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Technical Manual

This document provides a technical manual for scientific waste management. It discusses various waste management techniques including aerobic and anaerobic composting methods, liquid waste treatment systems, advanced technologies, and relevant case studies. Composting methods include pit composting, pot composting, bio digester pots, ring composting units, and more. Liquid waste systems covered include septic tanks, soak pits, leach pits, and decentralized/centralized treatment. The manual also addresses non-degradable, hazardous, e-waste and construction waste management. Relevant waste management rules and regulations are included in the annexures.

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Technical Manual

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umerillias

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Technical Manual

for Scientific Waste Management

Suchitwa Mission
Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala
2

TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
(English)

Chief Editor
Dr. K. Vasuki I.A.S.
Executive Director, Suchitwa Mission

Editors
C.V. Joy
Director (Operations)
L.P. Chither
Director (Drinking Water)

Sub Editors
J Jayakumar
Sanitation Expert, Suchitwa Mission
Jyothis Chandran
Project Consultant, Suchitwa Mission
Renju R. Pillai
Senior Consultant (Design), Suchitwa Mission
Ameersha R S
Programme Officer (CCDU), Suchitwa Mission
Abraham Thomas Renjith
Programme Officer (IEC), Suchitwa Mission
Indu Isaac
Technical Consultant, DSM Thiruvananthapuram
Dhanya M.S.
Technical Consultant, DSM Thrissur
Sandhya C.R.
Technical Consultant, DSM Alapuzha
Bharath Babu M.
Technical Consultant, DSM Kasaragod
Vineeth K.
Technical Consultant, DSM Malappuram

Cover Design & Layout

Godfrey’s Graphics, Thiruvananthapuram
Printed at: KBPS, Thiruvananthapuram
3

CONTENTS

Preface
1. Waste – A comprehensive outlook...................................................................................................................5
2. Select the type of composting based on your requirement...................................................................9
3. Solid waste Management..................................................................................................................................12
3.1. Degradable Waste Management...........................................................................................................12
3.1.1. Aerobic Composting......................................................................................................................12
3.1.1.1. Pit Composting................................................................................................................12
3.1.1.2. Pot Composting..............................................................................................................14
3.1.1.3. Bio Digester Pots Unit...................................................................................................15
3.1.1.4. Ring Composting Unit..................................................................................................17
3.1.1.5. Kitchen Bin Composting Unit....................................................................................19
3.1.1.6. Vermi Tank.........................................................................................................................20
3.1.1.7. Portable Household Bio Bin Unit..............................................................................21
3.1.1.8. Portable Bin/ Bucket Composting Unit..................................................................22
3.1.1.9. Aerobic Bin Composting Unit....................................................................................24
3.1.1.10. Windrow Composting...................................................................................................25
3.1.2. Anaerobic Composting................................................................................................................30
3.1.2.1. Mose Pit Composting....................................................................................................30
3.1.2.2. Bio Pedestal Composting Unit...................................................................................31
3.1.2.3. Mini Bio Pedestal Composting Unit.........................................................................32
3.1.2.4. Biogas Plant (Portable).................................................................................................34
3.1.2.5. Centralised Masonary Biotank Composting.........................................................36
3.1.2.6. Organic Waste Composting Machine......................................................................37
3.1.2.7. Toilet Linked Biogas Plant............................................................................................37
3.2. Non Degradable Waste Management.................................................................................................39
3.2.1. MRF ...............................................................................................................................................40
3.3. Other Waste ...............................................................................................................................................52
3.3.1. E- Waste..............................................................................................................................................52
3.3.2. Hazardous Waste............................................................................................................................53
3.3.3. Bio Medical Waste...........................................................................................................................55
3.3.4. Construction and Demolition Waste.......................................................................................56
4

4. Liquid Waste Management................................................................................................................................59

4.1. Liquid Waste ...............................................................................................................................................59
4.2. Components of Waste Water and Their Environmental Impact.................................................59
4.3. On-site Sanitation Systems......................................................................................................................60
4.3.1. Sanitation System using septic tank and soak pit...............................................................60
4.3.1.1. Septic Tank........................................................................................................................61
4.3.1.2. Soak Pit...............................................................................................................................63
4.3.1.3. Dispersion Trenches.................................................................................................... 64
4.3.2. Leach Pit..............................................................................................................................................65
4.3.3. Sanitation System using twin-pit latrines...............................................................................65
4.4. Sewer Systems..............................................................................................................................................68
4.4.1. Centralised waste water treatment...........................................................................................68
4.4.2. Decentralised waste water treatment......................................................................................68
4.5. Waste water treatment plant..................................................................................................................69
4.5.1. Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)....................................................................................................69
4.5.2. Effluent Treatment Plant(ETP).....................................................................................................71
4.5.3. Common and Combined Effluent Treatment Plant(ETP)..................................................71
4.6. Septage ...............................................................................................................................................72
5. Advanced Waste Management Technologies.............................................................................................75
5.1. Biomethanation...........................................................................................................................................75
5.2. Sanitary Land Filling...................................................................................................................................79
6. Crematorium ...............................................................................................................................................83
7. Case Studies ...............................................................................................................................................92
Annexure I - Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.................................................................................... 101
Annexure II - Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016................................................................................ 149
Annexure III - e-waste Management Rules, 2016......................................................................................... 169
5

1
WASTE
A COMPREHENSIVE OUTLOOK

WASTE
Waste is any material/liquid that is thrown away as unwanted. Wastes may be generated during
the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final
products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or
reused at the place of generation are excluded.
As per physical properties, waste can be categorized as

Figure 1.1 Schematic Representation Of Types Of Waste

1.1 SOLID WASTE:

Solid Waste includes solid/semi-solid domestic waste including sanitary waste, commercial waste,
institutional waste, catering and market waste and other non residential wastes, street sweepings,
silt removed or collected from the surface drains, horticulture waste, construction and demolition
waste and treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial hazardous waste, bio-medical waste
and e-waste generated in an area under any local body.
As per biodegradability, solid waste can be classified as:
1.1.1 BIODEGRADABLE : It means any organic material that can be degraded by micro organisms
into simpler stable compounds;
Biodegradable waste can be decomposed in two ways
i. Aerobic decomposition
ii. Anaerobic decomposition
Aerobic decomposition: Such decomposition process takes place in the presence of air, when
the aerobic bacteria act on the complex organic matter and breaks it down into nutrients. In this
process primarily carbon-dioxide is produced. Some bacteria in the Pseudomonas species and
Bacillus species help in aerobic degradation.
Anaerobic decomposition: Such decomposition process takes place in the absence of air, when
the anaerobic bacteria act on the complex organic matter and breaks it down into nutrients. In
this process primarily methane and carbon-dioxide gases are produced. Some bacteria in the
Clostridium species, Streptococcus species help in anaerobic degradation.
There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion. It is shown in the figure

Figure 1.2 The Key Process Stages Of Anaerobic Process.

A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined above is as follows:
C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
1.1.2 NON-BIODEGRADABLE : This includes any waste that cannot be degraded by micro
organisms into simpler stable compounds. It is divided into two types
i. Recyclable
ii. Non-recyclable
Recyclable: waste having economic values but destined for disposal can be recovered and used
along with their energy value. e.g. plastic, paper, old cloth etc…
Non-recyclable: Waste which do not have economic value of recovery e.g. tetra packs, carbon
paper, thermocol etc.
7

1.2 LIQUID WASTE

Used & unwanted water is called waste water. Liquid waste can be categorized into two
i. Black Water : Waste water generated in the toilet is called “Black water”. It contains harmful
pathogens.
ii. Grey Water : Waste water generated in the kitchen, bathroom and laundry is called “Greywater”.
It may also contain pathogens.

1.3 IMPACTS OF WASTE ON ENVIRONMENT :

There are potential risks to environment and health from improper handling of solid wastes.
i. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
ii. Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
iii. Cancer, congenital malformations and neurological disease
iv. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
v. Degrades water and soil quality
vi. Methane gas from the landfill enhances the greenhouse gas effect and climate change.
vii. Leachate poses a threat to local surface and ground water systems.

1.4 STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE

i. Sorting out or segregation at source level
ii. Treatment/management of biodegradable waste
iii. Treatment/management of non-biodegradable waste

1.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) proposes a waste management hierarchy with
the aim to reduce the amount of waste being disposed, while maximizing resource conservation
and resource efficiency. The ISWM hierarchy ranks waste management operations according
to their environmental, economic and energy impacts. The waste management hierarchy is
illustrated in the figure

Figure 1.3 Integrated waste management hierarchy

1.6 ZERO WASTE

Zero Waste maximizes recycling, minimizes waste, reduces consumption and ensures that
products are made to be reused, repaired or recycled back into nature or the marketplace.
• Redesigns the current, one-way industrial system into a circular system modeled on Nature’s
successful strategies
• Challenges badly designed business systems that “use too many resources to make too few
people more productive”
• Addresses, through job creation and civic participation, increasing wastage of human
resources and erosion of democracy
• Helps communities achieve a local economy that operates efficiently, sustains good jobs,
and provides a measure of self-sufficiency.
• Aims to eliminate rather than manage waste.

1.7 WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES

• G.S.R. 320 (E) [18-03-2016] : Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 **
• G.S.R. 338 (E) [23-03-2016] : e-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 ***
• G.S.R. 343(E). [28-03-2016] : Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules,2016
• G.S.R. 317(E). [29-03-2016] : Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016
• G.S.R. 395(E). [04-04-2016] : Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016
• S.O. 1357(E). [08-04-2016] : Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 *

* Refer Annexure I
** Refer Annexure II
*** Refer Annexure III
9

2
SELECT THE TYPE OF COMPOSTING
BASED ON YOUR REQUIREMENT

Some factors that need consideration when selecting a technology option include:
 Characteristics, quantity and frequency of the waste being generated;
 Applicability, availability and affordability of that technology option in that area; and
 Availability of skilled personnel, energy, O&M needs, land requirements, and so on.

Beneficiary Sl Technology Index Page

Factors for Selection
Type No Options No No
 Adequate space availability in the
backyard, and located away from drinking
Pit water source, suitable for small to large
1 families. 3.1.1.1 12
Composting
 Not suitable for areas with higher water
table.

 Compatible – requires less space, suitable

Pot for small families generating upto 2kg
2 waste per day 3.1.1.2 14
Composting
Household

 Should be kept away from rain.

 Can be kept in garden as part of aesthetics,

Compatible – requires less space, suitable
Bio Digester for small families generating upto 2kg
3 3.1.1.3 15
Pots Unit waste per day
 Should be kept away from rain.

 Compatible – requires less space, Can be

Kitchen Bin kept in kitchen, suitable for small families
4 Composting generating upto 2kg waste per day, easy 3.1.1.5 19
Unit to maintain.
 Should be kept away from rodent attack.
10

Beneficiary Sl Technology Index Page

Factors for Selection
Type No Options No No

 Compost is highly organic and hence it is

5 Vermi Tank of higher market value. 3.1.1.6 20
 Requires continous monitoring and care.

Portable  It is mostly suitable for large households.

6 Household Bio 3.1.1.7 21
Bin Unit  Should be kept away from rain.

Portable  Compatible – requires less space, suitable

Bin/ Bucket for small families generating upto 2kg
7 waste per day, easy to maintain. 3.1.1.8 22
Composting
Unit  Should be kept away from rain.

Ring  Suitable for household and institutions.

8 Composting  Water may enter during flood and heavy 3.1.1.4 17
Unit rains.

 Adequate space availability in the

backyard, and located away from drinking
Mose Pit water source, suitable for small to large
9 families. 3.1.2.1 30
Composting
 Not suitable for areas with higher water
table.
Household

 Hygienic and economically efficient

management of human night soil, it
Toilet Linked provides rich manure, reduces cooking
10 time and saves fuel cost. 3.1.2.7 37
Biogas Plant
 Lack of skilled laborer, high construction
cost.

 Adequate space availability in the

Mini Bio backyard, suitable for small families
Pedestal generating upto 2kg waste per day
11 3.1.2.3 32
Composting
Unit  Suitable only for easily digesting waste,
needs to be shifted after a period of time.

 Biogas and slurry are two byproducts

Biogas being a green fuel helps in
Biogas Plant reducing commercial fuel consumption.
12 3.1.2.4 38
(Portable) Slurry is highly organic manure.
 High cost, continuous feeding required,
technical knowledge mandatory.

 Adequate space availability in the

Bio Pedestal backyard , suitable for small families
13 Composting generating upto 2kg waste per day 3.1.2.2 31
Unit  Suitable only for easily digesting waste,
waste to be taken out if required.
11

Beneficiary Sl Technology Index Page

Factors for Selection
Type No Options No No

Portable  It is mostly suitable for open terraced flats,

14 Household Bio institutions and large households. 3.1.1.7 21
Bin Unit  Should be kept away from rain.

 All types of degradable waste including

dead animals can be decomposed.
Aerobic Bin
15 Composting  High cost of construction and 3.1.1.9 24
Unit maintenance, required more space,
continuous monitoring by skilled labours
required.

 Suitable for large scale waste

decomposing (in tonnes per day).
Windrow
16  Installation and running cost is 3.1.1.10 25
Composting
high(transportation ,heavy machinery and
labours), required more space.
Institution/ Community

 Easy and convenient technique to handle

and convert the biodegradable waste
into compost in less space and time,
Organic Waste capacities from 10 - 250 kg per day, semi
17 Composting automatic system to maintain moisture 3.1.2.6 37
Machine and temperature.
 High installation and maintenance cost
(power and water).

 Hygienic and economically efficient

management of human night soil, suitable
Toilet Linked for areas having high water table.
18 3.1.2.7 38
Biogas Plant
 High installation cost and requires skilled
laborer for construction.

 Biogas and slurry are two byproducts

Biogas being a green fuel helps in
Biogas Plant reducing commercial fuel consumption.
19 3.1.2.4 34
(Portable) Slurry is highly organic manure.
 High cost, continuous feeding required,
technical knowledge mandatory.

Centralized
Masonry  Suitable for areas with higher water table.
20 3.1.2.5 36
Bio tank  Requires more space.
Composting
12

3
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

As discussed earlier, for management purpose, solid waste may be classified as bio degradable
and non biodegradable.

3.1 DEGRADABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste which can be decomposed by biological processes is known as “Biodegradable waste”.
Organic waste is biodegradable and recyclable. Biodegradable waste can be decomposed in two
ways.
a. Aerobic (with oxygen), and
b. Anaerobic (without oxygen).

3.1.1 AEROBIC COMPOSTING

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- Coconut Shells – Sufficient numbers.
- Bricks 4 Nos. for placing the buckets/pot inside the tray.
- Small plastic vessel/mug 15 to 20 cm high for collection of leachate.
- Plastic net 0.5 m × 0.5 m size.
- Plastic tray approximately 0.5 m diameter to keep the bucket inside.
- Wooden spoon (Thavi)

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Stock a layer of coconut shells in inverted position at the bottom of the bucket/pot. Place
the plastic net cut to the shape over the layer of coconut shell.
- Place two sets of bricks inside plastic tray and keep the prepared bucket/pot as above over
the bricks for convenience of draining the leachate into a plastic vessel to be placed inside
the plastic tray just below the tap outlet. Placing the bucket inside the tray is optional.
- Start loading the bio waste into the bucket/pot on the layer of coconut shells daily.
- Occasionally mix the fresh waste with the old waste by using the wooden spoon. Keep the
bucket/pot closed with the lid cover.
- One bucket/pot will be filled in 25 to 30 days time in a family of 5 members.
- Close the bucket/pot with lid cover and start using the second set.
- Keep sprinkling a mug of water into the waste inside the bucket once in a week. Drain the
leachate as it comes out. The drained leachate can be used as manure in the garden.
- Once the second bucket gets filled, the waste in the first one will be ready as compost.
Empty it and reuse the bucket/pot for further storing the waste.

Figure 3.8 Portable Bin/ Bucket Composting Unit

3.1.1.9 Aerobic Bin Composting Unit

The composting unit includes a box like structure with Ferro cement floor. Layers of cow dung,
carbon source and waste materials are subjected to composting in presence of oxygen. The
temperature rises rapidly in the waste to almost 70˚C, the peak temperature with pathogens. An
aerobic compost bin, under the correct conditions creates a lot of heat; this can kill all sorts of
seeds and pathogens. An efficient aerobic compost bin does not emit foul ammonia like smell.
An aerobic compost bin reduces the biomass to usable compost quicker than its anaerobic
counterpart

Technical Aspects:
Aerobic cluster is an eco friendly waste management system consisting of two units. Each unit is a
120cm x 120cm x 120cm ferro cement bin with airspace and grooves utilizing bacteria consortium
from cow dung and carbon source from dry leaves and paper bits with a roof to prevent rain water
during monsoon. 6’’ layer of fresh cow dung as the first layer with 6” layer of dried leaves provided
the carbon source for the bacteria to flourish, above that another six inch layer waste is converted
into compost.
The core temperature built up in this layering is 70 - 75˚C which prevents the breeding of flies and
parasites. Moreover due to aerobic functioning no putrid smell is there. About 2000kg waste can
be managed in a bin. We can get compost with carbon nitrogen ratio 20 - 30% after 90 days.

Operation & Maintenance Protocols :

- A 6 inch layer of fresh cow dung is laid as the first layer.
- A 6 inch layer of dried leaves is laid on top of the cow dung layer.
- Above that 6 inch layer waste is added and inoculum containing enzymes made from cow
dung is sprayed, this hastens composting.
- Alternate, 6 inch layers of dried leaves and waste sprayed with inoculum is repeated till the bin
is filled.
- Once the first bin is filled, start using the second bin. By the time the second bin is filled the
contents in the first bin will turn into compost. If not, take it out and dry it in dry beds.

Unit Cost
A unit with two aerobic bins will cost Rs.41,000. Providing enclosed shed with provision for
drainage and soak pit for leachate, ramp for trolley etc. will cost Rs 1,40,000.

Figure 3.9 Plan, Section and Elevation of Aerobic Bin Composting Unit
25

Figure 3.10 Aerobic Bin Composting Unit

3.1.1.10 Windrow Composting

Specification and Size

- Windrows are typically trapezoidal in cross section. The average windrow shape is between an
oval and trapezoidal. A factor of 0.66 is assumed to estimate windrow volumes
(Volume = Height x Width x Length x 0.66)
- Typically windrows can vary from 6 to 10 feet in height and 6 to 10 feet wide at the base.
- The space between windrows should be sufficient for movement of the windrow turning
machine to be employed in the plant. Normally it is 1-3 meters.
- Windrow dimensions should allow conservation of heat generated during composting process
while also maintaining diffusion of air to the deeper portions of the windrow.

Infrastructure Requirements
- The compost pad ( platform is to be constructed with an appropriately designed combination
of RCC and PCC. The compost pad shall have a slope of about 1% to drain the excess water
(storm water or leachate) from the windrows into a leachate collection tank. The leachate tank
is placed in the lowest corner of the compost pad area.
- Factors to be considered in the location and design of the composting pad:
a) The base has to provide a barrier to prevent the percolation of leachate and/or nutrients to
the sub-soil and groundwater.
b) The surface has to facilitate equipment movement even during wet weather conditions.
c) The surface area has to accommodate waste for 5 weeks, with sufficient room for equipment
to maneuver and an area to establish a static pile for curing compost.
- Loader: Tractor mounted front-end loaders or pay loaders are used to deliver the pre-processed
feedstock to form windrows. They can be used for site maintenance, piling the cured compost
and loading the finished compost product into trucks or trailers for sale in the market.
- Windrow Turner: Generally, pay loaders (wheel or tracked) or tractors with hydraulic attachments
are used to scoop the material from one windrow to make a new pile in an adjacent location
on the compost pad, while placing and mixing the material. Other equipment such as front
end loaders/ windrows re-shifters may also be used for turning windrows.
26

- Screener: A trommel screen is desired at the end of the curing process to screen the finished
compost for a suitable particle size. This will remove any larger undesirable items and will fluff
up the finished product to ensure a suitable compost quality.
- Bagging: Bulk supply of compost is usually through 50 kg bags.

Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- The pre-processed MSW is transferred onto the compost pad (platform) into windrows.
- Windrow Formation: Windrows can be formed by means of bucket loaders or by manual
labour, depending on the size, shape, and spacing of windrows
- Windrow Turning: The outer layers of piles are moved to inner layers by turning the windrows.
This process is repeated once every week for 5 weeks, high temperatures within the windrow
(55 to 65°C) sanitize the material. During the rainy season where the interstitial spaces are filled
with water, more frequent turning is necessary (interval of 3-4 days).
- A turning schedule should be established based on the rate of decomposition, moisture
content, porosity of the material, and the desired composting time (often a function of land
availability).
- Each windrow should be allowed to stay on the compost pad for 35 days and at the end of the
35th day the compost is ready for sieving.
- Each windrow should have a flag board depicting the age of the waste.
- Fresh incoming waste is always depicted by “Age 1”. The numbering on the windrow changes
from Age 1 to Age 2 on the second day; Age 2 should be changed to Age 3 on the third day
and so on.
- Each windrow may be turned manually or mechanically. This turning process has to be done
every 7th day. Hence, only those windrows having a flag board showing Age 7, 14, 21 and 28
should be turned.

Figure 3.11 Chart showing arrangement of windrow

- Fresh water or leachate stored in the leachate tank should be sprinkled during the turning
process to maintain the moisture content of the waste. Figure below shows a quick and simple
method to test moisture content.

Figure 3.12 Moistuure Content Test

- Temperature should also be monitored and maintained within 55-60°C.

- On the 35th day, the compost is successively sieved through two stage screening system of
35mm followed by 16mm. Screened material coming out of this section is uniform in texture
but contains semi-solid organic compost, which requires further stabilization. The rejects from
the 35 mm screen are sent to the RDF and the 35mm – material is sent to the 16 mm screen.
The rejects from the 16mm (16mm+) screen are to be put back on the windrow as protective
covering from bird menace, vermin and for odour control.
- Curing: Screened material coming out of the coarse segregation section requires further
maturation and moisture control for producing a product that is beneficial for plants and soil.
The curing piles are placed either in a storage area or covered area for a minimum duration of
2 weeks. In general, the area needed for the curing process is one quarter of the size needed
for the windrow/composting process. The completely cured well composted material does
not release foul odour and is ready for final screening and for the preparation of the finished
product for marketing.
- The degree of maturity is determined through either oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide
production rate. (Determination of maturity is explained in Municipal Solid Waste Management
Manual of CPHEEO)
28

- Compost Refinement: At the end of composting phase, the material usually contains 30 to 35%
moisture. The composting is normally taken to be complete when the active decomposition
stage is over and the C/N ratio is around 20:1. The refinement section also consists of a feeder
conveyer and a trommel with 4mm perforations. The screened product which is less than 4mm
is passed through ADS (air density separator or de-stoner) to remove sand and grit. Then the
compost can be put in bags and stored for sale. The remaining material greater than 4 mm
in size should be put on top of the fresh incoming waste heap, to speed up the process of
composting and for absorbing excess leachate. The residue material from the ADS is inert laced
with fine organic material. This should be kept out of the composting stream. The finished
product is dark brown with an earthy smell, fragile and rich in organic matter content and
nutrients.
- Leachate Management: Leachate generated during composting varies with seasons. The
compost pad surface should be designed with proper gradient and surface drainage system so
that the entire leachate from windrows is directed through drainage pipes to collection tank.
This leachate can be utilized for moistening the waste placed in the windrows, as required. In
case leachate production is higher than consumption, the leachate tank should be provided
with treatment facilities for treating before disposal. Normally, the leachate tank is provided
with a surface aerator for reducing the BOD content. Treated leachate could be subsequently
used for irrigation as a fertiliser.
( Detailed design of aerobic windrow composting plants from 50 – 500 TPD MSW input capacity is
available in the ‘Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management using City
Compost’, Government of India, 2005.)

Figure 3.13 Windrow Composting

Windrow Size Calculation :

3.1.2 ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

3.1.2.1 Mose Pit Composting

Sl No Description Unit Cost

1 Specification and Size

- Pit of size 60cm diameter and depth 1m for a family of 5 members.
- Diameter of the pit may go up to 1.5m for institutions
- Restrict the depth to 1m in all cases as methanogenic activities get
reduced at lower depth.
- The bottom of the pit of oval shape.
- The cover slab of size 75cm diameter (for a pit of 60cm diameter)
and thickness 7.5cm. PVC pipe of 100mm dia for domestic type
and can be upto 200mm diameter for bigger size pits. Rs.900/-
- Cover the pit with the cover slab and spread earth over the slab. (For family of five
Only the pipe will be visible above the ground. members)
- This method is not suitable where strata are loose.

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- Circular pits of required diameter and depth 1m in a convenient location – 2 Nos
- Circular/ rectangular slabs to fully cover the pit, with PVC pipe of required diameter, 50cm
long, vertically placed centrally into the slabs - 2 sets.
- PVC caps to close opening of the pipe – 2 Nos

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Ensure methanisation before putting the waste into the pit by sprinkling cow-dung/
decomposed waste into the pit.
- Drop the shredded bio-waste into the pit through the pit through the pipe opening daily
and keep the pipe end closed always.
- Pouring of warm water of 35˚ to 45˚C temperatures once in a week will accelerate the
decomposing.
- Occasionally pouring of cow-dung mixture or any methanogenic seed into the pit will also
be helpful
- Keep using the pits alternately for six months each.
31

Figure 3.14 Mose Pit Composting

3.1.2.2 Bio Pedestal Composting Unit

Sl No Description Unit Cost

1 Specification and Size

- Plastic bucket or vessel with open mouth around 25 litre
capacity – 2 Nos.
- PVC Pipe of 2.5 Kgf/cm², ISI marked 200 mm diameter - 1
m long – 2 Nos.
Rs.1150/-
- A plastic/ferro cement lid cover for closing the open end
of the pipe – 2 Nos.

2 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Take a pit bigger than the size of the plastic bucket/vessel.
- Keep the plastic bucket/vessel inside the pit.
- Fill the plastic bucket/vessel with earth upto half the height.
- Place the pipe vertically into the vessel/bucket above the earth filling.
- Fill up the bucket/vessel and the pit with earth keeping pipe portion inside.
- Keep the open end of the pipe seen above ground, closed with cover.
- Keep putting the bio waste (easily digesting items only) into the pipe.
- Occasional sprinkling of cow dung solution or approved inoculums into the waste will be
good.
- The bio-waste gets digested inside the vessel and gets distributed evenly into the ground.
Plant a tree by the side of the pit which will absorb manure.
- Shift the Bio- Pedestal column to a different to a different location after a year or so, if
required.
32

Figure 3.15 Bio Pedestal Composting Unit

3.1.2.3. Mini Bio Pedestal Composting Unit

Sl
Description Unit Cost
No

1 Specification and Size

- House hold waste basket with perforations – 2 Nos.
- PVC Pipe 2.5 Kgf/cm2 ISI marked 1 m long 20 cm diameter – 2
Nos.
- PVC/Ferro cement cap for 20 cm pipe – 2 Nos.
- Tripod – Top circular ring with 30 cm high 3 legs fabricated out Rs.1500/-
of 8 mm TMT bar ,three 3 mm thick flat iron pieces 30 × 30 mm
welded to the ring for fixing of the 200 mm pipe by means of
screws – duly painted.

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- Pit size sufficient to bury a domestic type waste basket – 2 Nos.
- House hold waste basket with perforations – 2 Nos.
- PVC pipe 1m long 20cm diameter – 2 Nos.
- PVC/Ferro cement cap for 20 cm pipe – 2 Nos.
- Broken stone 12/20 mm size.
- Tripod stand.
33

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Cut a hole 20 cm diameter on the bottom of the waste basket.
- Place the waste basket upside down into the pit.
- Insert the pipe into the basket by 10cm, the pipe has to be tightly fitting into the basket. (fix
the tripod to hold the pipe centrally after filling up the pit)
- Fill up the gaps between the basket and the pit sides with broken metal.
- Close the pit with earth and only the pipe with the lid cover and the tripod will be seen
outside.
- Two sets of such mini – pedestals for a household.
- Keep dropping the waste into the pipe and keep the open end closed with the lid after
dropping the waste.
- Use one pedestal for one week and second pedestal for next week.
- Keep using the pedestals alternately.
- Taking out the waste may be done only if required.
- Grow a plant near to the pit 1.0

Figure 3.16 Mini Bio Pedestal Composting Unit

3.1.2.4. Biogas Plant (Portable)

Sl
Description
No
1 Specification and Size

Size Capacity Model Unit Cost

Without water Jacket Rs.8500/-

FRP
With water Jacket Rs.10500/-
0.5m³ 2.5kg/day
Without water Jacket Rs.8000/-
PVC
With water Jacket Rs.9000/-

Without water Jacket Rs.10500/-

FRP
With water Jacket Rs.12000/-
0.75m³ 5kg/day
Without water Jacket Rs.10000/-
PVC
With water Jacket Rs.11000/-

Without water Jacket Rs.12500/-

FRP
With water Jacket Rs.13500/-
7. 5kg/
1 m³
day
Without water Jacket Rs.12000/-
PVC
With water Jacket Rs.13000/-

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- Unit without water jacket: PVC/LLDPE/HDPE tanks with circular shape as digester and floating
gas holder
- Unit with water jacket: PVC/LLDPE/HDPE tanks with water jacket in between the digester and
the gas holder.
- Inlet device with PVC pipe of diameter 110mm
- Inlet chamber with a plastic/FRP mug having circular shape and with a lid.
- Outlet device wit PVC pipe of 63 mm.
- A plastic can of 10 litre capacity to be used for collecting slurry/effluent for safe disposal.
- Rubber hose of 25 mm diameter for conveyance of biogas for use with maximum length of
10m.
- Stove wit single burner.
- Control valve for regulating gas.
35

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- The initial filling for a new biogas plant should if possible consist of either slurry from another
plant or fresh cattle dung.
- After removing straw and waste fodder from the dung, it should be mixed sufficiently with
water to avoid separation of solid and liquid material inside the digester. The amount of cattle
dung should be 2-3% of the total amount of slurry for initial loading; it can be diluted with
water. As a thump rule, 1kg of dung requires 1liter of water.
- The substrate should be free of stalks and other impurities in order to avoid scum formation
and blockage of the inlet and outlets pipes.
- Cow dung, waste from kitchen, water from rubber sheet and other degradable waste can be
filled in the Plant.
- Egg shell, coconut shell, orange, lime, pickles, disinfectants, dettol, soap water, plastic, wood
pieces, metal and sand cannot be put in the plant.
- Chopping of the fodder into pieces of 3-5 cm length for fast digestion.
- The plant must be fed regularly in order to achieve regular gas production.
- For units with water jacket, add a little kerosene or oil or aqua culture to the water or else use
mosquito net for preventing the possibility of mosquito growth.
- The overflowing slurry should be removed from the outlet. Otherwise it can block the flow and
the gas pressure might increase until it escapes through the inlet pipe or blows off the water
trap. Therefore the outlet and the slurry canal must be cleaned.
- Cleaning the slurry and feeding the plant should be a part of daily routine. The problem
becomes less, if a proper slope is maintained and the slurry canal is shaded off from direct
sunshine.
- The slurry can be directed towards the plants for fertilization.
- Depending on the type of waste, the plant may need several days to weeks to achieve a stable
digesting process. Cattle dung can be expected to yield good gas production within one or
two days.
- Maintenance cost: Rs.200/- per annum per unit.

Figure 3.17 Portable Household Biogas Plant

3.1.2.5. Centralised Masonary Biotank Composting

Sl No Description

1 Specification and Size

- For a flat of 40 units, a 2m × 1.2 × 1 m tank is required.
- It is recommended to build the tank at the central part of the flat with RR masonary founda-
tion and a brick wall.

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- A temporary roofing to be provided for protection from rains.
- A net to avoid birds/insects attack.
- A dung mixture comprising of cow dung, Jaggery, condiments, yeast and fiber.

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Put the bio degradable wastes in the tank.
- Spray the organic mixture of cow dung, Jaggery, condiments, yeast and fibre above the
waste.
- Once the first tank is full, use the second tank and then the third tank.
- The leachate from the tank can be collected through a tap provided at the bottom of the
tank and can be used as manure for plants or can be ejected out via Septic tank/Soakpit
- Once the third tank is filled, the compost from tank 1 is emptied and can be used again and
the entire process gets repeated.

Figure 3.18 Centralized Masonry Biotank Composting

3.1.2.6. Organic Waste Composting Machine

Sl No Description

1 Specification and Size

- At present, certain grinding machines like biowaste converting machines which can grind
10, 25, 50, 125, 150 Kgm of wastes simultaneously are available in the market.

2 Infrastructure Requirements
- Working process includes three batches per hour or 1 to 8 hours per day.
- Plastic bags of capacity 20 Kg.
- Racks for the safe keeping of the bags containing partially processed waste.
- Room of dimension 3 m × 4 m with proper ventilation for installing machinery and safe
storage of racks and baskets is required.
- An organic solution, power connection of 4 - 10 KW and water connection required.

3 Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Mix cow dung water or any other rapid composting materials with one kilo segregated
waste.
- Put this mixture in the machine and run the machine for 15 minutes.
- Transfer the partially composted waste to basket and store in the rack.
- The moisture content should not be less than 40%.
- In 15 days, waste will become compost.

Figure 3.19 Organic Waste Composting Machine

3.1.2.7. Toilet Linked Biogas Plant

Human excreta is an alternative feed material to biogas plant. At present, human excreta treatment
is a major sanitation problem in the country. If it is used imaginatively in biogas plant, it can
become an asset instead of a nuisance. Human excreta management in a bio gas plant will give
three benefits – health, energy and organic manure. Thus the waste can turn into wealth.
38

Technical Aspects
General:
- Excreta has physical, chemical and microbial characteristics which markedly differ from those
of cattle dung. Therefore the parameters, design criteria etc fixed for cattle dung biogas plants
were found not valid for human excreta based biogas plant.
- There should not be any direct handling of human excreta.
- Undigested excreta should not get exposed to surroundings and should be inaccessible to
insects and animals.
- Aesthetically there should be freedom from odour.
- Quantity of human excreta : 200 to 300gm/person/day
- Quantity of gas generated from the night soil produced by one person is about 30 to 40liters
per day
- Optimum temperature range for effective digestion and optimum economic viability : 25 to
30˚C
- Solid content for optimum biogas generation : 5%
- Hydraulic retention time (HRT) : 45 days for destruction of all pathogens.

Figure 3.20 Schematic representation of Toilet Linked Biogas Plant

Operation & Maintenance Protocols

- Toilet connected to the Biogas plant should be kept clean and used regularly
- Scum formation creates problem in the digester .To minimize scum formation,it is necessary to
prevent entry of undesirable foreign material into the digester except human excreta.
39

- It is necessary to remove sludge from the digester once in 5 to 10 years by suitable pumping
arrangement.
- Effluent from the plant should preferably be disposed of in a compost unit
- Antiseptic and disinfectants should not be used for cleaning the toilets. Occasionally organic
soap/organic detergents may be used.
- Top of the vent pipe provided at the point of inlet chamber need to be covered with nylon
mesh so as to prevent the passage of mosquito or any insects.

3.2. NON DEGRADABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Non-biodegradable waste is a type of waste that cannot be broken down into its base compounds
by micro-organisms, air, moisture or soil in a reasonable amount of time. It includes items like
plastic, rubber, Styrofoam, fiberglass and metals. Because non-biodegradable waste cannot be
broken down, recycling is the best option for managing it.

Recycling & Recovery

Recycling is the process by which materials that are otherwise destined for disposal are collected,
processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling diverts a significant fraction of municipal,
institutional and business waste away from disposal and, thereby, saves scarce resources as well
as reduces environmental impacts and the burden of waste management on public authorities. If
appropriate market mechanisms are established, recycling can generate revenues, contributing to
the overall cost recovery for municipal solid waste service provision. According to the integrated
solid waste management hierarchy, recycling is a preferred waste management strategy and
recycling systems should be adopted before planning for any waste processing/treatment
facilities. Recyclables mainly consist of paper, plastic, metal, and glass.

Material Recycling Potential Special Conditions

Glass Moderate market value Broken glass can contaminate and
- Sorted into colours and melted eliminate opportunities for recycling of
other materials such as paper
- Saves energy compared with
processing raw material
- Can be recycled indefinitely
because it does not deteriorate by
reprocessing
Paper and Easily recycled Recycling potential is reduced with each
cardboard - Paper or cardboard from recycled recycling cycle through deterioration of
paper requires less energy during fibres.
production and helps protect
forests
Polyethylene PET can be recycled if segregated Quality of recycled product decreases with
Terephthalate from other waste every processing cycle Recycled products
(PET) have specific designated uses and cannot
be used for all purposes
Other Plastics Other plastics, such as polyethylene Clean segregated plastics, are subjected to
or polyvinyl chloride, can be recycled mechanical recycling into the same plastic
but have less value in the market type.Where recycling is not possible
than PET; the value depends on due to mixed plastics, these are then co-
recycling and manufacturing options processed for energy recovery or used as
in the vicinity. aggregates in road material
40

Electronic Waste Electronic wastes contain high- Metals are often covered with polyvinyl
value metals. Electronic items can be chloride or resins, which are often smelted
dismantled and components reused or burned, causing toxic emissions,
or recycled if recycling is not carried out under
controlled conditions.
Disaggregation of electronic waste for
recycling can be costly.

Metals Scrap metal has a high market value High value metals (such as copper and
(steel, copper, zinc, (especially steel, copper and silver ) silver) are incorporated in electronic
nickel, silver etc.) Can be recycled indefinitely because devices, but extraction can cause severe
it does not deteriorate through environmental impacts, if uncontrolled.
reprocessing

Aluminium High Market Value Separate collection is Important

- Easily recycled by shredding and
Melting.
- Can be recycled indefinitely
because it does not deteriorate
through reprocessing.
- Requires significantly less energy
than producing aluminium ore

Batteries - Recovers valuable metals. Large variation in type and size of batteries.
- Protects environment from heavy Only some types allow adequate material
metals such as lead, cadmium and recovery.
mercury.

Construction and - Demolition waste can be Standards for recycled products are yet to
Demolition sorted, crushed and reused for be stipulated
production of pavement material,
Waste
flooring tiles, road construction,
landscaping and other purposes.
- Due to the amounts of demolition
waste, its recycling allows
significant reduction of otherwise
required disposal capacities.

3.2.1 Material Recovery Facility

A Material Recovery Facility (MRF) accepts mixtures of waste fractions for the purpose of separating
and diverting recyclable materials and transferring the remaining waste for disposal.
The configuration of an MRF processing line is critical to the overall quality of the segregated
material. It depends upon numerous factors including the types and quantities of materials to
be processed, quality and quantity of incoming waste, desired processing rates, and required
specifications for the end products. While no two MRFs are identical, they generally employ
common design principles and sequencing in the configuration of equipment and labour.

3.2.1.1 Stages of material recovery

Material recovery starts at the primary level, by households which segregate recyclables like
newspapers, cardboard, plastics, bottles etc. from waste, to sell such material to local recyclers/
scrap dealers / haulers or kabali system. Well segregated recyclables can directly be transferred
to a processing site or to the recyclable market depending on local conditions. The dry fraction of
41

the waste can be segregated at the ward level, where waste from one or more wards is collected
and segregated. Different recyclables are sent either directly to locally available recycling facilities
or are sold to wholesale dealers. Dry waste fraction may also be transported to the waste transfer
station, where it is further segregated. Segregation at the transfer station is through manual and
or mechanized segregation.
Depending on the scale of the operations employed and the level of mechanization in the facility,
MRFs may be classified as manual or mechanized facilities. Manual MRFs are usually small scale
units, typically owned, managed and operated by the informal sector and largely employ manual
sorting practices. Material is segregated based on the types of wastes (paper, plastic, metal,
glass etc.) and gradation of material within each waste type (paper: news print, office paper,
packaging paper, printed books etc.).Segregated material is then sold on to intermediaries, who
supply material in bulk to the recycling industry. Mechanized facilities are large scale units where
recyclables are sorted by using automated machines when quantities to be handled are large.

3.2.1.2 MRF Unit Processes

MRF units employ varying combinations of manual and mechanical processes, based on the type
of facility, easy availability of equipment, labour availability and associated cost implications. MRF
units employing manual labour for sorting operations have relatively lower costs, but may also
operate at lower efficiencies compared to mechanical sensor based sorting facilities
Pre-Sorting: Bulky and contaminated wastes hamper further sorting/processing in the facility;
mechanical or manual pre-sorting is essential to separate out these wastes.
Mechanical Sorting: Mechanical processes based on principles of electro-magnetic fluid
mechanics, pneumatics etc. are used to segregate the different waste streams in the pre-sorted
waste. Mechanical processes require specialized equipment for segregation of co-mingled
municipal waste. Mechanical sorting typically employs the following processes:
– Screening
– Ferrous Metal separation
– Air Classification
– Non-ferrous metal separation
– Detect and Route system
– Size reduction
– Baling
The unit processes in a MRF is schematically shown in the figure

Segregation of
recyclables
• Ferrous metal
Sorting Conveyor separation
Size
Manual sorting of Screening • Air classification Baling
reduction
material • Non-ferrous
metal separation
• Detect and
Route System

Figure 3.21 Schematic representation of unit processes in a MRF

3.2.1.3 Indicative unit process in a Material Recovery Facility

A MRF facility is also equipped with suitable environmental pollution control and monitoring
equipment. At a minimum a waste recycling facility should consist of the following equipment:
- Dust Collection System
- Noise Suppression Devices
- Odour Control System
- Heating, Ventilating& Air Conditioning
Note: The plastic waste management is dealt in the” Plastic Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules 2011”.

Figure 3.22 (a) A small model of MRF

Figure 3.22 (b) Segregated storage in a MRF Unit

3.2.1.4 MRF as a business model for a block with 5 Panchayaths

Objective :
• To reduce, reuse, and recycle the plastic with the coorperation of public as to cultivate it as part
of culture and to facilitate a trained community of self help groups for the same. To facilitate
compulsory use of plastic for construction of roads within the block.
• Phase 1 – To train a Kudumbhashree unit in each Panchayath to collect all non degradable waste
43

from 5 Panchayaths of the block (51013 households, 1526 shops, 58 educational institutions, 34
hospitals and other organisations) and to sort and redistribute for the needful or supply as raw
material to industry.
• A sevice charge of Rs 30/- from households, Rs 50/- from shops, Rs 100/- from hospitals is to
be levied and also the collected material can be sold to the needful to create an income for the
Kudumbhashree unit. A maximum time of 6 months is to be provided for these units to attain
self sufficiency and for that time they can be given a fixed salary as viability gap fund (as per
MGNRGES criteria ).
• Provide facilities such as vehicle for collection, uniforms, gloves for hands and legs, shed for
storing the collected materials, introducing organizations for collecting the sorted materials and
to scientifically manage the leftover materials.
• To bring behavioral change to the community with the help of kudumbashree members to
facilitate the reuse of plastic covers, to provide clean and dry waste, to give these at free of cost
and to prevent throwing of waste in public areas.
• Do awareness programs for all sectors of people, organize seminars and quiz programs in school
and colleges.
• Train Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath members, VEO’s, CDS – ADS chairperson’s, Asha workers,
Saksharatha Prerakh’s, MGNREGS mate’s , Aganvadi teachers and SC/ST promoters.
• Phase 2 – To analyze and increase the facility to collect more plastics to start a shredding unit and
to use the same for road constructions and to recycle.
• Phase 3 - To train self help groups to start small scale manufacturing units for making plastic toys.
• Identify a locality within the Block area where people dump waste and convert that area to a
‘Model clean locality’ by clearing the area and creating a garden/ park.

Details of expenses for setting up of MRF.

Sl No Item Unit/No

1. Pamphlet preparation 25000 (5000 per Panchayath )

2. One day workshop – Phase 1

( Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath members, Implementing ( 100 person x Rs 120/–)
Offiicer)

3. One day workshop – Phase 2

( CDS – ADS chairperson, Asha workers, Saksharatha ( 200 person x Rs 120/–)
Prerakh, MGNREGS mate)

4. Honorarium for workshop faculties ( 500 x 4 section)

5. School level seminars

( Implementing officer – VEO )
LP/ UP/ High School/ Higher Secondary School within block ( Rs 1000 per school)
area ( 11 schools per Panchayath, likewise 55 schools in 5
Panchayaths )
44

6. College level seminar ( 3 Colleges )

( Short film depicting environmental issues due to
unscientific disposal of waste into public areas, agricultural ( Rs 1000 per college)
fields, water bodies etc can be exhibhited with the help
of Swachh Bharath Mission at the School – College level
seminars).

7. School – College Level Quiz Competitions

( Institutions has to conduct school – college level
competitions and all first prize winners should participate
in the block level Quiz competition. The first and second
prize winners should be awarded trophies and certificate)

8. Training for Kudumbhashree members ( classes on types Rs.50/– per person for
of various plastics and other non degradable materials, notebook, pen etc.
sorting, storing, organizations accepting collected Rs.100/– per person per day for
materials, cost index of items, procedures for organizing food, tea and snacks.
meetings and accounts keeping )
Rs. 100/– per person for TA/DA.

9. Honorarium for faculties/ TA/DA Rs 1000 per section x 20 sections

10. Field visit to successful projects of same type to study the

processes. Rent of vehicle, food for 25
( Try to organise as part of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen members etc
Kaushalya Yojana)

11. Vehicle for collection and transportation of materials

5 ( one per each Panchayath)
( Try to utilize MLA/ MP local development fund)

12. Uniforms, gloves for hands and legs, baskets and other
miscellaneous items for Kudumbhashree members
( Try for Sponsorship )

13. Identify a locality within the Block area where people dump
waste and convert that area to a ‘Model clean locality’ by
clearing the area and creating a garden/ park. 1
( As a part of MGNREGS project)

14. Facility for sorting and storing the collected materials safe
from rain and sun, providing facility for primary needs of
Kudumbhashree members.
( construction of shed of minimum 5000 sq.ft area (
using iron mesh for covering as required), well, toilet
construction, electricity and plumbing works, crushing
machine, waterless cleaning machine) ( Trivandrum
Technopark Model)

15. Providing a payment of Rs 229/- to Kudubhashree

members until they generate income by themselves, (as ( 25 x 229 x 180)
per MGNREGS criteria) for a maximum of 180 days.

16. Initial expenditure ( for 6 months) • Fuel Charges – Rs 4000/- per

Fuel charges for vehicles, Electricity charges, Registers and vehicle per month
other necessary expenses. • Electricity charges – Rs 3000/-
per month
• Registers and other necessary
expenses – Rs12000/-
45

Fund Details :
• Fund for printing pamphlet, conducting awareness classes, seminars and quiz programs can be
taken from Swachh Bharath Mission fund.
• Fund for identifying a locality within the Block area where people dump waste and to convert
that area to a ‘Model clean locality’ by clearing the area and creating a garden/ park can be taken
from Block – Panchayath- Swachh Bharath Mission - MGNREGS programs.
• Funds for giving driving classes for kudumbhashree members, classes on types of various
plastics and other non degradable materials, sorting, storing, cost index of items, procedures
for organizing meetings, accounts keeping and Field visit to successful projects of same type to
study the processes can be found from Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath plan fund or Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana.
• Fund for purchasing vehicle for collection and transportation of materials can be from MLA/ MP
local development fund and given to kudumbhashree units on contract basis and expenses like
maintenance and fuel charges for vehicles can be from Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath plan fund.
• Initial expenditure like Uniforms, gloves for hands and legs, baskets and other miscellaneous
items for Kudumbhashree members can be given one time from Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath
plan fund and later it is to be found from their inccome.
• A sevice charge of Rs 30/- from households, Rs 50/- from shops, Rs 100/- from hospitals is to be
levied and it can be an income for the Kudumbhashree unit. A maximum time of 6 months is to be
provided for these units to attain self sufficiency and for that time they can be given a fixed salary
as viability gap fund as per MGNRGES criteria from Block, Grama, Jilla – Panchayath plan fund.
• Details of income of kudumbhashree unit from service charge obtained from households, shops
and hospitals and sale of collected materials of each panchayath is given below.
Panchayath 1 – Total households – 6500 nos
(Per day – 90 households) X (1 month (24 days)) = 2160 households
(collection from a household in every 3 months)
Shops – 80 nos (collection from a shop in every one month)
Hospitals – 4 nos (collection from a hospital in every one month)
Service charge income – from - households - 2160 x 30 = Rs 64800/-
Shops - 80 x 50 = Rs 4000/-
Hospitals - 4 x 100 = Rs 400/-
-----------------
Rs 69200/-
Per month income of a member - Rs 69200/ 5 = Rs 13840/- + ( income from sale of collected
materials)
Panchayath 2 – Total households – 12000 nos
(Per day – 120 households) X (1 month (24 days)) = 2880 households
(collection from a household in every 4 months)
Shops – 500 nos (collection from a shop in every one month)
Hospitals – 7 nos (collection from a hospital in every one month)
Service charge income – from - households - 2880 x 30 = Rs 86400/-
Shops - 500 x 50 = Rs 25000/-
Hospitals - 7 x 100 = Rs 700/-
-----------------
Rs 112100/-
46

Per month income of a member - Rs 112100/ 5 = Rs 22420/- + ( income from sale of collected
materials)
Panchayath 3 – Total households – 11000 nos
(Per day – 115 households) X (1 month (24 days)) = 2760 households
( collection from a household in every 4 months)
Shops – 220 nos (collection from a shop in every one month)
Hospitals – 8 nos (collection from a hospital in every one month)
Service charge income – from - households - 2760 x 30 = Rs 82800/-
Shops - 220 x 50 = Rs 11000/-
Hospitals - 8 x 100 = Rs 800/-
-----------------
Rs 94600/-
Per month income of a member - Rs 94600/ 5 = Rs 18920/- + ( income from sale of collected
materials)
Panchayath 4– Total households – 13500 nos
(Per day – 140 households) X (1 month (24 days)) = 3360 households
( collection from a household in every 4 months)
Shops – 500 nos (collection from a shop in every one month)
Hospitals – 8 nos (collection from a hospital in every one month)
Service charge income – from - households - 3360 x 30 = Rs 100800/-
Shops - 500 x 50 = Rs 25000/-
Hospitals - 8 x 100 = Rs 800/-
-----------------
Rs 126600/-
Per month income of a member - Rs 126600/ 5 = Rs 25320/- + ( income from sale of collected
materials)
Panchayath 5 – Total households – 7000 nos
(Per day – 97 households) X (1 month (24 days)) = 2330 households
(collection from a household in every 4 months)
Shops – 200 nos (collection from a shop in every one month)
Hospitals – 8 nos (collection from a hospital in every one month)
Service charge income – from - households - 2330 x 30 = Rs 69900/-
Shops - 200 x 50 = Rs 10000/-
Hospitals - 8 x 100 = Rs 800/-
---------------
Rs 80700/-
Per month income of a member - Rs 82700/ 5 = Rs 16140/- + ( income from sale of collected
materials)
After deducting the fund available from Swachh Bharath mission and planning board from the
total project cost, the rest of the amount is to be obtained as 40:30:30 from Block, Grama, Jilla –
Panchayath plan fund.
47

3.2.1.5 MRF - Technical Aspects:

a. Plan, elevation and cost of construction of 500 sqft MRF

Figure 3.23 Plan and Elevation of MRF

The estimated cost of construction of the above given MRF is Rs 7,40,000/-.

b. Plan, elevation and cost of construction of 1000 sqft MRF

Figure 3.24 Plan and Elevation of MRF

The estimated cost of construction of the above given MRF is Rs 9,25,000/-.

c. Plan, elevation and cost of construction of 1500 sqft MRF

The specifications are only indicative as per requirement, the size of the MRF can increase/
decrease as considered fit by the LSGI & its engineering wing and estimate prepared
accordingly. An indicative rule of thumb would 1 Sq.feet per door number (that includes
domestic as well as commercial).
49

Figure 3.25 Plan and Elevation of MRF

The estimated cost of construction of the below given MRF is Rs 10,75,000/-.

3.2.2 Baling Machine

Figure 3.26 Pet Bottle Baling Machine

Balers are typically used to compact similar types of waste, such as office paper, Corrugated
fiberboard, plastic, foil and cans, for sale to recycling companies. These balers are made of steel
with a hydraulic ram to compress the material loaded.

3.2.3 Plastic Shredding Unit

Plastic shredder is a machine used for cutting the plastic in small pieces to make waste
management easier.
Shredding and size reduction is most commonly utilized in the materials recovery sector
of integrated solid waste management, i.e. recycling. Historically the major benefits of size
reduction are threefold. First, shredding the bulk waste stream breaks the raw MSW into its basic
components by tearing and breaking open paper, plastic, and glass containers such that material
recovery and separation will be more effective. Secondly, shredding the MSW reduces the average
particle size to a more workable size that can be better handled by any subsequent processing
equipment or personnel. Lastly, and most importantly for material recovery facilities (MRF’s),
shredding produces different size distributions for the different material components, allowing
for automated material separation such as air classifiers, screens and optical sorters.
51

Figure 3.27 Plastic shredding Machine

Figure 3.28 Various stages from plastic shredding to pellet making

For setting up a plastic shredding unit, a covered shed is required. The main machinery that is
required for a shredder unit is a shredding machine, the specification of which is as follows.
Approximate Technical specification for a plastic shredder is given below.
Capacity : 7.5 HP
Thickness of blade : 12mm
Qty. of rotating knives : 4 sets
Speed of knives axis : 1440 rpm
Qty. of stationery knives : 1 set
Size of mouth : 15-20 inches
Motor power : 7.5 hp (440/220v – 3 Phase)
Weight : 500-600 Kg
Height : 5’
Hopper Opening : 15”

Budgetary Requirements
Capital Cost

Sl. No Items Cost (Rs. in Lakh)

1. Shredding Machine (7.5 hp) 2.00

2. Blade sharpening machine with 2 hp motor 0.30

3. Tools and Weighing Machine 0.15

4. Electrification 0.50

5. Building (shed area- 45 m2 (for storage & machineries, water facili- 2.25
ty, toilet, resting room)

6 Miscellaneous 0.05

packing & forwarding and Taxes for machineries extra

Total 5.25

Note:- The above budget is with the assumption that the LSGI has sufficient land with compound
wall and gate.

3.3. OTHER WASTE

3.3.1.E-WASTE
“Electronic waste” may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment,
entertainment device electronics, phones, television sets, and refrigerators. This includes used
electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others are re-
usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to
be “commodities”, and reserve the term “waste” for residue or material which is dumped by the
53

buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads
of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several
public policy advocates apply the term “e-waste” broadly to all surplus electronics.
The processes of dismantling and disposing of electronic waste in the third world lead to a
number of environmental impacts. Liquid and atmospheric releases end up in bodies of water,
groundwater, soil, and air, and therefore in land and sea animals – both domesticated and wild, in
crops eaten by both animals and human, and in drinking water.
Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others
are reduced to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and
jewelry.

3.3.2. HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste is waste that possesses substantial or potential threats to public health or the
environment. Hazardous wastes are divided into two major categories:
i. Characteristic wastes
ii. Listed wastes
i. Characteristic wastes
Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more of
the following four hazardous traits:
• Ignitability
• Reactivity
• Corrosivity
• Toxicity
54

ii. Listed wastes

Listed hazardous wastes are materials specifically listed by regulatory authorities as a hazardous
waste which are from non-specific sources, specific sources, or discarded chemical products.
Many types of businesses generate hazardous waste. For example, dry cleaners, automobile
repair shops, hospitals, exterminators, and photo processing centers may all generate hazardous
waste. Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies such as chemical manufacturers,
electroplating companies, and oil refineries.
These wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids. A
hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means
like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical state of the waste,
treatment and solidification processes might be required.

Household Hazardous Waste

Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) (also referred to as domestic hazardous waste or home
generated special materials) is waste that is generated from residential households. HHW only
applies to wastes that are the result of the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for “home
use”. Wastes generated by a company or at an industrial setting are not HHW.
The following list includes categories often applied to HHW. It is important to note that many of
these categories overlap and that many household wastes can fall into multiple categories:
• Paints and solvents • Automotive wastes (used motor oil, antifreeze, etc.) • Pesticides
(insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.)
• Mercury-containing wastes (thermometers, switches, fluorescent lighting, etc.)
• Electronics (computers, televisions, cell phones)
• Aerosols / Propane cylinders
• Caustics / Cleaning agents
• Refrigerant-containing appliances
• Some specialty Batteries (e.g. lithium, nickel cadmium, or button cell batteries)
• Ammunition
• Radioactive waste (some home smoke detectors are classified as radioactive waste because
they contain very small amounts of a radioactive isotope of americium –

3.3.2.1 Disposal of Hazardous Waste

Historically, some hazardous wastes were disposed of in regular landfills. This resulted in
unfavorable amounts of hazardous materials seeping into the ground. These chemicals eventually
entered natural hydrologic systems. Many landfills now require countermeasures against
groundwater contamination, an example being installing a barrier along the foundation of the
landfill to contain the hazardous substances that may remain in the disposed waste. Currently,
hazardous wastes must often be stabilized and solidified in order to enter a landfill and many
hazardous wastes undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and dispose of them. Most
flammable materials can be recycled. One example they can be recycled into is industrial fuel.
Some materials with hazardous constituents can be recycled, lead acid batteries are one example.
55

A. Recycling
Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples might include lead-acid
batteries or electronic circuit boards. Where the heavy metals, these types of ashes go through
the proper treatment, they could bind to other pollutants and convert them into easier-to-dispose
solids, or they could be used as pavement filling. Such treatments reduce the level of threat of
harmful chemicals, like fly and bottom ash, while also recycling the safe product.

B. Incineration, destruction and waste-to-energy

A HW may be “destroyed” for example by incinerating it at a high temperature, flammable wastes
can sometimes be burned as energy sources. For example, many cement kilns burn HWs like
used oils or solvents. Today, incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous
waste, but also they generate energy from the gases released in the process. It is known that
this particular waste treatment releases toxic gases produced by the combustion of byproduct or
other materials, and this can affect the environment. However, current technology has developed
more efficient incinerator units that control these emissions to a point where this treatment
is considered a more beneficial option. There are different types of incinerators and they vary
depending on the characteristics of the waste. Starved air incineration is another method used to
treat hazardous wastes. Just like in common incineration, burning occurs, however controlling the
amount of oxygen allowed proves to be significant to reduce the amount of harmful byproducts
produced. Starved air incineration is an improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of
air pollution. Using this technology, it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste and
therefore reduce the air pollutants produced in the process.

C. Hazardous waste landfill (sequestering, isolation, etc.)

A HW may be sequestered in a HW landfill or permanent disposal facility. “In terms of hazardous
waste, a landfill is defined as a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is
placed or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, an
underground injection well, a salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an underground mine, a
cave, or a corrective action management unit (40 CFR 260.10).”

3.3.3. BIOMEDICAL WASTE

Biomedical waste is waste that is either putrescible or potentially infectious. Biomedical waste
may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears
to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as
well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are restricted from
environmental release. Biomedical waste is a type of biowaste. Biomedical waste may be solid or
liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharps, unwanted microbiological
cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts, other human or animal tissue, used bandages and
dressings, discarded gloves, other medical supplies that may have been in contact with blood
and body fluids, and laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste
sharps include potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets
and other devices capable of penetrating skin.
Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and activities, such as the
diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common generators (or producers) of biomedical
waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories, offices
of physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, home health care, and funeral homes. In healthcare
facilities (i.e., hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, veterinary hospitals and clinical laboratories), waste
with these characteristics may alternatively be called medical or clinical waste.
56

Risk to human health

Biomedical waste from those settings may pose an injury and exposure risks via occupational
contact with medical waste for doctors, nurses, and janitorial, laundry and refuse workers. Further,
there are opportunities for the general public to come into contact with medical waste, such as
needles used illicitly outside healthcare settings, or biomedical waste generated via home health
care.

Management
Biomedical waste must be properly managed and disposed of to protect the environment, general
public and workers, especially healthcare and sanitation workers who are at risk of exposure to
biomedical waste as an occupational hazard. Steps in the management of biomedical waste
include generation, accumulation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal.
- Biomedical waste should be collected in containers that are leak-proof and sufficiently strong
to prevent breakage during handling. Containers of biomedical waste are marked with
a biohazard symbol. The container, marking, and labels are often red.
- Handling refers to the act of manually moving biomedical waste between the point of
generation, accumulation areas, storage locations and on-site treatment facilities. Workers
who handle biomedical waste should observe standard precautions.
- The goals of biomedical waste treatment are to reduce or eliminate the waste’s hazards,
and usually to make the waste unrecognizable. Treatment should render the waste safe for
subsequent handling and disposal. There are several treatment methods that can accomplish
these goals.
- Biomedical waste is often incinerated. An efficient incinerator will destroy pathogens and
sharps. Source materials are not recognizable in the resulting ash.
- An autoclave may also be used to treat biomedical waste. An autoclave uses steam and
pressure to sterilize the waste or reduce its microbiological load to a level at which it may be
safely disposed of.
- For liquids in small quantities, a 1–10% solution of bleach can be used to disinfect biomedical
waste. Solutions of sodium hydroxide and other chemical disinfectants may also be used,
depending on the waste’s characteristics.
- Other treatment methods include heat, alkaline digesters and the use of microwaves.

3.3.4 Construction and Demolition waste

Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any construction/demolition activity
takes place, such as, building roads, bridges, flyover, subway, remodelling etc. It consists mostly of
inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics etc.
These wastes are heavy, having high density, often bulky and occupy considerable storage space
either on the road or communal waste bin/container. It is not uncommon to see huge piles of
such waste, which is heavy as well, stacked on roads especially in large projects, resulting in traffic
congestion and disruption. Waste from small generators like individual house construction or
demolition, find its way into the nearby municipal bin/vat/waste storage depots, making the
municipal waste heavy and degrading its quality for further treatment like composting or energy
recovery. Often it finds its way into surface drains, choking them.
While retrievable items such as bricks, wood, metal, titles are recycled, the concrete and masonry
waste, accounting for more than 50% of the waste from construction and demolition activities,
57

are not being currently recycled in India. Concrete and masonry waste can be recycled by sorting,
crushing and sieving into recycled aggregate. This recycled aggregate can be used to make
concrete for road construction and building material.

3.3.4.1 Components of construction and demolition waste

The major components of C & D wastes are Cement concrete, Bricks, Cement plaster, Steel, Rubble,
Stone, and Timber/wood.
The minor components of C & D wastes are Conduits (iron, plastic). Pipes (GI, iron, plastic), Electrical
fixtures, Panels (wooden, laminated) and others (glazed tiles, glass panes).

3.3.4.2 Storage of construction and demolition waste

These wastes are best stored at source, i.e., at the point of generation. If they are scattered around
or thrown on the road, they not only cause obstruction to traffic but also add to the workload of
the local body. All attempts should be made to stick to the following measures:
- All construction/demolition waste should be stored within the site itself. A proper screen
should be provided so that the waste does not get scattered and does not become an eyesore.
- Attempts should be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible
so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated. Material, which can be reused at the
same site for the purpose of construction, leveling, making road/pavement etc. should also be
kept in separate heaps from those, which are to be sold or send to landfill.
- The local body or a private company may arrange to provide appropriate number of skip
containers/trolleys on hire which may be parked at the site and removed with skip lifters or
tractors as the case may be.
- Whenever a new streamlined system is introduced in a municipality, the local body may
consider using its old vehicles, especially, tractors and trailers or old lorries or tippers for this
purpose.
- For large projects involving construction of bridges, flyovers, subways etc., special provision
should be made for storage of waste material.

3.3.4.3 Collection and transportation

If the construction debris is stored in skips, then skip lifters fitted with hydraulic hoist system
should be used for efficient and prompt removal. In case, trailers are used, then tractors may
remove these. For handling very large volumes, front-end loaders in combination with sturdy
tipper trucks may be used so that the time taken for loading and unloading is kept to the minimum.
In case of small towns where skips and tipping trailers are not available, manual loading and
unloading should be permitted.

3.3.4.4 Recycling and reuse

The use of these materials basically depends on their separation and condition of the separated
material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential of reuse.
It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. Construction
and demolition waste can be used in the following manner:
- Reuse (at site) of bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc. to the extent possible
and depending upon their condition.
- Sale/auction of material which cannot be used at the site due to design constraint or change
in design.
58

- Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by recycling industries.
- Rubble, brick bats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc. can be used for building activity, such
as, leveling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not constitute of heavy moving loads.
- Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-lying areas.
- Fine material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as cover material over sanitary landfill.
Metropolitan and mega cities usually generate huge quantities of wastes because of large-scale
building and other developmental activities. They may identify suitable sites where such waste
can be temporarily stored and some physical treatment can be carried out.

3.3.4.5 Disposal
Being predominantly inert in nature, construction and demolition waste does not create chemical
or biochemical pollution. Hence maximum effort should be made to reuse and recycle them. The
material can be used for filling/leveling of low-lying areas. In the industrialized countries, special
landfills are sometimes created for inert waste, which are normally located in abandoned mines
and quarries. The same can be attempted in our country also for cities, which are located near
open mining quarries or mines where normally sand is used as the filling material.
59

4
LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT

4.1 LIQUID WASTE

The liquid waste or waste water is essentially the water supply of the community after it has
been used in a variety of applications. From the standpoint of sources of generation, waste water
may be defined as a combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes removed from residences,
institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments, together with such groundwater,
surface water, and storm water as may be present.
The wastewater from various household activities can be classified into;
i. Grey water: Wastewater generated from bathing, kitchen and other household activities
except toilet.
ii. Backwater: Wastewater generated from toilets.

4.2 COMPONENTS OF WASTEWATER AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Components of wastewater have the potential to cause disease or detrimental environmental
effects.
Pathogens: Many disease-causing viruses, parasites, and bacteria are present in wastewater.
Some illnesses from wastewater-related sources are Hepatitis A, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery
Gastroenteritis etc.
Organic Matter: Organic materials in wastewater originate from plants, animals, or synthetic
organic compounds, and enter wastewater in human wastes, paper products, detergents,
cosmetics, foods, and from agricultural, commercial, and industrial sources.
Oils and greases: When large amounts of oils and greases are discharged to receiving waters from
community systems, they increase BOD and they may float to the surface, causing aesthetically
unpleasing conditions.
Inorganics: Inorganic minerals, metals, and compounds, such as sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc are common in wastewater from both
residential and nonresidential sources. Large amounts of many inorganic substances can
60

contaminate soil and water. Some are toxic to animals and humans and may accumulate in the
environment.
Nutrients: Waste water often contains large amounts of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus
in the form of nitrate and phosphate, which promote plant growth. In severe cases, excessive
nutrients in receiving waters cause algae and other plants to grow quickly depleting oxygen in
the water. Deprived of oxygen, fish and other aquatic life die, emitting foul odors.
Solids: Solid materials in wastewater can consist of organic and/or inorganic materials and
organisms.
• Settleable solids—Certain substances, such as sand, grit, and heavier organic and inorganic
materials settle out from the rest of the wastewater stream during the preliminary stages of
treatment.
• Suspended solids— Materials that resist settling may remain suspended in waste water.
Suspended solids in wastewater must be treated, or they will clog soil absorption systems or
reduce the effectiveness of disinfection systems.
• Dissolved solids—Small particles of certain wastewater materials can dissolve like salt in water.
Some dissolved materials like heavy metals are consumed by microorganisms in wastewater,
but others, such as, are difficult to remove by conventional treatment. Excessive amounts of
dissolved solids in wastewater can have adverse effects on the environment.

4.3 ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS

When sewage is collected, treated and/or disposed off at, or near the point of generation, without
the use of an underground sewerage system, the system is called “on-site sanitation” (OSS) system.
OSS systems are sanitation facilities provided for the use of individual households, community
and the floating population. There are a number of situations when an underground sewerage
system may not be feasible or desirable. For example, for smaller cities where construction of
sewerage infrastructure may be expensive, or those cities that are in hilly areas or in undulating
terrain where it may not be practical to construct a sewer network, or even in many cities that
have grown organically and where not all households are connected to the existing sewerage
network. OSS systems consists of two main structures, the toilet (superstructure, including the
pan and water closet) and the treatment unit. OSS retains waste in the vicinity of the toilet either
in a pit, tank. The treatment ranges from a basic sanitary facility such as twin-pit latrines, to a
simple type of treatment system by combining a septic tank and a soak pit.

4.3.1 Sanitation system using septic tank and soak pit

Most common treatment system in India is the sanitation system using septic tank and soak pit
for black water and grey water. It is depicted in the figure

Soakage pit

Household Combined Black &

Grey water (Sewa ge) Septic Tank

Figure 4.1 Sanitation system with Septic Tank

4.3.1.1 Septic Tanks

A septic tank is a combined sedimentation and digestion tank where the sewage is held for
one to two days. `During this period, the suspended solids settle down to the bottom. This is
accompanied by anaerobic digestion of settled solids (sludge) and liquid, resulting in reasonable
reduction in the volume of sludge, reduction in biodegradable organic matter and release of
gases like carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide. Because of the unsatisfactory quality
of the effluent and also the difficulty in providing a proper effluent disposal system, septic tanks
are recommended only for individual homes and small communities and institutions whose
contributory population does not exceed 300. For larger communities, septic tanks may be
adopted with appropriate effluent treatment and disposal facilities. However, in both cases the
sewage from the septic tank should be discharged into a lined channel constructed along with
storm water drain as an interim measure till a proper sewerage system is laid. The outfall from
such drains should be connected to a decentralized or centralized sewage collection system.

Design
For the septic tank to be an efficient suspended solids remover, it should be of sufficient capacity
with proper inlet and outlet arrangements. It should be designed in such a way that the sludge can
settle at the bottom and scum accumulates at the surface, while enough space is left in between,
for the sewage to flow through without dislocating either the scum or the sludge. Normally
sufficient capacity is provided to the extent that the accumulated sludge and scum occupy only
half or maximum two-thirds the tank capacity, at the end of the design storage period. For effective
sedimentation of the suspended solids, the minimum liquid retention time should be 24 hours.
Therefore, considering the volume required for sludge and scum accumulation, the septic tank
may be designed for 1 to 2 days of sewage retention. The septic tanks are normally rectangular
in shape and can either be a single tank or a double tank. In case of double tank, the effluent
solids concentration is considerably lower and the first compartment is usually twice the size of
the second. The liquid depth is 1-2 m and the length to breadth ratio is 2-3 to 1. Recommended
sizes of septic tanks for individual households (up to 20users) and for housing colonies (up to 300
users) are given below in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 respectively.

Table 4.1
Recommended size of septic tank up to 20 users

Liquid depth (m)

No. of users Length (m) Breadth (m) Cleaning interval of
2 years 3 years
5 1.5 0.75 1.0 1.05
10 2.0 0.90 1.0 1.40
15 2.0 0.90 1.3 2.00
20 2.3 1.10 1.3 1.80

Note 1. The capacities are recommended on the assumption that discharge from only WC will he treated
in the septic tank
2. A provision of 300 mm should be made for free broad.
3. The sizes of septic tank are based on certain assumption on peak discharges, as estimated in
IS:2470 (Part 1) - 1985 and while choosing the size of septic tank exact calculations shall be made.
62

Table 4.2
Recommended sizes of septic tank for residential colonies

Liquid depth (m)

No. of users Length (m) Breadth (m) Cleaning interval of
2 years 3 years
50 5.0 2.00 1.0 1.24
100 7.5 2.65 1.0 1.24
150 10.0 3.00 1.0 1.24
200 12.0 3.00 1.0 1.24
300 15.0 4.00 1.0 1.24

Note 1. A provision of 300 mm should be made for free board.

2. The sizes of septic tank are based on certain assumptions on peak discharges, as estimated in IS:
2470(Part 1)-1985 and while choosing the size of septic tank exact calculations shall be made.
3. For population over 100, the tank may be divided into independent parallel chambers for
maintenance and cleaning.

Construction Details
The inlet and outlet should not be located at such levels where the sludge or scum is formed as
otherwise, the force of water entering or leaving the tank will unduly disturb the sludge or scum.
Further, to avoid short circuiting, the inlet and outlet should be located as far away as possible
from each other and at different levels. Baffles are generally provided at both inlet and outlet and
should dip 25 to 30 cm into and project 15 cm above the liquid. The baffles should be placed at
a distance of one-fifth of the tank length from the mouth of the straight inlet pipe. The invert of
the outlet pipe should be placed at a level 5 to 7 cm below the invert level of inlet pipe. Baffled
inlet will distribute the flow more evenly along the width of the tank and similarly a baffled outlet
pipe will serve better than a tee-pipe. For larger capacities, a two-compartment tank constructed
with the partition wall at a distance of about two-thirds the length from the inlet gives a better
performance than a single compartment tank. The two compartments should be interconnected
about the sludge storage level by means of pipes or square openings of diameter or side length
respectively of not less than 75mm.
Every septic tank should be provided with ventilation pipes; the top being covered with a suitable
mosquito proof wire mesh. The height of the pipe should extend at least 2 m above the top of the
highest building within a radius of 20 m.
Septic tanks may either be constructed in brick work, stone masonry or concrete cast in situ or
pre-cast materials. Pre-cast household tank made of materials such as asbestos cement could also
be used, provided they are watertight and possess adequate strength in handling and installing
and bear the static earth and superimposed loads.
All septic tanks shall be provided with watertight covers of adequate strength. Access manholes
of adequate size shall also be provided for purposes of inspection and desludging of tanks. The
floor of the tank should be of cement concrete and sloped towards the sludge outlet. Both the
floor and side wall shall be plastered with cement mortar to render the surfaces smooth and to
make them water tight. Atypical two compartment septic tank is shown in Figure.
63

Figure 4.2 Typical sketch of two-compartment septic tank for 5 users

Applicability
The conventional septic tank system is particularly applicable for:
i. Primary treatment of wastewater from individual houses.
ii. It is suitable even for high water table areas where drainage facility for effluent discharge is
available.
iii. Septage/Sludge collection and treatment facility is available nearby.

Secondary Treatment and Disposal of Effluent

The septic tank effluent will be malodorous, containing sizable portion of dissolved organic
content and pathogenic organisms and hence need to be treated before its final, safe disposal.
Depending upon the situation-the size, treatment objective, resources available etc., the extent
and type of secondary treatment facility can vary from the most conventional land disposal
methods like soak pits or dispersion trenches to additional secondary biological treatment
systems.

4.3.1.2 Soak Pit

Soakage pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the
ground. They do not provide any direct treatment and are based on the principle that the effluent
gets treated as it passes through the surrounding soil before entering the ground water table or
other water body. It is only applicable for highly permeable sandy soil with deep groundwater
table. If the ground is not sandy and water logged during wet season the soakage pit may not
work. Soakage pits, although easy to construct, is usually an inadequate means of disposing the
wastewater because it releases the effluent over a small area which may get clogged or lose its
ability to treat the wastewater. Many cases of groundwater bacterial pollution are reported in
shallow aquifer near the soakage pits. The problems are aggravated due to as septic tanks are
not desludged regularly in the country. Since, it is one of the cheapest alternative for disposal of
septic tank effluent, it should be
• 20 m away from drinking water source and 20m away from another soakage pit
• Adequate contact area with the surrounding soil to absorb the effluent in to the soil. In case of
less permeable soils, larger pits will be needed.
• Adequate openings shall be left in the walls of the pit to have the contact with the surrounding
soil.
64

Design
Soak pits are cheap to construct. They need no media when lined or filled with rubble or brick
bats. Minimum horizontal dimension of soak pit should be 1 m, the depth below the invert level
or inlet pipe being at 1 m. The pit should be covered and the top raised above the adjacent ground
to prevent damage by flooding. A typical soak pit is depicted in the figure

Figure 4.3 Soak pit

Applicability
i. Where ground is permeable.
ii. Population density is less & plot sizes are large
iii. Water is supplied through pipelines.
iv. Deep water table (at least 5 m below the bottom of soakage pit).
v. Septic tanks are well maintained and desludged regularly

4.3.1.3 Dispersion Trenches

Dispersion trenches consist of relatively narrow and shallow trenches about 0.5 to 1 m deep
and 0.3 to 1 m wide excavated to a slight gradient of about 0.25%. Open joined earthenware or
concrete pipes of 80 to 100 mm size are laid in the trenches over a bed of 15 to 25 cm of washed
gravel or crushed stone. The top of pipes shall be covered by coarse gravel and crushed stone
to a minimum depth of 15 cm and the balance depth of trench filled with excavated earth and
finished with a mound above the ground level to prevent direct flooding of trench during rains.
The effluent from the septic tank is led into a small distribution box from which several such
trenches could radiate out.
65

4.3.2 Leach Pits

Leaching pits are used to treat and dispose of grey water sewage only: They are not to be used
for the disposal of toilet waste. This type of system can only be used to treat and dispose water
wastes, which come from plumbing fixtures such as sinks, showers, or laundry machines.
This method of wastewater disposal is only recommended if there is no pressurized water supply
and the daily volume of grey water waste is small. Normally a leaching pit can be used if the daily
grey water flow is less than 1,000 liters per day.
When considering the location of a leaching pit, caution must be taken to ensure that the
minimum setbacks are strictly adhered to. The minimum distances are: 15m from any lake, pond.
river, stream or any watercourse, 15m from any dug well, sand point well, spring or any source of
potable water. These distances are stated as minimum requirements and may have to increase if
the soil conditions are not ideal. Grey water sewage will contaminate the ground water if it is not
properly located and constructed. The leaching pit should be constructed in area that is elevated
and well drained. Low lying areas are subjected to excessive surface runoff which will over load
the leaching pit and saturate the soils. This will result in very poor treatment and increases the
possibility of ground water contamination.

4.3.3 Sanitation system using Twin pit latrine

Twin pit latrine
It consists of superstructure (Toilet) and treatment units (two chambers). The two underground
chambers (pits) are provided to hold fecal sludge. These are normally offset from the toilet and
should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small diversion chamber,
from which separate pipes lead to the two underground chambers. The pits should be lined with
open jointed brickwork. Each pit should be designed to hold at least 12 months accumulation of
fecal sludge. Wastewater is discharged to one chamber until it is full of fecal sludge. Discharge is
then switched to the second chamber. Just before the second chamber is full of fecal sludge, the
contents of the first pit are dug out. During the time of storage, digestion should ensure that it is
odorless and free of pathogens.

O&M Requirements
The pits must be used alternately and the diversion chamber must be accessible so that flow can
be diverted between chambers. Wastewater should never be diverted back to the first chamber
before digested sludge has been removed from it. Responsibility for O&M of the twin-pit latrine
rests primarily with the householder, who needs to ensure that the pits are used in the correct
sequence and are emptied at the appropriate time. However, ULB utility or private contractors are
required for emptying and to ensure safe disposal of septage at a treatment plant.

Additional Infrastructure / treatment requirements

If digested material cannot be used in local fields and gardens, provision will have to be made for
transportation to areas outside the city for reuse on agricultural land.

Limitations
• Households may not understand the system and as a result may not use the pits alternately, or
may omit to rest the filled pit at least for one year so that the contents degrade and become
harmless.
• Explanation of the operation and maintenance requirements is therefore essential at the time
of installation.
66

• Water may percolate through the soil surrounding the pit and pollute groundwater, which is a
potential problem if water is used for drinking.

Specifications
(a) Size options for Toilet/ Super Structure: 750 mm x 900 mm x 1900mm
(b) Material – Brick work / FRP/ Pre-cast Cylindrical Unit
(c) Minimum Land Requirement – 40 Sq. ft. - 60 Sq. ft. (depending upon the location of
superstructure and distance between two pits)
(d) Size of Pits is shown in Table 4.3 given below

Table 4.3
Size of Pits

5 users 10 users 15 users

Dia Depth (A) Dia Depth (A) Dia Depth (A)

Pit size 900 1000 1100 1300 1300 1400

Cost
Tentative cost varies from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- depending upon the construction material
(for 5 users).

Design
The design of two pit latrine is shown in the drawing (source: http://sbm.gov.in)
67

Figure 4.4 Section and Plan of Two Pit latrine

4.4 SEWER SYSTEMS

A sanitary sewer is an underground carriage system specifically for transporting sewage from
houses and commercial buildings through pipes to treatment or disposal. Sewage may be treated
to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters. The main function of a sanitary sewer
system is to convey waste water through a series of underground pipes and manholes to waste
water treatment plants where it is cleaned and returned to the environment.There are several
designs, depending on topography, amount and kind of wastewater, size of community, etc.
There exist several different sewer systems:
• Conventional Sewers
• Separate Sewers
• Simplified Sewers
• Solids-free Sewers
• Pressurised Sewers
• Vacuum Sewers
• Channels
Some of them require supporting elements such as:
• Sewer Pumping Stations
• Transfer Stations
Treatment can be roughly divided into centralized and decentralized systems

4.4.1 Centralized wastewater treatment

Centralized gravity sewers are large networks of underground pipes that convey black water, grey
water and, in many cases, storm water to a Centralized treatment facility, using gravity (and pumps
when necessary). The conventional sewer is an example of this technology.

4.4.2 Decentralized wastewater treatment

Decentralized wastewater management (DWWM) may be defined as the collection, treatment,
and disposal/reuse of wastewater from individual homes, clusters of homes, isolated communities,
industries, or institutional facilities, as well as from portions of existing communities at or near the
point of waste generation. In case of decentralized systems, both solid and liquid fractions of the
wastewater are utilized near their point of origin, except in some cases when a portion of liquid
and residual solids may be transported to a centralized point for further treatment and reuse. The
centralized and decentralized waste water treatment is depicted in the figure

Figure 4.5 Centralized and decentralized approach

Table 4.4
Advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized plants

Centralized wastewater treatment plant Decentralized wastewater treatment plant

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

It can be used to High cost in Quality of treatment Improper maintenance of

convey black water, investment and is more efficient due the treatment plant will have
grey water and operation to lower quantity of significant environmental
storm water. wastewater; consequences.

Suitable for urban Operation and Lesser investment Standardization of the

areas maintenance is is required for the systems is difficult due to the
difficult. sewer pipelines local geography and climatic
conditions.
Users are not Energy consumption Treatment units are Local people will have to
responsible for is more due to large close knit and are bear all by themselves the
the operation and machinery free from odor and O&M of the treatment plant
maintenance of the insects
facilities
Convenient for the Requires highly skilled Maintenance of the Getting a site for the STP may
users. personal sewerage system is be difficult.
easier.

4.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

The important types of wastewater treatment plants are as follows

4.5.1 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage,
both runoff (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and
biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to
produce an environmentally safe treated effluent and treated sludge suitable for disposal or reuse
(usually as farm fertilizer).The sewage treatment processes are depicted in the figure

Figure 4.6 Schematic representation of STP

Sewage treatment generally involves the following stages

a)Pre-treatment: It removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater
before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers, for example,
trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.,
The influent sewage water is strained to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream.
This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants
serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may
be used this is called as screening.
The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation
on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed off in a landfill or
incinerated. Pre-treatment may include Grit removal in which, a sand or grit channel or chamber
where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand, grit and
stones to settle.
b) Primary treatment: In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks,
commonly called “primary clarifiers” or “primary sedimentation tanks”. The tanks are large enough
that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be
skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary sedimentation stage is to produce both a generally
homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a sludge that can be separately
treated or processed.
Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually
drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped
to further sludge treatment stages. Grease and oil from the floating material can sometimes be
recovered for specifications.
a) Secondary treatment: Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade
the biological content of the sewage which is derived from human waste, food waste, soaps
and detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic
biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota requires both oxygen and a substrate on
which to live.
There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all these methods, the bacteria and protozoa
consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain
carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into floe. Secondary treatment
systems are classified as fixed-film or Suspended- growth.
Fixed-film or attached growth system treatment process including trickling filter and rotating
biological contactors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its
surface. In suspended-growth systems, such as activated sludge, the biomass is well mixed with
the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat the same
amount of water.
However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological
material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than
suspended growth systems. Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or variable
organic loads, typically industrial, to allow them to then be treated by conventional secondary
treatment processes.
Characteristics include typically tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic filter media to which
wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. They are designed to allow high hydraulic loading
and a high flow-through of air. On larger installations, air is forced through the media using
71

blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional treatment
processes.
d) Tertiary treatment: It is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary
treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive ecosystem.
The major Unit operations in the sewage treatment plant are
i. Screening: to retain solids found in wastewater
ii. Grit chamber: to remove grit
iii. Flow equalization: to overcome flow-rate variations
iv. Primary treatment - Mixing & Flocculation: to enhance floc formation – gravityseparation
leads to settling
v. Aeration systems: oxygen transfer is a vital part of waste water treatment.
vi. Chemical unit processes: coagulation, precipitation, oxidation, disinfection & stabilization
etc.
vii. Secondary treatment: transform or remove nutrients
– Aerobic: Activated Sludge Process, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), Trickling Filter,
Rotating Biological Contactor, aerobic digestion
– Anaerobic: Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), anaerobic digestion
viii. Disinfection: to remove pathogens
The sludge disposal from the STP is dealt in 4.7.5
The design of STP is detailed in CPHEEO manual.

4.5.2 Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP):

Effluent Treatment Plants or (ETPs) are used by leading companies in the pharmaceutical and
chemical industry to purify water and to remove any toxic and non toxic materials or chemicals
from it. These plants are used by all companies for environment protection.
An ETP is a plant where the treatment of industrial effluents and waste waters is done. The ETP
plants are used widely in industrial sector, for example, pharmaceutical industry, to remove the
effluents from the bulk drugs.
During the manufacturing process, varied effluents and contaminants are produced. The ETP
plants use evaporation and drying methods, and other auxiliary techniques such as centrifuging,
filtration, incineration for chemical processing and effluent treatment.
The treatment of effluents is essential to prevent pollution of the receiving water. The effluent
water treatment plants are installed to reduce the possibility of pollution; biodegradable organics
if left unsolved, the levels of contamination in the process of purification could damage bacterial
treatment beds and lead to pollution of controlled waters. The ETPs can be established in the
industrial sectors like Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals and Leather industry and tanneries.

4.5.3 Common and Combined Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP):

Many of the Small Scale Industries (SSI) are unable to put up the treatment systems individually,
the concept of CETP’s (Common Effluent Treatment Plants) is envisaged to benefit such industries
in treating its effluent before disposal whether it is in stream, land, sewerage system or in rivers
and seas. CETP’s are set up in the industrial estates where there are clusters of small scale industrial
units and where many polluting industries are located.
72

The Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India has launched the centrally sponsored scheme,
namely, Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in order to make a cooperative movement
of pollution control especially to treat the effluent, emanating from the clusters of compatible
Small-Scale Industries. The major objective of the CETP is therefore, to reduce the treatment cost
to be borne by an individual member unit to a maximum while protecting the water environment
to a maximum.
The proposal for setting up of CETP’s by such industries is to be submitted by the CETP Association
to the respective State Pollution Control Board, which after examining the proposal and obtaining
commitment from the concerned State Government regarding its contribution will give their
recommendation to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for consideration , the Ministry
examines the proposal and takes the decision through a Screening Committee constituted in this
regard for providing support from the Central Government.
The Ministry releases the funds for the approved projects which is the matching grant to the
amount released by the concerned State Government, subject to the bank guarantee to be
taken from the CETP associations for the amount released by the Central Government, The CETP
Company should meet the remaining cost by equity contribution by the industries and loans
from financial institutions. Funds released for the CETP’s should be utilized for the CETP only and
not for payment for any debts/bank loans, etc.

4.6 SEPTAGE
Septage is the sludge generated from septic tanks, advanced-on-site systems, package plants,
which is a fluid mixture of untreated and partially treated sewage solids, liquids and sludge of
human or domestic origin. It has an offensive odour, appearance and contains significant levels
of oil, grit, hair, debris and pathogenic microorganisms.

4.6.1 Source
Septic tanks are the primary source of septage generation. A septic tank for the treatment of
household wastewater is a horizontal continuous flow type sedimentation tank. The solids in the
wastewater settle to the bottom of the tank where they undergo anaerobic degradation along
with the organic matter in the wastewater. There will be a buildup of solids in the settling tank,
which if not removed frequently will affect the performance of the settling tank.

4.6.2 Characteristics

Table 4.5
Physical and chemical characteristics of Septage

Constituent (all units but for pH are in mg/l) Average Range

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 6,480 440 –78,600

Chemical Oxygen Demand 31,900 1,500– 703,000

Total solids 34,106 1,132-130,745

Total Volatile Solids 23,100 353- 71,402

Total Suspended Solids 12,862 310-93,378

Constituent (all units but for pH are in mg/l) Average Range

Volatile Suspended Solids 9,027 95 – 51,500

Total Kjeldahal Nitrogen 588 66 – 1,060

Ammonia-Nitrogen 97 3-116

Total Phosphorus 210 20-760

Alkalinity 970 522-4,190

Grease 5,600 208 – 23,368

pH - 1.5 – 12.6

4.6.3 Desludging of Septic Tanks and Advanced On-Site Systems

In most of the cases the septic tanks are desludged manually. This is considered as an unpleasant
and repulsive job since the sludge (including fresh excreta) generally gets spilled around the
tank during emptying, and poses a risk of transmission of diseases of faecal origin. The most
satisfactory method of sludge removal is by vacuum tankers. Though desludging frequencies
vary, it is generally recommended to desludge tanks once every three to five years, or when the
tank becomes one third full. Frequent desludging also helps reduce the pollution levels in the
liquid effluent, which normally enters waterways untreated.

4.6.4 Treatment of Septage

Co-treatment of septage along with domestic sewage at a sewage treatment plant (STP) of a
nearby city is a feasible and acceptable alternative for septage treatment. Though septage
is much concentrated in its strength than the domestic sewage, its constituents are similar to
municipal wastewater. Sewage treatment plant should have an adequate capacity in order to
accept the septage without hampering the normal functioning of other processes. The nearby city
municipality should check the incoming load to the STP.. When the distance or the capacity of the
plant becomes a limiting factor, it is not a feasible option to transport and treat the septage to the
sewage treatment facilities. In this case treatment plants specially meant for septage treatment
becomes an attractive option. Independent septage treatment plants are designed specifically for
septage treatment and usually have separate unit processes to handle both the liquid and solid
portions of septage. The benefit of using these treatment plants is that they provide a regional
solution to septage management. The septage management process is shown the figure

Figure 4.7 Stages of Septage Management

4.6.5 Sludge Management

Disposal of Sludge or biosolids:
The sludge generated as a result of septage treatment and sewage treatment require proper
disposal.
74

Septage generation

Septage collection

Septage transportation

Septage treatment

Septage disposal

Sludge can be:

(1) dewatered, stabilized and applied to approved land application sites;
(2) dewatered and composted at an approved facility;
(3) incinerated at an approved facility;
(4) disposed at an approved landfill if there are contaminants present in the material that would
preclude the ability to meet compost guidelines
(5) processed into a fertilizer at an approved facility
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5
ADVANCED WASTE
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

5.1 BIOMETHANATION
Biomethanation is the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an enclosed
space under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture, pH, etc. It is a human engineered
decomposing system wherein - depending on the waste characteristics – the waste mass
undergoes decomposition thereby generating biogas comprising mainly of methane and carbon
dioxide. Biomethanation could be considered as one of the most technically viable options for
the solid waste due to the presence of high organic and moisture content.
Generally the overall process can be divided into four stages:
a. Pre-treatment: Most digestion systems require pre-treatment of waste to obtain homogeneous
feedstock. The pre-processing involves separation of non-digestible materials either through
segregation at source or through mechanical sorting; the former leads to less contaminated
sludge compost. This segregation ensures the removal of undesirable or recyclable materials
such as glass, metals, stones etc. The waste is shredded before it is fed into the digestor.
b. Waste digestion: Inside the digester, the feed is diluted to achieve desired solids content
and remains in the digester for a designated retention time. For dilution, a varying range of
water sources can be used such as clean water, sewage sludge, or re-circulated liquid from the
digester effluent.
c. Gas recovery and usage: The biogas obtained is scrubbed to ensure pipeline quality gas.
Biogas may also be further used for generating electricity.
d. Residue treatment: In case of residue treatment, the effluent from the digester is dewatered
and the liquid recycled for use in the dilution of incoming feed. The bio solids are dewatered
to 50-55% Total Solids (TS) with a screw press, filter press or other types of dewatering systems
and aerobically cured to obtain a compost product.
76

Important operating parameters for biomethanation

a. Temperature: Temperature affects bacterial growth and hence amount of biogas produced.
Treatment of waste in anaerobic reactors is normally carried out within two ranges: around
25-40°C known as mesophilic range and higher than 45 °C known as thermophilic range.
At higher temperatures:
– the rate of digestion is faster, and thus shorter retention times are required
– smaller reactor volumes are required for treating the same amount of waste
– higher rate and efficiency of particulate matter hydrolysis
– more efficient destruction of pathogens
b. pH: The anaerobic digestion process is limited to a relatively narrow pH interval from
approximately 6.0 to 8.5 pH.
c. Moisture: The moisture content of waste should not be less than 15% as it can prevent
decomposition of waste.
d. Toxicity: A number of compounds are toxic to anaerobic microorganisms. Methanogens are
commonly considered to be the most sensitive to toxicity.
e. C/N Ratio: Optimum C/N ratio in anaerobic digesters is between 20–30. A high C/N ratio is
an indication of rapid consumption of nitrogen by methanogens and results in lower gas
production. On the other hand, a lower C/N ratio causes ammonia accumulation and pH values
exceeding 8.5, which is toxic to methanogenic bacteria. Optimum C/N ratios of the digester
materials can be achieved by mixing materials of high and low C/N ratios, such as organic solid
waste (high in Carbon) and sewage or animal manure (high in Nitrogen).
f. Organic Loading Rate: Organic loading rate is the frequency and speed at which the substrate
is added to the digester. For each plant of a particular size, there is an optimal rate at which the
substrate should be loaded. Beyond this optimal rate, further increases in the feeding rate will
not lead to a higher rate of gas production. Agitation or consistent stirring of the contents in
the digester also plays an important role in determining the amount of biogas produced.
g. Retention time: The required retention time for completion of the reactions varies with
differing technologies, process temperature, and waste composition. The retention time for
wastes treated in a mesophilic digester range from 10 to 40 days. Lower retention times are
required in digesters operated in the thermophilic range. A high solids reactor operating in the
thermophilic range has a retention time of 14 days.

Advantages
1. Energy generation
2. Reduction in land requirement for MSW disposal
3. Reduction of environmental impacts from landfilling by avoiding contamination of land and
water sources from leachate
4. Biomethanation of biodegradable organic material would ultimately result in stabilized sludge
which can be used as a soil conditioner.

Disadvantages
1. In case of digesters operated under mesophilic temperatures, destruction of pathogenic
organisms may be less than that in aerobic Composting.
2. It is more capital intensive compared to composting and landfill;
3. Not suitable for wastes containing less biodegradable matter.
77

Example:
A comparison of 0.5 m³ and 1 m³ portable biogas plant used by household of 4 – 8 persons,
producing 2.5 – 7.5kg kitchen waste per day is given below.

Characters Bigger size biogas plant Smaller size biogas plant

Size 1 m3 digester 0.5 m3 digester

Capacity Upto 7.5 kg kitchen waste upto 2.5 kg itchen waste

upto 1 kg biogas, capable of upto 0.5 kg biogas, capable of

Quantity of gas produced
replacing 250 gm of LPG replacing 100 gm of LPG

Uses under cooking either breakfast or one meal can be about 15-20 min of cooking (tea,
purposes cooked entirely on biogas snacks, etc.) can be done

Properties of different feed materials and Gas yield

The following table generalises the amount of biogas produced from different feed materials

fresh
daily manure yield manure liveweight C/N gas yield
animal solids
species/
feed
manure urine DM ODM range average
material
[kg/d] [%/w] [%/w] [%] [%] [kg] [-] [1/kg ODM]
Cattle
8 5 4-5 16 13 135-800 10-25 150-350 250
manure
buffalo
12 5 4-5 14 12 340-420 20
manure
pig
2 2 3 16 12 30-75 9-13 340-550 450
manure
sheep/got
1 3 1-2 30 20 30-100 30 100-310 200
droppings
chicken
0.08 45 - 25 17 1.5-2 5-8 310-620 460
manure
human
0.5 1 2 20 15 50-80 8
excreta
corn straw - - - 80 73 - 30-65 350-480 410
water
- - - 7 5 - 20-30 300-350 325
hyacinths
vegetable
- - - 12 10 - 35 300-400 350
residues
fresh grass - - - 24 21 - 12 280-550 410
(Source: ÖKOTOP in [10]. [11])
78

5.1.1 Bottling Of Biogas

Biogas comprises of 60-65% methane, 35-40% carbon dioxide, 0.5-1.0% hydrogen sulphide,
rests of water vapors etc. Biogas is non-toxic, color less and flammable gas. It has an ignition
temperature of 650 - 750˚C. Its density is 1.214kg/ m3 (assuming about 60% Methane and 40%
CO2). Its calorific value is 20 MJ/m3 (or 4700 kcal.). It is almost 20% lighter than air. Biogas, like
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannot be converted into liquid state under normal temperature
and pressure. It liquefies at a pressure of about 47.4 Kg/cm2 at a critical temperature of -82.10 c.
Removing carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, moisture and compressing it into cylinders makes it
easily usable for transport applications & also for stationary applications. Already CNG technology
has become easily available and therefore, bio-methane (purified biogas) which is nearly same as
CNG, can be used for all applications for which CNG are used. Purified biogas (bio-methane) has a
high calorific value in comparison to raw biogas.
The purified biogas is filled in CNG cylinder and supplied to mid-day meal scheme, mess, Hotel,
industries etc. for various purposes such as cooking & heating etc.. Calorific value of purified biogas
is equivalent / similar to CNG. As a matter of fact, the biogas bottling plants are one of the most
potent tools for mitigating climatic change by preventing black carbon emission from biomass
chulha since biogas is used as a cooking fuel and methane emissions from untreated cattle dung
and biomass wastes are also avoided. The purified biogas can be bottled in CNG cylinders and
wherever CNG is currently used, compressed biogas (CBG) can be used as an alternative.
The slurry which comes out of the biogas plant is directly or after drying used as bio/organic
manure for improving soil-fertility and reducing use of chemical fertilizers. It is also non-pollutant
because it is free from weed-seeds, foul smell and pathogens. The slurry is rich in main nutrients
such as Nitrogen, Potassium and Sodium (NPK) alongwith micronutrients - Iron & Zinc etc. As such
there is no pollution from biogas plant. The slurry/manure of biogas plant is being sold to the
farmers and used in liquid/solid form by them in agricultural crops.
In addition to the energy production, biogas plants also provide bio-manure and are helpful in
dealing with the problems of waste management, providing clean environment and mitigating
pollution in urban, industrial and rural areas. Biogas is also a prominent alternative to petroleum
fuel like LPG, CNG and diesel.

5.1.2 Electricity from Biogas

Various technologies to generate electricity from biogas on a household level are available. In
principle, the chemical energy of the combustible gases is converted to mechanical energy in a
controlled combustion system by a heat engine. This mechanical energy then activates a generator
to produce electrical power. In most cases, biogas is used as fuel for combustion engines, which
convert it to mechanical energy, powering an electric generator to produce electricity. The most
common heat engines used in for biogas energy conversion are gas turbines and combustion
engines. Combustion engines can be either internal combustion engine (e.g. reciprocating
engine) or external combustion engine (e.g. Stirling engine).
The average calorific value of biogas is about 21-23.5 MJ/m³, so that 1 m³ of biogas corresponds
to 0.5-0.6 l diesel fuel or about 6 kWh (FNR, 2009). Normally, after conversion loses, 1.5 kilo watt
electricity can be produced from 1 m³ of biogas.
79

Figure 5.1: Electricity generation from biogas plant

Advantages
1. Generation of renewable, green electricity
2. Low operating costs
3. Underground construction minimizes land use
4. Long life span
5. Reduces greenhouse gases
6. Increases family income by selling back electric energy to the electric power grid
7. On site use of heat

Disadvantages
1. Requires expert design, skilled construction and expert maintenance required
2. Biogas production below 15°C, is no longer economically feasible
3. High capital costs

5.2 SANITARY LANDFILLS

Sanitary landfills are facilities for final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste on land, designed and
constructed with the objective of minimizing impacts to the environment. This term encompasses
other terms such as ‘secured landfill’ and ‘engineered landfills’ which are also sometimes applied
to municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal units.
80

5.5.1 Wastes suitable for landfilling

(a) Landfilling will be done for the following types of waste:
i. Comingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing
ii. Pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing plants
iii. Non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled
(b) Sanitary landfilling is not allowed for the following waste streams in the municipal solid
waste:
i. bio-degradable waste/garden waste (it should preferably be composted)
ii. dry recyclables (it should preferably be recycled)
iii. hazardous wastes (needs hazardous waste sites with special equipment)
(c) Landfilling of hazardous waste stream in the municipal waste will be done at a hazardous
waste landfill site; such a site will be identified by the State Government and is likely to be
operated by industries of a district/state. If such a landfill is not available, municipal authorities
will dispose the hazardous waste in a special hazardous waste cell in the MSW landfill. Such
a cell will be designed as per Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) guidelines for
hazardous waste disposal.
(d) Landfilling of construction and demolition waste will be done in a separate landfill where the
waste can be stored and mined for future use in earthwork or road projects. If such a landfill
site is not available, the waste will be stored in a special cell at a MSW landfill from where it
can be mined for future use. Construction and demolition waste can be used as a daily cover
at MSW landfills; however only minimum thickness of cover should be provided. All excess
construction waste should be stored in the separate landfill cell.
(e) All existing and old landfills will be inspected and boreholes will be drilled for (i) recovery
of leachate samples from the base of the landfill, (ii) recovery of subsoil samples beneath
the base of the landfill for evaluation of permeability and soil properties and (iii) recovery of
waste samples for waste characterisation. The quality of leachate samples will be compared
with (a) the ground water quality in existing bore wells 2 km away from the landfill and (b)
the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) norms for limits of contaminants in leachate. If the
leachate quality and the permeability of the subsoil strata is observed to be satisfactory, the
existing landfill can continue to operate with bi-annual monitoring of leachate quality in the
drilled boreholes.
(f ) If the leachate quality is observed to be of poor quality with respect to the local ground water
quality or with respect to the CPCB norms, steps will be taken to close the existing landfill
site and remedial measures adopted. All future landfilling will be undertaken in properly
designed and constructed new landfills.
(g) The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.

5.5.2 Environmental impact and its minimization

The impact of dumping municipal solid waste on land without any containment cause the
following problems:
(a) Groundwater contamination through leachate
(b) Surface water contamination through runoff
(c) Air contamination due to gases, litter, dust, bad odour
(d) Other problems due to rodents, pests, fire, bird menace, slope failure, erosion etc.
81

Landfills minimise the harmful impact of solid waste on the environment by the following
mechanisms
(a) isolation of waste through containment;
(b) elimination of polluting pathways;
(c) controlled collection and treatment of products of physical, chemical and biological changes
within a waste dump – both liquids and gases; and
(d) environmental monitoring till the waste becomes stable.

The urban local body shall adhere to the following compliance criteria in the
matter of solid waste disposal -
(1) land filling or dumping of mixed waste shall be stopped soon after the timeline as specified
in Rule 10 for setting up and operationalisation of sanitary landfill is over;
(2) landfill shall only be permitted for non-usable, non-recyclable, nonbiodegradable, non-
combustible and non-reactive inert waste and other wastes such as residues of waste processing
facilities as well as preprocessing rejects from waste processing facilities and the landfill sites
shall meet the specifications as given in Schedule–I of Solid Waste Management
Rules, 2016, however every effort shall be made to recycle or reuse the rejects to achieve the
desired objective of zero waste going to landfill;
(3) landfill site shall provide an appropriate facility for sorting, storing and transportation of
recyclable material to the processing facility and ensure that such wastes do not get land
filled;
(4) all old open dumpsites and existing operational dumpsites shall be carefully investigated and
analyzed about their potential of bio-mining and bio-remediation and actions shall be taken
accordingly in cases where such course of action is found feasible; and
(5) in absence of potential of bio-mining and bio-remediation of dumpsite, it shall be scientifically
capped as per landfill capping norms to prevent further damage to the environment.

5.5.3 Essential components of sanitary landfill

The seven essential components of a MSW landfill are:
(a) A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate or gas
to the surrounding soil.
(b) A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within and
from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.
(c) A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and extracts
gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery.
(d) A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents
infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation.
(e) A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the
landfill site.
(f ) An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface
water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site.
(g) A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure
a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long-term
monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed landfill.
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The components of sanitary landfill is represented in the figure

Figure 5.6 Components of sanitary landfill

5.5.4 Landfill capping

Landfill capping is a containment technology that forms a barrier between the contaminated
media and the surface, thereby shielding humans and the environment from the harmful effects
of its contents and perhaps limiting the migration of the contents.

5.5.5 Objectives of capping

The main objectives in designing a capping system are to:
• minimize infiltration of water into the waste;
• promote surface drainage and maximize run off;
• control gas migration; and
• provide a physical separation between waste and plant and animal life.
The components of a landfill capping system may include:
• topsoil;
• subsoil;
• drainage layer;
• barrier (infiltration) layer;
• gas drainage layer; and
• system for leachate recirculation
5.5.6 Limitations
1. Landfill caps are most effective where most of the underlying waste is above the water table.
2. Landfill caps have a limited life span. They are estimated to last from 50 to 100 years. In areas
with high rates of subsidence and regions prone to earthquakes, the cap and its foundation
should be designed appropriately.
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6
CREMATORIUM

6.1 GAS CREMATORIUM

Gas Crematorium should be designed to have a cremation of one body at a time and the time
taken for the completion of one cremation is approximately one to one and half-hour time.

6.1.1 Cremation Process

After the rituals the body is kept in a moveable trolley and finally places the body in the cremation
platform in cremation furnace. Combustion blowers and air blowers are switched on and then
the primary and secondary burners in the cremation chambers switched on to get the furnace
temperature at about 900˚C. By the moveable trolley the body will be placed upon the cremation
platform in the cremation chamber. The cremation door would then keep closed.
The body would incinerate in the primary and in the secondary chamber between the temperature
800 and 1100˚C and the cremation get completed in about 60 to 90 minutes maximum depend
upon the body size and other biological reasons.
The hazardous gas and other substances are piped out from cremation chamber and cleaned
by ventury scrubber with water treatment and finally the hot air is being discharged in to 30m
height chimney. ETP system takes care of treated water. The system has the ash removal system
to collect the ash and remains for further custom. The system also have necessary controls, auto
on-off, cutoff switches and other necessary controls for a safety operation.

6.1.2 Principle of Operation

Cremation is the process of reducing dead bodies to basic chemical compounds in the form
of gases and bone fragments. This is accomplished through burning at high temperatures,
vaporization and oxidation.
Chemical Composition of the Body and the composition can also be expressed in terms of
chemicals, such as:
• Water
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• Proteins - including those of hair, connective tissue, etc.

• Fats (or lipids)
• Apatite in bones
• Carbohydrates such as glycogen and glucose
• DNA
• Dissolved inorganic ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, Phosphate.
• Gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
methanethiol. These may be dissolved or present in the gases in the lungs or intestines. Ethane
and pentane are produced by oxygen free radicals.
• Many other small molecules, such as amino fatty acids, nucleobasesacids, nucleosides,
nucleotides, vitamins, cofactors, hydrogen peroxide, and waste products like indole and
skatole (in the intestinal contents).
• Free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl.
Besides these our bodies contain trace quantities of most other elements, including some that are
harmful, such as mercury, cadmium, and lead.

6.1.3 Furnace Components

Furnace System comprises of
1. Primary Combustion Chamber
2. Body Loading Trolley
3. Hot Duct
4. Secondary Combustion Chamber
5. Cloud Chamber
6. Ventury Wet Scrubber
7. Mist Eliminator
8. Dilution System
9. Stack
10. Control Panel
11. Ash Chamber

6.1.4 Functions of the cremation system

1. Primary Combustion Chamber

Primary Combustion Chamber is for the incineration of Human dead Body. The Incineration
is achieved by maintaining the temperature of the Chamber and also supplying air for
combustion. The moment the body is introduced, it catches fire and incineration process starts

2. Body Loading Trolley

For loading and transferring the body to furnace, a trolley that moves on rails is provided.
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3. Hot Duct
The Duct connecting the Primary Combustion Chamber to Secondary Combustion chamber
will always be hot during operation, enabling the hot air to enter inside the Secondary
Combustion chamber during the cremations process

4. Secondary Combustion Chamber

Secondary combustion chamber to incinerate the emissions of gas again during cremation
process. Secondary burning helps in converting Hydrocarbons to compound forms, removal
of foul odor, conversion of certain gaseous elements to soluble emission gases.

5. Cloud Chamber
The chamber enables the removal of sub-micron particulates from emissions so that the fine
particulates are not thrown to atmosphere along with the treated emission gases.

6. Ventury Wet Scrubber

Ventury wet Scrubber system is for the removal of soluble emissions, particulate matter and
also for the removal of emissions of acid in nature.

7. Mist Separator
Mist separator takes care of the removal of carried over mist from emissions prior to entrance
of the emissions to the Chimney

8. Dilution System
Dilution System provides will dilute the emissions so that the concentration of emissions is
brought down prior to letting out to atmosphere.

9. Stack
Stack having a height of 30 Meters from the ground level is for the safe disposal of treated
emissions to atmosphere

10. Ash Chamber

The burnt out ashes from the primary burning chamber will fall to the chamber provided
beneath the primary chamber from where the ash is collected by opening the ash door by
means of the scrapper provided.

6.1.5 Technical Specification

Chamber width : 6ft (180cm)
Chamber Length : 9ft (270cm)
Chamber Height : 5ft (150cm)
Maximum Temperature : 1100˚C
Fuel : L.P. Gas
Door : Front Opening
Burner System : Full length Burners on either side (3ft x 4nos.)
Fresh air missing
Gas Pipe Line : Unit made out of Copper/Ms with pressure gauge.
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Insulation Kit : Withstanding 1100˚C with Special Cement.

Coating for durability
Operation : Manual operation
Chimney/Flue Gas : 30 Meter height
Lighting Arrestor : Yes.
Filtering System : Water Impingent
Emission Standard : As per KSPCB Norms
Power : 5.2 KW, 3 phase power connection
Cylinder : 8 Nos Minimum
Exhaust Pipe : Sufficient length with heat resistant insulated pipe.
Control Panel : Manual with sufficient features including temperature with
monitoring device
Bed : Stainless Steel with additional M.S, Hospital trolley.
Structure : Heavy duty steel fabrication with required thickness of steel
materials with additional re-enforcement and supports, front
door with eye piece, Body covered with CRCA sheet and inside
filled with ISI insulation bricks with Trolley to lay the body inside
the chamber.
The following are the basic requirements;
• Furnace structure fabricated using heat resistant structural steel plates.
• Front door provided with view port.
• Chamber totally covered.
• Fire resistant coating over firebricks.
• Emission within PCB’s norms.
• Chimney : 30 meters.
• Burner : Full length Burners on either side.
• Process Duration : 50 ± 5 minutes
• LPG consumption : 12 ± 2 kg.
The unit is to be placed in North south basis where door to be on North.
Additional offer : Training of 2 personnel.
Warranty :
1 year from the date of installation
Combustion chamber : 800±50˚ C
Post combustion chamber : 1050±50˚ C
Temperature control and Indication AC : Solid state Digital type temperature indicating
controller 0 - 12000˚C in each chamber.
Safety to control activity : olid state non indicating controller 0 - 1200˚C in each
chamber.
Temperature sensor : Cr / Al Thermocouple – 1No. in each chamber.
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Combustion air supply :1 No Blower for the supply of Oxygen for incineration of
the body in combustion chamber and supply of excess
air to post combustion chamber for re-incineration of
emissions.
Casing : Mild steel construction – outer with glazed tiles.
Thermal Insulation : Ceramic board backed with energy efficient ceramic
fibers of various grades on sides and top and refractory
high alumina tiles backed up with ceramic fibers at
the bottom of the Furnace Chamber.
Primary Door : Vertical sliding type, counter weight balanced,
motorized movement.
Trolley : Modern stretcher type trolley with rollers moving on
ball bearings for the easy sliding in of the body for
cremation inside the chamber. The stretcher is having
wheels and can be kept anywhere after loading.
Ash removal : Rear side of the combustion chamber scraping by
manual operation.
Ash door : hinged type, manually operated.
Control panel : A floor mounting control cubical fabricated out of
mild steel sheets and angle frame, housing indicating
lamps, ON – OFF switches, contractors, HRC fuses,
temperature indicating controllers, safety controllers,
Ammeter with selector switch, volt meter with
selector switch, push button etc. will be provided. The
control panel will be neatly wired and ferruled as per
standard norms. The electrical components used for
panel will be of reputable make.
Secondary combustion chamber : for re-incineration of emissions – conversion of
emissions to compound soluble forms.
Excess air purging system : for achieving cent percent combustion efficiency.
Wet scrubber Ventury type : to remove carried over particulates and soluble
emissions such as HCl, NOX etc. as over mist from the
Scrubber.
Dilution systems : to bring down further the concentration of detrimental
emissions prior to letting out to atmosphere.
Negative pressure creation system : for efficient drawing of emissions from the combustion
chamber formed during incineration of body.

6.1.6 Safety Measures

1. Safety Controller - To take care of control activity in case of failure of main controllers.
2. Thermocouple failure safety device - Incorporated in the controllers to cut off the power supply
to the burners in case of failure of Thermocouple.
3. Earthing – Proper earthing will have to be provided for electrical circuits as per the norms of
Electricity Board.
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6.1.7 Painting
The system steel items will be painted with attractive enamel paint. The control panel will be
painted with attractive enamel, painted after making surface operation. The chimney will be
painted as per the colour code requirement as per ICAO regulations, with enamel.

6.1.8 Other Requirements

1. Required numbers of LPG cylinders
2. Obtaining explosive certificate if required.
3. Storage facility for materials.
4. Pollution Control Board approval.
5. Light, fan, exhaust for the building.
6. Land
Minimum of 50 cents of land is the basic requirement for Gas Crematorium. The Plant should be
established at the center portion of the land. A garden or lawn may be developed in the front
portion. A minimum of 50m distance may be maintained with nearest house in order to minimize
nuisance to nearby inhabitants.

6.1.9 Operation and Maintenance

The selected agency should be given six months free Operation and Maintenance of the facility
including training to local body engaged personnel within the period. The agency should also
provide AMC for a period of 3 years after the six months trial run period. Supply of electricity
and Gas for Crematorium should be provided by the Local Body. Man power for operation of the
facility after trial run period should be provided by the Local Body.
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7
CASE STUDIES

7.1 ADAT MODEL ( THRISSUR DISTRICT )

Adat grama panchyat in Thrissur district has developed a multi-dimensional project for the
disposal of solid waste, which also generates income for a self-help group (SHG) of 15 members.
The project for the collection, segregation, and manufacturing of bio-fertilizer is run by a group
of women members of Kudumbasree unit. In the available government land of 90 cents in the
Parikkad location, the unit has separate sheds for dumping and processing of waste, separate
sheds for manufacturing and storage of compost, a crusher unit for the processing of plastic, and
retiring rooms for workers. 7 cows are being reared for the cow dung. The cow dung is used for
the manufacturing of compost. The plant has a capacity of processing one ton of waste per day.
The process starts early at 4 a.m. in a tipper lorry owned by the panchayat. Solid waste is collected
by tipper lorry from the waste bins placed at 11 locations of the grama panchayat and also collected
from vegetable shops and hotels. The biodegradable waste is deposited in specially designed
boxes and then mixed with the cow dung and water. Within 45 days the waste is completely
converted into organic manure. Compost produced is sold at a rate of Rs. 2500 per tipper. Some
portion of the biodegradable waste is used for the production of biogas in the biogas plant. The
biogas produced is being used for boiling water and making tea in the plant premise.
The segregated plastic and bottles are turned to granules in a crushing machine. The product
has good demand for use in the construction of black top roads. Sanitary napkins, diapers are
incinerated in the incinerator.
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Plastic shredding unit Shredded plastic

Collection charge of Rs.300 for vegetable shops, Rs.2500 for hotel form the basic sources of income.
An amount of Rs.82440 from the Plan fund is allotted to the unit for the proper management of
the plant. Each SHG members will get an average income of Rs.1000 a month. The whole area of
the panchayat is now free from waste and 15 women from below poverty line (BPL) families are
getting a decent income for work every day.

7.2 ILCS SUCCESS STORY KOYILANDY MUNCIPALITY ( KOZHIKODE DISTRICT)

Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a taluk and a Municipality town in the Kozhikode district in
the North Malabar region, state of Kerala. This town is between Kozhikode and Vatakara (Badagara)
and is on NH 66 (previously NH 17). It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the
Erythraean Sea. Municipality has 44 wards in total.

Waste management
Geographically, Koyilandy has more coastal area with very high-water table. Hence waste
management is very difficult. The municipality brought forward waste management initiatives
through a campaign called ` Change Koyilandy’. As a part of this campaign, the concept of ` Toilet
Linked Biogas Plant’ was implemented with the help of Suchitwa Mission and service provider
MYTHRI. 40 of the 44 wards decided to be a part of this campaign and 1555 units were identified.
In this 936 were biotoilet (ILCS – Integrated Low-Cost Sanitation) and 619 were toilet linked
biogas plants. Once the beneficiaries saw the merits of the system, more applications for the
same started coming to Muncipality..
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7.3 NIRMALA NAGARAM NIRMALA BHAVANAM ( ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT )

Introduction:
Alappuzha is situated in the coastal part of mid Kerala and topographically divided into three
regions: the eastern midland, the vast low lying Kuttanad and the coastal area extending upto
82km.The district has an area of 1414km2 (smallest in the state) and a population of 2127789.It is
second most densely populated District in the State with 1504 peoples per square kilometer.54%
of people live in Urban and 46% live in Rural areas. Administratively it is divided into 72 Grama
Panchayats, 12 Blocks Panchayats and 6 Municipalities.
With less land availability managing Solid waste was a major challenge for Alappuzha Municipality.
Prior to 2013 waste management was being done at a centralized plant situated in 12 acres of
land located at Sarvodayapuram. However due to local resistance the plant had to be shutdown
in 2010.It was in this backdrop a project named “Nirmala Nagaram Nirmala Bhavanam” supported
by Suchitwa Mission was launched for proper and scientific disposal of waste in Alappuzha.

WATSAN Park:
Here the methodology is decentralized waste management and technology adopted is the
Aerobic decomposition. In Alappuzha municipality 166 aerobic plants named “Thumboor
Muzhi” have been developed in 12 WATSAN Parks (Water & Sanitation Parks).These plants were
commissioned in 2013 and have capacity to receive and manage 8000kg solid waste per day and
manufactured above 2500kg of compost per day.
Watsan Park was envisaged as a permanent Exhibition cum learning centre for environment
friendly waste management and water conservation techniques.
Apart from the above in household, were waste management was possible at household level
Bio gas plants and pipe compost was taken up. About 786 families have set up bio gas plants and
525 household have set up pipe compost units. This has reduced the quantum of waste being
brought to the WATSAN Park.
Working models of all the techniques used under Nirmala Nagaram Nirmala Bhavanam project
such as pipe compost, vermi compost, pot compost, windrow compost, Biogas plants (both
portable and fixed),aerobic units (using cowdung, enoculam and coir pith),roof water harvesting,
water purification methods etc exhibited at the WATSAN Park.
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Aerobic Cluster
 The six inch layer of fresh cow dung as the first layer with six inch layer of dried leaves provided
the carbon source for the bacteria to flourish. Above that another six inch layer waste is
converted into compost
 The core temperature built up in this layering is 65-70°c, which prevents the breeding of flies
and parasites. Moreover due to aerobic functioning no putrid smell was there. We can manage
about 2000 kg waste in a bin. We could get compost with Carbon-Nitrogen ratio 20 to 30:1
after 90 days

7.4 THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT FACILITY IN

ATTINGAL MUNICIPALITY (THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT)
From time immemorial, Attingal has been centre of administration and various historic events.
Attingal is one among four Municipalities in the Thiruvanathapuram District. The local body is
running a solid waste treatment and management facility. The successful operation of the plant is
due to joint and active participation of people, local body and service provider.
The Solid Waste Management and Treatment Facility in Attingal Municipality is located in
Chudukadu. The facility is an scientifically integrated unit consisting of Windrow composting,
Vermi composting, Biogas Plant, Plastic shredding unit, e-waste collection centre and a sanitary
land fill. The unit started working in 2003 under Kudubashree as a colletion centre of solid waste.
Later in 2005 with the approval of Clean Kerala Mission and funds from UIDSSMT, Suchitwa Mission
and own fund, a windrow composting unit aiming at the management of 5.5 tons of solid waste
per day as first stage was constructed. By 2010, it was expanded to take 15 tons of solid waste per
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day. Also, there is a Vermi composting plant with capacity of taking 1 tons of waste per day and a
plastic shredding unit for segregated plastic waste and the rest of the waste is send to a sanitary
landfill, constructed as per MSW 2000 rules. Neither the composting facility nor the landfill accept
any hazardous, liquid, medical, chemical, flammable, explosive or radioactive wastes. Kasaragod
Social Service Society, a veteran in this field, is the service provider for this plant.
The solid waste composting process includes the following phases:
• Waste Receiving;
o Municipality has provided green and white plastic bins to collect segregated waste.
o Waste bins are being provided in schools for collecting waste and creating awareness
among younger generation.
o Workers segregate and collect the waste daily from the municipality cleaners after they
finish cleaning the roads, market area and other common areas.

o Municipality Cleanwell Unit ( Kudumbhasree) collects source segregated degradable and

non degradable waste from households and various shopping centres. Around 14 to 16
tons of waste reach the plant every day.
o The facility has 5 Vehicles for waste collection purpose and a jeep model vehicle for
supervision and other purposes.
o The workforce is composed of 37 permanent staff of cleaning section of municipality, 10
temporary staff and 24 staffs of Kudumbashree Unit.
• Management of Non Degradable waste;
o The recyclables are sorted and plastics are shredded using plastic shredding machine and
packed in sacks and sold to needy or collected by the Clean Kerala Company.
o A resource recovery centre for collection and storage of e-waste has been started in the
facility. Municipality has taken necessary actions to collect and transfer e-waste from
educational institutions, Government and Non- Government organizations and other
institutions and offices in IT sectors.
o The remaining reject is transferred to the landfill.
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• Management of Degradable waste;

o Windrow Composting
The segregated waste reaching the unit is further scrutinized and converted to windrows.
Two sheds of 1300 sq metres is used for this purpose. Composting is done under the
strict guidelines of MSW 2000 and Pollution control Board Rules. The waste is turned over
at scheduled time intervals with help of machinery and compost produced from this is
further crushed and sieved with the help of modern sieving mechanisms. The compost
thus produced is of size 3mm and they are packed and stored for sale.

o Vermi Composting
Vegetable waste, Food waste and market waste is used in vermi composting. Tanks of size
10ft x 2ft x 1.5ft is used for this purpose. Eudrilus Eugeniae earthworm species (African
Night Crawler) is used for vermi composting. Compost is sieved and packed for sale.
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o Biogas Plant
The leechate produced from the windrow plant is collected through underground pipe
system and connected to biogas plant. The gas generated is used for various purposes in
the plant. In doing so, a major issue of public protest due to leechate percolation to water
bodies which has lead to failure of various other plants is productively solved.

7.5 A NATIONALLY ACCEPTED MODEL IN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT –

KATHIRUR GRAMA PANCHAYATH ( KANNUR DISTRICT )
Kathirur Grama panchayath in Kannur district has a success story in Plastic Waste Management.
Kathirur model of Plastic Waste Management is selected as the one of the best practice in the
country itself.

About Kathirur
28000 peoples are living in 18 wards of kathirur. There are 5,100 households, 4 market, 15 schools,
35 Anganwadis etc in kathirur. Plastic Waste from the above mentioned places of Kathirur Grama
Panchayath is managed in the following way.

Process followed for Plastic waste collection:

 Mapping done for plastic collection
 Demarcated into zones
 Total Households are divided into groups of 70 each
 Zone 1:Households
 Zone 2:Market
 Zone 3:Schools
 Zone 4:Public Institutions
 Zone 5:Public Places and roads
 KUDUMBASHREE Entrepreneur Groups (Green volunteers)are deployed for collection

Bins Provided:
 Separate Bins are put up for each group
 Bins are put up at Houses, markets, schools, institutions and shops
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 The Bins are kept locked

 Once in a week the Bin shall be kept open.
 People dispose clean Plastic waste in to the Bins

Waste collection and transportation:

 Collection of the Waste from Bins are done by the Green Volunteers.
 5 member groups are engaged for collection
 Vehicle provided for transportation

Resource Recovery Centre:

 Collected waste are temporarily stored in RRC
 Then secondary segregation is done at the RRC
 Bundled/Shredded to reduce volume
 Volunteers are engaged at RRC

Resource:
 Panchayat Development fund
 SBM funds
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 Public contribution
 User fee

Monitoring:
 Monitoring at each group is done by SHGs
 Ward Level Committees
 GP Level Committee

Those who violate shall be fined by the committee

Outcome:
 Informed community.
 Scientific dry waste management practices by villagers.
 No littering, No burning.
 Usage of alternate articles like cloth bags.
 Reduction of plastic waste.
 Eco friendly environment.
Rules Related To Waste Management

ANNEXURE-I
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 8th April, 2016

S.O. 1357(E).—Whereas the draft of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 were published
under the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change number G.S.R. 451 (E), dated the 3rd June, 2015 in the Gazette of India, part II,
Section3, sub- section (i) of the same date inviting objections or suggestions from the persons
likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the publication of
the said notification on the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 in supersession of the Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000;
And whereas, copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 3rd June, 2015;
And whereas, the objections or comments received within the stipulated period were duly
considered by the Central Government;
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) and in supersession of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules, 2000, except as respect things done or omitted to be done before such
supersession, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules for management of Solid
Waste, namely:-
1. Short title and commencement.-
(1) These rules may be called the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. Application.- These rules shall apply to every urban local body, outgrowths in urban
agglomerations, census towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
of India, notified areas, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways,
airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence establishments, special economic zones, State
and Central government organisations, places of pilgrims, religious and historical importance
as may be notified by respective State government from time to time and to every domestic,
institutional, commercial and any other non residential solid waste generator situated in the
areas except industrial waste, hazardous waste, hazardous chemicals, bio medical wastes,
e-waste, lead acid batteries and radio-active waste, that are covered under separate rules
framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
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3. Definitions – (1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,-

1. “aerobic composting” means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of
organic matter in the presence of oxygen;
2. “anaerobic digestion” means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of
organic matter in absence of oxygen;
3. "authorisation" means the permission given by the State Pollution Control Board or
Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, to the operator of a facility or urban local
suthority, or any other agency responsible for processing and disposal of solid waste;
4. “biodegradable waste " means any organic material that can be degraded by micro-
organisms into simpler stable compounds;
5. "bio-methanation" means a process which entails enzymatic decomposition of the organic
matter by microbial action to produce methane rich biogas;
6. “brand owner” means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered
brand label.
7. “buffer zone” means zone of no development to be maintained around solid waste
processing and disposal facility, exceeding 5 TPD of installed capacity. This will be
maintained within total and area allotted for the solid waste processing and disposal
facility.
8. “bulk waste generator” means and includes buildings occupied by the Central government
departments or undertakings, State government departments or undertakings, local
bodies, public sector undertakings or private companies, hospitals, nursing homes,
schools, colleges, universities, other educational institutions, hostels, hotels, commercial
establishments, markets, places of worship, stadia and sports complexes having an average
waste generation rate exceeding 100kg per day;
9. "bye-laws" means regulatory framework notified by local body, census town and notified
area townships for facilitating the implementation of these rules effectively in their
jurisdiction.
10. “census town” means an urban area as defined by the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India;
11. “combustible waste” means non-biodegradable, non-recyclable, non-reusable, non
hazardous solid waste having minimum calorific value exceeding 1500 kcal/kg and
excluding chlorinated materials like plastic, wood pulp, etc;
12. "composting" means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of organic
matter;
13. “contractor” means a person or firm that undertakes a contract to provide materials or
labour to perform a service or do a job for service providing authority;
14. “co-processing” means use of non-biodegradable and non recyclable solid waste having
calorific value exceeding 1500k/cal as raw material or as a source of energy or both to
replace or supplement the natural mineral resources and fossil fuels in industrial processes;
15. “decentralised processing” means establishment of dispersed facilities for maximizing the
processing of biodegradable waste and recovery of recyclables closest to the source of
generation so as to minimize transportation of waste for processing or disposal;
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16. "disposal" means the final and safe disposal of post processed residual solid waste and inert
street sweepings and silt from surface drains on land as specified in Schedule I to prevent
contamination of ground water, surface water, ambient air and attraction of animals or
birds;
17. “domestic hazardous waste” means discarded paint drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube
lights, expired medicines, broken mercury thermometers, used batteries, used needles
and syringes and contaminated gauge, etc., generated at the household level;
18. "door to door collection" means collection of solid waste from the door step of households,
shops, commercial establishments, offices, institutional or any other non residential
premises and includes collection of such waste from entry gate or a designated location
on the ground floor in a housing society, multi storied building or apartments, large
residential, commercial or institutional complex or premises;.
19. “dry waste” means waste other than bio-degradable waste and inert street sweepings and
includes recyclable and non recyclable waste, combustible waste and sanitary napkin and
diapers, etc;
20. “dump sites” means a land utilised by local body for disposal of solid waste without
following the principles of sanitary land filling;
21. “extended producer responsibility” (EPR) means responsibility of any producer of packaging
products such as plastic, tin, glass and corrugated boxes, etc., for environmentally sound
management, till end-of-life of the packaging products;
22. “facility” means any establishment wherein the solid waste management processes namely
segregation, recovery, storage, collection, recycling, processing, treatment or safe disposal
are carried out;
23. "fine" means penalty imposed on waste generators or operators of waste processing and
disposal facilities under the bye-laws for non-compliance of the directions contained in
these rules and/or bye- laws
24. "Form" means a F8orm appended to these rules;
25. “handling” includes all activities relating to sorting, segregation, material recovery,
collection, secondary storage, shredding, baling, crushing, loading, unloading,
transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes;
26. “inerts” means wastes which are not bio-degradable, recyclable or combustible street
sweeping or dust and silt removed from the surface drains;
27. “incineration” means an engineered process involving burning or combustion of solid
waste to thermally degrade waste materials at high temperatures;
28. “informal waste collector” includes individuals, associations or waste traders who are
involved in sorting, sale and purchase of recyclable materials;
29. "leachate" means the liquid that seeps through solid waste or other medium and has
extracts of dissolved or suspended material from it;
30. "local body” for the purpose of these rules means and includes the municipal corporation,
nagar nigam, municipal council, nagarpalika, nagar Palikaparishad, municipal board,
nagar panchayat and town panchayat, census towns, notified areas and notified industrial
townships with whatever name they are called in different States and union territories in
India;
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31. “materials recovery facility” (MRF) means a facility where non-compostable solid waste
can be temporarily stored by the local body or any other entity mentioned in rule 2 or
any person or agency authorised by any of them to facilitate segregation, sorting and
recovery of recyclables from various components of waste by authorised informal sector
of waste pickers, informal recyclers or any other work force engaged by the local body or
entity mentioned in rule 2for the purpose before the waste is delivered or taken up for its
processing or disposal;
32. “non-biodegradable waste” means any waste that cannot be degraded by micro organisms
into simpler stable compounds;
33. "operator of a facility" means a person or entity, who owns or operates a facility for handling
solid waste which includes the local body and any other entity or agency appointed by the
local body;
34. primary collection" means collecting, lifting and removal of segregated solid waste from
source of its generation including households, shops, offices and any other non-residential
premises or from any collection points or any other location specified by the local body;
35. "processing" means any scientific process by which segregated solid waste is handled for
the purpose of reuse, recycling or transformation into new products;
36. "recycling" means the process of transforming segregated non-biodegradable solid waste
into new material or product or as raw material for producing new products which may or
may not be similar to the original products;
37. “redevelopment” means rebuilding of old residential or commercial buildings at the same
site, where the existing buildings and other infrastructures have become dilapidated;
38. "refused derived fuel"(RDF) means fuel derived from combustible waste fraction of solid
waste like plastic, wood, pulp or organic waste, other than chlorinated materials, in the
form of pellets or fluff produced by drying, shredding, dehydrating and compacting of
solid waste ;
39. “residual solid waste” means and includes the waste and rejects from the solid waste
processing facilities which are not suitable for recycling or further processing;
40. "sanitary land filling " means the final and safe disposal of residual solid waste and inert
wastes on land in a facility designed with protective measures against pollution of ground
water, surface water and fugitive air dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, animal
menace, bird menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions, persistent organic
pollutants slope instability and erosion;
41. “sanitary waste” means wastes comprising of used diapers, sanitary towels or napkins,
tampons, condoms, incontinence sheets and any other similar waste;
42. "Schedule" means the Schedule appended to these rules;
43. "secondary storage" means the temporary containment of solid waste after collection at
secondary waste storage depots or MRFs or bins for onward transportation of the waste to
the processing or disposal facility;
44. "segregation" means sorting and separate storage of various components of solid waste
namely biodegradable wastes including agriculture and dairy waste, non biodegradable
wastes including recyclable waste, non- recyclable combustible waste, sanitary waste and
non recyclable inert waste, domestic hazardous wastes, and construction and demolition
wastes;
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45. “service provider” means an authority providing public utility services like water, sewerage,
electricity, telephone, roads, drainage, etc;
46. "solid waste" means and includes solid or semi-solid domestic waste, sanitary waste,
commercial waste, institutional waste, catering and market waste and other non residential
wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or collected from the surface drains, horticulture
waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial waste,
bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated in the area
under the local authorities and other entities mentioned in rule 2;
47. “sorting” means separating various components and categories of recyclables such as
paper, plastic, card- boards, metal, glass, etc., from mixed waste as may be appropriate to
facilitate recycling;
48. “stabilising” means the biological decomposition of biodegradable wastes to a stable state
where it generates no leachate or offensive odours and is fit for application to farm land
,soil erosion control and soil remediation;
49. “street vendor” means any person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items
or merchandise of everyday use or offering services to the general public, in a street, lane,
side walk, footpath, pavement, public park or any other public place or private area, from
a temporary built up structure or by moving from place to place and includes hawker,
peddler, squatter and all other synonymous terms which may be local or region specific;
and the words “street vending” with their grammatical variations and cognate expressions,
shall be construed accordingly;
50. “tipping fee” means a fee or support price determined by the local authorities or any state
agency authorised by the State government to be paid to the concessionaire or operator
of waste processing facility or for disposal of residual solid waste at the landfill;
51. “transfer station” means a facility created to receive solid waste from collection areas and
transport in bulk in covered vehicles or containers to waste processing and, or, disposal
facilities;
52. "transportation" means conveyance of solid waste, either treated, partly treated or
untreated from a location to another location in an environmentally sound manner
through specially designed and covered transport system so as to prevent the foul odour,
littering and unsightly conditions;
53. “treatment” means the method, technique or process designed to modify physical, chemical
or biological characteristics or composition of any waste so as to reduce its volume and
potential to cause harm;
54. “user fee” means a fee imposed by the local body and any entity mentioned in rule 2 on the
waste generator to cover full or part cost of providing solid waste collection, transportation,
processing and disposal services.
55. "vermi composting" means the process of conversion of bio-degradable waste into
compost using earth worms;
56. “waste generator” means and includes every person or group of persons, every residential
premises and non residential establishments including Indian Railways, defense
establishments, which generate solid waste;
57. “waste hierarchy” means the priority order in which the solid waste is to should be managed
by giving emphasis to prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal, with
prevention being the most preferred option and the disposal at the landfill being the least;
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58. “waste picker” means a person or groups of persons informally engaged in collection and
recovery of reusable and recyclable solid waste from the source of waste generation the
streets, bins, material recovery facilities, processing and waste disposal facilities for sale to
recyclers directly or through intermediaries to earn their livelihood.
(2) Words and expressions used herein but not defined, but defined in the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and the Air (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
shall have the same meaning as assigned to them in the respective Acts.
4 Duties of waste generators.- (1) Every waste generator shall,-
(a) segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely bio-
degradable, non biodegradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and
handover segregated wastes to authorised waste pickers or waste collectors as per the
direction or notification by the local authorities from time to time;
(b) wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc., in the pouches
provided by the manufacturers or brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping
material as instructed by the local authorities and shall place the same in the bin meant for
dry waste or non- bio-degradable waste;
(c) store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his own
premises and shall dispose off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Rules, 2016; and
(d) store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately in his
own premises and dispose of as per the directions of the local body from time to time.
(2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on streets,
open public spaces outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified in the
bye-laws of the local bodies.
(4) No person shall organise an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at any
unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days in advance
and such person or the organiser of such event shall ensure segregation of waste at source
and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified by the local
body.
(5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the
course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut
shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such waste at waste storage
depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
(6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of notification
of these rules and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source
by the generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in
separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the
authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off
through composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual
waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.
(7) All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within one year
from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body, ensure
segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate
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collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either

the authorised waste pickers or the authorizsd recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be
processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the
premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency
as directed by the local body.
(8) All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the date of notification of these rules
and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source as prescribed in
these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable
material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable
waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation
within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors
or agency as directed by the local body.
5. Duties of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.- (1) The Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall be responsible for over all monitoring
the implementation of these rules in the country. It shall constitute a Central Monitoring
Committee under the Chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change comprising officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary or Advisor from the
following namely,-
1) Ministry of Urban Development
2) Ministry of Rural Development
3) Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
4) Ministry of Agriculture
5) Central Pollution Control Board
6) Three State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees by rotation
7) Urban Development Departments of three State Governments by rotation
8) Rural Development Departments from two State Governments by rotation
9) Three Urban Local bodies by rotation
10) Two census towns by rotation
11) FICCI, CII
12) Two subject experts
2. This Central Monitoring Committee shall meet at least once in a year to monitor and review
the implementation of these rules. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
may co-opt other experts, if needed. The Committee shall be renewed every three years.
6. Duties of Ministry of Urban Development.- (1) The Ministry of Urban Development shall
coordinate with State Governments and Union territory Administrations to,-
(a) take periodic review of the measures taken by the states and local bodies for improving
solid waste management practices and execution of solid waste management projects
funded by the Ministry and external agencies at least once in a year and give advice on
taking corrective measures;
(b) formulate national policy and strategy on solid waste management including policy on
waste to energy in consultation with stakeholders within six months from the date of
notification of these rules;
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(c) facilitate States and Union Territories in formulation of state policy and strategy on solid
management based on national solid waste management policy and national urban
sanitation policy;
(d) promote research and development in solid waste management sector and disseminate
information to States and local bodies;
(e) undertake training and capacity building of local bodies and other stakeholders;and
(f ) provide technical guidelines and project finance to states, Union territories and local
bodies on solid waste management to facilitate meeting timelines and standards.
7 Duties of Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers.- (1) The
Department of Fertilisers through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide market development assistance on city compost; and
(b) ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with chemical fertilisers in the ratio of 3 to
4 bags: 6 to 7 bags by the fertiliser companies to the extent compost is made availablefor
marketing to the companies.
8. Duties of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.- The Ministry of Agriculture
through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide flexibility in Fertiliser Control Order for manufacturing and sale of compost;
(b) propagate utlisation of compost on farm land;
(c) set up laboratories to test quality of compost produced by local authorities or their
authorised agencies; and
(d) issue suitable guidelines for maintaining the quality of compost and ratio of use of compost
visa-a-vis chemical fertilizers while applying compost to farmland.
9. Duties of the Ministry of Power.-The Ministry of Power through appropriate mechanisms
shall,-
(a) decide tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plants based on
solid waste.
b) compulsory purchase power generated from such waste to energy plants by distribution
company.
10. Duties of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources- The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy Sources through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) facilitate infrastructure creation for waste to energy plants; and
(b) provide appropriate subsidy or incentives for such waste to energy plants.
11. Duties of the Secretary–in-charge, Urban Development in the States and Union
territories.- (1) The Secretary, Urban Development Department in the State or Union territory
through the Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or Director of local bodies
shall,-
(a) prepare a state policy and solid waste management strategy for the state or the union
territory in consultation with stakeholders including representative of waste pickers, self
help group and similar groups working in the field of waste management consistent with
these rules, national policy on solid waste management and national urban sanitation
policy of the ministry of urban development, in a period not later than one year from the
date of notification of these rules;
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(b) while preparing State policy and strategy on solid waste management, lay emphasis on
waste reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and optimum utilisation of various components
of solid waste to ensure minimisation of waste going to the landfill and minimise impact of
solid waste on human health and environment;
(c) state policies and strategies should acknowledge the primary role played by the informal
sector of waste pickers, waste collectors and recycling industry in reducing waste and
provide broad guidelines regarding integration of waste picker or informal waste collectors
in the waste management system.
(d) ensure implementation of provisions of these rules by all local authorities;
(e) direct the town planning department of the State to ensure that master plan of every city in
the State or Union territory provisions for setting up of solid waste processing and disposal
facilities except for the cities who are members of common waste processing facility or
regional sanitary landfill for a group of cities; and
(f ) ensure identification and allocation of suitable land to the local bodies within one year for
setting up of processing and disposal facilities for solid wastes and incorporate them in the
master plans (land use plan) of the State or as the case may be, cities through metropolitan
and district planning committees or town and country planning department;
(h) direct the town planning department of the State and local bodies to ensure that a separate
space for segregation, storage, decentralised processing of solid waste is demarcated in
the development plan for group housing or commercial, institutional or any other non-
residential complex exceeding 200 dwelling or having a plot area exceeding 5,000 square
meters;
(i) direct the developers of Special Economic Zone, Industrial Estate, Industrial Park to earmark
at least five percent of the total area of the plot or minimum five plots or sheds for recovery
and recycling facility.
(j) facilitate establishment of common regional sanitary land fill for a group of cities and towns
falling within a distance of 50 km (or more) from the regional facility on a cost sharing basis
and ensure professional management of such sanitary landfills;
(k) arrange for capacity building of local bodies in managing solid waste, segregation and
transportation or processing of such waste at source;
(l) notify buffer zone for the solid waste processing and disposal facilities of more than five
tons per day in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board; and
(m) start a scheme on registration of waste pickers and waste dealers.
12. Duties of District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner.- The District
Magistrate or District Collector or as the case may be , the Deputy Commissioner shall, -
(a) facilitate identification and allocation of suitable land as per clause (f ) of rules 11 for setting
up solid waste processing and disposal facilities to local authorities in his district in close
coordination with the Secretary-in-charge of State Urban Development Department
within one year from the date of notification of these rules;
(b) review the performance of local bodies, at least once in a quarter on waste segregation,
processing, treatment and disposal and take corrective measures in consultation with
the Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or Director of local bodies and
secretary-in-charge of the State Urban Development.
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13. Duties of the Secretary–in-charge of Village Panchayats or Rural Development

Department in the State and Union territory.- (1) The Secretary–in-charge of Village
Panchayats or Rural Development Department in the State and Union territory shall have
the same duties as the Secretary–in-charge, Urban Development in the States and Union
territories, for the areas which are covered under these rules and are under their jurisdictions.
14. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board.-The Central Pollution Control Board shall, -
(a) co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards and the Pollution Control Committees
for implementation of these rules and adherence to the prescribed standards by local
authorities;
(b) formulate the standards for ground water, ambient air, noise pollution, leachate in respect
of all solid waste processing and disposal facilities;
(c) review environmental standards and norms prescribed for solid waste processing facilities
or treatment technologies and update them as and when required;
(d) review through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees, at least
once in a year, the implementation of prescribed environmental standards for solid waste
processing facilities or treatment technologies and compile the data monitored by them;
(e) review the proposals of State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees
on use of any new technologies for processing, recycling and treatment of solid waste and
prescribe performance standards, emission norms for the same within 6 months;
(f ) monitor through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees the
implementation of these rules by local bodies;
(g) prepare an annual report on implementation of these rules on the basis of reports received
from State Pollution Control Boards and Committees and submit to the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change and the report shall also be put in public domain;
(h) publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial
or any other construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and
disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five tons per day of
solid waste;
(i) publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of processing and disposal
of solid waste to enable local bodies to comply with the provisions of these rules; and
(j) provide guidance to States or Union territories on inter-state movement of waste.
15 Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village Panchayats of census towns
and urban agglomerations.- The local authorities and Panchayats shall,-
(a) prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid waste
management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and strategy
and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or Union territory
Administration or agency authorised by the State Government or Union territory
Administration;
(b) arrange for door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households
including slums and informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other non
residential premises. From multi-storage buildings, large commercial complexes,
malls, housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other
designated location;
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(c) establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste

collectors and promote and establish a system for integration of these authorised waste-
pickers and waste collectors to facilitate their participation in solid waste management
including door to door collection of waste;
(d) facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter encourage
integration in solid waste management including door to door collection of waste;
(e) frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules within one year from the date
of notification of these rules and ensure timely implementation;
(f ) prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect the fee from the
waste generators on its own or through authorised agency;
(g) direct waste generators not to litter i.e throw or dispose of any waste such as paper, water
bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit peel, wrappers, etc., or burn or
burry waste on streets, open public spaces, drains, waste bodies and to segregate the
waste at source as prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated waste to
authorised the waste pickers or waste collectors authorised by the local body;
(h) setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space
for sorting of recyclable materials to enable informal or authorised waste pickers and
waste collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and provide easy access to waste
pickers and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic,
metal, glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities;
Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of
recyclable wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be
printed black;
(i) establish waste deposition centres for domestic hazardous waste and give direction for
waste generators to deposit domestic hazardous wastes at this centre for its safe disposal.
Such facility shall be established in a city or town in a manner that one centre is set up for
the area of twenty square kilometers or part thereof and notify the timings of receiving
domestic hazardous waste at such centres;
(j) ensure safe storage and transportation of the domestic hazardous waste to the hazardous
waste disposal facility or as may be directed by the State Pollution Control Board or the
Pollution Control Committee;
(k) direct street sweepers not to burn tree leaves collected from street sweeping and store
them separately and handover to the waste collectors or agency authorised by local
body;
(l) provide training on solid waste management to waste-pickers and waste collectors;
(m) collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry and fish market on day to
day basis and promote setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation
plant at suitable locations in the markets or in the vicinity of markets ensuring hygienic
conditions;
(n) collect separately waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on alternate
days or twice a week depending on the density of population, commercial activity and
local situation;
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(o) set up covered secondary storage facility for temporary storage of street sweepings
and silt removed from surface drains in cases where direct collection of such waste into
transport vehicles is not convenient. Waste so collected shall be collected and disposed
of at regular intervals as decided by the local body;
(p) collect horticulture, parks and garden waste separately and process in the parks and
gardens, as far as possible;
(q) transport segregated bio-degradable waste to the processing facilities like compost
plant, bio-methanation plant or any such facility. Preference shall be given for on site
processing of such waste;
(r) transport non-bio-degradable waste to the respective processing facility or material
recovery facilities or secondary storage facility;
(s) transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions of the Construction
and Demolition Waste management Rules, 2016;
(t) involve communities in waste management and promotion of home composting, bio-
gas generation, decentralised processing of waste at community level subject to control
of odour and maintenance of hygienic conditions around the facility;
(u) phase out the use of chemical fertilizer in two years and use compost in all parks, gardens
maintained by the local body and wherever possible in other places under its jurisdiction.
Incentives may be provided to recycling initiatives by informal waste recycling sector.
(v) facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste processing facilities and
associated infrastructure on their own or with private sector participation or through any
agency for optimum utilisation of various components of solid waste adopting suitable
technology including the following technologies and adhering to the guidelines issued
by the Ministry of Urban Development from time to time and standards prescribed by
the Central Pollution Control Board. Preference shall be given to decentralised processing
to minimize transportation cost and environmental impacts such as-
a) bio-methanation, microbial composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or
any other appropriate processing for bio-stabilisation of biodegradable wastes;
b) waste to energy processes including refused derived fuel for combustible fraction of
waste or supply as feedstock to solid waste based power plants or cement kilns;
(w) undertake on their own or through any other agency construction, operation and
maintenance of sanitary landfill and associated infrastructure as per Schedule 1 for
disposal of residual wastes in a manner prescribed under these rules;
(x) make adequate provision of funds for capital investments as well as operation and
maintenance of solid waste management services in the annual budget ensuring that
funds for discretionary functions of the local body have been allocated only after meeting
the requirement of necessary funds for solid waste management and other obligatory
functions of the local body as per these rules;
(y) make an application in Form-I for grant of authorisation for setting up waste processing,
treatment or disposal facility, if the volume of waste is exceeding five metric tones per
day including sanitary landfills from the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee, as the case may be;
(z) submit application for renewal of authorisation at least sixty days before the expiry of the
validity of authorisation;
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(za) prepare and submit annual report in Form IV on or before the 30th April of the succeeding
year to the Commissioner or Director, Municipal Administration or designated Officer;
(zb) the annual report shall then be sent to the Secretary -in-Charge of the State Urban
Development Department or village panchayat or rural development department and
to the respective State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the
31st May of every year;
(zc) educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door to door collection
of segregated waste and transporting the unmixed waste during primary and secondary
transportation to processing or disposal facility;
(zd) ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment including
uniform, fluorescent jacket, hand gloves, raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to
all workers handling solid waste and the same are used by the workforce;
(ze) ensure that provisions for setting up of centers for collection, segregation and storage of
segregated wastes, are incorporated in building plan while granting approval of building
plan of a group housing society or market complex; and
(zf ) frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of spot fine for persons who litters or
fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and delegate powers to officers or local
bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and
(zg) create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign
and educate the waste generators on the following; namely:-
(i) not to litter;
(ii) minimise generation of waste;
(iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible;
(iv) practice segregation of waste into bio–degradable, non-biodegradable (recyclable
and combustible), sanitary waste and domestic hazardous wastes at source;
(v) practice home composting, vermi-composting, bio-gas generation or community
level composting;
(vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in the pouches provided by
the brand owners or a suitable wrapping as prescribed by the local body and place
the same in the bin meant for non- biodegradable waste;
(vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different bins;
(viii) handover segregated waste to waste pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or waste
collection agencies; and
(ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors or local bodies or any other
person authorised by the local body for sustainability of solid waste management.
(zh) stop land filling or dumping of mixed waste soon after the timeline as specified in rule 23
for setting up and operationalisation of sanitary landfill is over;
(zi) allow only the non-usable, non-recyclable, non-biodegradable, non-combustible and
non-reactive inert waste and pre-processing rejects and residues from waste processing
facilities to go to sanitary landfill and the sanitary landfill sites shall meet the specifications
as given in Schedule–I, however, every effort shall be made to recycle or reuse the rejects
to achieve the desired objective of zero waste going to landfill;
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(zj) investigate and analyse all old open dumpsites and existing operational dumpsites
for their potential of bio- mining and bio-remediation and wheresoever feasible, take
necessary actions to bio-mine or bio-remediate the sites;
(zk) in absence of the potential of bio-mining and bio-remediation of dumpsite, it shall be
scientifically capped as per landfill capping norms to prevent further damage to the
environment.
16. Duties of State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee.-
(1) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall,-
(a) enforce these rules in their State through local bodies in their respective jurisdiction and
review implementation of these rules at least twice a year in close coordination with
concerned Directorate of Municipal Administration or Secretary-in-charge of State Urban
Development Department;
(b) monitor environmental standards and adherence to conditions as specified under the
Schedule I and Schedule II for waste processing and disposal sites;
(c) examine the proposal for authorisation and make such inquiries as deemed fit, after the
receipt of the application for the same in Form I from the local body or any other agency
authorised by the local body;
(d) while examining the proposal for authorisation, the requirement of consents under
respective enactments and views of other agencies like the State Urban Development
Department, the Town and Country Planning Department, District Planning Committee or
Metropolitan Area Planning Committee, as may be applicable, Airport or Airbase Authority,
the Ground Water Board, Railways, power distribution companies, highway department
and other relevant agencies shall be taken into consideration and they shall be given four
weeks time to give their views, if any;
(e) issue authorisation within a period of sixty days in Form II to the local body or an operator
of a facility or any other agency authorised by local body stipulating compliance criteria
and environmental standards as specified in Schedules I and II including other conditions,
as may be necessary;
(f ) synchronise the validity of said authorisation with the validity of the consents;
(g) suspend or cancel the authorization issued under clause (a) any time, if the local body or
operator of the facility fails to operate the facility as per the conditions stipulated: provided
that no such authorization shall be suspended or cancelled without giving notice to the
local body or operator, as the case may be; and
(h) on receipt of application for renewal, renew the authorisation for next five years, after
examining every application on merit and subject to the condition that the operator of the
facility has fulfilled all the provisions of the rules, standards or conditions specified in the
authorisation, consents or environment clearance.
(2) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall, after giving reasonable
opportunity of being heard to the applicant and for reasons thereof to be recorded in writing,
refuse to grant or renew an authorisation.
(3) In case of new technologies, where no standards have been prescribed by the Central Pollution
Control Board, State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, as the case may
be, shall approach Central Pollution Control Board for getting standards specified.
115

(4) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, shall
monitor the compliance of the standards as prescribed or laid down and treatment technology
as approved and the conditions stipulated in the authorisation and the standards specified in
Schedules I and II under these rules as and when deemed appropriate but not less than once
in a year.
(5) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee may give directions to
local bodies for safe handling and disposal of domestic hazardous waste deposited by the
waste generators at hazardous waste deposition facilities.
(6) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall regulate Inter-State
movement of waste.
17. Duty of manufacturers or brand owners of disposable products and sanitary napkins
and diapers.-
(1) All manufacturers of disposable products such as tin, glass, plastics packaging, etc., or
brand owners who introduce such products in the market shall provide necessary financial
assistance to local authorities for establishment of waste management system.
(2) All such brand owners who sell or market their products in such packaging material which
are non- biodegradable shall put in place a system to collect back the packaging waste
generated due to their production.
(3) Manufacturers or brand owners or marketing companies of sanitary napkins and diapers
shall explore the possibility of using all recyclable materials in their products or they shall
provide a pouch or wrapper for disposal of each napkin or diapers along with the packet
of their sanitary products.
(4) All such manufacturers, brand owners or marketing companies shall educate the masses
for wrapping and disposal of their products.
18. Duties of the industrial units located within one hundred km from the refused derived
fuel and waste to energy plants based on solid waste- All industrial units using fuel and
located within one hundred km from a solid waste based refused derived fuel plant shall
make arrangements within six months from the date of notification of these rules to replace
at least five percent of their fuel requirement by refused derived fuel so produced.
19. Criteria for Duties regarding setting-up solid waste processing and treatment facility.-
(1) The department in- charge of the allocation of land assignment shall be responsible for
providing suitable land for setting up of the solid waste processing and treatment facilities
and notify such sites by the State Government or Union territory Administration.
(2) The operator of the facility shall design and set up the facility as per the technical guidelines
issued by the Central Pollution Control Board in this regard from time to time and the
manual on solid waste management prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development.
(3) The operator of the facility shall obtain necessary approvals from the State Pollution
Control Board or Pollution Control Committee.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall monitor the
environment standards of the operation of the solid waste processing and treatment
facilities.
(5) The operator of the facility shall be responsible for the safe and environmentally sound
operations of the solid waste processing and or treatment facilities as per the guidelines
issued by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time and the Manual on
116

Municipal Solid Waste Management published by the Ministry of Urban Development and
updated from time to time.
(6) The operator of the solid waste processing and treatment facility shall submit annual
report in Form III each year by 30th April to the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Committee and concerned local body.
20. Criteria and actions to be taken for solid waste management in hilly areas.- In the hilly
areas, the duties and responsibilities of the local authorities shall be the same as mentioned
in rule 15 with additional clauses as under:
(a) Construction of landfill on the hill shall be avoided. A transfer station at a suitable enclosed
location shall be setup to collect residual waste from the processing facility and inert waste.
A suitable land shall be identified in the plain areas down the hill within 25 kilometers for
setting up sanitary landfill. The residual waste from the transfer station shall be disposed
of at this sanitary landfill.
(b) In case of non-availability of such land, efforts shall be made to set up regional sanitary
landfill for the inert and residual waste.
(c) Local body shall frame Bye-laws and prohibit citizen from littering wastes on the streets
and give strict direction to the tourists not to dispose any waste such as paper, water
bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, any other plastic or paper waste on the
streets or down the hills and instead direct to deposit such waste in the litter bins that shall
be placed by the local body at all tourist destinations.
(d) Local body shall arrange to convey the provisions of solid waste management under the
bye-laws to all tourists visiting the hilly areas at the entry point in the town as well as
through the hotels, guest houses or like where they stay and by putting suitable hoardings
at tourist destinations.
(e) Local body may levy solid waste management charge from the tourist at the entry point to
make the solid waste management services sustainable.
(f ) The department in- charge of the allocation of land assignment shall identify and allot
suitable space on the hills for setting up decentralised waste processing facilities. Local
body shall set up such facilities. Step garden system may be adopted for optimum
utilisation of hill space.
21. Criteria for waste to energy process.-
(1) Non recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500 K/cal/kg or more shall not be disposed
of on landfills and shall only be utilised for generating energy either or through refuse
derived fuel or by giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse derived fuel.
(2) High calorific wastes shall be used for co-processing in cement or thermal power plants.
(3) The local body or an operator of facility or an agency designated by them proposing to
set up waste to energy plant of more than five tones per day processing capacity shall
submit an application in Form-I to the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee, as the case may be, for authorisation.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, on receiving such
application for setting up waste to energy facility, shall examine the same and grant
permission within sixty days.
22. Time frame for implementation.- Necessary infrastructure for implementation of these
rules shall be created by the local bodies and other concerned authorities, as the case may
be, on their own, by directly or engaging agencies within the time frame specified below:
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Time limit
from the
Sl.
Activity date of
No.
notification
of rules

(1) (2) (3)

1. identification of suitable sites for setting up solid waste processing 1 year

facilities

2. identification of suitable sites for setting up common regional 1 year

sanitary landfill facilities for suitable clusters of local authorities
under 0.5 million population and for setting up common regional
sanitary landfill facilities or stand alone sanitary landfill facilities by
all local authorities having a population of 0.5 million or more .

3. procurement of suitable sites for setting up solid waste processing 2 years

facility and sanitary landfill facilities

4. enforcing waste generators to practice segregation of bio 2 years

degradable, recyclable, combustible, sanitary waste domestic
hazardous and inert solid wastes at source ,

5. Ensure door to door collection of segregated waste and its 2 years

transportation in covered vehicles to processing or disposal
facilities.

6. ensure separate storage, collection and transportation of 2 years

construction and demolition wastes

7. setting up solid waste processing facilities by all local bodies having 2 years
100000 or more population

8. Setting up solid waste processing facilities by local bodies and 3 years

census towns below 100000 population.

9 setting up common or stand alone sanitary landfills by or for all 3 years

local bodies having 0.5 million or more population for the disposal
of only such residual wastes from the processing facilities as well as
untreatable inert wastes as permitted under the Rules

10. setting up common or regional sanitary landfills by all local bodies 3years
and census towns under 0.5 million population for the disposal of
permitted waste under the rules

11. bio-remediation or capping of old and abandoned dump sites 5years

118

23. State Level Advisory Body. –

(1) Every Department in-charge of local bodies of the concerned State Government or Union
territory administration shall constitute a State Level Advisory Body within six months
from the date of notification of these rules comprising the following members, namely:-

Sl.
Designation Member
No
(1) (2) (3)
1. Secretary, Department of Urban Development orLocal self Chairperson,
government department of the State ex- officio
2. One representative of Panchayats or Rural development Member,
Department not below the rank of Joint Secretary to State ex-officio
Government
3. one representative of Revenue Department of State Member, ex-officio
Government
4. One representative from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Member, ex-officio
Climate Change Government of India
5. One representative from Ministry of Urban Development, Member, ex-officio
Government of India
6. One representative from Ministry of Rural Development, Member, ex-officio
Government of India
7. One representative from the Central Pollution Control Board Member, ex-officio
8. One representative from the State Pollution Control Board or Member, ex-officio
Pollution Control Committee
9. One representative from Indian Institute of Technology or Member,Ex-officio
National Institute of Technology
10. Chief town planner of the state Member
11. Three representatives from the local bodies by rotation Member
12. Two representatives from census towns or urban Member
agglomerations by rotation.
13. One representative from reputed Non-Governmental Member
Organisation or Civil Society working for the waste pickers or
informal recycler or solid waste management
14. One representative from a body representing Industries at the Member
State or Central level
15. one representative from waste recycling industry member
16. Two subject experts Member
17. Co-opt one representative each from agriculture department, Member
and labour department of State Government.
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(2) The State Level Advisory Body shall meet at least one in every six months to review the
matters related to implementation of these rules, state policy and strategy on solid waste
management and give advice to state government for taking measures that are necessary
for expeditious and appropriate implementation of these rules.
(3) The copies of the review report shall be forwarded to the State Pollution Control Board or
Pollution Control Committee for necessary action.
24. Annual report.-
(1) The operator of facility shall submit the annual report to the local body in Form-III on or
before the 30th day of April every year.
(2) The local body shall submit its annual report in Form-IV to State P Control Board or P
Committee and the Secretary-in-Charge of the Department of Urban Development of
the concerned State or Union Territory in case of metropolitan city and to the Director
of Municipal Administration or Commissioner of Municipal Administration or Officer in
-Charge of Urban local bodies in the state in case of all other local bodies of state on or
before the 30th day of June every year
(3) Each State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee as the case may be,
shall prepare and submit the consolidated annual report to the Central Pollution Control
Board and Ministry of Urban Development on the implementation of these rules and action
taken against non complying local body by the 31stday of July of each year in Form-V.
(4) The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare a consolidated annual review report on
the status of implementation of these rules by local bodies in the country and forward
the same to the Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, along with its recommendations before the 31stday of August each year.
(5) The annual report shall be reviewed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change during the meeting of Central Monitoring Committee.
25. Accident reporting- In case of an accident at any solid waste processing or treatment or
disposal facility or landfill site, the Officer- in- charge of the facility shall report to the local
body in Form-VI and the local body shall review and issue instructions if any, to the in- charge
of the facility.

SCHEDULE I
[see rule 15 (w),(zi), 16 (1) (b) (e), 16 (4)]
Specifications for Sanitary Landfills
(A) Criteria for site selection.-
(i) The department in the business allocation of land assignment shall provide suitable site for
setting up of the solid waste processing and treatment facilities and notify such sites.
(ii) The sanitary landfill site shall be planned, designed and developed with proper documentation
of construction plan as well as a closure planin a phased manner. In case a new landfill facility
is being established adjoining an existing landfill site, the closure plan of existing landfill
should form a part of the proposal of such new landfill.
(iii) The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facilities.
Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill site.
(iv) Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India and Central Pollution Control Board.
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(v) The existing landfill sites which are in use for more than five years shall be improved in
accordance with the specifications given in this Schedule.
(vi) The landfill site shall be large enough to last for at least 20-25 years and shall develop ‘landfill
cells’ in a phased manner to avoid water logging and misuse.
(vii) The landfill site shall be 100 meter away from river, 200 meter from a pond, 200 meter from
Highways, Habitations, Public Parks and water supply wells and 20 km away from Airports
or Airbase. However in a special case, landfill site may be set up within a distance of 10 and
20 km away from the Airport/Airbase after obtaining no objection certificate from the civil
aviation authority/ Air force as the case may be. The Landfill site shall not be permitted within
the flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years, zone of coastal regulation, wetland, Critical
habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile areas..
(viii) The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste shall be incorporated in the
Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.
(ix) A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste processing and
disposal facility, exceeding five Tonnes per day of installed capacity. This will be maintained
within the total area of the solid waste processing and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall
be prescribed on case to case basis by the local body in consultation with concerned State
Pollution Control Board.
(x) The biomedical waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the Bio-medical Waste
Management Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time . The hazardous waste shall
be managed in accordance with the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time. The E- waste shall be
managed in accordance with the e-Waste (Management ) Rules, 2016 as amended from time
to time.
(xi) Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be established in each landfill site to
accommodate the waste in case of non- operation of waste processing and during emergency
or natural calamities.
(B) Criteria for development of facilities at the sanitary landfills.-
(i) Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming
vehicles, to prevent entry of unauthorised persons and stray animals
(ii) The approach and / internal roads shall be concreted or paved so as to avoid generation of
dust particles due to vehicular movement and shall be so designed to ensure free movement
of vehicles and other machinery.
(iii) The landfill site shall have waste inspection facility to monitor waste brought in for landfilling
h, office facility for record keeping and shelter for keeping equipment and machinery
including pollution monitoring equipment. The operator of the facility shall maintain record
of waste received, processed and disposed.
(iv) Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill site, fire
protection equipment and other facilities as may be required shall be provided.
(v) Utilities such as drinking water and sanitary facilities (preferably washing/bathing facilities
for workers) and lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations during night hours shall
be provided.
(vi) Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill sites shall be carried out
made.
121

(vii) Provisions for parking, cleaning, washing of transport vehicles carrying solid waste shall be
provided. The wastewater so generated shall be treated to meet the prescribed standards.
(C) Criteria for specifications for land filling operations and closure on completion of land
filling.-
(i) Waste for land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using heavy compactors to achieve
high density of the waste. In high rainfall areas where heavy compactors cannot be used,
alternative measures shall be adopted.
(ii) Till the time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set
up, the waste shall be sent to the sanitary landfill. The landfill cell shall be covered at the end
of each working day with minimum 10 cm of soil, inert debris or construction material..
(iii) Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm
thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to
prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage shall be constructed to divert run-off
away from the active cell of the landfill.
(iv) After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimise infiltration and
erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely :--
a) The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil
with permeability coefficient less than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.
b) On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.
c) On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support
natural plant growth and to minimise erosion.
(D) Criteria for pollution prevention.-In order to prevent pollution from landfill operations, the
following provisions shall be made, namely:-
(i) The storm water drain shall be designed and constructed in such a way that the surface
runoff water is diverted from the landfilling site and leachates from solid waste locations do
not get mixed with the surface runoff water. Provisions for diversion of storm water discharge
drains shall be made to minimise leachate generation and prevent pollution of surface water
and also for avoiding flooding and creation of marshy conditions.
(ii) Non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving
residues of waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having contamination
of hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint
products and pesticides) shall have liner of composite barrier of 1.5 mm thick high density
polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or geo-synthetic liners, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm
of soil (clay or amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/
sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below the base of clay or
amended soil barrier layer provided at the bottom of landfills.
(iii) Provisions for management of leachates including its collection and treatment shall be made.
The treated leachate shall be recycled or utilized as permitted, otherwise shall be released
into the sewerage line, after meeting the standards specified in Schedule- II.. In no case,
leachate shall be released into open environment.
(iv) Arrangement shall be made to prevent leachate runoff from landfill area entering any drain,
stream, river, lake or pond. In case of mixing of runoff water with leachate or solid waste, the
entire mixed water shall be treated by the concern authority.
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(E) Criteria for water quality monitoring.-

(i) Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be
collected and kept in record for future reference. The ground water quality within 50 meter
of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored covering different seasons in
a year that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period to ensure that the ground water
is not contaminated.
(ii) Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purpose (including drinking and
irrigation) shall be considered only after ensuring its quality. The following specifications for
drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring purpose, namely :-

S. IS 10500:2012, Edition 2.2(2003-09)

Parameters
No. Desirable limit (mg/l except for pH)
(1) (2) (3)
Arsenic 0.01
Cadmium 0.01
Chromium(as Cr6+ ) 0.05
Copper 0.05
Cyanide 0.05
Lead 0.05
Mercury 0.001
Nickel -
Nitrate as NO3 45.0
pH 6.5-8.5
Iron 0.3
Total hardness (as CaCO3) 300.0
Chlorides 250
Dissolved solids 500
Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) 0.001
Zinc 5.0
Sulphate (as SO4) 200

(F) Criteria for ambient air quality monitoring.-

(i) Landfill gas control system including gas collection system shall be installed at landfill site
to minimize odour, prevent off-site migration of gases, to protect vegetation planted on the
rehabilitated landfill surface. For enhancing landfill gas recovery, use of geomembranes in
cover systems along with gas collection wells should be considered.
123

(ii) The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not exceed 25 per cent of
the lower explosive limit (LEL).
(iii) The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized for either direct
thermal applications or power generation, as per viability. Otherwise, landfill gas shall be
burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to escape directly to the atmosphere or for illegal
tapping. Passive venting shall be allowed in case if its utilisation or flaring is not possible.
(iv) Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be regularly monitored. Ambient
air quality shall meet the standards prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board for
Industrial area.
G. Criteria for plantation at landfill Site.- A vegetative cover shall be provided over the
completed site in accordance with the following specifications, namely:-
(a) Locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are resistant to drought and extreme
temperatures shall be planted;
(b) The selection of plants should be of such variety that their roots do not penetrate more than
30 cms. This condition shall apply till the landfill is stabilized;
(c) Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with minimum nutrient
addition;
(d) Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimise soil erosion.
(e) Green belts shall be developed all around the boundary of the landfill in consultation with
State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees .
H. Criteria for post-care of landfill site.-
(1) The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen years and long term
monitoring or care plan shall consist of the following, namely :-‘
(a) Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making repairs and preventing
run-on and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging the final cover;
(b) Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the requirement;
(c) Monitoring of ground water in and around landfill;
(d) Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet the standards.
(2) Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered
for human settlement or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous emission and leachate
quality analysis complies with the specified standards and the soil stability is ensured.
I. Criteria for special provisions for hilly areas.-Cities and towns located on hills shall have
location-specific methods evolved for final disposal of solid waste by the local body with the
approval of the concerned State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee.
The local body shall set up processing facilities for utilisation of biodegradable organic
waste. The non-biodegradable recyclable materials shall be stored and sent for recycling
periodically. The inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be used for building roads or
filling-up of appropriate areas on hills. In case of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly
areas, waste not suitable for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in regional landfills
in plain areas.
J. Closure and Rehabilitation of Old Dumps- Solid waste dumps which have reached their
full capacity or those which will not receive additional waste after setting up of new and
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properly designed landfills should be closed and rehabilitated by examining the following
options:
(i) Reduction of waste by bio mining and waste processing followed by placement of residues
in new landfills or capping as in (ii) below.
(ii) Capping with solid waste cover or solid waste cover enhanced with geomembrane to
enable collection and flaring / utilisation of greenhouse gases.
(iii) Capping as in (ii) above with additional measures (in alluvial and other coarse grained soils)
such as cut-off walls and extraction wells for pumping and treating contaminated ground
water.
(iv) Any other method suitable for reducing environmental impact to acceptable level.

SCHEDULE II
[see rule 16 (1), (b), (e), 16 (4) )
Standards of processing and treatment of solid waste

A. Standards for composting.- The waste processing facilities shall include composting as one
of the technologies for processing of bio degradable waste. In order to prevent pollution
from compost plant, the following shall be complied with namely :-
(a) The incoming organic waste at site shall be stored properly prior to further processing. To the
extent possible, the waste storage area should be covered. If, such storage is done in an open
area, it shall be provided with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and
surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate treatment and disposal facility;
(b) Necessary precaution shall be taken to minimise nuisance of odour, flies, rodents, bird menace
and fire hazard;
(c) In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be stopped and arrangements
be worked out for diversion of waste to the temporary processing site or temporary landfill
sites which will be again reprocessed when plant is in order;
(d) Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the processing facility on
regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at the site. Recyclables shall be routed through
appropriate vendors. The non-recyclable high calorific fractions to be segregated and sent to
waste to energy or for RDF production, co-processing in cement plants or to thermal power
plants. Only rejects from all processes shall be sent for sanitary landfill site(s).
(e) The windrow area shall be provided with impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of
concrete or compacted clay of 50 cm thick having permeability coefficient less than 10–7
cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 per cent slope and circled by lined drains for
collection of leachate or surface run-off;
(f ) Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out. Odurnuisance at down-wind
direction on the boundary of processing plant shall also be checked regularly.
(g) Leachate shall be re-circulated in compost plant for moisture maintenance.
(h) The end product compost shall meet the standards prescribed under Fertilizer Control Order
notified from time to time.
(i) In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following specifications for compost
quality shall be met, namely:-
125

Organic Compost Phosphate Rich Organic

Parameters
(FCO 2009) Manure (FCO 2013)

(1) (2) (3)

Arsenic (mg/Kg) 10.00 10.00

Cadmium (mg/Kg) 5.00 5.00

Chromium (mg/Kg) 50.00 50.00

Copper (mg/Kg) 300.00 300.00

Lead (mg/Kg) 100.00 100.00

Mercury (mg/Kg) 0.15 0.15

Nickel (mg/Kg) 50.00 50.00

Zinc (mg/Kg) 1000.00 1000.00

C/N ratio <20 Less than 20:1

pH 6.5-7.5 (1:5 solution) maximum 6.7

Moisture, percent by weight, maximum 15.0-25.0 25.0

Bulk density (g/cm3) <1.0 Less than 1.6

Total Organic Carbon, per cent by

12.0 7.9
weight, minimum

Total Nitrogen (as N), per cent by

0.8 0.4
weight, minimum

Total Phosphate (as P205) percent by

0.4 10.4
weight, minimum

Total Potassium (as K20), percent by

0.4 -
weight, minimum

Colour Dark brown to black -

Odour Absence of foul Odor -

Minimum 90%
Minimum 90% material
material should pass
Particle size should pass through 4.0
through 4.0 mm IS
mm IS sieve
sieve

Conductivity (as dsm-1), not more than 4.0 8.2

* Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be used
for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food crops.
126

B. Standards for treated leachates.-The disposal of treated leachates shall meet the following
standards, namely:-

Standards
( Mode of Disposal )
S.
Parameter
No Inland
Public Land
surface
sewers disposal
water

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1. Suspended solids, mg/l, max 100 600 200

2. Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l, max. 2100 2100 2100

3 pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0

4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l, max. 50 50 -

5 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N), mg/l, max. 100 - -

Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 270 C)

6 30 350 100
max. (mg/l)

7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, max. 250 - -

8 Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2 0.2 0.2

9 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 -

10 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1 1.0 -

11 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2.0 1.0 -

12 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max. 2.0 2.0 -

13 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3.0 3.0 -

14 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5.0 15 -

15 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3.0 3.0 -

16 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2 2.0 0.2

17 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000 1000 600

18 Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2.0 1.5 -

19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/l, max. 1.0 5.0 -

Note : While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates being
discharged and the quantity of dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given
due consideration.
127

C. Standards for incineration: The Emission from incinerators /thermal technologies in Solid
Waste treatment/disposal facility shall meet the following standards, namely:-

Parameter Emission standard

(1) (2) (3)

Standard refers to half hourly average

Particulates 50 mg/Nm3
value

Standard refers to half hourly average

HCl 50 mg/Nm3
value

Standard refers to half hourly average

SO2 200 mg/Nm3
value

Standard refers to half hourly average

100 mg/Nm3
CO value

50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to daily average value

Standard refers to half hourly average

Total Organic Carbon 20 mg/Nm3
value

Standard refers to half hourly average

HF 4 mg/Nm3
value

NOx (NO and NO2 expressed Standard refers to half hourly average
400 mg/Nm3
as NO2 ) value

Standard refers to 6-8 hours sampling.

Please refer guidelines for 17 concerned
Total dioxins and furans 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3
congeners for toxic equivalence values to
arrive at total toxic equivalence.

Standard refers to sampling time

Cd + Th + their compounds 0.05 mg/Nm3 anywhere between 30 minutes and 8
hours.

Standard refers to sampling time

Hg and its compounds 0.05 mg/Nm3 anywhere between 30 minutes and 8
hours.

Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu Standard refers to sampling time

+ Mn + Ni + V + their 0.5 mg/Nm3 anywhere between 30 minutes and 8
compounds hours.

Note.- All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis.

Note:
(a) Suitably designed pollution control devices shall be installed or retrofitted with the incinerator
to achieve the above emission limits..
(b) Waste to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated with any chlorinated disinfectants.
(c) Incineration of chlorinated plastics shall be phased out within two years.
128

(d) if the concentation of toxic metals in incineration ash exceeds the limits specified in the
Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules, 2008, as
amended from time to time, the ash shall be sent to the hazardous waste treatment, storage
and disposal fcaility.
(e) Only low sulphur fuel like LDO, LSHS, Diesel, bio-mass, coal, LNG, CNG, RDF and bio-gas shall
be used as fuel in the incinerator.
(f ) The CO2 concentration in tail gas shall not be more than 7%.
(g) All the facilities in twin chamber incinerators shall be designed to achieve a minimum
temperature of 9500C in secondary combustion chamber and with a gas residence time in
secondary combustion chamber not less than 2 (two) seconds.
(h) Incineration plants shall be operated (combustion chambers) with such temperature,
retention time and turbulence, as to achieve total Organic Carbon (TOC) content in the slag
and bottom ash less than 3%, or the loss on ignition is less than 5% of the dry weight.
(i) Odour from sites shall be managed as per guidelines of CPCB issued from time to time

FORM – I
[see rule 15 (y) 16 (1) (c), 21(3) ]
Application for obtaining authorisation under solid waste management rules for
processing/recycling/treatment and disposal of solid waste

To,
The Member Secretary,
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee,
of….....
Sir,

I/We hereby apply for authorisation under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 for processing,
recycling, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

Name of the local body/agency appointed by them/

1.
operator of facility

Correspondence address
2. Telephone No.
Fax No. ,e-mail:

3. Nodal Officer & designation(Officer authorised by

the local body or agency responsible for operation of
processing/ treatment or disposal facility)

4. Authorisation required for setting up and operation of waste processing

the facility (Please tick mark) recycling
treatment
disposal at landfill
129

5. Attach copies of the Documents

Site clearance (local body)
Proof of Environmental Clearance
Consent for establishment
Agreement between municipal authority and
operating agency
Investment on the project and expected return

6. Processing/recycling/treatment of solid waste

(i) Total Quantity of waste to be processed per day
Quantity of waste to be recycled
Quantity of waste to be treated
Quantity of waste to be disposed into landfill

(ii) Utilisation programme for waste processed

(Product utilisation)

(iii) Methodology for disposal (attach details)

Quantity of leachate

Treatment technology for leachate

(iv) Measures to be taken for prevention and control of
environmental pollution

(v) Measures to be taken for safety of workers working

in the plant

(vi) Details on solid waste processing/recycling/

treatment/disposal facility (to be attached)

7. Disposal of solid waste

Number of sites identified
Quantity of waste to be disposed per day
Details of methodology or criteria followed for
site selection (attach) Details of existing site under
operation
Methodology and operational details of landfilling
Measures taken to check environmental pollution

8 Any other information.

Date: Signature:
Place: Designation
130

FORM- II
[see rule 16 (1) (e) ]
Format for issue of authorisation

File No.: ___________________

Dated:___________________
Authorisation No ___________________

Ref: Your application number ___dt. _

The ___________________ State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee after
examining the proposal hereby authorises ___________________ having administrative office
at ___________________ to set up and operate waste processing/recycling/ treatment/disposal
facility at___________________
The authorisation is hereby granted to operate the facility for processing, recycling, treatment
and disposal of solid waste. The authorisation is subject to the terms and conditions stated below
and such conditions as may be otherwise specified
in these rules and the standards laid down in Schedules I and II under these rules.
The ___________________ State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committees of the
UT may, at any time, revoke any of the conditions applicable under the authorisation and shall
communicate the same in writing.
Any violation of the provision of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016will attract the penal
provision of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986).

(Member Secretary)
State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee of the U
(Signature and designation)
Date:
Place:
131

FORM – III
[see rule 19 (6), 24 (1) ]
Format of annual report to be submitted by the operator of facility to the local body

1 Name of the City/Town and State

2 Population

3 Area in sq. kilometers

4 Name & Address of the local body

Telephone No. Fax No.

E-mail:

5 Name and address of operator of the facility

6 Name of officer in-charge of the facility

Phone No: Fax No:

E-mail:

7 Number of households in the city/town , Number

of non-residential premises in the city
Number of election/ administrative wards in the
city/town

8 Quantity of Solid waste

Estimated Quantity of solid waste generated in /tpd

the local body area per day in metric tones

Quantity of solid waste collected per day /tpd

Per capita waste collected per day /gm/day

Quantity of solid waste processed /tpd

Quantity of solid waste disposed at landfill /tpd

132

9 Status of Solid Waste Management (SWM) service

Segregation and storage of waste at source

Whether solid waste is stored at source in

domestic/commercial/ institutional bins If yes, Yes/No

Percentage of households practice storage of %

waste at source in domestic bins

Percentage of non-residential premises practice %

storage of waste at source in commercial /
institutional bins

Percentage of households dispose of throw solid %

waste on the streets

Percentage of non-residential premises dispose %

of throw solid waste on the streets

Whether solid waste is stored at source in a Yes/No

segregated form

If yes, Percentage of premises segregating the %

waste at source
Door to Door Collection of solid waste

Whether door to door collection (D2D) of solid Yes/No

waste is being done in the city/town

if yes

Number of wards covered in D2D collection of

waste
No. of households covered

No. of non-residential premises including

commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants
educational institutions/ offices etc covered

Percentage of residential and non-residential

premises covered in door to door collection %
through :
%
Motorized vehicle Containerized tricycle/
handcart Other device %
If not, method of primary collection adopted
Sweeping of streets
Length of roads, streets, lanes, bye-lanes in the km
city that need to be cleaned
133

Frequency of street sweepings and percentage of fre- Dai- Alter- Twice Occa-
population covered quen- ly nate a week sion-
cy days ally

% of
popu-
lation
cov-
ered

Tools used
Manual sweeping %
Mechanical sweeping %
Whether long handle broom used by sanitation Yes/No
workers
Whether each sanitation worker is given
handcart/tricycle for collection of waste Yes/No

Whether handcart / tricycle is containerized Yes/No

Whether the collection tool synchronizes with
collection/ waste storage containers utilized Yes/No

. Secondary Waste Storage facilities

No. and type of waste storage depots in the city/ No. Capacity in m3
town
Open waste storage sites
Masonry bins
Cement concrete cylinder bins Dhalao/covered
rooms/space Covered metal/plastic containers
Upto 1.1 m3 bins
2 to 5 m3 bins
Above 5m3 containers
Bin-less city

Bin/ population ratio

Ward wise details of waste storage depots

(attach) : Ward No:
Area: Population:
No. of bins placed
Total volume of bins placed

Total storage capacity of waste storage facilities

in cubic meters
134

Total waste actually stored at the waste storage

depots daily

Give frequency of collection of waste from the Frequency No. of bins

depots
Number of bins cleared Daily

Alternate day

Twice a week

Once a week

Occasionally

Whether storage depots have facility for storage Yes/ No

of segregated waste in green, blue and black bins
(if yes, add details)
No. of green bins:
No. of blue bins:
No. of black bins:

Whether lifting of solid waste from storage (%) of Manual Lifting

depots is manual or mechanical. Give percentage of SOLID WASTE %

(%) of Mechanical
lifting %

If mechanical – specify the method used front-end loaders/ Top loaders

Whether solid waste is lifted from door to door Yes/ No

and transported to treatment plant directly in a (if yes, specify)
segregated form

Waste Transportation per day No. Trips made waste

Type and Number of vehicles used (pl tick or add) transported

Animal cart
Tractors
Non tipping Truck Tipping Truck Dumper Placers
Refuse collectors Compactors
Others
JCB/loader

Frequency of transportation of waste Frequency (%) of waste transported

Daily Alternate day Twice a week
Once a week Occasionally
135

Quantity of waste transported each day /tpd

Percentage of total waste transported daily %

Waste Treatment Technologies used

Whether solid waste is processed Yes/No

If yes, Quantity of waste processed daily /tpd

Land(s) available with the local body for waste

processing (in
Hectares)

Land currently utilized for waste processing

Solid waste processing facilities in operation

Solid waste processing facilities under

construction

Distance of processing facilities from city/town

boundary

Details of technologies adopted

Composting , Qty. raw material processed Qty.

final product produced Qty. sold
Qty. of residual waste landfilled

vermi composting Qty. raw material processed Qty.

final product produced Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled

Bio-methanation Qty. raw material processed Qty.

final product produced Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled

Refuse Derived Fuel Qty. raw material processed

Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
landfilled

Waste to Energy technology Qty. raw material processed

such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis or any Qty. final product produced
other technology ( give detail) Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
landfilled
136

Co-processing Qty. raw material processed

Combustible waste supplied to cement plant

Combustible waste supplied to solid waste based

power plants

Others Qty.

Solid waste disposal facilities

No. of dumpsites sites available with the local

body

No. of sanitary landfill sites available with the

local body

Area of each such sites available for waste

disposal

Area of land currently used for waste disposal

Distance of dumpsite/landfill facility from city/ kms

town

Distance from the nearest habitation kms

Distance from water body kms

Distance from state/national highway kms

Distance from Airport kms

Distance from important religious places or kms

historical monument

Whether it falls in flood prone area Yes/No

Whether it falls in earthquake fault line area Yes/No

Quantity of waste landfilled each day tpd

Whether landfill site is fenced Yes / No

Whether Lighting facility is available on site Yes / No

Whether Weigh bridge facility available Yes / No

137

Vehicles and equipments used at landfill (specify) Bulldozer, Compacters etc. available

Manpower deployed at landfill site Yes/No (if yes, attach details)

Whether covering is done on daily basis Yes/No

If not, Frequency of covering the waste deposited

at the landfill

Cover material used

Whether adequate covering material is available Yes/No

Provisions for gas venting provided Yes/No, (if yes, attach technical data
sheet)

Provision for leachate collection Yes/No, (if yes, attach technical data
sheet)

10 Whether an Action Plan has been prepared for Yes/No

improving solid waste management practices in (if Yes attach Action Plan details)
the city

11 What separate provisions are made for : Dairy Attach details on Proposals, Steps
related activities : taken,
Slaughter houses waste : Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No
C&D waste (construction debris) :

12 Details of Post Closure Plan Attach Plan

13 How many slums are identified and whether Yes/ No

these are provided with Solid Waste Management (if Yes, attach details)
facilities :

14 Give details of manpower deployed for collection

including street sweeping, secondary storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of waste

15 Mention briefly, the difficulties being

experienced by the local body in complying with
provisions of these rules

16 Mention briefly, if any innovative idea is

implemented to tackle a problem related to solid
waste, which could be replicated by other local
bodies.

Dated : Signature of Operator

Place:
138

FORM – IV
[see rules 15(za), 24(2)]
Format for annual report on solid waste management to be submitted by the local body

CALENDAR YEAR: DATE OF SUBMISSION OF REPORT:

1 Name of the City/Town and State

2 Population

3 Area in sq. kilometers

4 Name & Address of local body

Telephone No. Fax No.

E-mail:

5 Name of officer in-charge dealing with solid waste management

(SOLID WASTEM)Phone No:

Fax No: E-mail:

6 Number of households in the city/town

Number of non-residential premises in the city
Number of election/ administrative wards in the city/town

7 Quantity of Solid waste (solid waste)

Estimated Quantity of solid waste generated in the local body area /tpd
per day in metric tones

Quantity of solid waste collected per day /tpd

Per capita waste collected per day /gm/day

Quantity of solid waste processed /tpd

Quantity of solid waste disposed at dumpsite/ landfill

139

8 Status of Solid Waste Management service /tpd

Segregation and storage of waste at source

Whether SOLID WASTE is stored at source in domestic/commercial/ Yes/No

institutional bins, If yes,

Percentage of households practice storage of waste at source in %

domestic bins

Percentage of non-residential premises practice storage of waste at %

source in commercial /institutional bins

Percentage of households dispose or throw solid waste on the %

streets

Percentage of non-residential premises dispose of throw solid %

waste on the streets

Whether solid waste is stored at source in a segregated form, If yes, Yes/No

Percentage of premises segregating the waste at source %

Door to Door Collection of solid waste

Whether door to door collection (D2D) of solid waste is being done Yes/No
in the city/town

if yes

Number of wards covered in D2D collection of waste

No. of households covered

No. of non-residential premises including commercial

establishments ,hotels, restaurants educational institutions/ offices
etc covered

Percentage of residential and non-residential premises covered in

door to door collection through : %

Motorized vehicle Containerized tricycle/handcart %

Other device %

If not, method of primary collection adopted

Sweeping of streets

Length of roads, streets, lanes, bye-lanes in the city that need to be km

cleaned
140

Frequency of street frequency Daily Alternate Twice Occasionally

sweepings and days a week
percentage of population
covered % of
population
covered
Tools used

Manual sweeping %

Mechanical sweeping %

Whether long handle

broom used by sanitation Yes/No
workers

Whether each sanitation

worker is given handcart/ Yes/No
tricycle for collection of
waste

Whether handcart / Yes/No

tricycle is containerized

Whether the collection

tool synchronizes with Yes/No
collection/ waste storage
containers utilized
Secondary Waste Storage
facilities
No. and type of waste No. Capacity in m3
storage depots in the
city/town
Open waste storage sites
Masonry bins
Cement concrete
cylinder bins
Dhalao/covered rooms/
space
Covered metal/plastic
containers
pto 1.1 m3 bins
2 to 5 m3 bins
Above 5m3 containers
Bin-less city
Bin/ population ratio
141

Ward wise details of

waste storage depots
(attach) :

Ward No:

Area: Population:

No. of bins placed

Total volume of bins

placed
Total storage capacity of
waste storage facilities in
cubic meters
Total waste actually
stored at the waste
storage depots daily

Give frequency of collection of waste Frequency No. of bins

from the depots
Number of bins cleared

Daily

Alternate day

Twice a week

Once a week

Occasionally

Whether storage depots have facility Yes/ No

for storage of segregated waste in
(if yes, add details)
green, blue and black bins
No. of green bins:
No. of blue bins:
No. of black bins:

Whether lifting of solid waste

from storage depots is manual or
mechanical. Give percentage

(%) of Manual Lifting of solid waste %

(%) of Mechanical lifting %

If mechanical – specify the method front-end loaders/ Top loaders

used
142

Whether solid waste is lifted from door Yes/ No

to door and transported to treatment
plant directly in a segregated form (if yes, specify)

Waste transportation per day No. Trips made waste transported

Type and Number of vehicles used

Animal cart
Tractors
Non tipping Truck
Tipping Truck
Dumper Placers
Refuse collectors
Compactors
Others
JCB/loader

Frequency of transportation of waste Frequency (%) of waste transported

Daily
Alternate day
Twice a week
Once a week
Occasionally
Quantity of waste transported each day /tpd

Percentage of total waste transported %

daily
Waste Treatment Technologies used

Whether solid waste is processed Yes/No

If yes, Quantity of waste processed daily /tpd

Whether treatment is done by local body

or through an agency

Land(s) available with the local body for

waste processing (in Hectares)

Land currently utilized for waste

processing
Solid waste processing facilities in
operation
143

Solid waste processing facilities under

construction
Distance of processing facilities from city/
town boundary

Details of technologies adopted

Composting , Qty. raw material processed

Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled
Vermi composting Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled
Bio-methanation Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled

Refuse Derived Fuel Qty. raw material processed

Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
landfilled
Waste to Energy technology Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced
such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis
or any other technology ( give detail) Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
landfilled
Co-processing Qty. raw material processed
Combustible waste supplied to cement
plant
Combustible waste supplied to solid waste
based power plants
Others Qty.
Solid waste disposal facilities
No. of dumpsites sites available with the
local body
No. of sanitary landfill sites available with
the local body
144

Area of each such sites available for waste

disposal

Area of land currently used for waste

disposal

Distance of dumpsite/landfill facility from kms

city/town

Distance from the nearest habitation kms

Distance from water body kms

Distance from state/national highway kms

Distance from Airport kms

Distance from important religious places or kms

historical monument

Whether it falls in flood prone area Yes/No

Whether it falls in earthquake fault line area Yes/No

Quantity of waste landfilled each day tpd

Whether landfill site is fenced Yes / No

Whether Lighting facility is available on site Yes / No

Whether Weigh bridge facility available Yes / No

Vehicles and equipments used at landfill Bulldozer, Compacters etc. available

(specify)

Manpower deployed at landfill site Yes/No

(if yes, attach details)

Whether covering is done on daily basis Yes/No

If not, Frequency of covering the waste

deposited at the landfill

Cover material used

Whether adequate covering material is Yes/No

available

Provisions for gas venting provided Yes/No

(if yes, attach technical data sheet)

Provision for leachate collection Yes/No

(if yes, attach technical data sheet)
145

9 Whether an Action Plan has been prepared Yes/No

for improving solid waste management (if Yes attach Action Plan details)
practices in the city

10 What separate provisions are made for : Attach details on Proposals,Steps taken,
Dairy related activities : Yes/No
Slaughter houses waste : Yes/No
C&D waste (construction debris) : Yes/No

11 Details of Post Closure Plan Attach Plan

12 How many slums are identified and Yes/ No

whether these are provided with Solid (if Yes, attach details)
Waste Management facilities :

13 Give details of:

Local body’s own manpower deployed
for collection including street sweeping,
secondary storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of waste

14 Give details of:

Contractor/ concessionaire’s manpower
deployed for collection including
street sweeping, secondary storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of
waste

15 Mention briefly, the difficulties being

experienced by the local body in complying
with provisions of these rules

16 Mention briefly, if any innovative idea is

implemented to tackle a problem related
to solid waste, which could be replicated by
other local bodies

Signature of CEO/Municipal Commissioner/

Executive Officer/Chief Officer
Date:
Place:
146

FORM – V
[see rule 24(3)]
Format of annual report to be submitted by the state pollution control board or pollution
control committee committees to the central pollution control board
PART A
To,
The Chairman
Central Pollution Control Board
Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar
DELHI- 110 0032

1. Name of the State/Union territory :

2. Name & address of the State Pollution Control :

3. Number of local bodies responsible for management :

of solid waste in the State/Union territory under
these rules

4. No. of authorisation application Received :

5. A Summary Statement on progress made by local : Please attach as Annexure-I

body in respect of solid waste management

6. A Summary Statement on progress made by local : Please attach as Annexure-II

bodies in respect of waste collection, segregation,
transportation and disposal

7. A summary statement on progress made by local : Please attach as Annexure-III

bodies in respect of implementation of Schedule II

Date: ……………………. Chairman or the Member Secretary

Place: ………………….. State Pollution Control Board/
Pollution Control Committee
147

PART B
Towns/cities
Total number of towns/cities
Total number of ULBs
Number of class I & class II cities/towns Authorisation status (names/number) Number of
applications received
Number of authorisations granted Authorisations under scrutiny SOLID WASTE
Generation status
Solid waste generation in the state (TPD)
collected
treated
landfilled
Compliance to Schedule I of SW Rules (Number/names of towns/capacity)
Good practices in cities/towns House-to-house collection Segregation
Storage
Covered transportation
Processing of SW (Number/names of towns/capacity)
Solid Waste processing facilities setup:

Sl. No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization

Processing facility operational:

Sl. No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization

Processing facility under installation/planned:

Sl. No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization

Waste-to-Energy Plants: (Number/names of towns/capacity)

Status of Power generation
Sl. No. Plant Location Remarks
operation (MW)

Disposal of solid waste (number/names of towns/capacity):

Landfill sites identified
Landfill constructed
Landfill under construction
148

Landfill in operation
Landfill exhausted
Landfilled capped
Solid Waste Dumpsites (number/names of towns/capacity):
Total number of existing dumpsites
Dumpsites reclaimed/capped
Dumpsites converted to sanitary landfill
Monitoring at Waste processing/Landfills sites

Sl. Name of Ambient Leachate Compost

Groundwater VOCs
No. facilities air quality quality
1.
2.
3.

Status of Action Plan prepared by Municipalities

Total number of municipalities: Number of Action Plan submitted:

FORM – VI [see rule 25]

Accident Reporting

1. Date and time of accident :

2. Sequence of events leading to accident :
3. The waste involved in accident :
4. Assessment of the effects of the accidents on human :
health and the environment
5. Emergency measures taken :
6. Steps taken to alleviate the effects of accidents :
7. Steps taken to prevent the recurrence of such an :
accident

Date: …………… Signature:…….…………………

Place: …………… Designation: ……………………

[F. No. 18-3/2004-HSMD] BISHWANATH SINHA, Jt. Secy.

Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New
Delhi-110064 and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054.
ANNEXURE-II
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016

[PUBLISHED IN THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, PART-II, SECTION-3, SUB-SECTION (I)]

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 18th March, 2016

G.S.R 320(E).— Whereas the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 published
vide notification number S.O 249 (E), dated 4th February, 2011 by the Government of India in
the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forests, as amended from time to time, provided a
regulatory frame work for management of plastic waste generated in the country;
And whereas, to implement these rules more effectively and to give thrust on plastic waste
minimization, source segregation, recycling, involving waste pickers, recyclers and waste
processors in collection of plastic waste fraction either from households or any other source of
its generation or intermediate material recovery facility and adopt polluter’s pay principle for the
sustainability of the waste management system, the Central Government reviewed the existing
rules;
And whereas, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986),the draft rules, namely, the Plastic Waste Management, Rules,
2015 were published by the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change vide number G.S.R. 423(E), dated the 25th May,
2015 in the Gazette of India, inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be
affected thereby, before the expiry of a period of sixty days from the date on which copies of the
Gazette containing the said notification were made available to the public;
And Whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 25th May, 2015;
And Whereas the objections and suggestions received within the said period from the public in
respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government;
NOW, Therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3,6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in super-session of the Plastic Waste ( Management and
Handling ) Rules, 2011, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such super-
session, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely:-
1. Short title and commencement.-(1)These rules shall be called the Plastic Waste Management
Rules, 2016.
(1) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, they shall come into force on the date of their
publication in the Official Gazette.
150

2. Application.-(1) These rules shall apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat,
manufacturer, Importers and producer.
(2) The rule 4 shall not apply to the export oriented units or units in special economic zones,
notified by the Central Government, manufacturing their products against an order for
export: Provide this exemption shall not apply to units engaged in packaging of gutkha,
tobacco and pan masala and also to any surplus or rejects, left over products and the like.
3. Definitions.- In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires.-
(a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) “brand owner” means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered
brand label.
(c) “carry bags” mean bags made from plastic material or compostable plastic material, used for
the purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities which have a self carrying feature but do
not include bags that constitute or form an integral part of the packaging in which goods are
sealed prior to use.
(d) “commodity” means tangible item that may be bought or sold and includes all marketable
goods or wares;
(e) “compostable plastics” mean plastic that undergoes degradation by biological processes
during composting to yield CO2, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent
with other known compostable materials, excluding conventional petro-based plastics, and
does not leave visible, distinguishable or toxic residue;
(f ) “consent” means the consent to establish and operate from the concerned State Pollution
Control Board or Pollution Control Committee granted under the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);
(g) “disintegration” means the physical breakdown of a material into very small fragments;
(h) “extended producer’s responsibility ” means the responsibility of a producer for the
environmentally sound management of the product until the end of its life;
(i) “food-stuffs” mean ready to eat food products, fast food, processed or cooked food in liquid,
powder, solid or semi-solid form;
(j) “facility” means the premises used for collection, Storage, recycling, processing and disposal
of plastic waste;
(k) “importer” means a person who imports or intends to import and holds an Importer -
Exporter Code number, unless otherwise specifically exempted.
(l) “institutional waste generator” means and includes occupier of the institutional buildings
such as building occupied by Central Government Departments, State Government
Departments, public or private sector companies, hospitals, schools, colleges, universities or
other places of education, organisation, academy, hotels, restaurants, malls and shopping
complexes;
(m) “manufacturer” means and include a person or unit or agency engaged in production of
plastic raw material to be used as raw material by the producer.
(n) “multilayered packaging” means any material used or to be used for packaging and having
at least one layer of plastic as the main ingredients in combination with one or more layers of
151

materials such aspaper, paper board, polymeric materials, metalised layers or aluminium foil,
either in the form of a laminate or co-extruded structure;
(o) “plastic” means material which contains as an essential ingredient a high polymer such
as polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, Vinyl, low density polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene resins, multi-materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, Polybutylene terephthalate;
(p) “plastic sheet” means Plastic sheet is the sheet made of plastic;
(q) “plastic waste”means any plastic discardedafter use or after their intended use is over;
(r) “prescribed authority” means the authorities specified in rule 12;
(s) “producer” means persons engaged in manufacture or import of carry bags or multilayered
packaging or plastic sheets or like, and includes industries or individuals using plastic sheets
or like or covers made of plastic sheets or multilayered packaging for packaging or wrapping
the commodity;
(i) “recycling” means the process of transforming segregated plastic waste into a new product
or raw material for producing new products;
(t) “registration” means registration with the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee concerned, as the case may be;
(u) “street vendor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (l) of sub- section (1)
of Section 2 of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending)
Act, 2014 (7 of 2014);
(v) “local body” means urban local body with different nomenclature such as municipal
corporation, municipality, nagarpalika, nagarnigam, nagarpanchayat, municipal council
including notified area committee (NAC) and not limited to or any other local body constituted
under the relevant statutes such as gram panchayat, where the management of plastic waste
is entrusted to such agency;
(w) “virgin plastic” means plastic material which has not been subjected to use earlier and has
also not been blended with scrap or waste;
(x) “waste generator” means and includes every person or group of persons or institution,
residential and commercial establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and
Harbour and Defense establishments which generate plastic waste;
(y) “waste management” means the collection, storage, transportation reduction, re-use,
recovery, recycling, composting or disposal of plastic waste in an environmentally safe
manner;
(z) “waste pickers” mean individuals or agencies, groups of individuals voluntarily engaged or
authorised for picking of recyclable plastic waste.
4. Conditions.- (1) The manufacture,importer stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags,
plastic sheets or like, or cover made of plastic sheet and multilayered packaging, shall be
subject to the following conditions, namely:-
a) carry bags and plastic packaging shall either be in natural shade which is without any added
pigments or made using only those pigments and colourants which are in conformity with
Indian Standard : IS 9833:1981 titled as “List of pigments and colourants for use in plastics in
contact with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water”, as amended from time to time;
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b) Carry bags made of recycled plastic or products made of recycled plastic shall not be used for
storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging ready to eat or drink food stuff’;
c) carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic, shall not be less than fifty microns in thickness;
d) plastic sheet or like, which is not an integral part of multilayered packaging and cover made of
plastic sheet used for packaging, wrapping the commodity shall not be less than fifty microns
in thickness except where the thickness of such plastic sheets impair the functionality of the
product;
e) the manufacturer shall not sell or provide or arrange plastic to be used as raw material to a
producer, not having valid registration from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committee;
f ) sachets using plastic material shall not be used for storing, packing or selling gutkha, tobacco
and pan masala;
g) recycling of plastic waste shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998 titled as
Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time;
h) The provision of thickness shall not be applicable to carry bags made up of compostable
plastic. Carry bags made from compostable plastics shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS
17088:2008 titled as Specifications for Compostable Plastics, as amended from time to time.
The manufacturers or seller of compostable plastic carry bags shall obtain a certificate from
the Central Pollution Control Board before marketing or selling; and
i) plastic material, in any form including Vinyl Acetate - Maleic Acid - Vinyl Chloride Copolymer,
shall not be used in any package for packaging gutkha, pan masala and tobacco in all forms.
5. Plastic waste management.-
(1) The plastic waste management by the urban local bodies in their respective jurisdiction shall
be as under:-
(a) plastic waste, which can be recycled, shall be channelized to registered plastic waste
recycler and recycling of plastic shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998
titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time.
(b) local bodies shall encourage the use of plastic waste (preferably the plastic waste which
cannot be further recycled) for road construction as per Indian Road Congress guidelines
or energy recovery or waste to oil etc. The standards and pollution control norms
specified by the prescribed authority for these technologies shall be complied with.
(c) Thermo set plastic waste shall be processed and disposed off as per the guidelines issued
from time to time by the Central Pollution Control Board.
(d) The inert from recycling or processing facilities of plastic waste shall be disposed of in
compliance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time to
time.
6. Responsibility of local body.-
(1) Every local body shall be responsible for development and setting up of infrastructure for
segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of the plastic waste
either on its own or by engaging agencies or producers.
(2) The local body shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation and coordination of
the waste management system and for performing the associated functions, namely:-
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(a) Ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of

plastic waste;
(b) ensuring that no damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(c) ensuring channelization of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers;
(d) ensuring processing and disposal on non-recyclable fraction of plastic waste in
accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board;
(e) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities;
(f ) engaging civil societies or groups working with waste pickers; and
(g) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place.
(3) The local body for setting up of system for plastic waste management shall seek assistance of
producers and such system shall be set up within one year from the date of final publication
of these rules in the Official Gazaette of India.
(4) The local body to frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules.
7. Responsibility of Gram Panchayat.-
(1) Every gram panchayat either on its own or by engaging an agency shall set up, operationalise
and co-ordinate for waste management in the rural area under their control and for
performing the associated functions, namely,-
(a) ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, plastic waste and channelization
of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers having valid registration; ensuring that
no damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(b) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities; and
(c) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place
8. Responsibility of waste generator.-
(1) The waste generator shall.-
(a) take steps to minimize generation of plastic waste and segregate plastic waste at source
in accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time
to time.
(b) not litter the plastic waste and ensure segregated storage of waste at source and
handover segregated waste to urban local body or gram panchayat or agencies collection
agencies;
(2) All institutional generators of plastic waste, shall segregate and store the waste generated by
them in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
notified vide S.O 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the Act or amendment from
time to time and handover segregated wastes to authorized waste processing or disposal
facilities or deposition centers either on its own or through the authorized waste collection
agency.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee or charge as may be specified in the bye- laws of
the local bodies for plastic waste management such as waste collection or operation of the
facility thereof, etc.;
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(4) Every person responsible for organising an event in open space, which involves service
of food stuff in plastic or multilayered packaging shall segregate and manage the waste
generated during such events in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified vide S.O 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the
Act or amendment from time to time.
9. Responsibility of producers, Importers and Brand Owners.-
(1) The producers, within a period of six months from the date of publication of these rules, shall
work out modalities for waste collection system based on Extended Producers Responsibility
and involving State Urban Development Departments, either individually or collectively,
through their own distribution channel or through the local body concerned.
(2) Primary responsibility for collection of used multi-layered plastic sachet or pouches or
packaging is of Producers, Importers and Brand Owners who introduce the products in the
market. They need to establish a system for collecting back the plastic waste generated due
to their products. This plan of collection to be submitted to the State Pollution Control Boards
while applying for Consent to Establish or Operate or Renewal. The Brand Owners whose
consent has been renewed before the notification of these rules shall submit such plan within
one year from the date of notification of these rules and implement with two years thereafter.
(3) manufacture and use of non- recyclable multilayered plastic if any should be phased out in
Two years time.
(4) The producer, within a period of three months from the date of final publication of these
rules in the Official Gazette shall apply to the Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee, as the case may be, of the States or the Union Territories administration
concerned, for grant of registration.
(5) No producer shall on and after the expiry of a period of Six Months from the date of final
publication of these rules in the Official Gazette manufacture or use any plastic or concerned
State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committees.
(6) Every producer shall maintain a record of details of the person engaged in supply of plastic
used as raw material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet or like or cover made of
plastic sheet or multilayered packaging.
10. Protocols for compostable plastic materials.-Determination of the degree of degradability
and degree of disintegration of plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the Indian
Standards listed in Schedule-I to these rules.
11. Marking or labelling.-
(1) Each plastic carry bag and multilayered packaging shall have the following information
printed in English namely,-
(a) name, registration number of the manufacturer and thickness in case of carry bag;
(b) name and registration number of the manufacturer in case of multilayered packaging;
and
(c) name and certificate number [Rule 4(h)] in case of carry bags made from compostable
plastic
(2) Each recycled carry bag shall bear a label or a mark “recycled” as shown below and shall
conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534: 1998 titled as “Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics”,
as amended from time to time;
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NOTE: PET-Polyethylene terephthalate, HDPE-High density polyethylene, V-Vinyl (PVC), LDPE-

Low density polyethylene, PP-Polypropylene, PS-Polystyrene and Other means all other
resins and multi-materials like ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PPO (Polyphenylene
oxide), PC (Polycarbonate), PBT (Polybutylene terephalate) etc.
Each carry bag made from compostable plastics shall bear a label “compostable” and
shall conform to the Indian Standard : IS or ISO 17088:2008 titled as Specifications for
“Compostable Plastics”.
12. Prescribed authority.-
(1) The State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Committee in respect of a Union
territory shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to
registration, manufacture of plastic products and multilayered packaging, processing and
disposal of plastic wastes.
(2) The concerned Secretary-in-charge of Urban Development of the State or a Union Territory
shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to waste
management by waste generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or like, covers made
of plastic sheets and multilayered packaging.
(3) The concerned Gram Panchayat shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of
these rules relating to waste management by the waste generator, use of plastic carry bags,
plastic sheets or like, covers made of plastic sheets and multilayered packaging in the rural
area of the State or a Union Territory.
(4) The authorities referred to in sub-rules (1) to (3) shall take the assistance of the District
Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner within the territorial limits of the jurisdiction of the
concerned district in the enforcement of the provisions of these rules.
13. Registration of producer, recyclers and manufacturer,-
(1) No person shall manufacture carry bags or recycle plastic bags or multilayered packaging
unless the person has obtained a registration from the State Pollution Control Board or the
Pollution Control Committee of the Union Territory concerned, as the case may be, prior to
the commencement of production;
(2) Every producer shall, for the purpose of registration or for renewal of registration, make an
application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the
Union territory concerned, in Form I
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(3) Every person recycling or processing waste or proposing to recycle or process plastic waste
shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control
Committee, for grant of registration or renewal of registration for the recycling unit, in Form
II.
(4) Every manufacturer engaged in manufacturer of plastic to be used as raw material by the
producer shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee of the Union territory concerned, for the grant of registration or for the
renewal of registration, in Form III.
(5) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not issue or renew
registration to plastic waste recycling or processing units unless the unit possesses a valid
consent under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974) and
the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981) along with a certificate
of registration issued by the District Industries Centre or any other Government agency
authorised in this regard.
(6) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not renew
registration of producer unless the producer possesses and action plan endorsed by the
Secretary in charge of Urban Development of the concerned State or Union Territory for
setting of plastic waste management system.
(7) On receipt of the application complete in all respects for the registration for recycling or
processing of plastic waste under sub-rule (3), the State Pollution Control Board may, after
such inquiry as it considers necessary and on being satisfied that the applicant possesses
appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and equipment to handle plastic waste safely,
may grant registration to the applicant on fulfilment of the conditions as may be laid down in
terms of registration.
(8) Every State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall take a decision on
the grant of registration within ninety days of receipt of an application which is complete in
all respects.
(9) The registration granted under this rule shall initially be valid for a period of one year, unless
revoked, suspended or cancelled and shall subsequently be granted for three years.
(10) State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committees shall not revoke, suspend
or cancel registration without providing the opportunity of a hearing to the producer or
person engaged in recycling or processing of plastic wastes.
(11) Every application for renewal of registration shall be made at least one hundred twenty days
before the expiry of the validity of the registration certificate.
14. Responsibility of retailers and street vendors-
(1) Retailers or street vendors shall not sell or provide commodities to consumer in carry bags or
plastic sheet or multilayered packaging, which are not manufactured and labelled or marked,
as per prescribed under these rules.
(2) Every retailers or street vendors selling or providing commodities in, plastic carry bags or
multilayered packaging or plastic sheets or like or covers made of plastic sheets which are
not manufactured or labelled or marked in accordance with these rules shall be liable to pay
such fines as specified under the bye-laws of the local bodies.
15. Explicit pricing of carry bags.- (1) The shopkeepers and street vendors willing to provide
plastic carry bags for dispensing any commodity shall register with local body. The local
157

body shall, within a period of six months from the date of final publication of these rules
ion the Official Gazette of India notification of these rules, by notification or an order under
their appropriate state statute or byelaws shall make provisions for such registration on
payment of plastic waste management fee of minimum rupees forty eight thousand @
rupees four thousand per month. The concerned local body may prescribe higher plastic
waste management fee, depending upon the sale capacity. The registered shop keepers shall
display at prominent place that plastic carry bags are given on payment.
(2) Only the registered shopkeepers or street vendors shall be eligible to provide plastic carry
bags for dispensing the commodities.
(3) The local body shall utilize the amount paid by the customers for the carry bags exclusively
for the sustainability of the waste management system within their jurisdictions.
16. State Level Monitoring Committee.-
(1) The State government or the union Territory shall, for the purpose of effective monitoring of
implementation of these rules, constitute a State Level Advisory Committee consisting of the
following persons, namely;-

(a) the Secretary, Department of Urban Development - Chairman

(b) Director from State Department of Environment - Member

(c) Member Secretary from State Pollution Control Board or - Member

Pollution Control Committee

(d) Municipal Commissioner - Member

(e) one expert from Local Body - Member

(f ) one expert from Non-Governmental involved in Waste - Member

Management

(g) Commissioner, Value Added Tax or his nominee, - Member

(h) Sales Tax Commissioner or Officer - Member

(i) representative of Plastic Association, - Member

Drug Manufacturers Association,
Chemical Manufacturers Association

(j) one expert from the field of Industry - Member and

(k) one expert from the field of academic institution - Member

(l) Director, Municipal Administration - Convener

The State Level Advisory Body shall meet at least once in Six Month and may invite experts, if it
considers necessary.
17. Annual reports.-
(1) Every person engaged in recycling or processing of plastic waste shall prepare and submit
an annual report in Form-IV to the local body concerned under intimation to the concerned
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30th April, of every year.
158

(2) Every local body shall prepare and submit an annual report in Form –V to the concerned
Secretary-in-charge of the Urban Development Department under intimation to the
concerned State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30th June,
everyyear.
(3) Each State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall prepare and submit
an annual report in Form VI to the CPCB on the implementation of these rules by the 31st July,
of every year.
(4) The CPCB shall prepare a consolidated annual report on the use and management of plastic
waste and forward it to the Central Government along with its recommendations before the
31st August of every year.

Schedule-I
[See rule 10]

1. IS / ISO 14851: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of

plastic materials in an aqueous medium-Method by measuring the oxygen demand
in a closed Respirometer

2. IS / ISO 14852: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic

materials in an aqueous medium-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide

3. IS / ISO 14853: 2005 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation

of plastic materials in an aqueous system-Method by measurement of biogas
production

4. IS /ISO 14855-1: 2005 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of

plastic materials under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of
evolved carbon dioxide (Part-1 General method)

5. IS / ISO 14855-2: 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of

plastic materials under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis
of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide
evolved in a laboratory- scale test )

6. IS / ISO 15985: 2004 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation

and disintegration under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions- Methods by
analysis of released biogas

7. IS /ISO 16929: 2002 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic

materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot - scale test

8. IS/ISO17556:2003 Plastics- Determination of ultimate aerobic biodegradability in

soil by measuring the oxygen demand in a Respirometer or the amount of carbon
dioxide evolved

9. IS / ISO 20200:2004 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic

materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory - scale test
159

FORM - I
[See rules 13 (2)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR PRODUCERS OR BRAND OWNERS

From: ……………………………
……………………………
…………………………….(Name and full address of the occupier)
To
The Member Secretary,
…………………………… Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
……………………………
……………………………

Sir,
I /We hereby apply for registration under rule 9 of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2015

1. Producers

PART – A
GENERAL

1. (a) Name and location of the unit

(b) Address of the unit

(c) Registration required for manufacturing of:

(i) Carry bags;
(a) petro- based,
(b) Compostable
(ii) Multilayered plastics

(d) Manufacturing capacity

(e) In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of

registration

2. Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of

the State Government or Union territory?
If yes, attach a copy.

3. (a) Total capital invested on the project

(b) Year of commencement of production

160

4. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products

(b) List and quantum of raw materials used

5. Furnish a flow diagram of manufacturing process showing

input and output in terms of products and waste generated
including for captive power generation and water.

6. Status of compliance with these rules- Thickness – fifty micron

(Yes/No)

PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS

7. (a) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water
(Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy

(b) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of
1981)?
If yes, attach a copy

PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE

8. Solid Wastes or rejects:

(a) Total quantum of waste generated
(b) Mode of storage within the plant
(c) Provision made for disposal of wastes

9. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic to be used

as raw material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet of
like or multilayered packaging

10. Attach or provide list of personnel or brand Owners to whom

the products will be supplied

11. Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes

Name and Signature

Designation
Date :
Place :
161

II. Brand Owners:

PART – A
GENERAL

1. Name, address and Contact number

2 In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of

registration

3 Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of

the State Government or Union territory? If yes, attach a copy.

4. (a) Total capital invested on the project

(b) Year of commencement of production

5. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products

(b) List and quantum of raw materials used

PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS

5 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water

(Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy

6 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981)?
If yes, attach a copy

PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE

7. Solid Wastes or rejects:

8. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic material

9 Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes

Name and Signature

Designation
Date :
Place :
162

FORM - II
[see rule 13 (3)]
APPLICATION FORM FOR REGISTRATION OF UNITS ENGAGED IN PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING OF PLASTIC WASTE

1. Name and Address of

the unit

2. Contact person with

designation, Tel./Fax /
email
3. Date of
commencement
4. No. of workers
(including contract
labour)
5. Consents Validity a. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
Valid up to _____________

b. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Valid up

to_____________
c. Authorization ; valid up to ................
6. Manufacturing Please attach a flow diagram of the manufacturing process
Process flow diagram for each product.
7. Products and installed capacity of Products Installed
production (MTA) capacity
8. Waste Management: S Type Category Qty.
No
a. Waste generation in (i)
processingplastic-waste
(ii)

(iii)

b. Waste Collection and

transportation (attach details)
c. Waste Disposal details S Type Category Qty
No
(i)

(ii)
163

d. Provide details of the disposal

facility, whether the facility is
authorized by SPCB or PCC
e. Please attach analysis report
of characterization of waste
generated (including leachate
test if applicable)
9. Details of plastic waste proposed (i) Name
to be acquired through sale, (ii) Quantity required /year
auction, contract or import, as the
case may be, for use as raw material

10. Occupational safety and health Please provide details of facilities

aspects
11. Pollution Control Measures
Whether the unit has adequate If Yes, please furnish details
pollution control systems or
equipment to meet the standards
of emission or effluent.
Whether unit is in compliance with Yes/No
conditions laid down in the said
rules.
Whether conditions exist or are Yes/No
likely to exist of the material being
handled or processed posing
adverse immediate or delayed
impacts on the environment.
Whether conditions exist (or are Yes/No
likely to exist) of the material
being handled or processed by any
means capable of yielding another
material (e.g. leachate) which may
possess eco-toxicity.
12. Any other relevant information
including fire or accident
mitigative measures
13. List of enclosures as per rule

Name and Signature

Designation
Date :
Place :
164

FORM - III
[See rules 13(4)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR MANUFACTURERS OF
PLASTIC RAW MATERIALS

Sir,
I/We hereby apply for registration under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011

PART – A
GENERAL

1. (a) Name and location of the unit

(b) Address of the unit

(c) In case of renewal, previous registration number

and date of registration

2. Is the unit registered with the DIC or DCSSI of the State

Government or Union territory? If yes, attach a copy.

3. (a) Total capital invested on the project

(b) Year of commencement of production

(c) List of producers and quantum of raw materials supplied

to producers

Name and Signature

Designation
Date :
Place :
165

FORM - IV
[See rules 17 (1)]
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT BY OPERATOR OF PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING FACILITY TO THE LOCAL BODY

Period of Reporting:

(1) Name and Address of operator of the

facility

(2) Name of officer in-charge of the facility

(Telephone/Fax/Mobile/ E-mail)

(3) Capacity:
(4) Technologies used for management of
plastic waste:
(5) Quantity of plastic waste received
during the year being reported upon
along with the source
(6) Quantity of plastic waste processed
(in tons):
- Plastic waste recycled(in tons)
- Plastic waste processed (in tons)
- Used (in tons)
(7) Quantity of inert or rejects sent for
final disposal to landfill sites:
(8) Details of land fill facility to which
inert or rejects were sent for final
disposal:
- Address
-Telephone
(9) Attach status of compliance to
environmental conditions, if any
specified during grant of Consent or
registration

Signature of Operator

Designation
Date :
Place :
166

FORM - IV
[See rules 17(2)]
FORMAT FOR ANNUAL REPORT ON PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT TO BE
SUBMITTED BY THE LOCAL BODY

Period of Reporting:

(1) Name of the City or Town and State:

(2) Population

(3) Area in sq. kilometers

(4) Name & Address of Local body

Telephone No. Fax No.
E-mail:

(5) Total Numbers of the wards in the area under

jurisdiction

(6) Total Numbers of Households in the area under

jurisdiction

(7) Number of households covered by door to door

collection

(8) Total number of commercial establishments and

Institutions in the area under jurisdiction
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions

(9) Number of commercial establishments and Institutions

covered by door to door collection
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions

(10) Summary of the mechanisms put in place for

management of plastic waste in the area under
jurisdiction along with the details of agencies involved
in door to door collection

(11) Attach details of infrastructure put in place for

management of plastic waste generated in the area
under jurisdiction

(12) Attach details of infrastructure required, if any along

with justification

(13) Quantity of Plastic Waste generated during the year

from area under jurisdiction (in tons)
167

(14) Quantity of Plastic Waste collected during the year

from area under jurisdiction (in tons)

(15) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for recycling

during the year (in tons)
(16) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for use during
the year (in tons)
(17) Quantity of inert or rejects sent to landfill sites during
the year (in tons)
(18) Details of each of facilities used for processing and
disposal of plastic waste
Facility-I
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
vi) Validity of Registration (up to)

Facility-II
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
Validity of Registration (up to)
(19) Give details of:
Local body’s own manpower deployed for collection
including street sweeping, secondary storage,
transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
(20) Give details of:
Contractor or concessionaire’s manpower deployed
for collection including street sweeping, secondary
storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
waste.
(21) Mention briefly, the difficulties being experienced by
the local body in complying with provisions of these
rules including the financial constrains, if any
(22) Whether an Action Plan has been prepared for
improving solid waste management practices in the
city? If yes (attach copy)
Date of revision:

Signature of CEO or Municipal Commissioner or

Executive Officer or Chief Officer
Date :
Place :
Form-VI
168

STATE-WISE STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016 FOR THE YEAR …
ANNUAL REPORT FORMAT

Name Esti- No. Of registered Plastic Manu- No. of Un- Details of Plas- Partial or Status of Explicit Details of No. of Number of
of the mated facturing or Recycling (including registered tic Waste Man- complete Marking Pricing the meeting violation Municipal
SPCB Plastic multilayer, compostable) units. plastic management (PWM) ban on Labelling of carry of State s and Authority or
or PCC Waste (Rule 9) ufacturing e.g. Collection, usages on carry bags Level Advi- action Gram Pancha-
gener- Recycling Segregation, of Plastic bags (Rule 8) (Rule sory Body taken yat un der ju-
ation units. (in Disposal Carry Bags [Specify the 10) (SLA) along on non- risdiction and
Tons Per residential (Co-processing (through number of with its compli- Submission of
Annum or unap- road construc- Executive units or not recommen- ance of Annual Report
(TPA) proved tion etc.) (Rules Order) (At- complied)co dations on provi- to CPCB
areas) 6) (Attach sepa- tach copy of mplied Implemen- sions of (Rule 12)
Plastic Com- Multilay- rate sheet) notification tation these
units postable er Plastic or executive (Rule Rules
Plastic units order) 11)
Units

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

[F.No. 17-2/2001-HSMD]

Bishwanath Sinha
Joint Secretary to Government of India
ANNEXURE-III
e-waste Management Rules, 2016

[PUBLISHED IN THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, EXTRAORDINARY PART-II, SECTION-3,

SUB-SECTION (i)]
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 23rd March , 2016

G.S.R 338(E). - Whereas the draft rules, namely the e-waste (Management) Rules, 2015, were
published by the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
vide number G.S.R. 472(E), dated the 10th June, 2015 in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part II,
section 3, sub-section (ii) inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be affected
thereby, before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on which copies of the Gazette
containing the said notification were made available to the public;
AND WHEREAS the copies of the Gazette containing the said notification were made available to
the public on the 10th day of June, 2015;
AND WHEREAS the objections and suggestions received within the specified period from the
public in respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government;
NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the e- waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2011, published in the Gazette of India, section 3, sub-section (ii), vide number
S.O. 1035(E), dated the 12th May, 2011, except as respects things done or omitted to be done
before such supersession, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely:-

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1. Short title and commencement. -
(1) These rules may be called the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016.
(2) They shall come into force from the 1st day of October, 2016.
2. Application. - These rules shall apply to every manufacturer, producer, consumer, bulk
consumer, collection centres, dealers, e-retailer, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler involved
in manufacture, sale, transfer, purchase, collection, storage and processing of e-waste
or electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I, including their components,
consumables, parts and spares which make the product operational but shall not apply to -
170

(a) used lead acid batteries as covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules,
2001 made under the Act;
(b) micro enterprises as defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act,
2006 (27 of 2006); and
(c) radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of
1962) and rules made there under.
3. Definitions. -
(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires, -
(a) ‘Act’ means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) ‘authorisation’ means permission for generation, handling, collection, reception,
storage, transportation, refurbishing, dismantling, recycling, treatment and disposal of
e-waste, granted to manufacturer, dismantler, refurbisher and recycler;
(c) ‘bulk consumer’ means bulk users of electrical and electronic equipment such as
Central Government or State Government Departments, public sector undertakings,
banks, educational institutions, multinational organisations, international agencies,
partnership and public or private companies that are registered under the Factories Act,
1948 (63 of 1948) and the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and health care facilities
which have turnover of more than one crore or have more than twenty employees;
(d ‘Central Pollution Control Board’ means the Central Pollution Control Board constituted
under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(e) ‘collection centre’ means a centre or a collection point or both established by producer
individually or as association jointly to collect e-waste for channelising the e-waste to
recycler and play such role as indicated in the authorisation for Extended Producer
Responsibility granted to the producer and having facilities as per the guidelines of
Central Pollution Control Board, including the collection centre established by the
dismantler or refurbisher or recycler which should be a part of their authorisation
issued by the State Pollution Control Board where the facility exists;
(f ) ‘component’ means one of the parts of a sub-assembly or assembly of which a
manufactured product is made up and into which it may be resolved and includes an
accessory or attachment to another component;
(g) ‘consumables’ means an item, which participates in or is required for a manufacturing
process or for functioning of the electrical and electronic equipment and may or may
not form part of end-product. Items, which are substantially or totally consumed during
a manufacturing process, shall be deemed to be consumables;
(h) ‘consumer’ means any person using electrical and electronic equipment excluding the
bulk consumers;
(i) ‘channelisation’ means to direct the path for movement of e-wastes from collection
onwards to authorised dismantler or recycler. In case of fluorescent and other mercury
containing lamps, where recyclers are not available, this means path for movement
from collection centre to Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility;
(j) ‘dealer’ means any individual or firm that buys or receives electrical and electronic
equipment as listed in Schedule I of these rules and their components or consumables
or parts or spares from producers for sale;
(k) ‘deposit refund scheme’ means a scheme whereby the producer charges an additional
amount as a deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment
and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-of- life electrical and
electronic equipment is returned;
171

(l) ‘dismantler’ means any person or organisation engaged in dismantling of used

electrical and electronic equipment into their components and having facilities as
per the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and having authorisation from
concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(m) ’disposal’ means any operation which does not lead to recycling, recovery or reuse
and includes physico-chemical or biological treatment, incineration and deposition in
secured landfill;
(n) ‘end-of-life’ of the product means the time when the product is intended to be discarded
by the user;
(o) ‘environmentally sound management of e-waste’ means taking all steps required to
ensure that e-waste is managed in a manner which shall protect health and environment
against any adverse effects, which may result from such e-waste;
(p) ‘electrical and electronic equipment’ means equipment which are dependent on
electric current or electro-magnetic field in order to become functional;
(q) ‘e-retailer’ means an individual or company or business entity that uses an electronic
network such as internet, telephone, to sell its goods;
(r) ‘e-waste’ means electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded
as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing,
refurbishment and repair processes;
(s) ‘e-waste exchange’ means an independent market instrument offering assistance or
independent electronic systems offering services for sale and purchase of e-waste
generated from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment between agencies or
organisations authorised under these rules;
(t) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility’ means responsibility of any producer of electrical
or electronic equipment, for channelisation of e-waste to ensure environmentally
sound management of such waste. Extended Producer Responsibility may comprise of
implementing take back system or setting up of collection centres or both and having
agreed arrangements with authorised dismantler or recycler either individually or
collectively through a Producer Responsibility Organisation recognised by producer or
producers in their Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation;
(u) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation’ means a permission given by Central
Pollution Control Board to a producer, for managing Extended Producer Responsibility
with implementation plans and targets outlined in such authorisation including detail
of Producer Responsibility Organisation and e-waste exchange, if applicable;
(v) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility Plan’means a plan submitted by a producer to Central
Pollution Control Board, at the time of applying for Extended Producer Responsibility
- Authorisation in which a producer shall provide details of e-waste channelisation
system for targeted collection including detail of Producer Responsibility Organisation
and e-waste exchange, if applicable;
(w) ‘facility’ means any location wherein the process incidental to the collection, reception,
storage, segregation, refurbishing, dismantling, recycling, treatment and disposal of
e-waste are carried out;
(x) ‘Form’ means a form appended to these rules;
(y) ‘historical e-waste’ means e-waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment
as specified in Schedule I, which was available on the date from which these rules come
into force;
(z) ‘manufacturer’ means a person or an entity or a company as defined in the Companies
Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) or a factory as defined in the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)
or Small and Medium Enterprises as defined in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
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Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006), which has facilities for manufacture of electrical
and electronic equipment;
(aa) ‘orphaned products’ means non-branded or assembled electrical and electronic
equipment as specified in Schedule I or those produced by a company, which has
closed its operations;
(bb) ‘part’ means an element of a sub-assembly or assembly not normally useful by itself,
and not amenable to further disassembly for maintenance purposes. A part may be a
component, spare or an accessory;
(cc) ‘producer’ means any person who, irrespective of the selling technique used such as
dealer, retailer, e-retailer, etc.;
(i) manufactures and offers to sell electrical and electronic equipment and their
components or consumables or parts or spares under its own brand; or
(ii) offers to sell under its own brand, assembled electrical and electronic equipment and
their components or consumables or parts or spares produced by other manufacturers
or suppliers; or
(iii) offers to sell imported electrical and electronic equipment and their components or
consumables or parts or spares;
(dd) ‘Producer Responsibility Organisation’ means a professional organisation authorised
or financed collectively or individually by producers, which can take the responsibility
for collection and channelisation of e-waste generated from the ‘end-of-life’ of their
products to ensure environmentally sound management of such e-waste;
(ee) ‘recycler’ - means any person who is engaged in recycling and reprocessing of waste
electrical and electronic equipment or assemblies or their components and having
facilities as elaborated in the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board;
(ff ) ‘refurbishment’ means repairing of used electrical and electronic equipment as listed
in Schedule I for extending its working life for its originally intended use and selling the
same in the market or returning to owner;
(gg) ‘refurbisher’ for the purpose of these rules, means any company or undertaking
registered under the Factories Act, 1948 or the Companies Act, 1956 or both or
district industries centre engaged in refurbishment of used electrical and electronic
equipment;
(hh) ‘Schedule’ means the Schedule appended to these rules;
(ii) “spares” means a part or a sub-assembly or assembly for substitution which is ready to
replace an identical or similar part or sub-assembly or assembly including a component
or an accessory;
(jj) ‘State Government in relation to an Union territory means, the Administrator thereof
appointed under article 239 of the Constitution;
(kk) ‘State Pollution Control Board’ means the concerned State Pollution Control Board or
the Pollution Control Committee of the Union Territories constituted under sub-section
(1) of section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(ll) ‘target’ means the quantity of e-waste to be collected by the producer in fulfilment of
Extended Producer Responsibility;
(mm) ‘transporter’ means a person or company or entity engaged in the off-site transportation
of e-waste by air, rail, road or water carrying a manifest system issued by the person or
company or entity who has handed over the e-waste to the transporter, giving the
origin, destination and quantity of the e-waste being transported;
(2) Words and expressions used in these rules and not defined but defined in the Act shall have
the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Act.
173

CHAPTER II
RESPONSIBILITIES
4. Responsibilities of the manufacturer. -
(1) collect e-waste generated during the manufacture of any electrical and electronic equipment
and channelise it for recycling or disposal;
(2) apply for an authorisation in Form 1 (a) in accordance with the procedure prescribed under
sub-rule (2) of rule 13 from the concerned State Pollution Control Board, which shall give the
authorisation in accordance with Form 1 (bb);
(3) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste;
(4) maintain records of the e-waste generated, handled and disposed in Form-2 and make such
records available for scrutiny by the concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(5) file annual returns in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board on or before the
30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates.
5. Responsibilities of the producer. - The producer of electrical and electronic equipment
listed in Schedule I shall be responsible for -
(1) implementing the Extended Producers Responsibility with the following frameworks,
namely:-
(a) collection and channelisation of e-waste generated from the ‘end-of-life’ of their products
or ‘end-of-life’ products with same electrical and electronic equipment code and historical
waste available on the date from which these rules come into force as per Schedule I
in line with the targets prescribed in Schedule III in Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation;
(b) the mechanism used for channelisation of e-waste from ‘end-of-life’ products including
those from their service centres to authorised dismantler or recycler shall be in accordance
with the Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation. In cases of fluorescent and
other mercury containing lamps, where recyclers are not available, channelisation may
be from collection centre to Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility;
(c) for disposal in Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility, a pre-treatment is necessary to
immobilise the mercury and reduce the volume of waste to be disposed off;
(d) Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation should comprise of general scheme
for collection of waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment from the Electrical and
Electronic Equipment placed on the market earlier, such as through dealer, collection
centres, Producer Responsibility Organisation, through buy-back arrangement, exchange
scheme, Deposit Refund System, etc. whether directly or through any authorised agency
and channelising the items so collected to authorised recyclers;
(e) providing contact details such as address, e-mail address, toll-free telephone numbers or
helpline numbers to consumer(s) or bulk consumer(s) through their website and product
user documentation so as to facilitate return of end-of-life electrical and electronic
equipment;
(f ) creating awareness through media, publications, advertisements, posters, or by any
other means of communication and product user documentation accompanying the
equipment, with regard to -
(i) information on address, e-mail address, toll-free telephone numbers or helpline
numbers and web site;
(ii) information on hazardous constituents as specified in sub-rule 1 of rule 16 in electrical
and electronic equipment;
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(iii) information on hazards of improper handling, disposal, accidental breakage, damage

or improper recycling of e-waste;
(iv) instructions for handling and disposal of the equipment after its use, along with the
Do’s and Don’ts;

(v) affixing a visible, legible and indelible symbol given below on the products or
product user documentation to prevent e-waste from being dropped in garbage bins
containing waste destined for disposal;
(vi) means and mechanism available for their consumers to return e-waste for recycling
including the details of Deposit Refund Scheme, if applicable;
(g) the producer shall opt to implement Extended Producer Responsibility individually or
collectively. In individual producer responsibility, producer may set up his own collection
centre or implement take back system or both to meet Extended Producer Responsibility.
In collective system, producers may tie-up as a member with a Producer Responsibility
Organisation or with e-waste exchange or both. It shall be mandatory upon on the
individual producer in every case to seek Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation
from Central Pollution Control Board in accordance with the Form-1 and the procedure
laid down in sub-rule (1) of rule 13;
(2) to provide information on the implementation of Deposit Refund Scheme to ensure collection
of end-of-life products and their channelisation to authorised dismantlers or recyclers, if such
scheme is included in the Extended Producer Responsibility Plan.
Provided that the producer shall refund the deposit amount that has been taken from the
consumer or bulk consumer at the time of sale, along with interest at the prevalent rate for
the period of the deposit at the time of take back of the end-of- life product;
(3) the import of electrical and electronic equipment shall be allowed only to producers having
Extended Producer Responsibility authorisation;
(4) maintaining records in Form-2 of the e-waste handled and make such records available for
scrutiny by the Central Pollution Control Board or the concerned State Pollution Control
Board;
(5) filing annual returns in Form-3, to the Central Pollution Control Board on or before the 30th
day of June following the financial year to which that return relates. In case of the Producer
with multiple offices in a State, one annual return combining information from all the offices
shall be filed;
(6) the Producer shall apply to the Central Pollution Control Board for authorisation in Form 1,
which shall thereafter grant the Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation in Form
1(aa).
(7) Operation without Extended Producer Responsibility-Authorisation by any producer, as
defined in this rule, shall be considered as causing damage to the environment.
6. Responsibilities of collection centres. -
(1) collect e-waste on behalf of producer or dismantler or recycler or refurbisher including those
arising from orphaned products;
175

Provided the collection centres established by producer can also collect e-waste on behalf of
dismantler, refurbisher and recycler including those arising from orphaned products
(2) ensure that the facilities are in accordance with the standards or guidelines issued by Central
Pollution Control Board from time to time;
(3) ensure that the e-waste collected by them is stored in a secured manner till it is sent to
authorised dismantler or recycler as the case may be;
(4) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste;
(5) maintain records in Form-2 of the e-waste handled as per the guidelines of Central Pollution
Control Board and make such records available for scrutiny by the Central Pollution Control
Board or the concerned State Pollution Control Board as and when asked for.
7. Responsibilities of dealers. –
(1) in the case the dealer has been given the responsibility of collection on behalf of the producer,
the dealer shall collect the e- waste by providing the consumer a box, bin or a demarcated
area to deposit e- waste, or through take back system and send the e-waste so collected to
collection centre or dismantler or recycler as designated by producer;
(2) the dealer or retailer or e-retailer shall refund the amount as per take back system or Deposit
Refund Scheme of the producer to the depositor of e-waste;
(3) every dealer shall ensure that the e-waste thus generated is safely transported to authorised
dismantlers or recyclers;
(4) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste.
8. Responsibilities of the refurbisher. –
(1) collect e-waste generated during the process of refurbishing and channelise the waste to
authorised dismantler or recycler through its collection centre;
(2) make an application in Form 1(a) in accordance with the procedure laid down in sub-rule (4)
of rule 13 to the concerned State Pollution Control Board for grant of one time authorisation;
(a) the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall authorise the Refurbisher on one
time basis as per Form 1 (bb) and authorisation would be deemed as considered if not
objected to within a period of thirty days;
(b) the authorised Refurbisher shall be required to submit details of e-waste generated to
the concerned State Pollution Control Board on yearly basis;
(3) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste;
(4) ensure that the refurbishing process do not have any adverse effect on the health and the
environment;
(5) ensure that the e-waste thus generated is safely transported to authorised collection centres
or dismantlers or recyclers;
(6) file annual returns in Form-3 to the concerned State Pollution Control Board, on or before the
30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates;
(7) maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form-2 and such records should be available for
scrutiny by the appropriate authority.
9. Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer. –
(1) consumers or bulk consumers of electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I shall
ensure that e-waste generated by them is channelised through collection centre or dealer of
authorised producer or dismantler or recycler or through the designated take back service
provider of the producer to authorised dismantler or recycler;
176

(2) bulk consumers of electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I shall maintain
records of e-waste generated by them in Form-2 and make such records available for scrutiny
by the concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(3) consumers or bulk consumers of electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I
shall ensure that such end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment are not admixed with
e-waste containing radioactive material as covered under the provisions of the Atomic Energy
Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) and rules made there under;
(4) bulk consumers of electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I shall file annual
returns in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board on or before the 30th day
of June following the financial year to which that return relates. In case of the bulk consumer
with multiple offices in a State, one annual return combining information from all the offices
shall be filed to the concerned State Pollution Control Board on or before the 30th day of
June following the financial year to which that return relates
10. Responsibilities of the dismantler. -
(1) ensure that the facility and dismantling processes are in accordance with the standards or
guidelines prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board from time to time;
(2) obtain authorisation from the concerned State Pollution Control Board in accordance with
the procedure under sub-rule (3) of rule 13;
(3) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste;
(4) ensure that the dismantling processes do not have any adverse effect on the health and the
environment;
(5) ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated and sent to the authorised recycling facilities
for recovery of materials;
(6) ensure that non-recyclable or non-recoverable components are sent to authorised treatment
storage and disposal facilities;
(7) maintain record of e-waste collected, dismantled and sent to authorised recycler in Form-2
and make such record available for scrutiny by the Central Pollution Control Board or the
concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(8) file a return in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board as the case may be, on
or before 30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates;
(9) not process any e-waste for recovery or refining of materials, unless he is authorised with
concerned State Pollution Control Board as a recycler for refining and recovery of materials;
(10) operation without Authorisation by any dismantler, as defined in this rule, shall be considered
as causing damage to the environment.
11. Responsibilities of the recycler. –
(1) shall ensure that the facility and recycling processes are in accordance with the standards or
guidelines prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time;
(2) obtain authorisation from concerned State Pollution Control Board in accordance with the
procedure under the sub-rule (3) of rule 13;
(3) ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of
e-waste;
(4) ensure that the recycling processes do not have any adverse effect on the health and the
environment;
(5) make available all records to the Central Pollution Control Board or the concerned State
Pollution Control Board for inspection;
177

(6) ensure that the fractions or material not recycled in its facility is sent to the respective
authorised recyclers;
(7) ensure that residue generated during recycling process is disposed of in an authorised
treatment storage disposal facility;
(8) maintain record of e-waste collected, dismantled, recycled and sent to authorised recycler in
Form-2 and make such record available for scrutiny by the Central Pollution Control Board or
the concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(9) file annual returns in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board as the case may
be, on or before 30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates;
(10) may accept waste electrical and electronic equipment or components not listed in Schedule
I for recycling provided that they do not contain any radioactive material and same shall be
indicated while taking the authorisation from concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(11) operation without Authorisation by any recycler, as defined in this rule, shall be considered as
causing damage to the environment.
12. Responsibilities of State Government for environmentally sound management of
E-waste. –
(1) Department of Industry in State or any other government agency authorised in this regard
by the State Government, to ensure earmarking or allocation of industrial space or shed for
e-waste dismantling and recycling in the existing and upcoming industrial park, estate and
industrial clusters;
(2) Department of Labour in the State or any other government agency authorised in this regard
by the State Government shall:
a. ensure recognition and registration of workers involved in dismantling and recycling;
b. assist formation of groups of such workers to facilitate setting up dismantling facilities;
c. undertake industrial skill development activities for the workers involved in dismantling
and recycling;
d. undertake annual monitoring and to ensure safety & health of workers involved in
dismantling and recycling;
(3) State Government to prepare integrated plan for effective implementation of these provisions,
and to submit annual report to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

CHAPTER III
PROCEDURE FOR SEEKING AND GRANT OF AUTHORISATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF
E-WASTE
13. Procedure for Seeking and Grant of Authorisation. -
(1) Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation of Producers. –
(i) every producer of electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I, shall make
an application for Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation within a period of
ninety days starting from the date of these rules coming into force in Form-1 to Central
Pollution Control Board;
(ii) on receipt of the application complete in all respects, the Central Pollution Control Board
will carry out evaluation of the Extended Producer Responsibility Plan and on being
satisfied that the producer has detailed out an effective system to manage Extended
Producer Responsibility in the country, shall grant Extended Producer Responsibility
- Authorisation, in Form 1(aa) within a period of one hundred and twenty days. The
Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation shall be valid for a period of five
years;
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This authorisation shall include among others the targeted quantity of e-waste, product
code wise, to be collected during the year. The actual target for collection of e-waste for
dismantling or recycling will be fixed on the basis of quantity of electrical and electronic
equipment, product code wise, placed in the market in the previous years and taking
into consideration the average life of the equipment. The estimated quantity of e-waste
generated during the current year will be indicated by the producer and the quantity
expected to be collected with the collection scheme proposed to be implemented
by the producer will be indicated in the Extended Producer Responsibility plan. The
Central Pollution Control Board shall fix the targets in accordance with Schedule III.
(iii) the Central Pollution Control Board, after giving reasonable opportunity of being heard
to the applicant shall refuse to grant Extended Producer Responsibility – Authorisation;
(iv) in the event of refusal of Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation by the Central
Pollution Control Board, the producer will forfeit his right to put any Electrical and
Electronic Equipment in the market till such time the Extended Producer Responsibility
- Authorisation is granted;
(v) the Central Pollution Control Board after grant of Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation shall forward the Extended Producer Responsibility Plan to respective
State Pollution Control Board for monitoring;
(vi) an application for the renewal of Extended Producer Responsibility-Authorisation shall
be made in Form-1 before one hundred and twenty days of its expiry to Central Pollution
Control Board. The Central Pollution Control Board may renew the authorisation for
a period of five years after receipt of compliance report from the concerned State
Pollution Control Board which shall submit the compliance report to Central Pollution
Control Board within sixty days from the date of the receipt of the application. In case
of non receipt of the compliance report from the State Pollution Control Board within
stipulated time period of sixty days, Central Pollution Control Board may renew the
Extended Producer Responsibility- Authorisation after examining such case on merit
basis, subject to no report of violation of the provisions of the Act or the rules made
there under or the conditions specified in the Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation;
(vii) every producer of Electrical and Electronic Equipment listed in Schedule I, shall take
all steps, wherever required, to comply with the conditions specified in the Extended
Producer Responsibility – Authorisation;
(viii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall monitor the compliance of Extended
Producer Responsibility - Authorisation, take cognizance of any non- compliance and
inform Central Pollution Control Board for taking action, as necessary;
(ix) Central Pollution Control Board shall conduct random check and if in its opinion, the
holders of the Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation has failed to comply
with any of the conditions of the authorisation or with any provisions of the Act or these
rules and after giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after recording
reasons thereof in writing cancel or suspend the Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation issued under these rules for such period as it considers necessary in the
public interest and inform the concerned State Pollution Control Board within ten days
of cancellation.
(x) the Central Pollution Control Board shall maintain an online register of Extended
Producer Responsibility - Authorisation granted with conditions imposed under these
rules for environmentally sound management of e-waste, and which shall be accessible
to any citizen of the country.
(xi) The producer authorised under the provision of this rule shall maintain records in Form-
2 and shall file annual returns of its activities of previous year in Form-3 to the Central
Pollution Control Board on or before 30th day of June of every year;
179

(2) Authorisation of Manufacturer. –

(i) the manufacturer generating e-waste shall obtain an authorisation from the concerned
State Pollution Control Board;
(ii) the manufacturer shall make an application for authorisation, within a period of ninety
days from the date of these rules coming into force in Form 1(a) to the concerned State
Pollution Control Board for grant of authorisation;
(iii) on receipt of the application complete in all respects for the authorisation, the concerned
State Pollution Control Board may, after such enquiry as it considers necessary and on
being satisfied that the applicant possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities
and equipment to handle e-waste safely, grant within a period of one hundred and
twenty days an authorisation in Form 1(bb) to the applicant to carry out safe operations
in the authorised place only, which shall be valid for a period of five years;
(iv) the concerned State Pollution Control Board after giving reasonable opportunity of
being heard to the applicant may refuse to grant any authorisation;
(v) every person authorised under these rules shall maintain the record of e-waste handled
by them in Form-2 and prepare and submit to the concerned State Pollution Control
Board, an annual return containing the details specified in Form-
(3) on or before the 30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates;
(vi) an application for the renewal of an authorisation shall be made in Form-1(a) before
one hundred and twenty days of its expiry and the concerned State Pollution Control
Board may renew the authorisation for a period of five years after examining each
case on merit and subject to the condition that there is no report of violation of the
provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder or the conditions specified in the
authorisation;
(vii) manufacturer shall take all steps to comply with the conditions specified in the
authorisation;
(viii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall maintain an online register of
authorisations granted with conditions imposed under these rules for environmentally
sound management of e-waste, and which shall be accessible to any citizen of the
country.
(3) Procedure for grant of authorisation to dismantler or recycler. -
(i) every Dismantler or Recycler of e-waste shall make an application, within a period of one
hundred and twenty days starting from the date of coming into force of these rules, in Form-4
in triplicate to the concerned State Pollution Control Board accompanied with a copy of the
following documents for the grant or renewal of authorisation, namely:-
(a) consent to establish granted by the concerned State Pollution Control Board under
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, (25 of 1974) and the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981(21 of 1981);
(b) certificate of registration issued by the District Industries Centre or any other
government agency authorised in this regard;
(c) proof of installed capacity of plant and machinery issued by the District Industries
Centre or any other government agency authorised in this behalf;
(d) in case of renewal, a certificate of compliance of effluent and emission standards,
treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes as applicable from the concerned State
Pollution Control Board or any other agency designated for this purpose:
Provided that any person authorised or registered under the provisions of the Hazardous
Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movements) Rules, 2008, and the
E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 prior to the date of coming into force of
180

these rules shall not be required to make an application for authorisation till the period
of expiry of such authorisation or registration:
(ii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board, on being satisfied that the application is
complete in all respects and that the applicant is utilising environmentally sound technologies
and possess adequate technical capabilities, requisite facilities and equipment to dismantle
or recycle and process e-waste in compliance to the guidelines specified by Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time and through site inspection, may grant authorisation to
such applicants stipulating therein necessary conditions as deemed necessary for carrying
out safe operations in the authorised place only;
(iii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall dispose of the application for authorisation
within a period of one hundred and twenty days from the date of the receipt of such
application complete in all respects;
(iv) the authorisation granted under these rules shall be valid for a period of five years from the
date of its issue and shall be accompanied with a copy of the field inspection report signed
by that Board indicating the adequacy of facilities for dismantling or recycling of e-waste and
compliance to the guidelines specified by Central Pollution Control Board from time to time;
(v) the concerned State Pollution Control Board may refuse, cancel or suspend an authorisation
granted under these rules, if it has reasons to believe that the authorised dismantler or recycler
has failed to comply with any of the conditions of authorisation, or with any provisions of the
Act or rules made thereunder, after giving an opportunity to the dismantler or recycler to be
heard and after recording the reasons thereof;
(vi) an application for the renewal of authorisation shall be made in Form - 4 before one hundred
and twenty days of its expiry and the concerned State Pollution Control Board may renew the
authorisation for a period of five years after examining each case on merit and subject to the
condition that there is no report of violation of the provisions of the Act or the rules made
there under or the conditions specified in the authorisation;
(vii) the Dismantler and Recycler shall maintain records of the e-waste purchased, processed in
Form-2 and shall file annual returns of its activities of previous year in Form-3 to the concerned
State Pollution Control Board on or before 30th day of June of every year;
(viii) the Central Government and the Central Pollution Control Board may issue guidelines for
standards of performance for dismantling and recycling processes from time to time.
(4) Procedure for grant of authorisation to refurbisher. –
(i) every refurbisher of e-waste shall make an application, with in a period of one hundred
and twenty days starting from the date of coming into force of these rules, in Form 1 (a) in
triplicate to the concerned State Pollution Control Board accompanied with a copy of the
following documents for the grant or renewal of authorisation, namely:-
(a) consent to establish granted by the concerned State Pollution Control Board under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, (25 of 1974) and the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (21 of 1981);
(b) certificate of registration issued by the District Industries Centre or any other government
agency authorised in this regard;
(c) proof of installed capacity of plant and machinery issued by the District Industries Centre
or any other government agency authorised in this behalf.
(ii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board, on being satisfied that the application is
complete in all respects and complies with the guidelines prescribed by Central Pollution
Control Board from time to time, may grant one time authorisation in Form 1 (bb) to such
applicants stipulating therein necessary conditions as deemed necessary for carrying out
refurbishing activities in the authorised place only;
181

(iii) the concerned State Pollution Control Board shall dispose of the application for authorisation
within a period of one hundred and twenty days from the date of the receipt of such
application complete in all respects;
(iv) the concerned State Pollution Control Board may refuse, cancel or suspend a authorisation
granted under these rules, if it has reasons to believe that the authorised refurbisher has
failed to comply with any of the conditions of authorisation, or with any provisions of the Act
or rules made thereunder, after giving an opportunity to the refurbisher to be heard and after
recording the reasons thereof;
(v) the Refurbisher shall maintain records of the e-waste purchased and refurbished in Form-2
and shall file annual returns of its activities of previous year in Form-3 to the concerned State
Pollution Control Board on or before 30th day of June of every year.
14. Power to suspend or cancel an authorisation.-
(1) The State Pollution Control Board may, if in its opinion, the holder of Manufacturer or
Dismantler or Recycler or Refurbisher Authorisation has failed to comply with any of the
conditions of the authorisation or with any provisions of the Act or these rules and after
giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after recording reasons thereof in writing
cancel or suspend the authorisation issued under these rules for such period as it considers
necessary in the public interest and inform Central Pollution Control Board within ten days of
cancellation;
(2) The Central Pollution Control Board, if in its opinion, the holders of the Extended Producer
Responsibility- Authorisation has failed to comply with any of the conditions of the
authorisation or with any provisions of the Act or these rules and after giving a reasonable
opportunity of being heard and after recording reasons thereof in writing cancel or suspend
the Extended Producer Responsibility- Authorisation issued under these rules for such period
as it considers necessary in the public interest and inform State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committees within ten days of cancellation;
(3) Upon suspension or cancellation of the authorisation, the Central Pollution Control Board
or State Pollution Control Board may give directions to the persons whose authorisation has
been suspended or cancelled for the safe storage and management of the e-waste and such
persons shall comply with such directions.

CHAPTER IV
15. Procedure for storage of e-waste. - Every manufacturer, producer, bulk consumer, collection
centre, dealer, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler may store the e-waste for a period not
exceeding one hundred and eighty days and shall maintain a record of collection, sale,
transfer and storage of wastes and make these records available for inspection:
Provided that the concerned State Pollution Control Board may extend the said period up
to three hundred and sixty five days in case the waste needs to be specifically stored for
development of a process for its recycling or reuse.

CHAPTER V
REDUCTION IN THE USE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND THEIR COMPONENTS OR CONSUMABLES
OR PARTS OR SPARES
16. Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electrical and
electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares. –
(1) Every producer of electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables
or parts or spares listed in Schedule I shall ensure that, new Electrical and Electronic Equipment
182

and their components or consumables or parts or spares do not contain Lead, Mercury,
Cadmium, Hexavalent Chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers beyond a maximum concentration value of 0.1% by weight in homogenous materials
for lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated
diphenyl ethers and of 0.01% by weight in homogenous materials for cadmium.
(2) Components or consumables or parts or spares required for the electrical and electronic
equipment placed in the market prior to 1st May, 2014 may be exempted from the provisions
of sub-rule (1) of rule 16 provided Reduction of Hazardous Substances compliant parts and
spares are not available.
(3) The applications listed in Schedule II shall be exempted from provisions of sub- rule (1) of rule
16.
(4) Every producer of applications listed in Schedule II shall ensure that the limits of hazardous
substances as given in Schedule II are to be complied.
(5) Every producer shall provide the detailed information on the constituents of the equipment
and their components or consumables or parts or spares alongwith a declaration of
conformance to the Reduction of Hazardous Substances provisions in the product user
documentation.
(6) Imports or placement in the market for new electrical and electronic equipment shall be
permitted only for those which are compliant to provisions of sub-rule (1) and sub rule (4) of
rule 16.
(7) Manufacture and supply of electrical and electronic equipment used for defence and other
similar strategic applications shall be excluded from provisions of sub- rule (1) of rule 16.
(8) Every producer while seeking Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation will provide
information on the compliance of the provisions of sub-rule (1) of rule 16. This information
shall be in terms of self-declaration.
(9) Central Pollution Control Board shall conduct random sampling of electrical and electronic
equipment placed on the market to monitor and verify the compliance of Reduction of
Hazardous Substances provisions and the cost for sample and testing shall be borne by the
Producer. The random sampling shall be as per the guidelines of Central Pollution Control
Board.
(10) If the product does not comply with Reduction of Hazardous Substances provisions, the
Producers shall take corrective measures to bring the product into compliance and withdraw
or recall the product from the market, within a reasonable period as per the guidelines of the
Central Pollution Control Board.
(11) Central Pollution Control Board shall publish the methods for sampling and analysis of
Hazardous Substances as listed in sub-rule(1) of rule 16 with respect to the items listed in
Schedule I and II and also enlist the labs for this purpose.

CHAPTER VI
MISCELLANEOUS
17. Duties of authorities. - Subject to other provisions of these rules, the authorities shall
perform duties as specified in Schedule IV.
18. Annual Report. –
(1) The concerned State Pollution Control Board shall prepare and submit to the Central Pollution
Control Board an annual report with regard to the implementation of these rules by the 30th
day of September every year in Form-5.
183

(2) The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare the consolidated annual review report
on management of e-waste and forward it to the Central Government along with its
recommendations before the 30th day of December every year.
19. Transportation of e-waste. –The transportation of e-waste shall be carried out as per the
manifest system whereby the transporter shall be required to carry a document (three copies)
prepared by the sender, giving the details as per Form-6:
Provided that the transportation of waste generated from manufacturing or recycling destined
for final disposal to a treatment, storage and disposal facility shall follow the provisions under
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008.
20. Accident reporting.- Where an accident occurs at the facility processing e-waste or during
transportation of e-waste, the producer, refurbisher, transporter, dismantler, or recycler, as
the case may be, shall report immediately to the concerned State Pollution Control Board
about the accident through telephone and e-mail.
21. Liability of manufacturer, producer, importer, transporter, refurbisher, dismantler and
recycler.-
(1) The manufacturer, producer, importer, transporter, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler shall
be liable for all damages caused to the environment or third party due to improper handling
and management of the e-waste;
(2) The manufacturer, producer, importer, transporter, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler shall
be liable to pay financial penalties as levied for any violation of the provisions under these
rules by the State Pollution Control Board with the prior approval of the Central Pollution
Control Board.
22. Appeal.-
(1) Any person aggrieved by an order of suspension or cancellation or refusal of authorisation
or its renewal passed by the Central Pollution Control Board or State Pollution Control Board
may, within a period of thirty days from the date on which the order is communicated to
him, prefer a appeal in Form 7 to the Appellate Authority comprising of the Environment
Secretary of the State.
(2) The Appellate Authority may entertain the appeal after expiry of the said period of thirty days
if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal in
time.
(3) Every appeal filed under this rule shall be disposed of within a period of sixty days from the
date of its filing.
23. The collection, storage, transportation, segregation, refurbishment, dismantling, recycling
and disposal of e-waste shall be in accordance with the procedures prescribed in the guidelines
published by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time. Implementation of
e-waste (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2011 shall be in accordance with
the guidelines prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time.
24. Urban Local Bodies (Municipal Committee or Council or Corporation) shall ensure that
e-waste pertaining to orphan products is collected and channelised to authorised dismantler
or recycler.
******
184

SCHEDULE I
[See rules 2, 3(j), 3(y), 3(aa) and 3(ff); 5; 9; 11(10); 13 (1) (i), 13 (1) (vii) and 16(1), 16(11)]

Categories of electrical and electronic equipment including their components, consumables,

parts and spares covered under the rules

Electrical and
Sr.
Categories of electrical and electronic equipment electronic
No.
equipment code
i. Information technology and telecommunication equipment :
Centralised data processing: Mainframes, Minicomputers ITEW1
Personal Computing: Personal Computers (Central Processing ITEW2
Unit with input and output devices)
Personal Computing: Laptop Computers (Central Processing Unit ITEW3
with input and output devices)
Personal Computing: Notebook Computers ITEW4
Personal Computing: Notepad Computers ITEW5
Printers including cartridges ITEW6
Copying equipment ITEW7
Electrical and electronic typewriters ITEW8
User terminals and systems ITEW9
Facsimile ITEW10
Telex ITEW11
Telephones ITEW12
Pay telephones ITEW13
Cordless telephones ITEW14
Cellular telephones ITEW15
Answering systems ITEW16
ii. Consumer electrical and electronics:
Television sets (including sets based on (Liquid Crystal Display CEEW1
and Light Emitting Diode technology)
Refrigerator CEEW2
Washing Machine CEEW3
Air-conditioners excluding centralised air conditioning plants CEEW4
Fluorescent and other Mercury containing lamps CEEW5
185

SCHEDULE II
[See rules 16 (3), 16 (4) and 16 (11)]

Applications, which are exempted from the requirements of sub-rule (1) of rule 16
Substance
1 Mercury in single capped (compact) fluorescent lamps not exceeding (per burner):
1(a) For general lighting purposes <30 W : 2.5 mg
1(b) For general lighting purposes ≥ 30 W and <50 W : 3.5mg
1(c) For general lighting purposes ≥ 50 W and <150 W : 5mg
1(d) For general lighting purposes ≥150 W : 15 mg
1(e) For general lighting purposes with circular or square structural shape and tube
diameter ≤17 mm : 7mg
1(f ) For special purposes:5 mg
2(a) Mercury in double-capped linear fluorescent lamps for general lighting purposes
not exceeding (per lamp):
2(a)(1) Tri-band phosphor with normal life time and a tube diameter < 9mm (e.g. T2): 4mg
2(a)(2) Tri-band phosphor with normal life time and a tube diameter ≥ 9 mm and
≤ 17 mm (e.g. T5): 3 mg
2(a)(3) Tri- band phosphor with normal life time and a tube diameter >17 mm and
≤ 28 mm(e.g. T8): 3.5 mg
2(a)(4) Tri-band phosphor with normal life time and a tube diameter >28 mm (e.g. T
12):3.5 mg
2(a)(5) Tri-band phosphor with long life time (≥25000 h):5mg
2(b) Mercury in other fluorescent lamps not exceeding(per lamp):
2(b)(1) Linear halophosphate lamps with tube >28 mm (e.g. T 10 and T12):10 mg
2(b)(2) Non-linear halophosphate lamps(all diameters):15mg
2(b)(3) Non-linear tri-band phosphor lamps with tube diameter >17 mm(e.g.T9):
15 mg
2(b)(4) Lamps for other general lighting and special purposes (e.g. induction lamps):15mg
3 Mercury in cold cathode fluorescent lamps and external electrode fluorescent
lamps (CCFL and EEFL)for special purposes not exceeding (per lamp):
3(a) Short length( < 500 mm):3.5mg
3(b) Medium length(>500 mm and<1500 mm): 5mg
3(c) Long length(>1500 mm): 13mg
4(a) Mercury in other low pressure discharge lamps (per lamp): 15mg
4(b) Mercury in High Pressure Sodium(vapour) lamps for general lighting purposes not
exceeding (per burner)in lamps with improved colour rendering index Ra>60:
4(b)-I P ≤155 W : 30 mg
4(b)-II 155 W < P <405 W : 40 mg
4(b)-III P >405 W: 40 mg
186

4(c) Mercury in other High Pressure Sodium(vapour)lamps for general lighting purposes
not exceeding (per burner):
4(c)-I P<155 W:25mg
4(c)-II 155 W < P < 405 W:30 mg
4(c)-III P >405 W:40 mg
4(d) Mercury in High Pressure Mercury (vapour) lamps (HPMV)
4(e) Mercury in metal halide lamps (MH)
4(f ) Mercury in other discharge lamps for special purposes not specifcally mentioned in
this Schedule
5(a) Lead in glass of cathode ray tubes
5(b) Lead in glass of fluorescent tubes not exceeding 0.2% by weight
6(a) Lead as an alloying element in steel for machining purposes and in galvanized steel
containing up to 0.35% lead by weight
6(b) Lead as an alloying element in aluminium containing up to 0.4% lead by weight
6(c) Copper alloy containing up to 4% lead by weight
7(a) Lead in high melting temperature type solders (i.e. lead-based alloys containing
85% by weight or more lead)
7(b) Lead in solders for servers, storage and storage array systems, network infrastructure
equipment for switching, signalling, transmission, and network management for
telecommunications
7(c)-I Electrical and electronic components containing lead in a glass or ceramic other than
dielectric ceramic in capacitors, e.g. piezoelectronic devices, or in a glass or ceramic
matrix compound.
7(c)-II Lead in dielectric ceramic in capacitors for a rated voltage of 125 V AC or 250 V DC
or higher
7(c)-III Lead in dielectric ceramic in capacitors for a rated voltage of less than 125 V AC or
250 V DC
8(a) Cadmium and its compounds in one shot pellet type thermal cut-offs

8(b) Cadmium and its compounds in electrical contracts

9 Hexavalent chromium as an anticorrosion agent of the carbon steel cooling system
in absorption refrigerators up to 0.75% by weight in the cooling solution
9(b) Lead in bearing shells and bushes for refrigerant-containing compressors for heating,
ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVACR) application.
11(a) Lead used in C-press compliant pin connector systems
11(b) Lead used in other than C-press compliant pin connector systems
12 Lead as a coating material for the thermal conduction module C- ring

13(a) Lead in white glasses used for optical applications

13(b) Cadmium and lead in filter glasses and glasses used for reflectance standards.
187

14 Lead in solders consisting of more than two elements for the connection between
the pins and the package of microprocessors with a lead content of more than 80%
and less than 85% by weight

15 Lead in solders to complete a viable electrical connection between semiconductor

die and carrier within integrated circuit flip chip packages.
16 Lead in linear incandescent lamps with silicate coated tubes
17 Lead halide as radiant agent in high intensity discharge (HID) lamps used for
professional reprography applications.
18(a) Lead as activator in the fluorescent powder (1% lead by weight or less) of discharge
lamps when used as specialty lamps for diazoprinting reprography, lithography,
insect traps, photochemical and curing processes containing phosphors such as SMS
((Sr, Ba)2Mg Si2O7:Pb)

18(b) Lead as activator in the fluorescent powder (1% lead by weight or less) of discharge
lamps when used as sun tanning lamps containing phosphors such as BSP (Ba
Si2O5:Pb)

19 Lead with PbBiSn-Hg and PblnSn-Hg in specific compositions as main amalgam and
with PbSn-Hg as auxiliary amalgam in very compact energy saving lamps (ESL)

20 Lead oxide in glass used for bonding front and rear substrates of flat fluorescent
lamps used for Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

21 Lead and cadmium in printing inks for the application of enamels on glasses, such
as borosilicate and soda lime glasses

23 Lead in finishes of fine pitch components other than connectors with a pitch of 0.65
mm and less

24 Lead in solders for the soldering to machined through hole discoidal and planar
array ceramic multilayer capacitors

25 Lead oxide in surface conduction electron emitter displays (SED) used in structural
elements, notably in the seal frit and frit ring.

26 Lead oxide in the glass envelope of black light blue lamps

27 Lead alloys as solder for transducers used in high-powered (designated to operate

for several hours at acoustic power levels of 125 dB SPL and above) loudspeakers

29 Lead bound in crystal glass

30 Cadmium alloys as electrical/mechanical solder joints to electrical conductors

located directly on the voice coil in transducers used in high-powered loudspeakers
with sound pressure levels of 100 dB(A) and more

31 Lead in soldering materials in mercury free flat fluorescent lamps (which e.g. are used
for liquid crystal displays, design or industrial lighting)

32 Lead oxide in seal frit used for making window assemblies for Argon and Krypton
laser tubes
188

33 Lead in solders for the soldering of thin copper wires of 100 µm diameter and less in
power transformers

34 Lead in cermet-based trimmer potentiometer elements

36 Mercury used as a cathode sputtering inhibitor in DC plasma displays with a

content up to 30 mg per display

37 Lead in the plating layer of high voltage diodes on the basis of a zinc borate glass
body

38 Cadmium and cadmium oxide in thick film pastes used on aluminium bonded
beryllium oxide

39 Cadmium in colour converting II-VI LEDs (<10 µg Cd per mm2of light- emitting
area) for use in solid state illumination or display systems.

SCHEDULE III
[See rules 5 (1) (a) and 13 (1) (ii)]

Targets for Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation

E-Waste Collection Target

No. Year
(Number/Weight)
(i) During first two year of 30% of the quantity of waste generation as
implementation of rules indicated in Extended Producer Responsibility
Plan.
(ii) During third and fourth years of 40% of the quantity of waste generation as
implementation of rules indicated in Extended Producer Responsibility
Plan.
(iii) During Fifth and Sixth years of 50% of the quantity of waste generation as
implementation of rules indicated in Extended Producer Responsibility
Plan.
(iv) Seventh year onward of 70% of the quantity of waste generation as
implementation of rules indicated in Extended Producer Responsibility
Plan.
189

SCHEDULE IV
[See rule (17)]

LIST OF AUTHORITIES AND CORREPONDING DUTIES

Sr. No AUTHORITY CORRESPONDING DUTIES

1. Central Pollution (i) Grant and Renewal of Extended Producer

Control Board, Responsibility - Authorisation and monitoring of its
Delhi compliance.
(ii) Maintain information on Extended Producer
Responsibility - Authorisation on its web site.
(iii) Set and revise targets for collection of e-waste from
time to time.
(iv) Coordination with State Pollution Control Boards
(v) Preparation of Guidelines for Environmentally Sound
Management of e-waste.
(vi) Conduct random check for ascertaining compliance of
the e-waste rules and identification of such importers
or producers who have not applied for Extended
Producer Responsibility authorisation or are not
complying with RoHS provision. Wherever necessary,
Central Pollution Control Board will seek the help
of customs department or any other agency of the
Government of India.
(vii) Conduct random inspection of dismantler or recycler
or refurbisher.
(viii) Documentation, compilation of data on e-waste and
uploading on websites of Central Pollution Control
Board
(ix) Actions against violation of these rules. (x) Conducting
training programmes.
(xi) Submit Annual Report to the Ministry.
(xii) Enforcement of provisions regarding reduction in use
of hazardous substances in manufacture of electrical
and electronic equipment.
(xiii) Interaction with IT industry for reducing hazardous
substances.
(xiv) Set and revise targets for compliance to the reduction
in use of hazardous substance in manufacture of
electrical and electronic equipment from time to time.
(xv) Any other function delegated by the Ministry under
these rules from time to time.
190

2. State Pollution (i) Inventorisation of e-waste.

Control Boards (ii) Grant and renewal of authorisation to manufacturers,
or Committees of dismantlers, recyclers and refurbishers.
Union territories (iii) Monitoring and compliance of Extended Producer
Responsibility - Authorisation as directed by Central
Pollution Control Board and that of dismantlers,
recyclers and refurbishers authorisation.
(iv) Conduct random inspection of dismantler or recycler
or refurbisher.
(v) Maintain online information regarding authorisation
granted to manufacturers, dismantlers, recyclers and
refurbishers.
(vi) Implementation of programmes to encourage
environmentally sound recycling.
(vii) Action against violations of these rules.
(viii) Any other function delegated by the Ministry under
these rules.

3. Urban Local (i) To ensure that e-waste if found to be mixed with

Bodies (Municipal Municipal Solid Waste is properly segregated,
Committee collected and is channelised to authorised dismantler
or Council or or recycler.
Corporation) (ii) To ensure that e-waste pertaining to orphan
products is collected and channelised to authorised
dismantler or recycler.

4. Port authority (i) Verify the Extended Producer Responsibility -

under Indian Ports Authorisation.
Act, 1908 (15 of (ii) Inform Central Pollution Control Board of any illegal
1908) and Customs traffic for necessary action.
Authority under (iii) Take action against importer for violations under the
the Customs Act, Indian Ports Act, 1908/Customs Act, 1962.
1962 (52 of 1962)
191

FORM-1
[See Rules 5(1) (g), 13(1) (i), 13(1) (vi)]

Applicable to producers seeking Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation

The application form should contain the following information:

1. Name and full address along with :

telephone numbers, e-mail and other
contact details of Producer (It should be
the place from where sale in entire
country is being managed)

2. Name of the Authorised Person and :

full address with e-mail, telephone and
fax number

3. Name, address and contact details of :

Producer Responsibility Organisation, if
any with full address, e-mail, telephone and
fax number, if engaged for implementing
the Extended Producer Responsibility

4. Details of electrical and electronic :

equipment placed on market year-wise
during previous 10 years in the form of
Table 1 as given below:

Table 1:
Details of Electrical and Electronic Equipment placed on the market in
previous years - Code wise

Electrical
Electrical and and
Sr. Quantity, number and weight placed on
Electronic Equipment Electronic
No. market (year-wise)
Item Equipment
Code

A Information technology and telecommunication equipment:

1 Centralised data ITEW1

processing: Mainframes,
Minicomputers

2 Personal Computing: ITEW2

Personal Computers
(Central Processing Unit
with input and
output devices)
192

3 Personal ITEW3
Computing: Laptop
Computers(Central
Processing Unit with
input and output
devices)
4 Personal Computing: ITEW4
Notebook Computers

5 Personal Computing: ITEW5

Notepad Computers
6 Printers including ITEW6
cartridges
7 Copying equipment ITEW7
8 Electrical and electronic ITEW8
typewriters

9 User terminals and ITEW9

systems
10 Facsimile ITEW10
11 Telex ITEW11
12 Telephones ITEW12
13 Pay telephones ITEW13
14 Cordless telephones ITEW14
15 Cellular telephones ITEW15
16 Answering systems ITEW16
B Consumer electrical and electronics:
17 Television sets CEEW1
(including sets based on
(Liquid Crystal Display
and Light Emitting
Diode technology)

18 Refrigerator CEEW2
19 Washing Machine CEEW3
20 Air-conditioners CEEW4
excluding centralised air
conditioning plants

21 Fluorescent and other CEEW5

Mercury containing
lamps
193

5. Estimated generation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment waste item-wise and estimated
collection target for the forthcoming year in the form of Table 2 including those being
generated from their service centres, as given below:

Table 2
Estimated generation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment waste item-wise and
estimated collection target for the forthcoming year

Estimated waste electrical and

Targeted collection
Sr. No. Item electronic equipment generation
Number and weight
Number and weight

6. Extended Producer Responsibility Plans:

(a) Please provide details of your overall scheme to fulfil Extended Producer Responsibility
obligations including targets. This should comprise of general scheme of collection
of used/waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment from the Electrical and Electronic
Equipment placed on the market earlier such as through dealers and collection centres,
Producer Responsibility Organisation, through buy-back arrangement, exchange scheme,
Deposit Refund Scheme, etc. whether directly or through any authorised agency and
channelising the items so collected to authorised recyclers.
(b) Provide the list with addresses along with agreement copies with dealers, collection
centres, recyclers, Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility, etc. under your scheme.
7. Estimated budget for Extended Producer Responsibility and allied initiatives to create
consumer awareness.
8. Details of proposed awareness programmes.
9. Details for Reduction of Hazardous Substances compliance (to be filled if applicable):
(a) Whether the Electrical and Electronic Equipment placed on market complies with
the rule 16 (1) limits with respect to lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium,
polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers;
(b) Provide the technical documents (Supplier declarations, Materials declarations/Analytical
reports) as evidence that the Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) provisions are
complied by the product based on standard EN 50581 of EU;
(c) Documents required:
i. Extended Producer Responsibility plan;
ii. Copy of the permission from the relevant Ministry/Department for selling their
product;
iii. Copies of agreement with dealers, collection centre, recyclers, Treatment, Storage
and Disposal Facility, etc.;
iv. Copy of Directorate General of Foreign Trade license/permission as applicable;
v. Self-declaration regarding Reduction of Hazardous Substances provision;
vi. Any other document as required.

Place: (Authorised signature)

Date:
194

FORM 1(a)
[See rules 4(2), 8 (2), 13(2) (ii), 13(2) (vi) and 13(4) (i)]

APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AUTHORISATION FOR GENERATION OR STORAGE OR

TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL OF E-WASTE BY MANUFACTURER OR REFURBISHER*

From: ....................................
....................................
To
The Member Secretary,
................. Pollution Control Board or……………… Pollution Control Committee
........................................................
........................................................
Sir,
I / We hereby apply for authorisation/renewal of authorisation under rule 13(2) (i) to 13(2) (viii)
and/or 13 (4) (i) of the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 for collection/storage/ transportation/
treatment/ refurbishing/disposal of e-wastes.

For Office Use Only

Code No. :
Whether the unit is situated in a critically polluted area as identified by
Ministry of Environment and Forests (yes/no);

To be filled in by Applicant

1. Name and full address:

2. Contact Person with designation and contact details such as telephone Nos, Fax. No. and
E-mail:

3. Authorisation required for (Please tick mark appropriate activity/ies*)

(i) Generation during manufacturing or refurbishing* 
(ii) Treatment, if any 
(iii) Collection, Transportation, Storage 
(iv) Refurbishing 

4. E-waste details:
(a) Total quantity e-waste generated in MT/A
(b) Quantity refurbished (applicable to refurbisher) (c) Quantity sent for recycling
(d) Quantity sent for disposal
195

5. Details of Facilities for storage/handling/treatment/refurbishing:

6. In case of renewal of authorisation previous authorisation no. and date and details of annual
returns:

Place : Signature: _

Date : (Name_____)

Designation: ____________
Note:-

(1) *The authorisation for e-waste may be obtained along with authorisation for hazardous
waste under the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement)
Rules, 2008, if applicable.

(2) Wherever necessary, use additional sheets to give requisite and necessary details.
196

FORM 1 (aa)
[See rules 5 (6) and 13(1)(ii)]

FORMAT OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY - AUTHORISATION

[Extended Producer Responsibility Authorisation for Producer of the Electrical &

Electronic Equipment]

Ref: Your application for Grant of Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation for following
Electrical & Electronic Equipment under E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016

1. Number of Authorisation:

Date:

2. M/s. _____________________________ is hereby granted Extended Producer Responsibility

- Authorisation based on:
(a) overall Extended Producer Responsibility plan
(b) proposed target for collection of e-waste
3. The Authorisation shall be valid for a period of _________ years from date of issue with
following conditions:
(i) you shall strictly follow the approved Extended Producer Responsibility plan, a copy of
which is enclosed herewith;
(ii) you shall ensure that collection mechanism or centre are set up or designated as per the
details given in the Extended Producer Responsibility plan. Information on collection
mechanism/centre including the state-wise setup should be provided;
(iii) you shall ensure that all the collected e-waste is channelised to authorised dismantler or
recycler designated as per the details. Information on authorised dismantler or recycler
designated state-wise should be provided;
(iv) you shall maintain records, in Form-2 of these Rules, of e-waste and make such records
available for scrutiny by Central Pollution Control Board;
(v) you shall file annual returns in Form-3 to the Central Pollution Control Board on or before
30th day of June following the financial year to which that returns relates;
(vi) General Terms & Conditions of the Authorisation:
a. The authorisation shall comply with provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 and the Rules made there under;
b. The authorisation or its renewal shall be produced for inspection at the request of an
officer authorised by the Central Pollution Control Board;
c. Any change in the approved Extended Producer Responsibility plan should be
informed to Central Pollution Control Board on which decision shall be communicated
197

by Central Pollution Control Board within sixty days;

d. It is the duty of the authorised person to take prior permission of the concerned
State Pollution Control Boards and Central Pollution Control Board to close down the
facility;
e. An application for the renewal of authorisation shall be made as laid down in sub-rule
(vi) of rule of 13(1) the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016;
f. The Board reserves right to cancel/amend/revoke the authorisation at any time as per
the Policy of the Board or Government.

Authorized signatory
(with designation)

To,
Concerned Producer
Copy to:
1. Member Secretary, Concerned State.
2. In-charge, concerned Zonal Office, Central Pollution Control Board.
198

FORM 1(bb)
[See rules 4(2), 8(2)(a), 13(2) (iii) and 13(4)(ii)]

FORMAT FOR GRANTING AUTHORISATION FOR GENERATION OR STORAGE OR TREATMENT

OR REFURBISHING OR DISPOSAL OF E-WASTE BY MANUFACTURER OR REFURBISHER

Ref: Your application for Grant of Authorisation

1. (a) Authorisation no. ................ and (b) date of issue ………………………….

2. ……..….…………………of……………………………is hereby granted an authorisation
for generation, storage, treatment, disposal of e-waste on the premises situated
at………………………………………… for the following:
a. quantity of e-waste;
b. nature of e-waste.
3. The authorisation shall be valid for a period from ……… to …………
4. The e-waste mentioned above shall be treated/ disposed off in a manner ............ at ..............
5. The authorisation is subject to the conditions stated below and such conditions as may be
specified in the rules for the time being in force under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986.

Signature -------------------------
Designation ---------------------- Date: --------------------

Terms and conditions of authorisation

9. Types & Quantity of e-waste Category Quantity

dismantled*
Item Description

Name, address and contact details of the

destination

10. Types & Quantity of e-waste recycled* Category Quantity

Note:-
(1) * Strike off whichever is not applicable
(2) Provide any other information as stipulated in the conditions to the authoriser
(3) ** For producers this information has to be provided state-wise
201

FORM-3
[See rules 4(5), 5(5), 8(6), 9(4), 10(8), 11(9), 13 (1) (xi), 13(2)(v), 13(3)(vii) and 13(4)(v)]

FORM FOR FILING ANNUAL RETURNS

[To be submitted by producer or manufacturer or refurbisher or dismantler or recycler by 30th

day of June following the financial year to which that return relates].

Quantity in Metric Tonnes (MT) and numbers

1 Name and address of the producer or

manufacturer or refurbisher or dismantler
or recycler

2 Name of the authorised person and

complete address with telephone and fax
numbers and e-mail address

3 Total quantity of e-waste collected or

channelised to recyclers or dismantlers
for processing during the year for each
category of electrical and electronic
equipment listed in the Schedule I (Attach
list) by PRODUCERS

Details of the above TYPE QUANTITY No.

3(A)* BULK CONSUMERS: Quantity of e- waste

3(B)* REFURBISHERS: Quantity of e-waste:

3(C)* DISMANTLERS:
i. Quantity of e-waste processed (Code
wise);
ii. Details of materials or components
recovered and sold;
iii. Quantity of e-waste sent to recycler;
iv. Residual quantity of e-waste sent to
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility.
202

3(D)* RECYCLERS:
i. Quantity of e-waste processed (Code
wise);
ii. Details of materials recovered and sold
in the market;
iii. Details of residue sent to Treatment,
Storage and Disposal Facility.

4 Name and full address of the destination

with respect to 3(A)-3(D) above

5 Type and quantity of materials Type Quantity

segregated or recovered from e-waste of
different codes as applicable to 3(A)-3(D)

Enclose the list of recyclers to whom e-waste have been sent for recycling.

Place ________________

Date ________________
Signature of the authorised person
Note:-
(1) * Strike off whichever is not applicable
(2) Provide any other information as stipulated in the conditions to the authoriser
(3) In case filing on behalf of multiple regional offices, Bulk Consumers and Producers need to
add extra rows to 1 & 3(A) with respect to each office.
203

FORM-4
[See rules 13(3)(i) and 13(3)(vi)]

APPLICATION FORM FOR AUTHORISATION OF FACILITIES POSSESSING ENVIRONMENTALLY

SOUND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOR DISMANTLING OR RECYCLING OF E-WASTE
(To be submitted in triplicate)

1. Name and Address of the unit

2. Contact person with designation, Tel./Fax

3. Date of Commissioning

4. No.of workers (including contract labour)

5. Consents Validity a. Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974;
Valid up to__________
b. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981; Valid up to__________

6. Validity of current authorisation if any e-waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 2011;
Valid up to

7. Dismantling or Recycling Process Please attach complete details

8. Installed capacity in MT/year Products Installed capacity

(MTA)

9. E-waste processed during last three years Year Product Quantity

10. Waste Management:

a. Waste generation in processing Please provide details material

e-waste wise

b. Provide details of disposal of residue. Please provide details

c. Name of Treatment Storage and

Disposal Facility utilized for
204

11. Details of e-waste proposed to be Please provide details

procured from re-processing

12. Occupational safety and health aspects Please provide details

13. Details of Facilities for dismantling both

manual
as well as mechanised:

14. Copy of agreement with Collection Centre

15. Copy agreement with Producer

16. Details of storage for dismantled e-waste

17. Copy of agreement with Recycler

18. Details of Facilities for Recycling

19. Copy of agreement with Collection Centre

20. Copy agreement with Producer

21. Details of storage for raw materials and

recovered materials

II. In case of renewal of authorisation, previous registration or authorisation no. and date
I hereby declare that the above statements or information are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
Signature
Place:________________ Name: ____________________
Date:________________ Designation: ________________
205

Form-5
[See rule 18 (1)]

FORM FOR ANNUAL REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL

BOARD TO THE CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

To,
The Chairman,
Central Pollution Control Board,
(Ministry of Environment And Forests)
Government Of India, ‘Parivesh Bhawan’, East Arjun Nagar,
Delhi- 110 0032

1. Number of authorised manufacturer, refurbisher, :

collection centre, dismantler and recycler for
management of e-waste in the State or Union
territory under these rules

2. Categories of waste collected along with : Please attach as Annexure-I

their quantities on a monthly average basis:

3. A Summary Statement code-wise of e-waste : Please attach as Annexure-II

collected

4. Details of material recovered from recycling :

of e-waste

5. Quantity of CFL received at Treatment, :

Storage and Disposal Facility

6. The above report is for the period from .........................to ........................................

Place:
Date:
Chairman or the Member Secretary
State Pollution Control Board
206

Form-6
[See rule 19]

E-WASTE MANIFEST

1. Sender’s name and mailing address

(including Phone No.) :
2. Sender’s authorisation No, if applicable. :

3. Manifest Document No. :

4. Transporter’s name and address : (including

Phone No.)

5. Type of vehicle : (Truck or Tanker or Special Vehicle)

6. Transporter/s registration No. :

7. Vehicle registration No. :

8. Receiver’s name & address :
9. Receiver’s authorisation No, if applicable. :

10. Description of E-Waste (Item, Weight/ Numbers)

:
11. Name and stamp of Sender* (Manufacturer or Producer or Bulk Consumer or
Collection Centre or Refurbisher or Dismantler): Signature: Month Day Year

12. Transporter acknowledgement of receipt of

E-Wastes
Name and stamp: Signature: Month
Day
Year

13. Receiver* (Collection Centre or Refurbisher or Dismantler or Recycler)

certification of receipt of E-waste
Name and stamp: Signature: Month
Day
Year

* As applicable
207

Note:-

Copy number
Purpose
with colour code
(2)
(1)

Copy 1 (Yellow) To be retained by the sender after taking signature on it from the
transporter and other three copies will be carried by transporter.

Copy 2 (Pink) To be retained by the receiver after signature of the transporter.

Copy 3 (Orange) To be retained by the transporter after taking signature of the receiver.

Copy 4 (Green) To be returned by the receiver with his/her signature to the sender
208

FORM 7
[See rule 22]

APPLICATION FOR FILING APPEAL

AGAINST THE ORDER PASSED BY CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD/STATE
POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

1. Name and address of the person making the appeal :

2. Number, date of order and address of the authority to : (certified copy of the order
which passed the order, against which appeal is be attached)

3. Ground on which the appeal is being made :

4. Relief sought for :

5. List of enclosures other than the order referred in point 2 :

against which the appeal is being filed

Signature…………....……….
Name and address………….
Place:
Date:

Bishwanath Sinha
Joint Secretary to Government of India
(F No. 12-6/2013-HSMD)
209

MODEL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROJECTS

Biogas Plant - Alappuzha Govt. Medical College

210

Material Recovery Facility (MRF) - Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality

Organic Waste Composting Machine - Trivandrum Club, Trivandrum

211

Plastic Recycling Centre -

Mokeri Grama Panchayat, Kannur

Plastic Processing Unit -

Pallikkara Grama Panchayat, Kasaragod
212

Mini Material Recovery Facility - Punalur Municipality, Kollam

Vermi Compost Plant - North Paravur Municipality, Ernakulam

213

Biopark - Legislative Assembly, Trivandrum

Household level Waste Management - Kitchen Bin & Tri-Mud Pot, Trivandrum Coorporation
214

Wat-San Park, Alappuzha Municipality

Bio Gas Plant

215

Slaughter House - Kattappana

Biodegradable Waste Management in LSGIs - Kumily Grama Panchayat

216

Biodegradable Aerobin - Eloor Municipality

Crematorium - Pachalam, Ernakulam District

217

Crematorium - Mulanthuruthy

Collection from houses and shops - Mokeri Grama Panchayat

218

Crematorium - Mattannur

Technopark - Thiruvananthapuram
219

Sewage Treatment Plant, Taliparamba, Kannur

220

Organic Waste Converter, Trivandrum Club

221

Biogas plant at Health Circle Office, Trivandrum Coorporation Office Manacaud

Material Recovery Facility at Sreekanteshwaram Segregated waste collection by Kudumbasree, Manacaud, Thiruvananthapuram
222

Non Bio Degradable waste management, Eraviperoor Panchayat

223

Aerobic composting unit at Mezhuveli Grama Panchayat

224

Aeorobic cluster, Thumboormuzhy

Mini MRFC’s
in Alappuzha
Municipality
225

Adatt Grama Panchayat , Thrissur

Composting unit

Non bio degradable

Adaatt
226

Second level segregation at RRC

227

Products
228

Kinanoor Karinthalam Grama Panchayat-

Non-Biodegradable Poultry processing and rendering unit, Kasaragode

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