ACTION AND STATE VERBS

ACTION VERBS - izražavaju aktivnost i stoga se koriste

u trajnom obliku – Present Continuous
Tense – verb-ing form:

I am playing cards now.

She is preparing her exams today.
I am going outside tonight.

STATE VERBS - izražavaju stanje pa se ne koriste u

trajnom obliku – Present Continuous
Tense, već u obliku Present Simple
Tense koji se inače koristi za izražavanje
stanja:

Verbs of thinking:

believe think remember I believe you.

agree doubt imagine I agree with you.

Verbs of emotions and feeling:

like love hate wish I like coffee.

Verbs of having and being:

have belong own cost She has a cat.

Verbs of the sense:

look hear taste smell The food smells good.

 GRAMMAR (Unit 2)

I Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate tense:

1. She ______________ (go) to the park every day.

2. He ______________ always ____________ (lose) his keys.
3. Sam never _____________ (listen) to his mother.
4. Peter ____________ (not know) how to speak in English now.
5. Susan _____________ (have) a cat that is playing with her at the moment.
6. _____________ you ____________ (like) chocolate?
7. I ________________ (not understand) what you are talking about.
8. The bus ________________ (leave) at four o'clock .
9. Peter always ______________ (try) to do his best.
10. She _________________ (read) an interesting book these days.
11. _____________ you ______________ (know) where the bus stop is?
12. The lunch is delicious! The soup _______________ (taste) good.

II Make questions for the following sentences asking about the underlined:
1. She lives in Berlin.
______________________________________________________?
2. He is playing the guitar now.
____________________________________________________?
3. Sam studies Law in Podgorica.
____________________________________________________?
4. Steve always stays out late at night.
____________________________________________________?
5. My friends are coming to visit me next week.
____________________________________________________?
6. Jane is crying because she has lost her doll.
____________________________________________________?
7. We usually have lunch at 3 o'clock p.m.
____________________________________________________?
8. She is talking to one of her friends.
____________________________________________________?

III Put the following sentences into the Passive.

1. They are preparing dinner now.

_________________________________________________________________
2. They teach three languages at that school.
_________________________________________________________________
3. My sister is painting a picture.
_________________________________________________________________
4. They are taking him to hospital now.
_________________________________________________________________
 III stepen, saradnik: Milica Vukovic
Present Simple

Form

Affirmative: I/you/we/they read he/she/it reads

Interrogative: Do I/you/we/they read? Does he/she/it read?
Negative: I/you/we/they do not read He/she/it does not read
I/you/we/they don’t read He/she/it doesn’t read

3rd person singular (he/she/it) take –s in the affirmative: reads, drinks, knows…
But: Verbs ending in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o take –es: kisses, teaches brushes, fixes, goes
Verbs ending in consonant + y take –ies: fly – flies, cry – cries

Present Continuous

Form

Affirmative: I am reading, he/she/it is reading, you/we/they are reading

Interrogative: Am I reading? Is he/she/it reading? Are we/you/they reading?
Negative: I am not reading, he/she/it is not reading, we/you/they are not reading
he/she/it isn’t reading we/you/they aren’t reading

Verbs ending in –e, drop the –e: dance-dancing (but see-seeing)

Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant: sit-sitting, get-
getting, run-running
In British English, verbs ending in –l double it: travel-travelling
Verbs ending in –ie: lie-lying, die-dying

Present Simple or Present Continuous?

The simple present tense

The simple present tense is used for:

Habits (navike):
Young-Mi goes to class every day. "Every day" is a habit. (svaki dan)
It rains a lot in Vancouver. This means that it rains often. (često)
Santos always talks about his family. "Always" means this is a habit. (uvjek)
Jerry spends Christmas with his parents. This implies that he spends Christmas with his parents every
year. (svake godine)

States (stanja)
Bianca lives in Florida. This is a state, because it doesn't change.
Jean-Paul has red hair. Someone's hair colour doesn't usually change.
Martin likes chocolate. When we like something, usually we will always like it.
Anna believes in God. Beliefs and opinions are states. They don't often change.

Signal words:
usually, always (za ucestalost), every day/week…, on Mondays/Tuesdays…, in the
morning/evening…, at night/weekend…
The present continuous tense
A temporary action happening now
Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) (radnja se dešava trenutno, sada,
ali će prestati u budućnosti).

John is winning the game. Right now, John is winning, but the game isn't finished yet. (Trenutno je
bolji, ali igra i dalje traje, još nije pobijedio)
It's raining outside. It's raining right now (but it may stop soon).
Sonja's working in the library. She's working there right now.
Simon is spending Christmas with his family. He's spending Christmas with his family right now, this
year. (Maybe next year he won't.) (Ove godine je sa porodicom, ali to ne radi stalno)

A definite plan for the future

Something we intend to do, usually in the near future (za budućnost, planove za buducnost).
I'm playing soccer tomorrow. This plan is already arranged and definite. (sigurno ću igrati sjutra
fudbal, sve je već ugovoreno)
Sarah's leaving for San Francisco on Friday. She has probably already bought her ticket.
The Olympics are taking place here next year. This is already certain. (sigurno i ugovoreno)
I'm having a party next week. All the plans have been made. (sve je isplanirano)

Repetition and irritation with always

She is always coming to class late. (to što ona kasni nervira govornika)
He is constantly talking. He annoys everyone.

Signal words:
now, at the moment, these days, at present, always (za iritaciju), tonight, still…

**Certain Verbs

These verbs usually have only simple forms:

 state (gl. koji izražavaju stanje): be, cost, fit, mean, suit
 possession (posjedovanje): belong, have
 senses (čula, percepcija): feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
 feelings (osjećanja): hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
 brain work (misljenje, vjerovanje): believe, know, think, understand
 introductory clauses for direct speech (uvodni glagoli kod direktnog govora):
answer, ask, reply, say

Passive

Pasiv se gradi od glagola be u istom vremenu koje je u aktivnoj rečenici i prošlog participa
(V+ed ili treća kolona nepravilnih glagola):

Present Simple: am/is/are + V-ed/3rd column

I read books. – Books are read.

Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + V-ed/3rd column

She is typing the letters. – The letters are being typed.
Somebody is following me. – I am being followed.
 The Simple Present and Present Continuous Tense

1. Cuckoos _____________ (not build) nests. They ______________ (use) the nest of
other birds.
2. You can’t _____________ (see) Tom now: he ______________ (have) a bath.
3. He usually ______________ (drink) coffee but today he _____________ (drink)
tea.
4. What ______________ she ______________ (do) in the evenings?
She usually _______________ (play) cards or _______________ (watch) TV.
5. I won’t go out now as it ______________ (rain) and ______________ (not
have) an umbrella.
6. The last train _______________ (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually ______________ (speak) so quickly that I _______________ (not
understand) him.
8. Ann ______________ (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She
_____________ (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone ______________ (wear) a hat nowadays.
10. I’m afraid I’ve broken one of your coffee cups.
Don’t worry. I _______________ (not like) the set anyway.
11. I ______________ (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.
12. Mary usually _____________ (learn) languages very quickly but she
_______________ (not seem) able to learn modern Greek.
13. We _____________(use) this room today because the window in the other room is
broken.
14. Tom and Pitt _________________ (have) a long conversation. I ______________
(wonder) what they are _______________ (talk) about.
15. The fire _______________ (smoke) terribly. I can’t see across the room. I
________________ (expect) that birds ________________ (build) a nest in the
chimney.
Why _____________ you ______________ (put) wire across the tops of your
chimneys?
Tom ________________ (do) that sometimes but it _______________ (not seem) to
make any difference.
16. Why _____________ you ________________ (smoke) a cigar Mrs. Pitt?
You _______________ (not smoke) cigars as a rule.
I __________________ (smoke) it because I _________________ (want) the ash. This
book ______________ (say) that cigar ash mixed with oil __________ (remove) heat
stains from wood.
17. Why ________________ you _______________ (walk) so fast today? You usually
__________________ (walk) quite slowly.
I hurry because I __________________ (meet) my mother at 4 o’clock and she
__________________ (not like) to be kept waiting.
18. What __________________ you _________________ (wait) for?
I _______________ (wait) for the shops to open.
But it ______________ (not open) till 9.0.
I _______________ (know) but I _______________ (want) to be early, as their
sale _______________ (start) today.