COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MODULE

Sector: Electronics

Qualification Title: Consumer Electronics Servicing NCII

Unit of Competency: Assemble/Disassemble Consumer Electronics Products

and system

Module Title: Assembling/Disassembling Consumer Electronics Products and

system

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Erhard Systems Technological Institute
Poctoy, Odiongan Romblon

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 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module in “Assembling/disassembling Consumer Electronic

Product and Systems”. This module contains training materials and activities for you
to complete.

The unit of competency, “Assemble/disassemble Consumer Electronic

Product and Systems”, is one of the competencies of Consumer Electronic
Servicing NC II, a course which comprises the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required for a trainee to posses to be able to repair and troubleshoot problems in
domestic appliances, replace parts, components and get the systems back to normal
operation.
The module, Assembling/disassembling Consumer Electronic Product and
Systems, contains training materials and activities related to identifying and
preparing different tools, equipment, component and parts needed to assemble
different appliances.
In this, module you required to go through a series of learning activities in order
to complete each learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self­Checks, Task
sheet, Job Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your trainer.

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency in

Assembling/disassembling Consumer Electronic Product and Systems.

This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in
this particular competency independently and at you own pace, with minimum
supervision or help from your trainer.

Remember to:

· Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section
· Read Information Sheet and complete the Self­Check. Answer Keys are included
in this package to allow immediate feedback. Answering the Self­Checks will
help you to acquire the knowledge content of this competency.
· Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that your
output conforms to the Performance Criteria Checklist that follows the sheets.
· Submit the outputs of the Task Sheets and Job Sheets to your trainer for
evaluation and recording in the Achievement Chart. Outputs shall serve as your
portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation.

A Certificate of Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this competency before
moving to another competency.
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 COMPETENCY­BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

LIST OF COMPETENCIES

NO. Unit of Module title Code

competency

1. Assemble/disassemble Assembling/disassembling
Consumer Electronics Consumer Electronics ELC724322
Product and Systems Product and Systems

2. Maintain and Repair Maintaining and Repairing

Audio/Video Products Audio/Video Products and ELC724323
and Systems Systems

3. Maintain and Repair Maintaining and Repairing

Electronically­ Electronically­Controlled ELC724324
Controlled Domestic Domestic Appliances
Appliances

4. Maintain and Repair Maintaining and Repairing

Cellular Phones Cellular Phones ELC724325

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 MODULE CONTENT

Unit of Competency: Assemble/disassemble Consumer Electronic

Product and Systems

Module Title : Assembling/disassembling Consumer Electronic

Product and Systems

Module Descriptor:

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitude in repairing,

assembling/disassembling and testing components and common parts.

Nominal Duration : 40 hrs

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this module the students/trainees must be able to:

1. Enumerate, explain and apply OHS policies in procedures in assembling

and disassembling consumer electronic products and systems

2. Identify and explain the uses/functions of different types of tools,

equipments and testing instruments.

3. Identify electronic symbols and interpret schematic diagrams.

4. Apply proper soldering and de­soldering techniques

5. Apply wiring and cabling techniques

6. Apply assembling and disassembling techniques

7. Perform systematic inspection and apply specific testing procedures

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 LEARNING OUTCOME # 3 Identify electronic symbols and interpret
schematic diagrams.
CONTENTS:
· Electronic devices and symbols
· Resistor and capacitor color codes
· Classes and types of electronic parts/devices
· Drawing and interpreting schematic diagrams

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Electronic symbols are identified and selected according to the schematic

diagram
2. Electronic parts value are read and matched correctly as required
3. Schematic diagram sections and functions are identified and explained

CONDITIONS:

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

· Drawing instruments and materials
· Working area/bench
· Sufficient lighting and ventilation system
· Complete electronic supplies

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

· Written test
· Practical test
· Direct observation

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 LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Learning Outcome #3

Assemble/Disassemble consumer electronics products and systems

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INTRUCTIONS

Read Information Sheet 1.3­1 In this learning outcome, you

(Electronic and Electrical symbols) will be able to identify the
Answer Self check 1.3­1 electronics and electrical
Compare your answers with Answer key 1.3­1 devices and symbols.
Read information Sheet 1.3­2
(Resistor and capacitor color codes)
Read Self check 1.3­2
Compare the answers in the answer key
1.3­2
Perform Task Sheet 1.3­2
Check Performance in Performance
Criteria Checklist 1.3­2
Read Information Sheet 1.3­2
(Classes and types of electronic parts/devices) You will also view a video
Read Self Check 1.3­3 regarding electronics
Compare the answers in the answer key components, schematic
1.3­3 diagrams and
resistor/capacitors color code
Read information sheet 1.3­4
(Drawing and interpreting schematic diagrams)
Read self check 1.3­4
Compare the answers in the answer key
1.3­4
Perform Job sheet 1.3­4
Check Performance in Performance
Criteria Checklist 1.3­4

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3­1

Electronic/electrical symbols

Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you will be able to
identify the Electronic symbols and electrical symbols and their functions of
the electronics symbols.

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

In assembling/Disassembling of consumer electronics products and
system we need the electronic and electrical symbols.

SYMBOLS COMPONENT NAME MEANING

WIRE SYMBOLS

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

SWITCH SYMBOLS AND RELAY SYMBOLS

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

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 Momentary switch ­ normally
Pushbutton Switch (N.O)
open

Momentary switch ­ normally

Pushbutton Switch (N.C)
closed

DIP switch is used for onboard

DIP Switch
configuration

SPST Relay
Relay open / close connection by
an electromagnet
SPDT Relay

Close connection by jumper

Jumper
insertion on pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

GROUND SYMBOLS

Used for zero potential reference

Earth Ground
and electrical shock protection.

Connected to the chassis of the

Chassis Ground
circuit

Digital / Common Ground

RESISTORS SYMBOLS

Resistor reduces the current

Resistor (IEEE)
flow.

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 Resistor (IEC)

Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor ­ has 3
terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat(IEEE) Adjustable resistor ­ has 2
Variable Resistor / terminals.
Rheostat(IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

Thermal resistor ­ change

Thermistor resistance when temperature
changes

Photo­resistor ­ change
Photo resistor / Light
resistance with light intensity
dependent resistor (LDR)
change

CAPACITORS SYMBOLS

Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric

charge. It acts as short circuit
with AC and open circuit with
Capacitor DC.

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

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 Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

INDUCTORS OR COIL SYMBOLS

Coil / solenoid that generates

Inductor
magnetic field

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

Variable Inductor

POWER SUPPLY SYMBOLS

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by

Generator mechanical rotation of the
generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

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 Battery Generates constant voltage

Generates voltage as a function

Controlled Voltage Source of voltage or current of other
circuit element.

Generates current as a function

Controlled Current Source of voltage or current of other
circuit element.

METER SYMBOLS

Measures voltage. Has very high

Voltmeter
resistance. Connected in parallel.

Measures electric current. Has

Ammeter near zero resistance. Connected
serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

LAMP/LIGHT BULB SYMBOLS

Lamp / light bulb

Generates light when current

Lamp / light bulb
flows through

Lamp / light bulb

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 DIODE/LED SYMBOLS

Diode allows current flow in one

Diode
direction only (left to right).

Allows current flow in one

direction, but also can flow in the
Zener Diode
reverse direction when above
breakdown voltage

Schottky diode is a diode with

Schottky Diode
low voltage drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode LED emits light when current

(LED) flows through

Photodiode allows current flow

Photodiode
when exposed to light

TRANSISTORS SYMBOLS

Allows current flow when high

NPN Bipolar Transistor
potential at base (middle)

Allows current flow when low

PNP Bipolar Transistor
potential at base (middle)

Made from 2 bipolar transistors.

Darlington Transistor Has total gain of the product of
each gain.

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 JFET­N Transistor N­channel field effect transistor

JFET­P Transistor P­channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N­channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P­channel MOSFET transistor

MISC. SYMBOLS

Motor Electric motor

Change AC voltage from high to

Transformer
low or low to high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse The fuse disconnects when

current above threshold. Used to
protect circuit from high
Fuse currents.

Bus
Contains several wires. Usually
for data / address.
Bus

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 Bus

Opto­coupler / Opto­ Opto­coupler isolates connection

isolator to other board

Converts electrical signal to

Loudspeaker
sound waves

Converts sound waves to

Microphone
electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Operates with hysteresis to

Schmitt Trigger
reduce noise.

Analog­to­digital Converts analog signal to digital

converter (ADC) numbers

Digital­to­Analog Converts digital numbers to

converter (DAC) analog signal

Used to generate precise

Crystal Oscillator
frequency clock signal

ANTENNA SYMBOLS

Antenna / aerial
Transmits & receives radio waves
Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

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 LOGIC GATES

NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0

Outputs 1 when both inputs are

AND Gate
1.

Outputs 0 when both inputs are

NAND Gate
1. (NOT + AND)

OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

Outputs 0 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate
(NOT + OR)

Outputs 1 when inputs are

XOR Gate
different. (Exclusive OR)

D Flip­Flop Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1
Connects the output to selected
input line.
Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1

Demultiplexer / Demux 1 Connects selected output to the

to 4 input line.

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 SELF CHECK 1.3­1

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of
your choice on your answer sheet.

1. What is the schematic symbol of the resistor (IEEE)?

A. B. C. D.

2. What is the schematic symbol of the diode?

A. B. C. D.

3. What is the schematic symbols for the polarized capacitor ?

A. B. C. D.

4. What is the schematic symbol for the inductors?

A. B. C. D.

5. What is the schematic symbol for the antenna?

A. B. C. D.

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 TRUE OR FALSE: Tell whether the given statement is TRUE or FALSE. Write T
if the statement is True and F if it is False. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

___________1. The Resistor reduces the flow of current.

___________2. The Capacitors used to store charge?
___________3. The Diode limits the Flow of current?
___________4. The crystal oscillator used to generate precise frequency clock
signal?
___________5. The Inductors generates magnetic fields?

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 ANSWER KEY 1.3­1

I: MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B

II: TRUE OR FALSE

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3­2

Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you will be able to
identify color codes of the resistors and capacitors to know their specific value
in the circuits. In the last information sheet we identify the schematic symbols
of the electronic components and their functions in the circuits. Now in this
information sheet we identify the resistor and capacitors color code and their
specific value.

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

In assembling/Disassembling of consumer electronics products and
system we encounter the color code for the resistors and capacitor to know
there specific value in the circuit.

RESISTOR COLOR CODE TABLE

Significant Temp. Coefficient

Color Multiplier Tolerance
figures (ppm/K)

Black 0 ×100 – 250 U

Brown 1 ×101 ±1% F 100 S

Red 2 ×102 ±2% G 50 R

Orange 3 ×103 – 15 P

Yellow 4 ×104 (±5%) – 25 Q

Green 5 ×105 ±0.5% D 20 Z

Blue 6 ×106 ±0.25% C 10 Z

Violet 7 ×107 ±0.1% B 5 M

±0.05%
Gray 8 ×108 A 1 K
(±10%)

White 9 ×109 – –
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 Gold – ×10­1 ±5% J –

Silver – ×10­2 ±10% K –

None – – ±20% M –

To distinguish left from right there is a gap between the C and D bands.

· band A is first significant figure of component value (left side)

· Band B is the second significant figure (Some precision resistors have a
third significant figure, and thus five bands.)
· band C is the decimal multiplier
· Band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means
20%)

Capacitor Color Code Table

Temperature
Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance Tolerance
Color Coefficient
A B D (T) > 10pf (T) < 10pf
(TC)

Black 0 0 x1 ± 20% ± 2.0pF

Brown 1 1 x10 ± 1% ± 0.1pF ­33x10­6

Red 2 2 x100 ± 2% ± 0.25pF ­75x10­6

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 Orange 3 3 x1,000 ± 3% ­150x10­6

Yellow 4 4 x10,000 ± 4% ­220x10­6

Green 5 5 x100,000 ± 5% ± 0.5pF ­330x10­6

Blue 6 6 x1,000,000 ­470x10­6

Violet 7 7 ­750x10­6

+80%,­
Grey 8 8 x0.01
20%

White 9 9 x0.1 ± 10% ± 1.0pF

Gold x0.1 ± 5%

Silver x0.01 ± 10%

Metalized Polyester Capacitor

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 Disc & Ceramic Capacitor

The Capacitor Color Code system was used for many years on unpolarised
polyester and mica molded capacitors. This system of color coding is now
obsolete but there are still many "old" capacitors around. Nowadays, small
capacitors such as film or disk types conform to the BS1852 Standard and its
new replacement, BS EN 60062, were the colors have been replaced by a letter
or number coded system.

Generally the code consists of 2 or 3 numbers and an optional tolerance letter

code to identify the tolerance. Where a two number code is used the value of
the capacitor only is given in picofarads, for example, 47 = 47 pF and 100 =
100pF etc. A three letter code consists of the two value digits and a multiplier
much like the resistor color codes in the resistors section.

For example, the digits 471 = 47*10 = 470pF. Three digit codes are often
accompanied by an additional tolerance letter code as given below.

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 SELF CHECK 1.3­2

1. What is the significant figure of color BLUE in resistance color coding ?

A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8

2. What is the significant figure of color Green in our resistors color coding?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
3. What is the multiplier of the color green in our resistor color coding?
A. x103
B. x104
C. x105
D. x106
4. It is the component that limits the flow of current?
A. Resistor
B. Capacitors
C. Color code of capacitors
D. Color code of resistor
5. It is the system was used for many years on unpolarised polyester and
mica molded capacitors. What is it?
A. Capacitor
B. Resistor
C. Resistor color code
D. Capacitor color code
6. What is the value of the RED, RED, BLUE, SILVER resistor?
A. 22MΩ ±10%
B. 22KΩ ±10%
C. 220Ω ±10%
D. 22Ω ±10%
7. What is the value of BLUE, RED, YELLOW, GOLD resistor?
A. 62MΩ ±5%
B. 620MΩ ±5%
C. 620KΩ ±5%
D. 62KΩ ±5%
8. What are the colors of the 34KΩ ±5% resistors?
A. Orange, Blue, Red, Gold
B. Orange, Yellow, Yellow, Gold
C. Red, Orange, Yellow, Gold

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 D. Orange, Yellow, Orange, Gold
9. In capacitor color code in Type J what is the value of color RED?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

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 ANSWER KEY: 1.3­2

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. A

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 TASK SHEET 1.3­1

Title: Reading the resistor and capacitor color code

Performance Objective:
To know the value of the capacitor and resistor by its color and code.

Supplies:
Coupon bond
Ballpen
Resistors with different value and color
Capacitor with different value and color
Steps/Procedures:

1. Read the color of the resistor

2. Identify the value of resistor
3. Read the color of the capacitor
4. Identify the value of the capacitor
5. Write it in a piece of coupon bond
6. Check it to your trainer
Assesment Method:
Written exam
Demonstration

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.2­1
Assembling/Disassembling Consumer Electronics Products and System

Trainee’s Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________________

During the performance of the activity did the trainee perform according to the
required criteria?

CRITERIA YES NO
Read the color of the resistor

Identified the value of resistor

Read the color of the capacitor

Identified the value of the capacitor

Wrote it in a piece of coupon bond

Check it to your trainer

For satisfactory achievement, all items should receive a YES response.

Comment:

Trainer’s Name and Signature: ____________________________________

Date: ________________________

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3­3

Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you will be able to
identify and specialized the classes and types of electronic components.

Classes and types of electronics components

In assembling/Disassembling of consumer electronics products and
system there have a types and classes of electronic components to know their
specific functions on the circuits on the electronics products.

CLASSES OF ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS

Passive components
Passive components do not need additional power source to operate and
cannot have gain.

Passive components include:

· Resistors
· Capacitors
· Inductors

Active components
Active components need additional power source to operate and can have
gain.

Active components include:

· Transistors
· Diode
· Semi­conductor
· Relay
· Integrated Circuits

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 TYPES OF THE PASSIVE COMPONENTS

RESISTOR

Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current.

The resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured
in units of ohms (symbol: Ω).
If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes, the resistor is a thin
pipe that reduces the water flow.

TYPES OF RESISTOR

Aluminum­housed power transistor

An aluminum­housed power resistor rated for 50 W when heat­sinked

Resistors required to dissipate substantial amounts of power, particularly used
in power supplies, power conversion circuits, and power amplifiers, are
generally referred to as power resistors; this designation is loosely applied to
resistors with power ratings of 1 watt or greater. Power resistors are physically
larger and may not use the preferred values, color codes, and external
packages described below.
If the average power dissipated by a resistor is more than its power rating,
damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its resistance; this is
distinct from the reversible change in resistance due to its temperature
coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise the
temperature of the resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or
adjacent components, or even cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that
fail (open circuit) before they overheat dangerously.
Since poor air circulation, high altitude, or high operating temperatures may
occur, resistors may be specified with higher rated dissipation than will be
experienced in service.

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 FIXED RESISTOR

A Single in Line (SIL) resistor package with 8 individual, 47 ohm resistors one
end of each resistor is connected to a separate pin and the other ends are all
connected together to the remaining (common) pin – pin 1, at the end identified by the
white dot.

Carbon composition Resistor

Carbon composition resistors consist of a solid cylindrical resistive element

with embedded wire leads or metal end caps to which the lead wires are attached. The
body of the resistor is protected with paint or plastic. Early 20th­century carbon
composition resistors had uninsulated bodies; the lead wires were wrapped around the
ends of the resistance element rod and soldered. The completed resistor was painted
for color­coding of its value.

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 CARBON FILM RESISTORS

A carbon film is deposited on an insulating substrate, and a helix is cut in it to

create a long, narrow resistive path. Varying shapes, coupled with the resistivity of
amorphous carbon (ranging from 500 to 800 μΩ m), can provide a variety of
resistances. Compared to carbon composition they feature low noise, because of the
precise distribution of the pure graphite without binding. Carbon film resistors feature
a power rating range of 0.125 W to 5 W at 70 °C. Resistances are available in range
from 1 ohm to 10 mega­ohms

PRINTED CARBON RESISTORS

Carbon composition resistors can be printed directly onto printed circuit

board (PCB) substrates as part of the PCB manufacturing process. Whilst this
technique is more common on hybrid PCB modules, it can also be used on standard
fiberglass PCBs. Tolerances are typically quite large, and can be in the order of 30%. A
typical application would be non­critical pull­up resistors

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 CAPACITORS
Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The
capacitor is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a
dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to
power source. One plate accumulates positive charge and the other plate
accumulates negative charge.
The capacitance is the amount of electric charge that is stored in the
capacitor at voltage of 1 Volt.

The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F).

The capacitor disconnects current in direct current (DC) circuits and

short circuit in alternating current (AC) circuits.

TYPES OF CAPACITOR

CERAMIC CAPACITORS
A ceramic capacitor is a non­polarized fixed capacitor made out of two
or more alternating layers of ceramic and metal in which the ceramic material
acts as the dielectric and the metal acts as the electrodes. The ceramic material
is a mixture of finely ground granules of paraelectric or ferroelectric materials,
modified by mixed oxides that are necessary to achieve the capacitor's desired
characteristics

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 FILM CAPACITORS

Film capacitors or plastic film capacitors are non­polarized capacitors

with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric. The dielectric films are drawn
to a thin layer, provided with metallic electrodes and wound into a cylindrical
winding. The electrodes of film capacitors may be metallized aluminum or zinc,
applied on one or both sides of the plastic film, resulting in metallized film
capacitors or a separate metallic foil overlying the film, called film/foil
capacitors.

POWER FILM CAPACITORS

A related type is the power film capacitor. The materials and
construction techniques used for large power film capacitors mostly are similar
to those of ordinary film capacitors

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 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
Electrolytic capacitors have a metallic anode covered with an oxidized
layer used as dielectric. The second electrode is a non­solid (wet) or solid
electrolyte. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Three families are available,
categorized according to their dielectric.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with aluminum oxide as dielectric
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with tantalum pentoxide as dielectric
Niobium electrolytic capacitors with niobium pentoxide as dielectric
Electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that is polarized. They are able
to offer high capacitance values ­ typically above 1μF, and are most widely
used for low frequency applications ­ power supplies, decoupling and audio
coupling applications as they have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz

TANTALUM CAPACITOR
Tantalum capacitor is like electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors
are also polarized and offer a very high capacitance level for their volume.
However this type of capacitor is very intolerant of being reverse biased, often
exploding when placed under stress. They must also not be subject to high
ripple currents or voltages above their working voltage. They are available in
both leaded and surface mount formats

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 SILVER MICA CAPACITOR
Silver mica capacitors are not as widely used these days, but they still
offer very high levels of stability, low loss and accuracy where space is not an
issue. They are primarily used for RF applications and they are limited to
maximum values of 1000 pF.

POLYSTRENE FILM CAPACITOR

Polystyrene capacitors are a relatively cheap form of capacitor but offer
a close tolerance capacitor where needed. They are tubular in shape resulting
from the fact that the plate / dielectric sandwich is rolled together, but this
adds inductance limiting their frequency response to a few hundred kHz. They
are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

INDUCTORS
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two­
terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing
through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil.
When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic
field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the
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 time­varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according
to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in
current that created it.

TYPES OF INDUCTOR

Ferrite core inductor

An inductor usually consists of a coil of conducting material, typically
insulated copper wire, wrapped around a core either of plastic or of
a ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) material; the latter is called an "iron core"
inductor. The high permeability of the ferromagnetic core increases the
magnetic field and confines it closely to the inductor, thereby increasing the
inductance. Low frequency inductors are constructed like transformers, with
cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy currents. 'Soft' ferrites are
widely used for cores above audio frequencies, since they do not cause the
large energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys do. Inductors
come in many shapes. Most are constructed as enamel coated wire(magnet
wire) wrapped around a ferrite bobbin with wire exposed on the outside, while
some enclose the wire completely in ferrite and are referred to as "shielded.

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 Air core inductor
The term air core coil describes an inductor that does not use
a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic material. The term refers to coils
wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as those that
have only air inside the windings. Air core coils have lower inductance than
ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they
are free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores,
which increase with frequency. A side effect that can occur in air core coils in
which the winding is not rigidly supported on a form is 'micro phony:
mechanical vibration of the windings can cause variations in the inductance.

Radio frequency inductor

At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors have
higher resistance and other losses. In addition to causing power loss,
in resonant circuits this can reduce the Q factor of the circuit, broadening
the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which are mostly air core types, specialized
construction techniques are used to minimize these losses.

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 Ferromagnetic core inductor

Ferromagnetic­core or iron­core inductors use a magnetic core made of a

ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron or ferrite to increase the
inductance. A magnetic core can increase the inductance of a coil by a factor of
several thousand, by increasing the magnetic field due to its higher magnetic
permeability

Laminated core inductor

Low­frequency inductors are often made with laminated cores to prevent
eddy currents, using construction similar to transformers. The core is made of
stacks of thin steel sheets or lamination soriented parallel to the field, with an
insulating coating on the surface. The insulation prevents eddy currents
between the sheets, so any remaining currents must be within the cross
sectional area of the individual laminations, reducing the area of the loop and
thus reducing the energy losses greatly. The laminations are made of low­
coercivity silicon steel, to reduce hysteresis losses.

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 Variable inductor
Probably the most common type of variable inductor today is one with a
moveable ferrite magnetic core, which can be slid or screwed in or out of the
coil. Moving the core farther into the coil increases the permeability, increasing
the magnetic field and the inductance

TYPES OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS

Diode
A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction.
In electronics, a diode is a two­terminal electronic component with asymmetric
conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one
direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. Diodes were the
first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals rectifying
abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first
semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906,
were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of
silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are
sometimes used. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to
two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate
(anode) and a heated cathode.

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 Rectifiers

A rectifier is a circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current

(DC). This conversion is critical for all sorts of household electronics. AC
signals come out of your house’s wall outlets, but DC is what powers most
computers and other microelectronics.

TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch
electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor
material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the
current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many
more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Transistors are a three terminal semiconductor device used to regulate
current, or to amplify an input signal into a greater output signal. Transistors
are also used to switch electronic signals. The circulation of electrical current
through all types of transistors is adjusted by electron addition. This process
creates variations in voltage to cause proportionally larger variations in output
current, creating amplification.

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 TYPES OF TRANSISTOR

Bipolar Transistor
A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three­terminal electronic device
made of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or
switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their
operation involves both electrons and holes. A bipolar transistor will have
terminals that are labeled: emitter, collector, base. A small current at the base
terminal (passing from the base to the emitter) can modify or switch a much
larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.

Darlington Transistor

The Darlington Transistor is actually two bipolar transistors, connected

in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified even
further by the second one. This model offers a higher common­emitter current
gain than if both types of transistors are separated and can even take up less
space because both transistors can share a collector.

IGBT Transistor

An Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a three­terminal power

semiconductor device typically used as an electronic switch. IGBT's are types of
transistors that are capable of switching electric power in many modern

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 appliances such as electric cars, trains, variable speed refrigerators, air­
conditioners and even stereo systems with switching amplifiers.

MOSFET Transistor

A Metal­Oxide­Semiconductor Field­Effect Transistor (MOFET) is used in

integrated circuits to control the conductivity of a channel. MOSFETs are
highly dependent on negative and positive charges. They have many purposes,
including limiting a device's power levels, storing data, and being used as a
switch for a wide variety of electronic devices.

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an
electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other
operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low­power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph
circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re­transmitting it
to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control
an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid­state relays control
power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to
perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
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 overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as
an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate
("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much
smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components.
Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today
and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones,
and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of
modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated
circuits.
ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors
and other electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The width
of each conducting line in a circuit (the line width) can be made smaller and
smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers
and in 2013 it is expected to be in the tens of nanometers.

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 SELF CHECK 1.3­3

Enumerate the following:

1­3.Passive components
4­7.What are the components of the active components?
8. What is the passive component?
9.What is the active component?

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 ANSWER KEY 1.3­3

1. Resistor
2. Capacitor
3. Inductor
4. Diode
5. Integrated circuits
6. Transistor
7. Relay
8. Passive components is the components that do not need additional power
source to operate and cannot have gain

9. Active components is the components that needs a power source to

operate and can have gain

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3­4

Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you will be able to
draw and understand the schematic diagrams and the parts of the electronic
products.

Classes and types of electronics components

In Assembling/Disassembling of consumer electronics products and
system there are schematic diagrams or the manufacturers manual so that
when assembling products we have a guide.

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and
electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks
or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non­conductive
substrate. When the board has only copper tracks and features, and no circuit
elements such as capacitors, resistors or active devices have been
manufactured into the actual substrate of the board, it is more correctly
referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Use of the
term PWB or printed wiring board although more accurate and distinct from
what would be known as a true printed circuit board, has generally fallen by
the wayside for many people as the distinction between circuit and wiring has
become blurred. Today printed wiring (circuit) boards are used in virtually all
but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices, and allow fully
automated assembly processes that were not possible or practical in earlier era
tag type circuit assembly processes.
A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA).

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 Schematic diagrams­ A schematic diagram represent the elements of
a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures.
A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information
the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid
comprehension.
For example, a subway map intended for riders may represent a subway
station with a dot; the dot doesn't resemble the actual station at all but gives
the viewer information without unnecessary visual clutter.
A schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the
vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system,
emphasizing their interconnection paths and suppressing physical details.
In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the symbols may not resemble
the layout in the physical circuit. In the schematic diagram, the symbolic
elements are arranged to be more easily interpreted by the viewer.

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 Schematic diagrams of an electric fan

Schematic diagram of a half wave rectifier power supply

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 Schematic diagram of a full wave rectifier power supply

Schematic diagram of a full wave bridge type rectifier power supply

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 JOB SHEET 1.3­4

Title: Troubleshooting of the power supply with the use of Schematic diagram

Performance Objective: To identify the defective parts of a component by means of

schematic diagrams to troubleshoot.

Supplies:
PCB Board
Screwdrivers
Electrical tape
Diagonal pliers
Multi­meter (analog or digital)
Soldering iron
Equipment: Full wave power supply
Step and procedures:
1. Disassemble the unit of full wave power supply
2. Apply 5’s in disassembling full wave power supply
3. Determine the parts of full wave power supply using schematic diagram.
4. Diagnose and troubleshoot the full wave power supply
5. Perform proper testing procedures

Assessment Method:
Practical
Hands­On
Demonstration

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 Performance Criteria Checklist 1.3­4
Assembling/Disassembling Consumer Electronics products and system

Trainee’s Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________________

During the performance of the activity did the trainee perform according to the
required criteria?

CRITERIA YES NO

Disassembled the full wave power supply

Applied 5’s in disassembling full wave power supply

Determined the parts of full wave power supply using schematic

diagram
Diagnosed and troubleshoot the full wave power supply

Performed proper testing procedures

For satisfactory achievement, all items should receive a YES response.

Comment:

Trainer’s Name and Signature: ____________________________________

Date: ________________________

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 SELF CHECK 1.3­4

ENUMERATION:

1. What is a schematic diagram?

2. What is the PCB means?

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 ANSWER KEY 1.3­4

1. Schematic diagram is represent the elements of a system using

abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures

2. PCB­ Printed Circuit Board

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