REFERENCES [5] S. P. Applebaum, “Adaptive arrays,” IEEE Trans. [8] A. T.

De Hoop, “The N-port receiving antenna

[1] R. J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Hand- Antennas Propag., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 585–598, Sept. and its equivalent network,” Philips Res. Rep., vol.
book. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2005. 1976. 30, pp. 302–315, 1975.
[2] J. Butler and R. Lowe, “Beamforming matrix sim- [6] R. O. Schmidt, “Multiple emitter location [9] R. F. Harrington, Field Computation by
plifies design of electronically scanned a­ ntennas,” and signal parameter estimation,” IEEE Trans. Moment Methods. Melbourne, FL: Krieger, 1968,
Electron. Design, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 170–173, Apr. 1961. Antennas Propag., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 276–280, pp. 194–211.
[3] W. Rotman and R. F. Turner, “Wide angle micro- Mar. 1986. [10] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and
wave lens for line source applications,” IEEE Trans. [7] J. J. Lynch. (2011, June). A modal descrip- Design. New York: Wiley, 1982, p. 120.
Antennas Propag., vol. AP-11, pp. 623–632, Nov. 1963. tion of multiport antennas. Int. J. Antennas [11] J. F. McIlvenna, J. Schindler, and R. J. Mailloux,
[4] H. Steyskal, “On antenna power pattern synthe- Propag. [Online]. 2011, pp. 1–12. Availa b l e : “The effects of excitation errors in null s­ teering anten-
sis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 18, no. 1, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2011/ na arrays,” Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss
pp. 123–124, Jan. 1970. 438437/abs/ AFB, Rome, NY, RADC-TR-76-183, 1976.

A Miniaturized Hexagonal-Triangular Fractal

Antenna for Wide-Band Applications
Naresh K. Darimireddy, R. Ramana Reddy, and A. Mallikarjuna Prasad

D
efense and aerospace commu-
nication systems need compact editor’s Note
wide-band antennas suitable for Antenna miniaturization combined with multiband or ultrawideband capability
multiple-frequency-band operation. In is highly desired for several wireless applications, including multiple-input,
this article, a miniaturized hexagonal- multiple-output and fifth generation. In the second article in this issue’s “Antenna
triangular fractal antenna is examined Applications Corner” column, authors Naresh K. Darimireddy, R. Ramana Reddy, and A.
for wide-band applications. The itera- Mallikarjuna Prasad present an interesting hexagonal-triangular fractal patch antenna
tions are made from hexagonal rings, using hexagonal rings connected via triangular elements to achieve ultrawideband
where the sides of the rings are con- performance. The antenna is fed with a triangular slotted symmetrical defective
nected by triangular elements inside a ground structure with a rectangular slit at the center. This compact antenna achieved a
hexagonal metal patch. Transmission- bandwidth ratio of 8.4:1 covering 3–25.2 GHz with gain values ranging from 3 to 9.8 dBi
line-feed technique is used to feed the over the designed frequency band.
signal. A triangular slotted symmetrical
defective ground structure (DGS) with
a rectangular slit at the center is used
to obtain a bandwidth ratio of 8.4:1 details and comparison of simulated tracking, and command antennas. A
with an operating bandwidth ranging and practical results are presented. small UWB strip-line-fed circular ring
from 3 to 25.2 GHz. The percentage antenna with a partial rectangular slot-
of impedance bandwidth and gain of ANTENNA MINIATURIZATION ted ground plane and a circular ring
the proposed antenna are much supe- OVERVIEW patch has been proposed for wireless
rior to the recently reported wide-band A radiating element with superior char- applications [3]. The frequency notching
antennas, which makes it suitable for acteristics, small volume, and economic occurs due to the etched partial circular
numerous wireless applications, such factors plays a vital role in the present slot in the circular ring radiator.
as wireless local area networks, Wi-Fi, era of wireless communication systems. Antenna miniaturization techniques
ultrawideband (UWB), X band, and Ku Numerous methods have been devel- using fractals and characteristics of
band. The performance of the antenna oped in the past by antenna researchers the fractal methodology like gap filling
is analyzed by various parametric stud- to improve gain and impedance band- and self-similarity are useful to achieve
ies and field and current distribution width of the compact patch antenna [1]. wide band [4], [5]. Gap filling enhances
analysis. The corresponding design Sharma et al. [2] presented a compre- the electrical length and self-similarity
hensive review of reflector antennas with results in wide bandwidth. A fractal ele-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2018.2796441
mathematical techniques, feed system ment antenna using Koch curves for
Date of publication: 4 April 2018 theory, design, analysis and telemetry, multiple resonant frequencies has been

104 1045-9243/18©2018IEEE april 2018 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

related for the first time to the frac- for wireless communication applications. equation for resonant frequency of a cir-
tal dimension of the geometry [6]. A The proposed fractal antenna provides cular strip patch antenna (CPA) given in
comprehensive review of research in the wide-bandwidth ratio of 8.4:1 with (1) is used by comparing the areas [1],
fractal antenna engineering is present- gain values varying from 3 to 9.8 dBi [8], as shown in Figure 1(a):
ed by Werner and Ganguly [7]. Various over the 3–25.2-GHz frequency range.
research articles reported novel frac- The enhanced gain and wide impedance fres = YmnC , (1)
5.714 R e ! reff
tal designs, ensuring the selection of bandwidth characteristics of the antenna
geometry to reduce the overall size, are useful for different wide-band com- where Ymn = Y11 (for mode TM11) =
enhance electrical length, and maintain munication applications. 1.8412, Ymn = Y21 (for mode TM21) =
constant radiation ­properties throughout 3.0542, C = velocity of light in free
the wide band [8]–[10]. Strip antennas FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN space, ! reff = effective dielectric con-
are designed for wide-band applications The proposed antenna has an overall stant, Re = effective radius of CPA,
with various shapes of slots and slits. size of 25 mm × 30 mm with a sub- and it is given by
A compact coax-fed antenna with four strate thickness of 0.8 mm. The size of
asymmetric V-shaped slots at the cor- the radiating element is 17.32 mm × Re = Rc
c1 + 8ln ` 2.t c j + 1.7726Bm ,
ners of the rectangular patch has been 19.4 mm. 2.t r.R
.
 R c . r. !r
designed for nanosatellite S-band com-
(2)
munication with circular polarization FORMULATION OF HEXAGONAL FRACTAL
and high gain [11]. To find the resonant frequency for a hex- where R c is the radius of CPA, and t is
The incidence of DGS disturbs the agonal strip patch antenna (HPA), the the thickness of the substrate. The fres
ground plane current distribution of
the antenna and thus changes the cor-
responding circuit parameters of the
Sh = Rh Sh = S1
DGS region. The integration of split Wr
ring resonators in compact patch anten-
nas as an LC shunt resonator results
in lower resonant frequency [12]. The
possibility of achieving high purity in X
Rh Rc X Sh = S1
polarization in radiated fields with X
improved impedance bandwidth has X
been validated with a DGS-based rect-
angular patch antenna [13]. A com-
pact zigzag-shaped slit at the feed and
double T-shaped slits on both sides of (a) (b)
a rectangular patch with dumbbell-
shaped circular DGS has been designed FIGURE 1. (a) The equal area representation of hexagon and circle and (b) the
for multiband applications [14]. initiator and composition of fractal geometry.
For wide-band applications, a new
octagonal-based fractal antenna [15], W Sub
UWB planar compact antenna fed by a
coplanar waveguide with rectangle slot
[16], a fractal antenna with asymmetri- Substrate
cal orientation of the substrate and a
partial ground plane with rectangle slot
S5

S2
S1
S3
S4

[17], and a compact monopole antenna Triangular DGS

using fractal geometries [18] have been L Sub
presented along with parametric stud-
Wg2 Wg1
ies. Mandal and Sarkar [19] presented
g
a U-shaped patch antenna with DGS Ls
on the circular ground plane to achieve Lg Hg Lg1
Ws
wide impedance bandwidth. An imped- Lf
Wf Ground Plane
ance bandwidth of 100.35% is produced Wg Lg2
by optimizing its parameters.
(a) (b)
With the changing market demands,
there is a need for compact, low-profile, FIGURE 2. The proposed fractal antenna configuration with notations: (a) front view
wide-bandwidth, and low-cost antennas and (b) rear view.

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine april 2018 105

 can be used to design a hexagonal patch ! reff = ` 1 + ! r j .(4) P = S h = 10 mm.
antenna by equating the areas of CPA 2
and HPA as The design process of the proposed The hexagonal rings of 1 mm (Wr)
antenna begins with a plain hexagonal width are formed in such a way that they
3 3 . S 2, (3) patch made to work at 4.2 GHz. From are equally separated by a distance of X,
r. ( R e ) 2 = h
2 (1)–(4), the side (S h) of the hexagon of as shown in Figure 1(b) and specified in
conventional hexagonal strip antenna is (5). Hence,
where S h is the side length of the HPA. calculated to be 10 mm. The mean cur-
Effective dielectric constant (! reff ) is rent path P is equivalent to the side of S h = R h = S 1 = 4 ) X.(5)
given by the hexagon. Hence,
For S h = 10 mm, the distance of separa-
tion is X = 2.5 mm.
A novel approach of hexagonal rings
TABLE 1. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED
along with triangular elements has been
FRACTAL ANTENNA.
incorporated to create a fractal nature
Parameter Notation Dimension (mm) with the antenna. The proposed anten-
Width of the substrate W sub 25 na design is shown in Figure 2(a) and
(b), and the antenna parameters are
Length of the substrate L sub 30
given in Table 1. The equally separated
Width of the feed line Wf 2 hexagonal rings are combined with tri-
Length of the feed line Lf 9.6 angular elements successively for four
Side lengths of the hexagonal rings S1 10 iterations, as shown in Figure 3(a)–(d).
However, each triangular element is
S2 7.5
drawn from the corners of the first
S3 5
inner hexagonal ring to the center of a
S4 2.5 second outer hexagonal ring of itera-
S5 20 tion 1 and so on.
Width of the triangular slot Wg1 6
SURFACE CURRENT
Length of the hypotenuse of the triangular slot Hg 7.65
AND FIELD ANALYSIS
Length of the rectangular slot Lg1 4.75 The surface current analysis and its dis-
Width of the rectangular slot Ws 2.4 tribution are presented at 8 GHz for all
Length of the ground Lg 9.5 four iterations in Figure 3. Collectively
as seen in Figure 3(a)–(d), the wide-band
Top width of the ground Wg2 12
characteristics are as a result of the sur-
Bottom width of the ground Wg 24 face currents along the hexagonal rings
with triangular element edges where
they acquire added resonances, which
in turn yield the enhanced gain with
Jsurf (A /m) respect to increased electrical length of
the fractal.
1.9251E+002
1.7967E+002 The dominance of current at the
1.6684E+002 edges of triangular elements joining
1.5401E+002 hexagonal rings of the patch is evi-
1.4118E+002
1.2834E+002 dent from Figure 3(d). The concentra-
(a) (b) 1.1551E+002 tion of current at internal and external
1.0268E+002 edges of hexagonal rings mitigates the
8.9844E+001
7.7011E+001 assurance of the fractal nature of the
6.4178E+001 antenna and its wide-band perfor-
5.1345E+001 mance. The broader bandwidth is
3.8512E+001
due to the accumulated charge at the
2.5679E+001
1.2846E+001 triangular edges and along the bound-
1.3128E–002 aries of inner and outer hexagons,
(c) (d)
which justifies the antenna wide-band
FIGURE 3. The surface current analysis at 8 GHz: (a) iteration 0, (b) iteration 1, performance due to the electrical
(c) iteration 2, and (d) iteration 3. length of the fractal. It is evident from

106 april 2018 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

the surface current distributions that presented i n Fig u re 4(a) and (b), increased electrical length of the frac-
the current concentrates mainly on respectively. The E- and H-field dis- tal gives more auxiliary resonances,
the lower portion of the patch and tribution at the edges of triangular and in succession, wide-band perfor-
feed line. The perpendicularity of elements through rings of hexagonal mance is achieved.
E-field and H-field distr ibut ions is structure clearly indicates that the
PARAMETRIC STUDY
The wide-band characteristics with
enhanced gain of the proposed fractal
Z antenna are accessed by parametric
study using the electromagnetic solv-
er high-frequency structure simulator
Y
from ANSYS. The proposed antenna
X performance for various parametric
X values is carried out by modifying
Y the single parameter and keeping
other parameters constant. The cor-
(a) (b) responding simulated outcomes are
presented for the different paramet-
FIGURE 4. The field distribution: (a) E-field and (b) H-field. ric variations.

0 0
g = 0.6 mm
–5
–5 g = 0.3 mm
–10 g = 0.1 mm

–10
–15
S11 (dB)

S11 (dB)

–20 –15
–25
–20
–30 Iteration 0
Iteration 1
–25
–35 Iteration 2
Iteration 3
–40 –30
3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

FIGURE 5. The S 11 plot for composed fractal iterations. FIGURE 7. The S 11 plot for different values of gap g.

0 0 Without Slit (Ls = 0 mm) Ls = 1 mm

With Triangular DGS Ls = 1.5 mm Ls = 1.9 mm
–5
Without DGS –5
–10
–10
–15
S11 (dB)
S11 (dB)

–20 –15

–25
–20
–30
–25
–35

–40 –30
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

FIGURE 6. A comparison of S 11 with and without triangular DGS. FIGURE 8. The S 11 plot for different slit lengths (Ls) .

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine april 2018 107

 0
–5
–10
–15
S11 (dB)

–20
–25
–30
–35
FR4
–40
RT/duroid 5870
–45 RT/duroid 5880
–50
3 6 9 12 15
Frequency (GHz)

FIGURE 9. The S 11 plot for different substrate materials.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 12. The pattern and gain measurement in an anechoic

FIGURE 10. The fabricated antenna structure: (a) front view and chamber. (Photos courtesy of Defence Electronics Research
(b) rear view. Laboratory, Hyderabad, India.)

It is evident from the results that the self- the impedance bandwidth at S 11 less
0 similarity property and enlarged electrical than −10 dB with multiple resonances
–5 length due to fractal iterations provide the is achieved. A decrease in return loss
S11 (dB)

–10 antenna wide impedance bandwidth. at higher resonant frequencies can be

–15 achieved by reducing the gap g.
–20 EFFECT OF INSCRIBING SYMMETRICAL
–25 TRIANGULAR SLOTS IN GROUND EFFECT OF RECTANGULAR SLIT
–30 PLANE (DGS) IN THE GROUND PLANE
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 The symmetrical triangular slots (DGS) The inclusion of a rectangular slit just
Frequency (GHz) with L g1 # W g1 # H g of 4.75 mm # behind the feed on the ground plane for
Measured 6 mm # 7.65 mm are inscribed in the various values of Ls is plotted and com-
Simulated top corners of the partial ground plane pared in Figure 8. The incorporation of
to increase the operating bandwidth. a rectangular slit acts as an ­impedance
FIGURE 11. A comparison of simulated From Figure 6, it is evident that with match, and subsequently there is cou-
and measured S 11 . inscribing symmetrical triangular DGS, pling between patch and ground plane.
there is significant improvement in S 11 The simulated results show that for
EFFECT OF ALL OF THE and bandwidth above 8 GHz. Ls = 1.9 mm, the return loss is good
COMPOSED ITERATIONS compared to other Ls values, which is
The composed fractal iterations presented EFFECT OF GAP g due to better impedance matching.
in Figure 3 are simulated and observed The gap between partial ground and
for enhanced bandwidth. The proposed feed line is designated by the parameter EFFECT OF DIFFERENT
antenna exhibits a wide offered bandwidth g, as shown in Figure 2(a). The effect SUBSTRATE MATERIALS
of 22.2 GHz with S 11 less than −10 dB of different values of gap g is present- Different substrate materials are con-
from 3 to 25.2 GHz, as shown in Figure 5. ed in Figure 7. As the gap is reduced, sidered to observe S 11 variations, and

108 april 2018 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

it is shown in Figure 9. From the liter-
0 0
ature it is considered that RT/duroid 0 330 30 0 330 30
5,880 (fr = 2.2) and RT/duroid 5,870 –20 –20
–40 300 60 –40 300 60
(fr = 2.33) are less noisy materials than
–60 –60
FR4 epoxy (fr = 4.4). Both the duroid –80 –80
substrates attain almost similar char- 270 90 –80 270 90
–80
acteristics with minimum variations. RT/ –60 –60
duroid 5,870 is selected for the fabrication. –40 240 120 –40 240 120
–20 –20
0
DISCUSSION OF MEASURED RESULTS 210 150 0 210 150
180 180
The front and rear views of the fabricated (a)
antenna are presented in Figure 10. The 0 0
330 30 330 30
comparision of simulated and measured 0 0
S 11 values is presented in Figure 11. It –20 60 300 60
300 –20
is evident from the results that there is –40
good agreement, with small deviations –60 –40
270 90 270 90
between measured and simulated S 11 –60 –40
values. The deviations can be attribut- –40
–20
ed to the limitations in fabrication and –20 240 120 240 120
0 0
measurement setup.
210 150 210 150
The radiation pattern and peak gain of 180 180
(b)
the antenna are measured in an anechoic 0 0
chamber. The antenna arrangements in 330 30 0 330 30
0
the anechoic chamber are shown in Fig- –20 –20
300 60 300 60
ure 12. The measured radiation patterns –40 –40
are presented at the lowest, 4.2 GHz, to –60 –60
270 90 270 90
the highest, 23.5 GHz, resonant frequen- –60 –60
cies, as shown in Figure  13(a)–(e). The –40 –40
cross ­polarization is less in the E-plane –20 240 120 240 120
–20
from lowest to highest resonances, and 0
0 210
it increases in the H-plane due to the 210 150 150
180 180
existence of cross-field c­ omponents pres- (c)
0 0
ent at the lower portion of the patch and 330 30 0 330 30
0
feed line. It is evident from the patterns –20
–40 300 60 –20 300 60
that the solid 40 dB cross-polarization
–60
fields are produced by the proposed –80 –40
270 90 270 90
antenna with maximum radiation at –80 –40
resonant frequencies 4.2, 8, 11, 15, and –60
23.5  GHz. It is shown that, due to the –40 240 120 –20 240 120
appearance of higher-order modes, the –20
0 0
fractal antenna loses its o­ mnidirectional 210 150 210 150
180 180
pattern as frequency increases, and it (d)
yields an increased cross-polarization 0 10 0
0 330 30 330 30
component in the H-plane. 0
–10
The comparison of practical and sim- 300 60 –10 300 60
–20
–20
ulated peak gains is presented in Fig- –30
–40 –30
ure 14. It is evident from the results that 270 90 270 90
–40 –30
the simulation and practical gains are in
–30
close agreement. The deviation in the –20
–20
practical gain at higher frequencies is –10 240 120 –10 240 120
0 0
due to increased losses, appearance of 210 10 210
150 150
higher-order modes, and an increased 180 (e) 180
cross-polarization component.
Copolarization Cross Polarization
Table 2 presents the performance
comparison bet ween the proposed FIGURE 13. The measured radiation patterns at (a) 4.2, (b) 8, (c) 11, (d) 15,
design and the other types of noble and (e) 23.5 GHz.

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine april 2018 109

 12 Simulated TABLE 2. THE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON.
Measured fhigh % Impedance Gain
Peak Gain (dBi) 10
Reference Size (mm2) flow (GHz) (GHz) Bandwidth (dBi)
8
[15] 60 × 60 10 50 178.89 0–9
6
[16] 28 × 31 3 10.6 134 2–5.8
4
[17] 31 × 45 2.18 44.5 429.68 0–7
2
[18] 22 × 33.4 3.1 26 255.09 1.9–7
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Frequency (GHz) [19] 40 × 40 4.34 13 100.35 1.15–3.2

FIGURE 14. A comparison between simulated and measured Proposed 25 × 30 3 25.2 255.34 3–9.8
peak gain.

designs [15]–[19]. The proposed antenna antennas, dielectric resonator antennas, [8] T. Mondal, S. Samanta, R. Ghatak, and S. R.
results, such as impedance bandwidth, and microstrip filters and couplers. Bhadra Chaudhuri, “A novel tri-band hexagonal
microstrip patch antenna using modified Sierpin-
overall size, starting frequency (flow), R. Ramana Reddy (profrrreddy@ ski fractal for vehicular communication,” Prog.
and gain variations, are summarized. ieee.org) is a professor and head of the Electromagn. Res., vol. 57, pp. 25–34, Apr. 2015.
Enhanced gain is due to the added re­­ Department of Electronics and Com- [9] D. Das Krishna, G. Madanan, C. K. Aanandan,
M. Pezholil, and K. Vasudevan, “Compact wide-
sonances of surface currents along the munication Engineering, Maharaj band Koch fractal printed slot antenna,” IET
hexagonal rings and triangular ele- Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 782–789,
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110 april 2018 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine