece of coding that lacks a
functional exit so that it repeats indefinitely.

 Intentional uses for infinite loops include programs that are supposed to run
continuously, such as product demo or in programming for embedded system .

3) What is compiler? Specify the most commonly used compiler in Embedded C?

 The job of a compiler is to translate programs written in human-readable language

into an equivalent set of opcodes for a particular processor.

 Each processor has its own unique machine language, so you need to choose a
compiler that is capable of producing programs for your specific target processor.

 In the embedded systems case, “this compiler” almost always runs on the host
computer

4) Draw the skeleton of compiler,linker and loader?

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

5) Define Linker?

 The job of the linker is to combine the object files and, in the process, to resolve all
of the unresolved symbols.

 The output of the linker is a new object file that contains all of the code and data
from the input object files and is in the same object file format.

6) Specify the uses of locator?

 The tool that performs the conversion from relocatable program to executable
binary image is called a locator.

 The locator will use this information to assign physical memory addresses to each of
the code and data sections within the relocatable program.

7) What are the uses of downloading and debugging?

 When the executable binary image stored as a file on the host computer, you can
download that image to the embedded system and execute it.

 The executable binary image is usually loaded into a memory device on the target
board and executed from there.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

8) Define ICE?

 Remote debuggers are helpful for monitoring and controlling the state of embedded
software.

 In-circuit emulator (ICE) actually takes the place of-or emulates-the processor on
your target board.

 ICE are usually pretty expensive than the target hardware.

 ICE is a powerful tool, and in a tight debugging spot

9) Specify need of ROM Emulator?

 A ROM emulator is a device that emulates a read-only memory device.

 Like an ICE, it is an embedded system that connects to the target and

communicates with the host.

 The target connection is via a ROM socket.

 To the embedded processor, it looks like any other read-only memory device.

 But to the remote debugger, it looks like a debug monitor.

10) What is simulator in Embedded C?

 A simulator is a completely host-based program that simulates the functionality and

instruction set of the target processor.

 They are quite valuable in the earlier stages of a project when there is not yet any
actual hardware for the programmers to experiment with.

11) What are the factors for selecting Programming language?

The following are few factors that are to be considered while selecting the
Programming Language for the development of Embedded Systems.

 Size: The memory that the program occupies is very important as Embedded
Processors like Microcontrollers have a very limited amount of ROM.

 Speed: The programs must be very fast i.e. they must run as fast as possible. The
hardware should not be slowed down due to a slow running software.

 Portability: The same program can be compiled for different processors.

 Ease of Implementation

 Ease of Maintenance
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 Readability

12) What is the structure of programming language?

 A program language instruction consists of the following four fields −

[ label: ] mnemonics [ operands ] [;comment ]

13) Write the sample program for procedure and return?

14) What are the parameter passing technique in Embedded C?

• There are two parameter passing techniques in use,

 1. Pass by Value-passing the value

 2. Pass by Reference-passing the address of variable

15) What is temporary variable?

 In computer programming, a temporary variable is a variable with short lifetime,

usually to hold data that will soon be discarded, or before it can be placed at a more
permanent memory location.

 Because it is short-lived, it is usually declared as a local variable, i.e., a variable with

local scope.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

16 MARKS

1) What is the Role of Infinite loop in Embedded C?How it works?Specify an example?

2)Give short notes on

i) Compiling

ii) Linking

iii) Locating

iv)Downloading and debugging

3) How Emulators and Simulators processor works in Embedded C?

4) Describe Programming and Assembly in Embedded C?

5) Explain parameter passing techniques with suitable program for each case?

6) What is the use of temporary variables in Embedded C?Explain with program and necessary
output?
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

UNIT-4 NETWORKS

2 MARKS
1) Define Networks?

 A network consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another.

 It can be as small as two computers or as large as billions of devices.
 While a traditional network is comprised of desktop computers, modern networks
may include laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions, gaming consoles, smart
appliances, and other electronics.
 Many types of networks exist, but they fall under two primary
categories: LANs and WANs.

2) What is distributed embedded network?

 In a distributed embedded system several processing elements are connected by

a network that allows them to communicate.
 More than one computer or group of computer and PEs are connected
via network that forms distributed embedded systems.
 Deadliness for processing the data is short.

3) Draw the distributed embedded architecture and specify its components?

4) Describe the components of distributed embedded architecture?

 A PE may be an instruction set processor such as a DSP, CPU, or microcontroller.

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 A nonprogrammable unit such as the ASIC used to implement PE 4.

 An I/O device such as PE 1 - sensor or actuator, depending on whether it provides

input or output.

 The network used is a bus, but other network topologies are also possible.

 The connection between PEs provided by the network as a communication link.

 The system of PEs and networks forms the hardware platform on which the
application runs.

5) Define Bus?

A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a
computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an
address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its
operation

6) Describe point-to-point links in distributed embedded systems?

 The input signal is sampled by the input device and passed to the first digital filter,
F1, over a point-to-point link.

 The results of that filter are sent through a second point-to-point link to filter F2.

 The results in turn are sent to the output device over a third point-to-point link.

7) Define fixed priority arbitration?

If a high-priority and a low-priority device both have long data transmissions ready at the
same time, it is quite possible that the low-priority device will not be able to transmit
anything until the high-priority device has sent all its data packets.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

8) List the types of arbitration schemes?

 Fixed priority arbitration

 Fair arbitration
 Round robin arbitration

9) Define I2C bus?

 The I 2C bus is a well-known bus commonly used to link microcontrollers into

systems.

 It has even been used for the command interface in an MPEG-2 video chip.

 I2C is designed to be low cost, easy to implement, and of moderate speed.

10) What are the two lines used in I2C bus?

 The serial data line (SDL) for data

 The serial clock line (SCL), which indicates when valid data are on the data line.

11) Describe the structure of a typical I2C bus system?

 Every node in the network is connected to both SCL and SDL.

 Some nodes may be able to act as bus masters and the bus may have more than one
master.

 Other nodes may act as slaves that only respond to requests from masters.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

12) What are the two bus transactions in I2C bus?

 A start is signaled by leaving the SCL high and sending a 1 to 0 transition on SDL.

 A stop is signaled by setting the SCL high and sending a 0 to 1 transition on SDL.

13) Define CAN bus?

 CAN is very widely used in cars as well as in other applications.

 The CAN bus uses bit-serial transmission.

 CAN runs at rates of 1 MB/s over a twisted pair connection of 40 m.

 An optical link can also be used.

 The bus protocol supports multiple masters on the bus.

14) What is recessive and dominant state in bus?

 When all nodes are transmitting 1s, the bus is in the recessive state

 When a node transmits a 0, the bus is in the dominant state.

15)Define Internet protocol?

 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the fundamental protocol on the Internet.

 It provides connectionless, packet-based communication.

 Eg: Industrial automation

 Internet protocol is an internetworking standard.

 Internet packets are assumed to be carried by some other network, such as an

Ethernet.

16) Draw the format of a CAN data frame?

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

17) What is Ethernet arbitration scheme?

 The Ethernet arbitration scheme is known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

 A node that has a message waits for the bus to become silent and then starts
transmitting.

 It simultaneously listens, and if it hears another transmission that interferes with

its transmission, it stops transmitting and waits to retransmit.

 The maximum length of an Ethernet is determined by the nodes’ ability to detect

collisions.

18) Sketch the IP Packet structure?

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

16 MARKS

1) Explain I2C bus in detail with necessary diagram?

2) Describe CAN Bus? Explain the format of data frame with diagram and specify its components?

3) Give a detailed description on Ethernet? What is CSMA/CD? Explain CSMA/CD algorithm and
data frame?

4) Write short notes on Internet and IP packet structure?

5)Illustrate the case study Elevator Controller and its operations briefly?
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

UNIT-5 CASE STUDY

1) What is Data Compressor?

A data compressor that takes in data with a constant number of bits per data element and
puts out a compressed data stream in which the data is encoded in variable-length symbols.

2) Draw the UML collaboration diagram of Data Compressor?

3) Draw the class diagram for data compressor and explain its methods?
1)Encode:
 Performs the basic encoding function.
 It takes in a 1-byte input symbol and returns two values:
 A boolean showing whether it is returning a full buffer
 If the boolean is true, the full buffer itself.
2)New-symbol-table installs a new symbol table into the object and throws away the current
contents of the internal buffer.

3) Flush returns the current state of the buffer, including the number of valid bits in the buffer.

4) Draw the class diagram for Alarm Clock and explain its components?
1)The Buzzer* class allows the buzzer to be turned off.
2)The Buttons* class provides read-only access to the current state of the buttons.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

3)The Lights* class allows us to drive the lights.

5) Explain interrupt driven routine in Alarm Clock?

 It updates the current time.
 The current time will be kept in a variable in memory.
 A timer can be used to interrupt periodically and update the time.
 The display must be sent the new value when the minute value changes.
 This routine can also maintain the PM indicator.

6) Explain 3 basic functions of Audio Players?

 Audio players are often called MP3 players after the popular audio data format.
 The earliest portable MP3 players were based on compact disc mechanisms.
 Modern MP3 players use either flash memory or disk drives to store music.
 An MP3 player performs three basic functions:
 Audio storage
 Audio decompression
 User interface.
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

7) With a neat diagram specify the architecture of CIRRCUS audio processor?

8) Explain theory of operations and requirements of Software Modems?

 Low-cost modems generally use specialized chips.

 Theory of Operation and Requirements:

 The modem will use frequency-shift keying (FSK),a technique used in 1200-baud
modems.

 The FSK scheme transmits sinusoidal tones, with 0 and 1 assigned to different
frequencies.

9) How to convert audio input into a bit stream?

 The analog input is sampled and the resulting stream is sent to two digital filters .
 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

 One filter passes frequencies in the range that represents a 0 and rejects the 1-band
frequencies, and the other filter does the converse

10) Illustrate the system architecture of software modems?

 The modem consists of one small subsystem and two major subsystems
(transmitter and receiver).
 Two sample interrupt handlers are required, one for input and another for output,
but they are very simple.
 The transmitter is simpler.
 The best way to generate waveforms that retain the proper shape over long
intervals is table lookup.
 Software oscillators can be used to generate periodic signals.

11) What are the functions of digital still cameras?

 It must determine the proper exposure for the photo.
 It must display a preview of the picture for framing.
 It must capture the image from the image sensor.
 It must transform the image into usable form.
 It must convert the image into a usable format, such as JPEG, and store the image in
a file system.

12) What are the three main phases of digital still cameras?
 Composition
 Capture
 Storage.

13) Draw the system architecture of digital still camera?

 Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

16 MARKS
1) Define Data Compressor ?What is Huffman coding? Specify the requirements, class diagram of
data compressor?
2) Ellaborate the Alarm clock
i)Requirements
ii) Specification
iii) System architecture
iv)Components design and testing
v)System integration and testing?
3) Discuss the requirements and system architecture of Audio player?
4) Describe Software Modem
i) Requirements
ii) Specification
iii) System architecture
iv) Components design and testing
v) System integration and testing?
5) Write short notes on Digital still camera?
6) Discus Telephone answering machine and its specifications?
Dr.A.Sumathi ,Professor &HOD Embedded Systems(2M&16M) 715ECT04

REFERENCES

1.Wayne Wolf, “Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System

Design”,Morgan Kaufman Publishers, First Indian Reprint, 2001.

2 Marilyn Wolf, “Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System Design”,

Morgan Kaufman Publishers, Third edition, 2012.

3 K.V.K.K.Prasad ,“Embedded /Real-Time Systems: Concepts, Design and programming” Dreamtech,

Wiley 2003.

4. Dr.Y.Narasimha Murthy.Ph.D [email protected] “REALTIME OPERATING SYSTEMS AND

CONCEPTS”140319131338.