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Lec 2-Vectors, Components, Operation On Vectors, Unit Vectors

The document discusses vectors and their properties including magnitude, direction, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, unit vectors, and scalar products. Vectors can represent physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction such as force, velocity, and displacement. The key properties covered include head-to-tail vector addition, multiplying vectors by scalars, and using unit vectors to represent vectors. Sample problems demonstrate applying concepts such as finding vector components, resultant displacements, vector sums, and calculating the angle between vectors using their scalar product.

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Coleen Amado
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184 views23 pages

Lec 2-Vectors, Components, Operation On Vectors, Unit Vectors

The document discusses vectors and their properties including magnitude, direction, addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, unit vectors, and scalar products. Vectors can represent physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction such as force, velocity, and displacement. The key properties covered include head-to-tail vector addition, multiplying vectors by scalars, and using unit vectors to represent vectors. Sample problems demonstrate applying concepts such as finding vector components, resultant displacements, vector sums, and calculating the angle between vectors using their scalar product.

Uploaded by

Coleen Amado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCALAR VECTOR

• magnitude and
• magnitude only direction

• ex: mass, density, • ex: force,


temperature, time displacement,
velocity, acceleration
symbol used to symbol used to represent the
𝑨 represent vector
A or 𝐴 magnitude of a vector

The direction where the arrow is


pointed represents the direction of
the vector.
The length of the arrow represents
the magnitude of the vector
𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩

𝑨=𝑩 𝑨 = −𝑩
parallel vectors antiparallel vectors
Suppose an object undergoes a displacement 𝑨 followed by a second
displacement 𝑩.

𝑩
The resulting displacement is the same as if the
object started at the same initial point and has
𝑨
undergone a displacement 𝑪.
𝑪
𝑨+𝑩=𝑪
Suppose an object undergoes a displacement 𝑨 followed by a second
displacement 𝑩.

Tail-to-Tip Method Parallelogram Method


𝑩 𝑩

𝑨 𝑨 𝑪
𝑪
When we subtract two vectors, 𝑨 − 𝑩, we define it to be the vector sum
of 𝑨 and −𝑩. Thus,
𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 + −𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
𝑨
(a) (b)
𝑩
𝑪 𝑪
Sum of antiparallel vectors (a) in comparison to sum of parallel vectors (b)
When a vector 𝑨 is multiplied to a scalar c, the result c𝑨 has a magnitude
𝑐 𝐴,

𝑨 𝑨
2𝑨 −2𝑨
Sample Problem
A cross-country skier skis north
1.00 km north and then 2.00 km
east on a horizontal snow field.
How far and in what direction is
he from the starting point?
Sample Problem
(a) What are the x- and y-
components of vector 𝑫? The
magnitude of vector is D = 3.00
m and the angle α = 450. (b)
What are the x- and y-
components of vector 𝑬? The
magnitude of vector is E = 4.50
m and the angle β= 37.00.
Sample Problem
Three players on a reality TV show are brought to the center of a large, flat field.
Each is given a meter stick, a compass, a calculator, a shovel, and the following
three displacements:
72.4 m, 32.00 east of north
57.3 m, 36.00 south of west
17.8 m, straight south
The three displacements lead to the point where the keys to a new Porsche are
buried. Two players start measuring immediately but the winner first calculates
where to go. What does she calculate?
Sample Problem
Three horizontal ropes pull on a
large stone truck in the ground,
producing the vector forces 𝑨,
𝑩, and 𝑪 shown in the figure.
Find the vector sum of the
forces.
A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1, with no units. Its only
purpose is to POINT, to describe a direction in space.

𝑨𝒙 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖
𝑨𝒚 = 𝐴𝑦 𝑗

𝑨 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗
When two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 are represented in terms of their component,
we can express the vector sum using unit vectors as:

𝑹=𝑨+𝑩
𝑹 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗) + (𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗)
𝑹 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 )𝑗

𝑹 = 𝑹𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑹𝒚 𝒋
Sample Problem
Find the sum of two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 given by

𝑨 = (2.0𝑖 + 2.0𝑗) and 𝑩 = (2.0𝑖 − 4.0𝑗)


Sample Problem
A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements: 𝒓𝟏 = (15.0𝑖 +
30.0𝑗 + 12.0𝑘) km; 𝒓𝟐 = (23.0𝑖 − 14.0𝑗 − 5.00𝑘) km; and
𝒓𝟑 = (−13.0𝑖 + 15.0𝑗) km. Find the resultant displacement.
The scalar product is denoted by 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩. In equation, it is expressed as

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
For unit vectors,

𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑘 = 1 1 cos 00 = 1
𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘 = 1 1 cos 900 = 0

Thus,
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Sample Problem
Find the scalar product 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 of the two
vectors in the figure whose magnitudes
are A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.
Sample Problem
(a) Calculate the product of the two vectors and (b) determine the angle
between them

𝑨 = (2.0𝑖 + 3.0𝑗 + 𝑘) and 𝑩 = (−4.0𝑖 + 4.0𝑗 − 𝑘)


Sample Problem
Vector 𝑨 has a magnitude of 6.00 units, vector 𝑩 has a magnitude of 7.00
units and 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 has a value of 14.0. What is the angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩?

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