( jiyg;gpw;F fPNo cs;s ypq;if fpspf; nra;J FOtpy; ,izaTk;!

 Padasalai's NEWS - Group

https://t.me/joinchat/NIfCqVRBNj9hhV4wu6_NqA

 Padasalai's Channel - Group

https://t.me/padasalaichannel

 Lesson Plan - Group

https://t.me/joinchat/NIfCqVWwo5iL-21gpzrXLw

 12th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_12th

 11th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_11th

 10th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_10th

 9th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_9th

 6th to 8th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_6to8

 1st to 5th Standard - Group

https://t.me/Padasalai_1to5

 TET - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_TET

 PGTRB - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_PGTRB

 TNPSC - Group
https://t.me/Padasalai_TNPSC
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 1
.wP.. aT
P
ada
daH ELI VI NGWO .wP.P aRdaLada
D .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww Ev al ua wt
wion ww ww ww
g 1. Al .O i vri
O gn
rggor gani sm i sad i.ff
O ergr
O regntiatedf r om n o .nO- lri
O gv
rigngst r uct ur eba ais .Oe drgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s asla lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s asla l a i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada O n -A l lthea b o v
a
adadae adadaa a
adada a
adada
.P.P 2.Agr ouw po .
for
P. P
gani smshav in . P. P . P. P . P. P
wgs
wwimi l art rai t sofar wankwi s-a.Speci es ww
wwww www w w w w w w w
ww w
ww w w w
3.Ev er yuni tofcl assi ficat i onr egar dl essofi t sr anki s-a.Taxon
g r gr g r gr g r gr g rgrg
4. Wh
i . i. i
O Ochoft hef ol l owi n gi
i . i.snotpr
O O esenti ns a i me
. i. r
O O ank?-a.Pr ima t a
i .O . O .
a s asal al a
a s l
asa al a
a s l
asa al a
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
.P.P adad 5.Whatt
a axono mi
.P.P adac dai
a dgi v escompr e
.P.P ahdaednsi
a v ei nf or mat iona
.P.P adabdouta
a
.P.P adad a
wwww t axon?-a w w
.w w
Taxonomi ckey ww www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww
6.Whoc grgoi nedt het er m bi od griv ersit y ? -a.Wal t erR gro sen
g . O r
O . O r
O g . O r
O g . O rgrg
O
s
7as
. aC
lalai la
i . d o g r
a m c o n s id
s
e
as
r s
a
lalai th
i . e f oll
o w i n gc h
s
aar
s
a ac
lalai te
i . rs
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada-b.Evol
P ut i
ona .rPy
. aa
P
addP
dan a hyl ogenet ic.P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wrww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww
ww
ww 8.Mol ecu wl
a
w taxonomi ct oolc wons
w ist sof -a.DNAa wndR
w NA ww
g 9.Di f f regr
regnt iat ebet weenpr rogrbgioticsandpat hoge rgnrgicbact er i a rgrg
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O laalia.
sPas r
lao
al bi
a ot icBact er iaP saat
sh
laao
l geni
a cBact er i
a sasal l a a s aslaal a s as
.wP.P adaada1. Us e f ul ba c ter
.wiPa
. asdaada
P .wP.P a1d.
aHada
ar mf ul ba c teria s
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www w
ww 2. wiw
w w
ww
ww 2. Conve r twMi
w l
ki nt oCur d ww Ca us e sDi s ea w
s e
w npl a nt s&a ni ma lsww

Padasalai
g 3. Eg .:O L ra
O grcgtoba ci l lus .O rgrg
O 3. Eg :
Vi br .io
O rc
O gh
rgol era e (c hol er a ).OO rgrg
s1as0laal
.
ia i
Wh
.
y mu le i s s t
e r
sial
sl
eaal
i
ia
nn i .
a tu re? s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaSomeani a: a
dada a
dada
ama an a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P ma l
ws(
w.PE. g
P Ma l edonke ywi twhw.PF.eP leHor s e )whi cwhw.Pc.aP pr oduc e w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ws
w wtww
w weww
w wwww
st er ileof f pr i
ngbe ca us eofma i
ngwi thc los e l yr e la t ds pe c ie s.
g 11. .LOi srt
O gragnyf i
v esal ientf .eO a rt
O gu
rgresoft hef ami ly .OF rgl
e
O rigdae .O rgrg
O .
asFl alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a- ael i d a e is b asi c a llya as
a c atf a mi ly . a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .aP.tadad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww - T h e y a re ob
wwl
wig
w e C a r n iv o r e s . www w www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
- The yha ves ha r pt e et ha ndc la wst oc a tc ha nde a tpr e y.
g - Mo .st
O lry
O grsgolita ry , s e c re ti ve . a
O nrgd
O rgnoc t u r n al . . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada-
P
Ac ut es e ns e-he
. P
a
. ar
P
i
dan
adga,s me ll ,vi s iona ndt
. P. ao
P
dauadc
ah.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww 12.What wi
s
wt
w
w
whwer ol eofChar les wDwa
w
wr
w wwi ni nr el at iont oc
wwwown
w wceptofspeci es ?w
w
ww
ww
- In1859Cha rle sDa rwi ni nhi sbookOr igi nofspeci es.
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g O grg
ru
-a It
l ae
lia.xip. Ola i n sth e ev o lu ti
a o
l n
ala
ia. r
i y
. O c o n nec t io n o fsapl e
ac
lia.ie
i .sO b y the p r o c ess aol f
aln
ia. a
i .tO ra l a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.wP.P adaadas e le ct i on. .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w 13.Whye w want w
wwni w wnt w
www
ww
ww wl
e
wp
w wh sandot herw wil
w
wda mal sar eent ewri
nw
w
w gi ohuman ww
g l iv inga rgr ea? rgrg rgrg rgrg
. O O rg .sO O .iO O O
.ma O
sEas
llae
ali
pa hi .a n t and Wi l d a nsiama
slaalil
a i .l iv i ng are as d e s
star
s
o
laay
lia n
i .g b y H u ma n an d
s aa
slan
alii
a i . ls s aslaalia.
a
adadaent e r i ngi ntoh adanadal daca ai
dh a
dae
dlaer a
adada
ww.P.P w w.uP.ma
P ivi nga r e aFors
w w.Pe.aar
P ngi t sf oodsa
w
n.d
w P.sah
P t .
w w.P.P
ww
ww 14.What wt
wi
s
w whedi ff er encebet ww
w w
ewenaZooandwi ldl wiw
f
wewsanct uar y ? wwww
g ZooWi rglrdL
g i feSanct uar y rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
Z O
asal aO
l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada1. Ani ma lsa rek.wPe.pat
P
dafadoarpubl i ce x hibi t
.wioP
P. adaada
n .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 2. Zooi sa n w
Awrwtif ic i a l Ha bi t a t ww www www www
ww ww ww ww
g S ANCT rU
grAgRY rgrg rgrg rgrg
1 .
lAa i
na. O
i
i .
ma O ls pr ot e c t
e d fr o
l a i
mpa.Oi .oOs si ble d a n ger s l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada2. dafadtaheani a
adada a
adada a
adada
.P.P Na t ur a l Ha bi .ta
P.tao
P ma ls .P.P .P.P .P.P
wwww wu ww
wser wrw
wtw w
wdc
wlw wwww
ww 15.Canw wew ecentmol ecu wla
w ool st oi dent i f ya wnw assi fy ww
g or gani rs
grms
g ? rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a- l
asMo a
all a i
e c ul a rt echni qu a es
as l
asa al a
andappri oa che ss u
a ch
s
a
l
asa a a i
asDNAbar
l codi ng(a s
as l
ash a
aor
l a ti
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad genet i cma rk er.Pi.nada
P an d or g a ni sm’ sDN At
.P.P
dad
ao i de nt if yi ta sbe lo .nPg
. ai
P
dad
n gt oa .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w wwww
ww pa r t ic ul a ws
r wpe c i e s) , ww ww ww
g - DN .Ah
O rgy
O rgbr idizat i on( me a s
. u
O r
rge
O rsgthede g reeofg e .nO e rt
O gi
rcgs imi l a r itybe t
we .eO n rgrg
O
spas o
a
lao i
lal s
i .
o f D N As e q u e n c
s a
ess
a
la) i
l,a i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P . P adaada
P
wwww . - D N Af in g e
wwrpr
ww i n
. t
i n g( to i d e n t ify a
wwn
ww in.d i v idu a l f r o ma sa
wwmp
ww .le o f D N Ab y wwww .
ww ww ww ww ww
l ooki nga tuni quepa t t e r nsi nt he irDNA) ,
g -R e s
. t
O rr
Oig
crg
t ionFr a g me ntL e n
. Og r
t
O gr g
hPol ymor phi s ms (
. R
O rgL
F
O rPg)anal ys is( di f fe r
. e
O nrg
O creg
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadai nhomol og ousDaN
. P. P
daAs
adaequenc e st ha tc
.
a
P.
nadab
P
adeadet e c t e dbyt hepa
. P.
r
P
e
das
adeanc eof
. P. adaada
P
ww
ww
w f r a g me nt s
wowf
w wdw
w i ffe r e ntl e ng t hsa wf
te
w
w r
wd
w wi g est ionoft heD wNw
wAs
w
ww a mpl e s) , and ww w
www

Padasalai
-Pol yme r aseCha inRe a ct ion( PCR)s e que nc ing(t oa mpl i
f yas pe c i
f icg e ne ,
g r gr g r gr g r gr g r grg
or laap
lia.oir
O .Oti onofg e ne , )a r elaau
lis
a.ei.d
O Oast ax onomi c al t
lao
alo
ia.lis
O .O. O
laalia. i.O laalia.
a s as a s as a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada16.Expl ai nt he r
.P.P aodal
e doafLat i nandGr ee
.P.P ak
dandaamesi nBi ology .
.P.P adada .P.P adada
ww - Thi sl is twofwlaw
wtw ina ndg re e kwor w w w w ww
ww
ww w wdsw
w
w c ommonl yus e di nw Sy
ws
w wte ma ticna me si sww ww
g i ns t e nd r ge dt
g ohe l
pt hos eunf a rmi
g gli
a rwi thc la s s ic a l l a
r gngg ua ge st ounde rs t a n
r dg
g
i .rO . O r i .fO . O r i O
. i.. O r i . i. r
O O .
a s
a
a n
asal ad
l a ie me mb e r th e s
a
c
s
a
ie n
l
asa at
l i
a i
i c n a me s o f o r g
a
a
s
a
n is
l
asa ms
al a
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - Thebi nomi al .nPo
. P
dadnc
ame la t ur eus edf o .rP.aP
dai
an ma
d l sa ndpl a nt si .sP.la
ar
P
dagdelyde r i ve d .P.P adad
wwww wn ww
wdGr wew
wsw wsw w
wedf wwww
ww f r omLa t in
wwa e e kwor ds ,a sw ar
w omeoft hena me sw
w u orhi g he r ww
g Ta x a ,s rugc
rghasOr de r sa nda bo rvgre
g. rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaadaEXTRAQUESTI
P ON
. P.
Sadaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww 1. Thet e r mb w
i
ow di ve r sit ywa sf ir s wtw wowsen( ww
ww
ww wwww wtwi
wnw r oduc edbyWal t e
wrwR
w w 1985) , a ndww ww
g de fi ne d
rgrb gyE. D. Wi l
s on. rgrg rgrg rgrg
2 .
lTa i
ha. O
i
e . O
w o rd t ax o n o my w
l aaia.
s O
i .
c O
o in ed b y A u g u s ti
l nP
a ia. O
i .
y Or a mu s d e C a n d o
l l
aeia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada( 1813) . .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www wi w
wc w w
wxonomy( wnw
wdCar www
ww 3. Ar ist ot l
wew s a ll e dt hef a the ro wft
wa c la s s ic a l)a
w w ol us ww
g Li nnO ae rugrsgi st hef at he rofmo rdgre
gr nt a x onomy. Orgrg rgrg
l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
a s4as .aAl r is to t le (3 8 4 t
o a3 2
s a2
s a B
l C ) , w a s t
h e f ir s t
a to
s ac
s l
aal s s i fy a llan i ma lsa in
s ashais
l
a s as
.P.P adadaHi st or yofAn ima
.P.P aldada
s .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww ww ww www w www w wwww
ww 5. Theoph wrw
a stus( 372- 287BC) wcw
ont i nue dhi sr e s e a r cwhwont hec l a s si fi c a ti on ww
g ofp l
.aO n rt
O gs
rg,a ndhewa skno w.O n rga
O rs
gt he“ Fa the rofB .oOt arg
O nry
g. ” .O rgrg
O .
as.l alia i . l
as0 alia i . ahl alia i . l
asn alia i . aslaalia
a s
a6 aJohnRay( 1 6 2 7 –a1 7
s
a a5)I n 1 6 82 h e p u b
a li
s
as s e
a d t h e Me tho d u s aP s
al
a at a r u m a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaNova, whi chc o
.wPnt
. aa
P
daiade
n adabout18, 000p.wP.P ala
danadt
as pe c ie s . .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 7. TheS we wiw w w w8w www
ww wdwswhbi ol og is tCar ol uwswLwinnaeus( 1707-17 w8w w)f a t he rofmode rnww
g t a xono rmy
grg andf ounde rofmo rgdrgerns ys te ma ti c . rgrg rgrg
8 .
lRa i
.a.
H
O
i .
. O
Wh ittak e r ( 1 9 6 9 )
l p
a ia.
r
O
i
o .pO o s ed t h e F i
v e k in
l agia.dO
io. Om Cl a s s if ic a t
io nl a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada9. ald adsa aodasa a
de a( a
da9
d7a a
adada
w .P.P Thr e edoma w i.nP.cP aas if ic a t ionwa swpr .oP.pP dbyCar lWoe w s.eP.P 1 7)a ndhi s w.P.P
ww
ww w w w w w wwww w wwww w ww
ww w
c o- wor ke rsw.
10. B aO c
rgtre
gr iac e l l wa ll c ont
g
i .O . i .aOi
.
nrgs
O rgpept idog l yc ans .OO
i . i. rgrg i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a1 l
as1 a
a.l a
I
i
n1987, Cav al iea r
s-
aS l
asmial
a t a i
hr e vis edt hes aix
s
a k l
asi al a
angdoms ys te mt oaS e
s
a asvl al
aen a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Ki n g d o m s ys t.ePm.
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww 12. Cr os sewswbe t we e nma lehor sewa
w ndf e ma l
edonke yr we
swul tsi nHi nny ww
g ( S te r
. i
O l rg)
e
O g
r. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia.
adaada13.
s s Li nna eusbook
adas adS
, sapeci
s esPl ant ar um ada( a753)andSyst
ad1
s s emaN adaadaat
s sur ae, s
adaada
s
ww. P. P ( 1758) . ww w . P. P ww . P. P ww . P. P ww. P. P
ww
ww ww w wwww wwww ww
ww
14. I nJ ul y, 2017, a9ye a r sol dboydi s c ove re dane wFr e s hwa t ers pe c ie sof
g Je ll y
. f
O ir
s
O grg
hi n th e K o d a ik a n a. l
O lr
Oagr
k g
e ,Ta mi l n a d u . . O r
O gr g . O r
O grg
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada15. Bi r dma nofI n
.wP.P addaiaa
d,aOr ni t hol og istDr .
.wP.P aSdaaadl
i
am Al i.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w 16.ALI S→A wut oma te dLe a f hop pwe
wrw
wIde nt i fic at ionS ys t w w
ww
ww wwww w wem.
w
w w ww
ww

Padasalai
17. DAI Sg Y →Di g it a l Aut oma t egd Ide nt if i ca t i
onS ys t e m.
g
g .BO r
O r g .IO r
O r g . i.Org
O r .O rgrg
O
s
1as
8
laa.
A
lia i . IS →A u to ma t ic
s
B
asle
aae
lia id. e n tifica t io n S ys
s
t
as
e
lam.
alia s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada19. S PI DA→S p a adent a al a
dabeewi a
adada
.ePc aie
das dI if i e dAut oma ati
dacadl y( s pi de r s ,wa s.p aadn
ad ng
ww.P.P w w . P w w.P.P w w P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww c ha r a c t er s
w)w
w.w wwww wwww ww
ww
g 20. PCR rg…rg. .
Pol yme r a s eCha i n rgRrgeac tion. rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
1 .
l
asa E
alca i
o s y s te m
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Ecosyst em i s .aP.cao
P
dammu
d ni t yofl i
v ingo.P.P ardaa
g dni sms( pl ant s a.n adan
P.da
P di mal s) , non-w.P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w ww w
ww l iv ing ww ww ww ww
g env i
.ro
O rn
O gme
rg nt( incl udi ngmi . O n re
O grr
gals, cl i mat e, soi l ,
. wO
O ragt
regr , sunl ight )andt . h
O e
rgi
O rr
g
sian
slaa
tl
e
iar
i
r
.
e la t ion s h i p s ( As .
Gasl.
aal
T
ia a
i .
n s le y,1 9 3 5 ) . s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
P adaada
P P adaada
P P adaada
P P adaada
P P adaada
P
wwww. . 2 . T a x a -T he s
ww c
ww .ie.n t if i
c t e r m u s e df
wwo
wwr. t.h e s e c a t e g o r i e s i
wws
wwt.a .x a wwww. .
ww ww ww ww ww
( t axon–si ngul ar ) .
g Ta x a
. O irgd
n
O rgicat escat egor ie s
. O art
O grd
gi fferentl ev el s , f .oO r re
O grxgampl eKi ngdo m . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaAni mal ia,
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www i ncl udesmu www
lti cel l ul arani mal sws u
wcw
whasr ept iles, mamma w
ww l s, et c. www
ww ww w ww ww
3. Taxogno
g . O r rgmy-
O
Al l li vi ngor g
.
a
O
n
rgi
O
s
rg
msc a nbec la s s i f
.
ie
O
d
rgi
O rg
nt odi f f e r
e ntt a xa
.
.
O
Th
rgri
O
s
g
ssas
c
lai
ae
lian ic. e o f c l
a ss ifi c a ti
so an
slai
as
lia ci .
a ll ed t ax o n o my
s.-
as
T
laa
alix
a o
i .n o my ( G . t a x i
sa
sras
rlaa
an
lia gi .
e me nt
s aslaalia.
a
adada;nomos- la w)i daea ac adadna atofl a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.sP.tah
P ds ie nc eofa rrang
w w.Pe. me
P i vi ngor ga
w
n
w.Pis
. ams
P ww.P.P
ww
ww a longwi t h
www
clw
a s s if ic a tion, de s c ripw
w wi
town, ide nt ific a t ion, awnw
dw
w na mi ngof ww
ww
g or g a ni rsgms
rg whi c hi nc l ude sa l
rlgf
rl
gor aa ndf a unai nc l u rdgrigngmi c r oor ga ni s ms ro
grfg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
t hl
asa a
el aw i o r ld . a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada4. Cl adogr am .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www - Er ns tHa e wk
c w
a
w wi
l nt r oduc e dt heme wtw
ho
w wdofr e pr e s e nt i n gw
e w
v
wowl ut i ona ry w
www
ww w w ww ww ww
g r e la t i o rn
grsghipswi t ht hehe l po rf
gra
gtr eedi a g r a mknow rgn
rgasc l
a dog ram. rgrg
- Al r
a i
ra.aO
i .
n Og in g org a n is ms ol n
a ia.
t O
i
h .eO b asis o f th e ir s imi
l a ia.
laO
i .
r Oo r d er i
v e d c ha r al c
at .O
iae ir.sO laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adadawhi adahadeaanc daradapr a
dan
deat a
adada
.P.P c hdi fferf ro.Pmt
. P e s t ral c
ha ra.Pc.tae
P s oduc e daphy .lPo
. g
a
Pe ict r e eor .P.P
wwww www w www w www w w
ww w
ww c l a dog r a m.
ww ww ww ww
g 5. Def in
rgergfiveki ngdom cl as rs
gi
rf
gi
cat i
on rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a-asRl a
a.H.
l a i
Whi ttake r( 196 a 9s
a) l
asp a
arl a i
opos edt heFi v eaks
aian
slga a
adom Cl
l i assi f icat i
aos
an l
as, a
athe
l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Ki ng domsde fin
.Pe. addab
P dyhi mwe reMo n .ePr
. a
P
dad
a, Pr ot i s t a , Fung i,Pl .aPn
. P
dad
ata e, a nd .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w w
ww w
ww Ani ma liawbaws edont hec e l l s trucwt
wur e, modeofnut r iti wn
ow,modeof ww
g r e p r.oO d ru
Ogrcgtiona ndphyl og e .nO ert
Ogi
rc
gre la t ions hi ps .i.O.O rgrg . O rgrg
O
s6as. a
laE i
lxat i .
r e mo p hile s s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaThepr
P o k ar yot e
. P
s. aw
P
daada
h ic h h a v e the ab il.iPt
y
. ad
Ptaoada
g ro wi n e x treme . Pc
. P
daada
ao nd it io n s l i
k e . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww vol c a nove
wnwts, hots pr ing sa ndpo
ww l
a ri c ec a ps , he nc ea
ww
r
e als oc a ll
e d
ww
g ext r e
. O morgrgphi
O les. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a laa ia i .
l axonomi a laa ia
lhy i . a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia.
s
adaada7 s. T c a l H i
e
adaada r
sa r
s c adaada
s s
adaada
s s s
adaada
s
.wP.P - Inbi ol og i
c al . P. P . P. P . P. P . P. P
ww
ww
w
w w
w wc
w wl a s sif ica t ion, thew t
a
wwxon
w
w womi c al hi e r a rc hwywi
ww
nc
w l
wudess e ve nma jorwww
ww
w
c a te g or iesna me l yki ng dom, phyl um, c la s s,or de r , fa mily, g e nusa nds pe cie s.

Padasalai
g 8. Mo .O rgo
n
O rgt
y picGenus lalia.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada-
a Ins omeg enust
.P.P
haedar
adeai sonl yones pe c i
.P.P
eas
dawa hi
da c hi sc a ll
eda smo
.P.P adando
a at y pi c
.P.P
a
adada
wwww genus( e .g.
wRw w
wedpandai st heon l
ywsw w
wpec i e si nt heg e nuw swA
wiw
wlw
ur us: Ai lur us ww wwww
ww w w ww
f ul gens g )
g O
. il r
O rg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
9 .
asal P
alio
a y
. t yp ic G e n u s l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad - Ift he rea remo .Pr.eada
P thdanones pe ciesi n.P.t
daedgenusi
ah
P ti sknow.n P.a dap
as
P dol y ty pi c .P.P adad
wwww genus, ww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww
g -f ore xragrmp
g l e‘ c a t s ’c omeund rge
rr
gtheGe nusFel is, wrh gric
ghhasanumber.o frgrg
i . O
i . O i
laFle .
al O
i . O i . O
i . O i O
i .O laalia.
scasllaa
oslael yr ela t
e ds pe ciessa,
s
a i sdomest ica( dsoame
s
a
lalas t i cc at
), Fel isma srag
slaalr
a ai ta s as
. P. adaada(
P ju n g l e c at).Fe .li
Ps
. as
P
ada
dai l
v e s t r is (w i
ld c at.)P.
. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 10Taut onwywmy : ww ww ww
g - The . Op rr
O ga
rc
gt i
ceofna mi ngt h. eO
O ra
gn
rgi
ma lsi nwhi c ht h .eO g e
rg
O rngericna mea nds p
. Oe ci
rg
O e
rgs
snasalaa ia
l ar
me
i .
e the s a me , is
s ac
sl
aaal
i
llae
i
d
.
T aut on y my .e .
sga.
sl
Naa ia
laj i
a
.
n a ja (T h e I
n dia
s an
slaa
C
ia
l obri .
a ). s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada11. T h e b a sic .wPe
n . P aada
aeddf o r c l a s s ifi
ca t i
o P.s
.wn ad
Paaar
da
e : .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww Toi de nt iw
fywanddi ffe r e nt i a t ec lws
owelyr el a te ds pe c i e s ww ww
g Tok .nO oO grg hevar
rwt i a tiona mo .O n grt
rg
O ghes pe ci e s .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia i . a laalia.
a
adada
sT so u n d e rstan d th e e
a
adada vso slu t io n of t
h e s p e ciea
adadass s a
adada
s s a
adada
s s
ww.P.P T o c r e a te a ph
w y
w.Pl.
o Pg e n e ti c t r e e a mo nwgw.Pt.
h Pe d iffe re n t g r oup s
w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
Toc onve nient l ys tudyl ivi ngor ga nis ms
g …l… ….O … r…
O grg………………………… .O… Ogr…
r… g ……………………….… O rgrg
.
O .O rgrg
O .
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www ww w www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
a laalia i . a l alia i . a l alia i . a l alia i . a laalia.
a
adada
s s C H A P T E
adadaa R2
s s a .A N I MA L K I
N G
adadaa Ds Os aM adadaa s s a a
adada
s s
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
1. Thes ymme trye x hi bi te di nc ni da r iansi s- a.Radi al
g 2. Se aO
. i.a r
On
gr
e g
mo n eb e lo n g s to p h y O
lu
. i. r
O g
m- r g c.C oe le nt e ra taaia.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
as. alia l
asa alia atl l i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a3 aTheexcret or y c e lls th
a s
a
at aref o u n d i
n p l
a ty h e lmi
a s
an shaesare-b.Fl ame c e l
a s
l
s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P . adad
P .P . adad
P .iPe
. adad
P .P.P adad
wwww 4 . In w h i ch oft
wwh
w e
w fo llo w in g o r ga n is ms ,s
ww e
wlf
w fe rt iliz a tio n is se e n - d
ww.
wLw v r fl uke wwww
ww 5. Ne phr i
di w
awofEa r thwor msa r epe r w
f
orwmi ngt hes a mef unc tion wswas-b.Fl amecel lsof ww
g Pl ana
. Or ira
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s6as
a
laWh
.
i
la i i .
c h of the f o llo w in
s ag
s
a i
laalnai i
ma
.
l s has a t ru e c oseal
slo
aa i
m? i .
la -b.Pher e ti ma s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada7.Met
P a me ric se g
. Pme
. adan
P
ada
tat io n is th e ma in .fPe
.aat
P
dauad
r
a
e o f - a . A n n e li
d a . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww w ww
w wi ww wwww wwww
ww 8. InPher ewti
ma
w l oc omot ionoc c ur w ww
sw thhe l pof– ww ww
g c.ci rcu rgla
rgr,longi t udi nalmusc rle
g rsg andset ae rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s9as.aWh
l i c hoft hef ol lowi n
s ag
s ahlavet hehi ghe stnumb s asea r
l ofspeci esi nna t ur sea?
s-aal .I nsect s s as
.wP.P adaada10.Whi choft he.wPf.oal
P
dao
l
ada
wi ngi sac r us tac e a
.w Pn
. a?da-
P
ada
a .Pr awn .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
w wr w
wachi wow
wve www
ww 11. Ther e wp
s i
wr at or ypi g me nti nc owc k
w o s–Nonoft hew ab
w ww

Padasalai
g 12. Ex orsgk
rgele tonofwhi c hphyl u
rgmcrg onsi s t
sofc hi t inous rgcrugt icle?-c.Ar thr opod ra
grg
1 3
l a
.li
La.Oi
a .
t
O
e ra lline s e n s e o r glaan
lia.sO
io. Oc c u rin - d . Fi s h l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada14.Thel i
mbl e ss.Pa. adadhai
mp
P bi a ni s- a.I cthy o.Pp. P
dasda
ahi .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww w w w
w er w w w www w wwww
ww 15. Fourc h
wamb
w e dhe a r ti spr e s e
wnwtw
in-d.Cr ocodi le ww ww
g 16. Wh rigc
rhgoft hef ol l owi ngi snro gtrgcor r ec t l
ypa ire d?- d. rWh
grgal e–Ammonot el i crgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
1 7
l
asa a
.lWh
a i i ch ofth e fo ll o
a
ws
a
i nl
asagalias ia n e gg lay in g ma
a
mma
s
a
l
asa al al?i - c . O rnith o r h y
a
nc
s
a
h u
l
asa as
l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 18.Pneumat icb .oP.nae
P
dasdar es e e ni n-b.Av .ePs
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wtw w
wheb. ww w w www w wwww
ww 19. 19. Ma twc
hw ww ww ww
g 20. I nw rghrgichoft hef ol lowi ngp rhgyrgla ,thea dul ts howsr ardgrigalsymmet r ybutt hel ra
grr
gva
s h o
a
lalai
w . O
i
s . Ob ila t
e ral s y mme t ry a?
lalai .-O
ib. O. E chin od er ma ta a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada21.Whi
P choft he . Pf
.oal
P
dao
l adwai ngi sc or r ectlyma . P. at
P
dah
c adead?- a.Phy sal i
a–P . P. ao
P
daradu
t agesemanof adaada
.P.P
wwww war wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
22.Why
g . O rgra
O grespongi nandspi
. O
c
rgu
O r
lgesi mpor t antt oaspg
. O ro
O r
ngge? . O rgrg
O
s
➢aslaaT
lia hie. s p o ng es b o d y is
s as
s
u
laap
lia pio. r t e db y a sk e le to
s an
slama
alia d
i . e u p of c
a lc a r e ou
s
s
asla
aan
liad i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadasi l ic e ouss pic ule
.wsP.oar
P
dasadpaongi norbot h. .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w 23.Whata w w
wswcommont w wl w
www
ww
ww wrew
w
w t
hef ourchar act er i
st
w w
wi
c omosw tawn
w wi
ma s? ww
➢ Theba sicf unda me nt al fe a t u r e ss uc ha sl e ve lsofor g ani sati
on, di pl obl as t icg
g O r
O gr g O r g
Opatr g O r
O grg O
. i.O r rg
a n
l d
alia.tr
i i
. pl obl as t
icor g a nis a
l t
ai
lio
a.ni ., ternsofs ymme l at
lr
ia.yi,. c oe lom, l alia laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adadasegment a tiona ndan
. P.Pdaod toachor d.
. P.Padada . P.Padada . P.Padada
ww 24.Li stt h ewf w
e w
wat ur est hatal lv er teb
wr w
atw esshowatsome w w ww
ww
ww w w w w w wpwow
w i
nti nt hei r ww
ww
dev el opment .
g ➢laT .hOe r
Oc
gr g
hor da te sa r ec ha r a c.Ote rr
O gi gedbyt
rz hepr e s en c e.O o rgn
f
O rgot ochor d, s ol idlaia.O rgrg
O .
ase lia i . l
asi alia i . l
asa alia i . asa l i . aslaalia
a s
av ant ra l ne rve co r d a na ds
ag a
ll s li t s . a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada25.Compar ecl
.woP.sae
P
adandopenedci
dada rcu
.wPl.
aat
P o
daa
rdyasyst em
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w ➢ Opent y w w w w
ww
ww wpw
wew:inwhi cht hebl oodw r e
wma
w wi nsf i
l ledi nt is suew sp
wa
w c
w e sduet ot he ww
ww
a bs e nc eofbl oodc a pi l
la ri e s .( a r thr opods , mol lus cs , e c hi node rms ,
a nd
g O r
Or gr g O
. i.O r gr g O
. i.O r gr g .O rgrg
O
ur l o
alc
ia.hi o
. da tes) l alia l alia l alia i . laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adadaCl osedt y pe:i nwh
. P.Paidachdat hebl oodi sc ircul
. P.aat
P
e
daddtahr oug h
. P.Padada . P.Padada
ww bl oodve s s elsww w
ofva r yi ngdi a me t e rsw(
wawrw
te ri e s, ve ins , a ndc a w w ww
ww
ww w w
w w w wpw
wi
ll
war ie s
)a si n ww
ww
a nne li ds , c epha l oc hor da te sa ndve rte br a t es .
g 26 . C o
O
. i. Or
mp
gr g a re S c h i
z o c o e l
o m O
. i. r
w
O gr
itghe n te r o c o el om .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l ali
asaSchia l
asi alia l
asd alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a➢ z o c oe lo ma t eas s
a– ant h e s e a n ima l s th e
a s
b
ao aycavi t y isfo r me d abs
y
a a s
a
.P.P adad .Pd. adad
P .P . adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww s p lit ti n g o f me
ww s
w o
w e r m. ( e .g ., a n n e lid s
ww,
wawr t h r o p od s , mo llu sc s)
ww.
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
➢ Ent er ocoel omat eani mal st hebodyc a vit yi sf or me df romt he
g me s o
. d
O e
Orgr g lpouchesofar
rma c .hOe rgt
n
O regr on. (e .g .
, Ec hi no d .eOr rgrg,hemi
ms
O c hor da t
e s . O rgrg
O
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a laalia.
adaadaandchor da t
e s) da
s s s s s
. P. P . P. a ada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww 2 7 . I d e n t if y thwe s t ru c tu re t h a t th e a rc
wwh e n t e ro nb e c o me s ina
ww d e ve lo p in g ww
ww
ww ani mal . w
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g ➢E .uOme Orgrt gazoanshaveat r uie . c
O ore
O grlgomcal le de nt e roc o. e
O lOgf
r, rogrme df r omt he i.O rgrg
O
saasl
raa
ch
ia
l enti .
e r o n . s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada28.Obser v e th .wPa
e . an
P
daada
i
ma lb e lo wa n da n s
.w Pw
. ae
P
daada
r th e fo llo w in gq u .wP
e s.tai
Po
daada
n s .wP.P adaada
www ww w www www www
ww a . Ide nt i fyw tw
hea ni ma l-Adamsi a( Sw eaw anemone) ww ww

Padasalai
g b. Wh .O a Ortgt
rygpeofsymmet ryd .oOe rgt
s
O rhgi sa ni ma l ex hi bi t? .-B
O ga
ri
Ol rgteralSy mmet r y .O.O rgrg
scasl
.aa
Il
s
ia t
i
h
.
i s a n ima l C e p h a l
si
zasl
eaa
dlia
?
i
-
.
N o s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i
s aslaalia.
a
adadad.Howmanyge a
adaadye a aldha
aada al a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.rPml
. P r sdoe st hi sa n
wiw.P.P
ma ve ? -2Lay er s(Diwpw
l.oP.bP a st i
c) ww.P.P
ww
ww w ww w ww wwww ww
ww
e . Howma nw
yope ni ng sdoe st hi sa nwima l’ sdi g est i
ves ys te mh ave ?- Oneopenonl y
g f . Do .eOs Ortgh
rgisa ni ma l ha vene u .rOo n
rgs
O r?g–Pr imi t iv eNer v o .uO s rgS
O rgyst ems .O rgrg
O .
l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a2as9a.Chooset het er mat s
ahasaatdoesnotbel ongi a nt
s
a ashaef ol lowi nggr oupa a s
anasde
a xpl ai n a s
a
.P.P adad whyi tdoesnw ot .Pb. a
el
P
daodng? -r adi alsy mme .Pt. ay
r
P
da(dchor da t e sa rebi la.tPe
. aa
r
P
dal
ldy .P.P adad
wwww w.w w www w www w wwww
ww s ymme t ri cwaw
l) ww ww ww
g 30.Why rgfrla
gt wor msar ecal leda rgcrgoel omat es? rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s➢aslaAlani ma lswhi c hdon o
s at
slaploassessabodycavi ty
s aa
slr
a lacal
e le da coe l oma tes
s.aslala s as
. P. adaada➢ Si
P n c e t h er e is. Pn
. aodab
P
ada
o d y ca v i ty in th ese. Pa
. andi
P
ada
ama l s th ei r b o d yis s.oP.lai
Pd
ada
daw it h o u t a . P. adaada
P
wwww w www wfww
w wnww
w wwww
ww pe r i vi s c er awlwca vi ty, t hi sr e s t ri c t st we
h w r eemove me ntofi ntwew
r a l or g a ns. (e .g ., ww
g Fl a t wo rrgms
rg ) rgrg rgrg rgrg
3 1 a.i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O laalia.
s asla l Whatar
a ef lamece slal
ss
laa
?l a s aslaal a s aslaal a s as
.wP.P adaada➢ Fl a t wor msh.a Pv
. adS
e
P apadeaci a li z e de x cr etor. y
P. ace
P
ad
dallsacal l
e df la mec ell.sP.
. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www wo w
ws w wcw
wrwt w
www w
www
ww ➢I the l ps win
w mor e gul a tiona ndw ex
w e ion. ww ww
g 32.Corn gc
rgeptMappi ng-Us et hregrfgol lowi ngt e r mst oc r e
rgartgeaconceptmapt ha trgrg
s h
l o
a i
wa. O
i
s . O th e ma j
o r c ha r ac te
l r
a i
ia.
s O
i
t .
i O
c fe a tu res o f t h e p h
l y
a i
la.
u O
i
mn. O ema tod a: l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adadaRoundwor ms →.Pp dau
ase addaocoel oma tes →d daadiaet a
daa asi
dr a
adada
ww.P.P w w . P w w.Pi.gae
P st v r a c t →c ut i
c
w
l
e
w.→P.Pap a te →s exual .P.P
ww
ww
ww di mor phi smw
w ww wwww wwww ww
ww
33.I nw gh ichphy lai st hel ar v a gtr ochopor ef ound? g g
g
i .hO . Or r g
i .pO . r
O rg
i .eO . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
➢ l
asa aP
l a iy lu mA n n e lid a D
a
e
s
a
v e
l
asa l
ao
l a ime n t is d i
r e c t o
a
r
s
a
i
n d
l
asa i
ar
l a c
i t a n d inc lu d es
a
a
s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad t r oc hophor el ar .vPa
. a.dad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada34.Whi choft he
.wP.c ah
P
adr
dao adat echar act er i
s
.wP t
i
.
cas
P
daad a uni
dot cat esr et ai
.wna
P.Pasdaadaadul ts?
.wP.P adaada
w ➢ Dor s a l t w w w w
ww
ww wuw
wbuwla rne r vec or di spr e
ws
wwentonl
w yi nt hel a r va l
ws
tw
wag
weandasi ng l e ww
ww
dor s a l g ang lioni spr e s e nti nt hea dul ts .
g O r
O gr g O r
Org r g O rt
O grg .O grg
rv
O
35 l .
alL
ia.iis. tt hec ha r a c te r ist ic
l f
ae
lia.ait.u e st ha tdi s t ing ui s
l h
alia.ca
i .r il aginousf is he sw l i
at
liah i l
. i ing laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adadaj a wl e s sf ishe s ad
. P.Pad
a
. P.Padada . P.Padada . P.Padada
ww ➢ Jawl es sw fi
sw w
wh: Al l me mbe r sofc y w w w w ww
ww
ww w w wc
wwl
owst oma t aa repr i mi t i
ve
w w,
w poi
w ki lot he rmi c , ww ww
j a wl e s sa qua ticve rt ebr a te sa nda ree c t opa r a sit e sons omef i
she s .
g ➢laMo O
. i. ur
Ot
gr
h gis circ u la r w it h o u tOj
. i. ar
Ow
g rsg and s u c to r ial O
. i. r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .
lia
asaExampl aol alia l a
asnae(lia l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a➢ e s: P e t ro mya s
z
a sna( L a mp rey ) a n d My a s
x
ai H a g fis
h ) a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .sP.fadad
P .fPi
. adad
P .sP.eadad
P .P.P adad
ww
ww
ww ➢ C a r ti la g
wwi
n
wwowuw is h :T he y a r e ma r
ww i
n
wwwe w s h e s w it h c a r t ila g
wwi
n
wwo
wuw n d os k e l
e to n. ww
ww
ww
Not oc hor dispe r si s te ntt hr oug houtl ife .
g ➢aS k. i
O n ri
O gs
rgt oug hc ove r e db y .dOe rr
O gma
rg lpl acoi dscal e s ’. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada➢ Thei
P
rj awsa r
.
ev
P. ae
P
dar
ay
dapower f ul .
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ➢ Ex a mpl es
w: Sc
w
w wol iodon( S ha r k) , Try
w g
wo
w wn( S tingr ay) , Pr istis
w(wSw
w a wf is h) wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
36.Li stt hr eef eat ur est hatchar act er i sebonyf ishes.
g ➢B .oOn ry
O grfgi
she si nc lude sbot h
. O margrr
O ginea ndf re shwa te .rO l rv
i
O griggwi
n thbony . O rgrg
O
sean
slaa
d
ia i
loskel .
e to n an d sp i nsdal
sl
eaa
s
ia i .
l hapedbody. s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .w Pd
. adaada
P .wP . adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ➢ S k i n is co v
wwewr e b y g a n o i d , c y c loid
wwo
w r ct en o i
d s ca le s . www www
ww ➢ Re s pi r
wt
a w
ioni sbyf ourpa i r soff
w
iw
lame nt ousg i ll sa ndi sc
wowver e dbya n
ww

Padasalai
g ope r.cOu rl
O g
u g nei
rmo t he rs ide .i.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s➢aslaal
S
iae
i
x
.
e s a r e se p a r a te ,seax
sl
taa
elra n
i
a
.
l f er t
i l
iz a t i
o n i ss
s a
es l
eaa
nlia a
i
n
.
d mo st f
o r ms a re
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaovi a
dada
aes as a
dada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P p a r o u s Ex awmp
w.P.l P : E x o c o e t u s (Fl yi
wn w.P.f
g P
i h ), w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww w ww w ww wwww ww
ww
37.Li stt h ewfunct i onsofai rbl ad w
de ri nf i shes.
g ➢H .yO d rr
O go
rgst ati cor gan: ke e ps .O e rgu
q
O rgalwei g htoff is ha n .Od rgo
v
O rlgumeofwat e r. .O.O rgrg .
l alia
asaRespi i . l
ase alia i . l alia i . l alia i aslaalia
a s
a➢ r ation: He lpsa i
s
an axchangeofGases.asaasa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad ➢ Soundpr owdu .Pc.tai
P
dad
o n: He lpst opr odu ce .Ps.oau
P
dad
nd .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w www w www w wwww
ww ➢ Audi t orwywfunct ion: He lpst oe a rws
wounds ww ww
g ➢S e
. On rs
O go
rgr yf unct i on:He l ps . t
O o ro
O grbgser bspr es s ur ec h .aOn rg
O ge
rsginwa t e r. . O rgrg
O
s3as
a
la.
8
i
laWr i .
it e th e ch ar a c te
s r
asi
s a
lat i
li i
acst .
h at co n t r
i b u tessas t a
laoti i .
lahesuccessofr e p
s t
ai
sll
aa
e
i
ls i
a on .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadal
P a n d . . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wr ww
w wiww
w wcww
w www
ww ➢ Re pt ile wa
s w emos tlyt er re s t r i a l w
aw
n ma lsa ndt he irbodyw i
sw ove r edbydr y, a ndwww
g c or ni f
O i e
rgdrgski nwi the pi de r ma Ol rsgcra
gl e
sors c ut e s. Orgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O laalia.
s➢as a R
l ept ile s h a ve th r ee scah
s a
a mb
l er e d h ea r t b u t fo
suasr aclhamber e d in cr oc o d
s i
al
sea s
l. s as
.wP.P adaada➢ Mostr eptil es
.wP l
a
. ay
P
ada
dac lei doi ceggswi th.wPe.xat
P
dr
aaada
embr yoni cme mb .wrPa
. and
P easada
l
ike .wP.P adaada
www w w
woi w w
wc. www www
ww a mni on, a w
ll
awnt s , chor iona ndyol w
kws a ww ww
➢ Ex c r
regrtgi
onbyme t a ne phr i ck rigd neysa nda reur i cot e lric
gr.gTheyar emonoe c i ours .
g
I nl a
te
lia.O
r i
n .a
Ol f ertil
i za tio n ta k elsali
pa.lO
i
a . O
c e
rg
a nd a ll a r e o vip a
l a
rli
oa.uO
i .
s
O. l alia.Oi . Ogrg laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada➢ Exampl es: C.h Pe
. al
P
dan
o dea( Tur tl e ) , Test ud .Po. a(
P
daodr
t
aoi
t s e ) , Hemi dact .yPl
.uas
P
da( dHaouse .P.P adada
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww l iz a r d) , ww ww ww ww
g 39.Li s rtgrt
hgeuni quef eat ur eso rgf rb
gi r
d’ sendoskel et on. rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .aO . O i .O . O .
a s
a
➢ l
asa aT
l ah ie e n do sk e le t o n
a
os
a
f bl
asair
alda i
i s f u lly os s i fie d (
a
bs
a
o n
asal y
a)
l a i n d the lon g b o n
a
es
s
a
al
asarae
l a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad hol l owwi tha ir.c Pa
. v
ai
P
dat
ides( pne uma ticbon .P e
.sa)
P
d.
ad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada➢ I the lpst of lyP
.wi n
. aa
P
a
dai
r ai
dw t hl owwe i
g ht.
.wP.P adaada .wP.Padaada .wP.P adaada
w 40.Coul dt w w w w
ww
ww wh
we
w wnumberofeggsor wy
wow
w ungonespr oducedb wwwy
wanovi par ousandww ww
v i v ipar ousf emal ebeequal ?Why ?
g O r gr g O r gr g .O rgw
rgi .O rgrg
➢laT iah
. ie. O
numbe rsofe g gspr ol diu
a a.cie. O
dbya novi pa rousmo l atiah e
i. O
r llbemor et hant lhaeia i. O laalia.
s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s
a
adada y o u n g o n e s produ c e d b
ay
adada a v iv ip a r o u smo t
h e r beac
adadaau s e i n o v i
p arous a nima al
adadas,th e a
adada
ww.P.P d e ve l o p me ntof
w y
w.oPu
. P
n go nes ta k e s p l aceo u
wt
w Pi
.s .
d Pe the mo t h e r ”s body.
ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
➢ The ire ggsa remor epr onet oe nvi ronme nt al condi t ionsa ndpr eda t or s .
g ➢ Th
.Oe rOgf
rero
gre,toove r comet hel
.O os O gr,
rs mo
g reeggsareprodu .Oc e grb
rd
O gymot he r ss ot ha te
.ve
O nrgrg
O .
u l
asn alia i . l a lia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a aderharshenvi r onme a ns
at
aa
s lacondi tions ,
somee g g
a s
s
ami
asaghtbeabl etos ur vi vea a
s
anasda a s
a
.P.P adad produceyoungon .e
P.sPa.dad .P.P adad .P.Padad .P.Padad
wwww w w w
whandi wnw
wiw w
wf
w w wwww
ww ➢ Ont heo t
wh
we r nvi vi pa r ousor wgw
a s ms ,thede ve l opme nto
ww young one st a ke s ww
pl a c ei ng safec ondi t i onsi ns i det he gb odyoft hemot he r. gg
g . O r
O r g . O Or r g . O rr
O .O rgrg
O
s
➢laT
a
s a
i
lah e
i .y are l
e ss e xp o se d
s
t
a
s
o ae
lalai
n vi.i ro n me ntal c o nd it
s
i
o
an
s
as
lalai
a ni .
d p redat
o rs .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.PadaadaTheref or e ,
ther ea
.
re
P. P
daadra
amo ec ha nc eoft heirs
.
ur
P.
vai
P
dvadl
aa aandhence, lessnumb
.P.
daradof
ae
P
ayoungonesi s
. P.Padaada
wwww pr oduc e dc omp
wwwaw
r edt ot henumbe rofe wgw
wg
sw. ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g EXTR . AP
O OrgrO gI NTS . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
sLasl
ev
aae
i
a
ll i.
sofor gani zat ion: sa slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada1.Bodysymmetry.P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 2.Nat ur eof we w
wl w w
www w
www w
www
ww wcw
o om(cav ity) ww ww ww

Padasalai
3.Bodypl an
g 4.Pa t
O e r g
. i.O gfdevel
t rno r opment i.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s5asl
. ali
a
Segment
a ationoft heb osda l
ya
s
al a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada6.Presence/absen c eao a
dafdnaotochord a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .P
w . P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 1. Lev el ofow rgw
an
w wizat ion ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Cel l ul arl ev el -or ganl ev el
g •Ti s s.Ou e rl
O gervgel–organsystem l e .vOe l
Ogro
r( gpenandcl osedci rc u .la
O tri
Oogrng) .O rgrg
O .
l
asC alia i . l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a• aompl et e/ i
ncompl et ea di ga
s
a essativ esy st em.( hy dr a)as aasa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad 2. Bodysy mmet ry.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww •Asy mmet ryw–E
w w
wx.Sponges www w wwww wwww
ww w w ww ww ww
•Sy mmet r i
cal → Bi lat ral sy mmet ry ( Annel i
dsandAr thropods)andRadi alsy mmet ry
g Eg. C t.eO n r
o
O gprhgo r
a , C o ele n te rate a n .dE
O r
Ocgh
r g
in ode rms ) . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O
s3aslN
.aaa
i i .
latureofCoel o m( B o d yscaa
slv
aa
it
i
lya) i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•Coel
P omat e–bod . y
P.caa
P
davai a
dty wi thect o, endoan . dme
P. adas
P
ada
oder ms-Ex.Annel i
d. s
P,
. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww Mol l uscs, Awrtwro
h
wpw
w ods, Echi noder ms, he wcwho
w wrdatesandchordate w
.w
ww wwww
ww w wmi
w wsw ww
•Pseudococl omat e–nomesoder m, hav eonl yect oder m andender m
g l ay er s
. O - r g r g
Ex.Aschel
O mi nt hes( rou n. O
dw r
O gr
orgms) . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O
s•asl
Aaa
c
ia
locl i .
o ma te –n ob o d y csaav
sl
ia
t
a
y
ia i .
l -Ex.Pl a t
y he l
mi n th ess(a
fl
sl
aaa
t
ia i
lworms).
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada4. Bodypl an w.P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P . adaada
P
www w wpw w
www w
www w
www
ww •Cel l aggr egwawte lan ww ww ww
•Bl indsacbodypl an
g . O ro
O gnrgi .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s
5.
•asl
D
E
a
mb
a
i
l
p
ia
l o
ir
b
.y
la s t
c
ic
g
(
e
C
rmi
o el
nal
e n t
l
e
ay
ra
er
s
tea
s
s
s
la
)
ali
–o
a i .
n ly e c t
o de r
m a n de snas
d
l
oaa
d
lia
e
i
rm
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Tri a
dada
aza ah a
dada a
dada
aer a
adada
ww.P.P pl obl ast i
cor wg .P
a
w n.iP t ion( Pl at yhel mi nthewsw P.P
.toC ordat es) -ect oder m,we
w Pd
.n . P m and ww.P.P
ww
ww mesoder m www
w ww ww wwww ww
ww
•6. Segme grn gtation-Met amer icsegme
g
i . O . ro
O i . O . rgrn
O gtati on–t ruesegment
i . O
at
. ri
Ogorng(metameri sm)–Ex. g g
i .O . rr
O .
a s
a
-E
7
l
as.N
a
ar
l t
a hiw
aotochord
r m
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P.P
daada
aour email id - . P . adaada
P
[email protected] . P . adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•I ti samesoder mal
.wrP . aor
P
daiadi
g a odl
n–r ikest ruct ur e–a
.wP.P adan adial
ma swi t hnot ochordi
.wP.P
sac adoa
dah rdat es
.wP.P adaada
www a n dw i th o u ttha
ww w
t a e n o n -ch o rd a te s . www www www
ww CLASSI FI CA wTw
IONOFANI MALS: ww ww ww
g 1. Phy l
um rgr- gPori fer a-Ex.Sponges. rgrg rgrg rgrg
• Ma
l a ia.i
r O
i
n .eO , a symme tr i ca l, c ellul a
la ir
a.Oi
le. O
v e l of org a n iz a tio n l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada•Havewatercana.l sy as a
datedma adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • O s t ia → S p on w
gowc
Po.eP l → O s c u l u m w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
wes
w wo ww wwww ww
ww
•Choanocy t /col l
arcel lsl inei nt hespw ngocoel
g •Di gest
.lO Ogrngi
ri
o sint racel l
ul ar
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
• S
asal a
kli
ea i
e .
t o n ma d e u po f sp ic u l
asaleaslia
/ i
s .p on g ingf ib r e s l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad •Hermaphrodi te–ma
. P.P al de
adandfemal eor ganspr
. Pes
. aedant
P donthesamebody..PP
. adad . P.Padad
ww •Repr oduce w w w w ww ww
ww
ww waw
wsewxual lybyf ragment atiownww
w wwww ww
ww
•sexual l
ybygamet es
g •Fr ag . me
O rgn
O rtgati
oni si nt er nal andd . ev
O re
O gl
rogpmenti si ndi r
ect .OO rgrg . O rgrg
O
sEasg a i
la.lS i .
aycon,spongi lla. sa s
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada2.
P Phy l
um Coel ent e
. Pra
. ata
P
da(adcani dar ia)-Ex.Hy dr a. P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww •Aquat i c/ ma wri
nwew
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
•Sessi le( fixed)/ f reeswi mmi ng
g •Rad .ia
O lr
l
Oygrsgymme t ric a l . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asHlaa
a
ia i
lvecni .
d o bl
a s t
s / c n id osca
ystla
eas
ia i
l ,sti .
n gi ngc ap s u le o nt
s a
en
slaa
t
a
ia
lcl i
e
.
s s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•Usedfordefense .w,Pa. anc
P
dahada
or ageandt ocapt ure
.wPt .haedap
P
ada
r
ey .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www •Ti ssuel ev e wfww www www www
ww wlo
w or gani zat iondi pl obl astwic
w ww ww

Padasalai
•Mout honhy post ome.
g •Di g e O
s
. i.Otri
o
gr
n ge xtrac e l
lul arandi nt r.aO c regl
O ru
l glar .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s•asC
laa
oli
r
a al s h a ve sk ele to nma sdae
s laa
o l
f
ia c
i
a
.
lc iu m ca rb o n a t e. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Exhi a
adacdal a a. a
dada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P bi t2basi cwfo
w.rPms
. P ledpol y pandme wd.u
w Ps.aP ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww •Pol y pi sse wi
wss
w lw
ecy li ndr ical ( hy dr a) ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Medusa g isumbr el lashapedf r eel iv
g i
ng(j el l
yf i sh) grg
g •T hei O r
O r
.yi.showal g ternat ionof ge n e ir.aOt.i
r
O r g
on(met agenesi s)wlh ei .rO
e p
. ro
O l
y pformsmedusalaia .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aa
l al a
assaexual l
y a nd a s
a asal a l a i
a saasa al a i
a s
a asa l i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •medusaformsp.o Pl.
y
aps
P
dad
exual ly .Ex.Obel iaww .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wyww w w wn,Seafan,Brai wwww wwww
ww Ex.-Hy dr a, w w
Ph sal ia, Seaanemone, Se wawpe ncor alww
. ww
3. Phy l
umg- Ctenophor a(seawal nut gs/ combj el li es)
g . O r
O r g . O r
O r g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
•Ma
as
a
lalai rin
i .e , ra di
a llys y mme t
s
ri
ac
s
a al
lala i
d ip
i .lo bla stic
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•
P •
Ti
B o
ssuel
d y b e
ev
a r
el
s
ofor
8r o w.
gand
P
s . ai
P
c
i
az
li
aa
a
dt
t
ai
e
on
dc o mbp la t
e s h el.
piP . adaoa
P
nl c
da
omo ti o n . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wi ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww •Di gest i
onb wyw nt r
aandext racel lul arww ww ww
g •Bi ol umi rgnregscencei swel l dev el ope rdgrg rgrg rgrg
• Sl e
a i
xa.eO
is. Oa re not s e p a r a t e (mo n
l ao ie
a. O
i
c .
ioO u s ) l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada•Reproducebyse.x Pua
. al
P
adparoducti
dare on
. P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www • F e r tiliz a tio ni
s
wwww
e xt e r n a l a n di n d ire c t d eve l
ow
wwwp me nt . w
www w
www
ww Ex.-Pl eur obr wcw
a hi aandct enopl ana ww ww ww
g 4. Phy l
um rgr–Pg l at yhel mi nt hes(f latw rgorr
gms) rgrg rgrg
• Dl o
a i
ra.sO
i
o . O
-ve ntrally fl at t e n e db ol d
a yia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada•Endoparasi t
es, bi lat aer a
daaldl
yasymmetri cal adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • O rg an l
e v elo fw
o r
w.gPa.nP iz a tio n w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wiww
w ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Tr ipl obl ast c-acocl omat e
g •Hooks
.O ra
O grngdsuckersarepresen t rgrg
.O O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
• F
asal a
la
lia
me i . c e ll
s fo r e x c r e tio n sasal a lia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad •Sexesarenotse.p Pa.
raadated-ferti
P li zat ioni si nter n
.P al
. aadandd
P d evel opmenti sthro
.Pu.
g dad ny
ahma
P .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P . adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadal ar val st ages
.wP . adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www • H a v e h i
g hr eg
wwewne ra ti
o n www www www
ww capaci t yEx. w w
-T ape ww ww ww
g wor m, Pl ragn
rgaria, Liv erf luke rgrg rgrg rgrg
5 .
P
l ah
lia.O
y i
l
u . O
m - A sc he lmi n t he s (ro
l a
u li
na O
.dw
i . O o r ms ) l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada•Freel i v ing, aquat i
.P
c,
. ate
P
darrdeastri al par asi tic
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww • O rg an s ys temww w
lev
w e l o f b o dy o r g a n i
z a tion
wwww wwww wwww
ww •Bi l
at er all
ww
ysy mmet r i
cal andt ripl obl ast
w
icw ww ww
g •Pseudo
i .O . rgc
O rogelomat e
i .(O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
• l
D
asa a
ig
l ae i
s t ive sys te m i
s c o
a
mps
a
l
el
asa a
tel a i
mo u t h anda n u s )
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Sexesaresepara t
.ePe
. P
dai
a(d odeci ous)
.Pi. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww • F er tiliz a tio ni s
ww w
inwt rn a l a n dd e v e lo pme nt
www
i
swd re c t
. wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Ex.Ascar is, Wucher er ia(f ilar ial wor m )andAncy l
ost oma( hookwor m)
g 6. Phy
. l
uO
O rgr–A
m g nnel ida(annul usl
.it
Ot lregr
O rigng) . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asA a i
laqlu i
aati . c/ ter r
est rial s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•Freel
P iv ing/par as .it
Pe
. asdaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww •Or gansy st ww w w w ww wwww wwww
ww wem
w lev el ofbodyor gani zat i
wonw
w ww ww
•Bi l
at er allysy mmet r i
cal
g •Tr ip .lo
O br
O g
lr
asgtic . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asla
Mea ia i .
l tameri cal l
y s e g me n te
s a
d–c
slaa ia
l oeli .
o ma t
e s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•Metameres/body .wPi.sas
P
daeag a nted
dme .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www •Mar ineNe re w
isw
w
possesspar apodi a ww www www www
ww w w ww ww

Padasalai
•Possessl ongi tudi nal andci rcul armuscl eshel pi nl ocomot ion
g •Cl o s O
e
. i.O r
dc
grig
rcu la tor y s y s t em O
. i.O r gr g O
. i.O rgrg .O rgrg
O
s•asl
Naa
eli
p
a h r id ia hel pi n o s mo resgau
sl
laa
atlia
i o na nde xcretio n s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Di a daeadpaarate) adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P oeci ous( sexe ws
w.aP.rP
es ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww •Ear thwor mwawwndl
w eechesaremonoeci wu
o w
sw
w wwww ww
ww
•Repr odu g ctioni ssexual
g Eg .Ni .eOr. r
O
ei r
s,
gPher et ima(ear th wia o.Orm. rg)
O gndHi
ra r
udi nar ia(b l
oio O
.ds . Ogrg
ruckingleech) i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a7
l
as.
P
al
ahyla i
u m –A r thr o p o da a–(s
a a
js
o
la
i
a
n
l
t e
i
dl e g s ) a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Largestphyl um 2.P/.
3a
adare
P d
insect s .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w w ww wwww wwww
ww •Or gansy stwem
w lev el ofbodyor gani zat w
ionw
w ww ww
g •Bi l
at er ragl
lygsymmetri cal rgrg rgrg rgrg
. O O rt . O O . O O . O O
s
•S
as
e
a
lalai
g i
me . n e da n d c o e lo ma
s
te
as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•Chi
P
tinousex oskel
. P
et
. aoda
P
n.ada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww • B o d y h as he a
wwdt
wwh o r ax a nda b d o me n . wwww wwww wwww
ww •Hav ej oi nt wda
e w ppendages( or gansf or w
low
comot ion) respi rat or yor w
gaw
nsar egi ll
s/book ww
g gi l l
s/ Boo rgkrglungs/t racheal sy st emrgrg rgrg rgrg
• O
l p
a ie
a. O
i
nc . O ircu lato ry s y s te m. l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada•Senseorgansare .w
aa
Pr
.
dean
nt
Paa dnaae,eye,statocysts(b
.wP.P aadal
aadna
ceor gans)
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www • F er tiliz a tio ni s
wwiw
n te n l. www www www
ww •Ex cr et i onby
ww mal pi ghi ant ubul es.
ww ww ww
g •Sexesra
.O O gr
regseparate(Di oeci ous) rgrg
.O O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s•asl
Oaa
vli
iap i
a .r o us s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Devel opmentmay a
aedaddi aect/i adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.bP r ndi r ect
ww. P.P ww. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww •Economi cw i
mpww or tance- wwww wwww ww
ww
-Honeybees(
w Api s)
g -Si l
kw
.tOo O grgworm (Bombyx) .OO
rrm rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
- l
V
asa a
eli
ca i
o
.r s .Mo s q u ito , H o u se fl
l
asaya lia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad -Aquati c–cr ab, pr.a anda,l
P.wP dobster .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada7. Phy lum -Mol lusca:
.whPy
. a(
P
ds
aoadft
abodi edandshel l
ed)ad
.wP.Pad
aa
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www • S e c o n dl a rg es
ww w
t p lu m www ww w www
ww •Ter r est ri alwawndaquat ic ww ww ww
g •Or ganrs gyrsgtem l ev el ofbodyor gan ri
gzragtion rgrg rgrg
• B
l a
ili
aa.tO
i
e .rO
a lly symme tr i
c a l l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada•Tri pl obl ast icandCo adate
daoma
ael adadaa adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P • C a l c a re o u s sh w
e lw
l
.aP.nPdu n se g me n t e db od ywww.t
i
Ph
. Phe a dmu s c u la r f oota w
nw.P.i
dv s
Pc eral hu mp ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Sof tspongyl ay erofski nf or msamant leov ert hev i
scer al hump
g •Gi ll s f
O
.dhorr
Oagrregspi rat ionandexcr et i
.oOnrgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
• l
H
asa a
eli
aa i . s s en s o r y te n ta c l
e s
asal a lia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad •Mouthhasfi lel ik.eP.raads
P ap dingor ganf orf eedi n.grP.aad
P
daudla .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww •Sexesar ew sewpaw w
wrate(Di oeci ous) www w ww ww wwww
ww w ww ww ww
•Ov i par ous
g •I nd i.re
O crt
O gdrgevel opment . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
sEasg a i
la.lO i .
ayster,snai l, s q u i
d ,d esvai
sl a
lafis
i
lah i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada8.
P Phy lum -Echi no .dPe
. r
P
daadta
ama a:(spi nyski nned) .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww •Spi nyski nh wswwexwoskel w wri
w w ww ww wwww
ww wa w et onwhi chi sc wawl
ca ousossi cl es ww ww
•Mar ineor ganl ev el ofbodyor gani zat ion
g •Rad .ia
O lr
l
Oyg r
s gymme t ric a l . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asl
Caa
o
ia
lel i
o
.
ma t e s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•Tri pl obl ast ic .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www •Mout hoft hewlo
w
wwwersi deandanusont w
ew
w w de. wwww w
www
ww w w wh w uppersi ww ww

Padasalai
•Hav ewat erv ascul arsy stem, hel pi nl ocomot i on, tocapt ur eandt ranspor toff ood
g ana df o
.rO rr
O g r
espi
g rat i
on O
. i.O r gr g O
. i.O r grg .O rgrg
O
s•asl
Eaxli
c
a r
i
e
.
t o ry s ys te m is a b s s
enast
laa lia s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Di a
dada
aza a
adandti a ai a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P oeci ousandf w ew
r.tPi
.l
iP tioni sext er nal ,dev e
wlo
w.pPme
. P si ndi rect wi t
hf r
e ew
w .sPw
. Pmmi ng ww.P.P
ww
ww l ar vaEx.St wrf
a w
w
is w
h, seaur chi n, seal i
ly , sweawc
w w
ucumber wwww ww
ww
9. Phy lumg–Her mi chor dat a
g •U nid .eOr. r
O r g
nonchor dat e i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a•
l
asWoal a
a rm l i
i k e ma r in e a ni ma
a s
al
sasal a l a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Organsystem l ev.Pe.l
aodf
P aodrgani zat i on .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
wmme w
w tri www w ww ww wwww
ww •Bi lat er ial lywswy cal ,t ripl obl st i c ww ww ww
g •Cocl oma rgrt ge–bodyhasanteri orpr rogrbgosci s, acol larandal on rgt
grgrunk rgrg
•C i
ar
lalai
c .uO
i .
laOt o r y sy s te m i
s o p e n tay
lalapi .eO
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada•Respi
P
r at ioni st hr
.
ou
P. agdhg
P abadial
ls
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww • E x c re t o ry o rga
ww n
ww is p ro o s ci s g la n d wwww ww ww wwww
ww •Sexesar ew sewpar at e ww ww ww
g •Fer tiliz ragtrioni
g sext er nal rgrg rgrg rgrg
• D
l a
e i
va.e
O
il.
o Op me nt is i n d ire ct l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaadaEx.Bal anogl ossus ad
. P. P aada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 10. Phy l um –C wh w
worwdata w
www wwww w
www
ww •Pr esenceof
ww not ochor ddor sal hol lowsp
ww i
nal cor d–ner v ecor dandp
ww air
edphar y ngeal
ww
g gi l lsl it
Osrgrg O rgrg rgrg rgrg
• l
B a
il
li
aa.ti
e .r
O
a lly symme tr i
c a la n d tlraip
lia
l
.oib. O
la s tic l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada•Coel omat eor ganP
. sy
. as
P
datedmal ev el ofor gani zat i
.o adada
P.nP . P.Padada . P.Padada
ww •Hav epost w w w w ww ww
ww
ww wanwdt
w wai l ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Cl osedci rcul at or ysy st em
g Chor .dOat re
O gsrgNonchordates i.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
1 l
.
asa a
Nli
oa tio
. c h o rdp re s e n t 1 . N o to
asal acl
h a oir
.di s a bse nt l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad 2.Centralnervous.P sy
. asdt
P aedm i sdor sal 2.Cent ra.l
Pn. P
davo
aer dussystem i sv ent ra.l
,Ps
.oal
P
dada
i dnddoubl e .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P . P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadahol l
owandsi ngl e ad
.w P3. P aada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 3 . G i lls ar e pre s
wwewn t .G il ls a re a b s en t www www www
ww 4.Hear ti sv w w
en tral 4.Hear ti sdor sal ww ww ww
g 5.Tai l isrgp rr
gesent5.Tai li sabsentrgrg rgrg rgrg
C h
l o
a i
ra.dO
i
a .tOa -U ro ch o rd a ta ,
C e p hlaali
oa.cO
ih. O
o rd ate andV e r te bra ta
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada(protochordates).P.P adada a adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P U r oc h o r d a t a –n wot
w o c h o r dp re s e n t i
nl a rvalw
taw.i
lPe
. P
g . Asc i
d i
a , s a l
p a ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww w www wfww
w wwww ww
ww
Cephal ocho rd ate–not ochor dext ends r
om headt ot ai l eg.
g Amphi orx gu rs
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
i .O . Oy i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
1 .
S
l
asa au
l ab i
p h lu m –V e r te b ra
a
ta
s
a
: l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Possessnotocho r
.Pc
d(
. adr
P aedpl acedbyv er tebralcol
.aPt
.
u dad)
amn
P .ePb
. adad
P .P.P adad
wwww • A ll v e r t e b r ate s
ww w
arw
e h o rd a te s b u t n o t a l
lcho
wwwr
dw e s ar
e v e rt
e b r a t
es (
allv
www
ew
r
t ra tes wwww
ww hav ev er tebr
w w
al column, butal l chor dat esdw
won othav ev er tebr al chor
w.w
d)
ww
g •Vent r a rl
gmurg scul arhear t rgrg rgrg rgrg
• a i
laxlc
E . O
i
areti. Oonbyki dney s a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada•Fi
P ns/l imbsf orl oco
. P . amo
P
daadtiaon
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww a) Supercl ass w–A
www gnat ha( wi thout wwww wwww wwww
ww Jaw)Cl ass–Cy
ww cl ost omat a
ww ww ww
g •Ect o
. pa
O Oga
rr gi
rs tesonsomef i
shes.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asl
Eaa
lo
ia i .
l ngatedbodywi th6- 1s5pasla
aai
ia i
lrsofgi. llsli
ts s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•Sucki ngci rcul ar.mo P . audath
P
adwaithoutj aw . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www •Bodyi sde v owi w
ww
do fscal es–pai redf ins w
www w
www w
www
ww w w ww ww ww

Padasalai
•Cr ani um andv er tebr al col umnar ecar ti
laginous
g •Ci rc uO l
. i.Oartgir
o g
ni s clo s e d– ma rie b u tO mi
. i.O r g
grrgat
e tof r eshwat er fo r
.Os pOgw
rargning .O rgrg
O
s•asl
Aaa
fl
t
ia
erspawni ngt heydi esa slaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Larvas,metamor aosdaiadaandreturntotheocea a
andada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.pPh. P s
w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww Ex.Lampr eyw,H
wwawgf ish wwww wwww ww
ww
b) Supercl ass-Gnat host omat a( wi thj aw)
g •Jaw s
O
. i. ar
Orger gpre se n t O
. i. r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
asP alia l
asa alia l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a• aai redl at er al a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad AppendagesThere .Pa . are
P
das dixcl asses: .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww Cl ass–Cho wrww w www w wwww wwww
ww wnwd i
cht hy es: ww ww ww
•Car ti
l agef ish, endoskel et oni scar ti
l age
g •B o d .yO i r
s
O gsrt
grea m lin e d . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asP
a i
laellavii
c
.
f
i n s inma le w i thc sla
ass
a i
laplearsi .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•5-
P 7p a ir s o fg ill
s .. P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww •Nooper cu wl
uwm ww ww ww
•Mout hi gnv gentralwi t ht eet h.
g . O rr
O r . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
•J
asla
a
ali
wa s
i .a e po w e rf u l
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada• Ai
•Hear
rbl adderi
ti s2chamb
sabsent
.w
e Pr.
e
ad(
P
daada
Iaur icl eandonev en Pr
.wt .i
c
al
P
daada
e) .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
w ectri www www www
ww •Someposs wewssel c/ poi sonst ings ww ww ww
g •Poi ki lo rtghregrmous(col dbl ooded) rgrg rgrg rgrg
• B
l o
a i
da.yO
i .
h Oa s p l
a co ids c a le s l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada•Uni sexual adada a adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • V iv ip a ro u s an w
df e
w.Prt.iPliz a ti
o ni s i n t er n a l w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww w www wwww wwww ww
ww
Eg.Shar k, s t i
n gr ay s.
g Cl ass–O rgrsgtei cht hy es-boneyf i shrgrg rgrg rgrg
i .oO . O i .oO . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
• E
l
asa a
nlda is k e l
e ton is b o n e .S
a
k
s
a
i
ni l
asa a
slca iv e re db y cy c lo ids
a
ca
s
a
l es
l
asa a.
l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Fourpai rsofgi llsl
.Pi t
. asdw
P ad ithoper cul um, mout hi
.P.s at
P
daer
dmi nal , ai rbl adderispr
.P.e asde
P dt
an .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P . adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaandhel pi nbuoy ancy
.wP.P a.daada .wtP. adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www • H e a rt is tw oc
wwhwa mb e r e d( Ia u r ic l e a ndI v
www
en ric le ) www www
ww •Poi ki lot her wms
w (col dbl ooded) ww ww ww
g •Sexesra grregseparate, f er tilizat i
oni s
rgerxgternal andov i par ous rgrg rgrg
E xl a
.Aia.nO
ig. O
e l fish ,C l
o w nf i s h , R ol a
huia.,O
i
K .aO tla ,
T il
ap ia , H i
p p oc amp
l a iu
a.Oi
s .
. O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adadaCl ass–Amphi bia-d auadal adliae
f adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P • L iv e o nl a n da nw w.P.P
dmo v e tow a te r f o r b re edw
inw
g.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Bodyhasheadandt r unk
g •Tai l
.ti
sri
O O grgarvalstage–twopai
nl
.res
O rgo
O rfglimbs
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
• D
asal a
il
giai i
s . w i th out cla w s . l
asa alia i . l
asa a lia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a sa a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad •Poi ki lot her ms–e
. Py
.easdaadrewi
P thni ct itat ingme
. mb
P. ad
P raadnes . P.Padad . P.Padad
ww •Ski ni ssmo w w w w w w ww
ww
ww wowth
w wandmoi st wi thmucou wswgl
w ands
w wwww ww
ww
•Ty mpanum i seardr um
g •Hea .rtO
O rs
i grthgreechambered(twoa . O rgr
u
O rigl
c eandonev ent ricl e.) O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asR a i
laelsapii .
r at i
onbygi llsi nl ar sv a
aslaa
an
i i
ladbyl . ungsandski ni na
s asd a
laulli i
ats. .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada•Di
P gest ivesy stem.P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww •Ur inar yt r ac wnww weproducti w w
w w commoncl w we
w wrsandthe wwww
ww wtw
a dr v et r actope wnwin t
oa oacal ch
waw
mb ww
•Openi ngi scal l
edcl oacal aper tur e.
g •Sex .eOs r
Oagrregs epa ra te . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s•asOlaa
v
i
liap
i
a
.
r o u s s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada•Ferti lizat ioni sex .wtPe
.randa
P al ada
anddev el opmenti si.wnPd
. ai
Pr
dac
e
ada
twi tht adpol elarva.P.P adaada . P. adaada
P
www Ex.Toad, Frogww w www w
www w
www
ww w w ww ww ww

Padasalai
Cl ass–Rept i
lia
g •Ski n Ois
. i.O r g
d rrg
y w i
thoutgl ands. i.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s•asC
laa
oli
v
a e r e db y ho rny e p i d e rsmaasla
l
al
s
a
c
i
a
.
l e s (s cute s ) s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Tympanum i a daoeadaxternalopeni adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P sswma
w.P.l P
l n ngw.P.P
w ww .P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww •12pai r sof w
wcwraw
nial ner v es ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Tr unkb gear st wopai rsofpent adac gty llimbswi thcl aws.
g •H e a
i .rO
t . r
O
wi rt
g
ht hreeandhal fch amb
i O r
O r g
. i.ered(twoauri cle, one wih .Oi
c . rgs
O
hi rgi
ncompl et ely laia .O . rgrg
O .
a s
ap
l al
asaarti a
ti
i
o n e dv e ntric le ) a sa
l
asa al a
a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a asa l i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad •Onl y Cr ocodi les h.aPv
. aeda
P f
d
ourchamber edhea rt .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wbww w www w wwww wwww
ww •Respi r at i
onwiw
s yl ungs. ww ww ww
•Fer tiliz ragt
g . O O rioni
g si nt er nal .
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
•O
as
v
a
lalai
i p i
a .r o u s an de g gis c o v e
s
re
as
dba
lalai y i
h . a rdc a lcare o u e s he
s
l
al
s
s
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaEx.Snake,Tortoi
P
se,
. P.
Tau
P
dartadl
e a,Vi per , Li zar d
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww C l a s s –A ve sww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww •St r eaml i newdb
w odyandcov er edwi thf ewatw
her s ww ww
g •Jawsa rrgergmodi f
iedi nt obeaks, t e regt
rhgabsent,vari ousshapes rga
rn
gdsizesof beaks rgrg
• Dl i
agia.
e O
i
s .tOive sys t
e m ha s t w os ltr
auia.cO
i
t .
u Or es –c ro p a n dg izza r
l d
a( ig
a. O
i
ri.
n O
d i
n gthe fo o d) l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada•Forel imbsf or m wi
. Pn
. agd
P
sa. ada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www •Hi ndl imbsmo wd w
wiw
f iedf orper chi ng, swi mmiwww
ngw , r
unni ng, et c. w
www w
www
ww •Voi ceboxca
ww ll
edsy ri
nxi spr esent
ww ww ww
g •Respi
.O r rgt
a
O ri
ognisbyl ungs.
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s•asSlaa
kli
ia
n ii.
s d ry w i
tho i
lg la n ds
s ,
aa
slaa
tt
lia
h i
e . b a s e of tai l
. s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada•Bonesarepneuma a
dabdoanes(ai sd ada kethebodyl a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w. P.tai
P c rcav ities)he
w w. l
Ppa
. P t
aoma ight
ww ..P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww •Homei ot hewrmo
wwus ww ww wwww ww
ww
•Hear ti
w
s4chamber ed
g •Ov i
i p
.Oar
. rogu
O rsgandeggi swi thcal ca
i .reO
O . ru
o grsgshel ls.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a•asFl al a
aerti i
lizat ioni si nt er nal .sa
a a slaal a i
a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Ex.Pi geon, Cr ow, .SPp
.aar
P
darodw,Ostri ch. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaCl ass-Mammal ia ad
.wrPr
. Pstaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www • A q u a tic /aeri
a
www
l
/te e ri al w
ww www www
ww •Bodyhash wew
ad,neck, tr unkandt ai l ww ww ww
g •Hav ema rgrmma
g rygl andsi nf emal e rsgrg rgrg rgrg
• E
l a
xli
ta.O
e i
rn. O
a lear(pi
nn a )i s p re s en
l a
tlia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada•Ski nhassweatgl
.ean
P. addasdan
P
adsebaceousgl andsad
.P.Pad
a
.P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww • H e a rt is4c h a
www
mbw red w
ww w wwww wwww
ww •Respi r ati
ww
oni sbyl ungs.
ww ww ww
g •Body
.rO h
Ogs
rarghair
.lO rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
• l
E
asa a
xli
ca i
e
.
t ion isb yki d n e y s (u rel
asaoal
t
ia
e i
ic
. –u rea) l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad •Sexesaresepara .tPe
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww •Vi v i par ous (
gwi
vw w
ebi
w rthy oungones) ww w
ww w wwww wwww
ww w w ww ww
•Fewar eov ovivi
ipar ous–eggl ay ingmammal s( Platy pus)
g •Fewa . O rrgma
e
O rg rsupial s–pouchedma . O O grg l
rmma swithbr oodpouche . sO
O (ga
rKrgngaroo) . O rgrg
O
s•asE a i
laxl. i
aCani. smacaca, Came slu
as
s
a
la,
D
i
laol i .
phi n. s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada……………………………….…
P P.…a…da…ad…a…………………………………
P . …
P. …
P
ada
da…
a… . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www w
ww www www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w w
ww w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www w
ww www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w w
ww w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada Chapt er3.T .wPI.SaS
P
daaUdaELEVELOFOR .wPGP
. aA adI
daN a
SATI ON .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g Ev al ua rtgi
ro
gn rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada1. d adaoft a
dahdeal a
da)da and( a
adada
.P.P Thema i
nf un.Pc.tai
P oan hec uboi da l .ePp
. ai
P t i umi s-d.Bot h(
.P.P ab c) .P.P
wwww wew
w w wew w
w-d.Tr www w www w
ww 2. Thec il ia
w t
w de pi t he liuml i ne sw thw achea ww ww
3. Wh artgrt
gypeoff i br e sa r ef ou rgnrgdi nc onne c tivet i s s u
rgergmat ri x ? - a.Col lag ern
g
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . Ogrg .
a s
a4as.l a
aPr
l a i
e ve nt ionofs ub ass
ata l
asn a
acl a
e i
sf r oml ea ki ngaa c
s
arasol a
asl a
st i het issuei spr aosv
a ai
d
sl a a i
aedby-b.
l
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Adher ingj un c .ti
Po
. an
P
dad
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww 5. Non- s h w
ivwe
r ingt he r mog e ne s iwi
s wnne ona t espr oduc ew
swhe a tt hr oug h- b.Br owwwn
g f at g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg
a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a laalia.
s6 s. a S o me e p i
t he l
i aa re
s spa s e u d o s tra t
if ie d . Wh
s s aa t d o e s t
h is me a n ?
s s a s s
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww - Pseudo- stwr
awt
w i
w f iedepi t hel i alc ell
wsw
war
wec ol umna r, butun wewq
w wuali ns i
z e. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
- Al t houg ht hee pi t he l i
umi ss ing lel a ye re dye ti ta ppe ar st obemul t i- l a ye r e d
g be r grg r gr g r gr g r gr g
s as laac
lia
a.Ou
i.s Oet henuc le i liea
s as
t
laad
lia.if
i.f
O e
O r e ntl eve l si ndi
s as
flaf
ae
liar
.Oe
i.n Otc ells.
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- He nc e , i ti sa ls
.
oa
P.
c
P
a
dal l
adeadps e udos t
r atif
.
i
P
e
.
d
adae
P
adpai
t he l i uma ndi tsf
. P.
uan
P
dacadti
aoni s
. P. adaada
P
www s e cr e t ionw an
wdw
wawbs or bt ion. w
www w
www w
www
ww w ww ww ww

Padasalai
7.Di f f er ent i
at ewhi teadi poset issuef r om br ownadi poset i
ssue.
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g O rgrg
-a Al ad
lii
a.pi o
. Os e tiss ue s a r e a l
asloalif
a.oi u
. Ondi n su b c u ta nea ol au
lias
. it.iOs s u e,s ur ro u n d ianlgalit
a.hi e
. O
a laalia.
a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s
.P.P adadaki dne ys , e yeba .ll
P,
. ah
P
daeadrat, e t c . Adi pos et .Pis
. as
P u
daediasc a l le d‘ whi te.f PaP
.
t
a ’
dao drawhi t e .P.P adada
wwww adi poset i
swsw
w w
ue. www w www w www w
ww w w ww ww ww
- Thea d
rgi
g
i . O . O rpgos et i s s uewhi chc
i . O .
orn
O grtgainsa bunda ntmi
i .
t
O .
orc
O grhgondr i ai sc a ll ed‘
i
Br
. O .
o
rgw
O rgn .
a s
a
fasalaat
’ i
laorBr ownadi pos
a sa
e
ast
laai
s i
lasue.
a s
a aslaala i
a sa aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - Whi t ef a ts t
or e
.Ps. an
P
daudtr ie nt swhe re asb .Pr.oaw
P
dadnf a ti sus e dt ohe .Pa.tat
P
dah debl ood .P.P adad
wwww waw
wrw www w wnw w
won- www w
ww s t r e a mt o www mt hebody. - Br ow wnw fa tpr oduc e she a tb wy
w shi v er i ng ww
g t her mo
O rggrgenesi si nne ona t eO s r.grg O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i
la ybl
laWh . O a
lae i . i .
aedasatO a
lan i .
laecti . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s8as. o odi s c o n s
s i
ad
s lr yp i
c a l csoasn i v etis su e ? s as s as
. P. adaada-
P B l
o o di s th e fl.uPi
. a
d
P
daada
c o n n e c ti v e t is
s u e .cPo
. an
P
daada
ta in in g p l a s ma , re d
. P.bal
P
daada
o o d c el ls ( R B C), . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww whi t ebl oo wdwc e lls( WBC)a ndpl wt
a w
e let s . ww ww
g - Itf u. n
O rgt
c
O rigonsast het r a ns p .oOr rgme
t
O rg di umf ort hec a .rOd ri
O g
orvgas cul a rs ys t e m, c
. a
O rrr
O gry
ging
snasulaal
t
ia
r i
i
e
.
n ts ,w a st e s , r e s
s a
psl
ia
r
al
a
iat
i
o
.
r y g as es t h r o u gshasolaa
ulia
t
i
t
.
h e b ody . s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .w P.badaada
P .wrPe adaada
P .wPc adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www 9 . D if f e re nti
a
www t e e tw e e ne la s tic f
wwi
wb . s a n de l a s tic co n
wwwn e . ti v e t is s u e . www
ww ww ww ww ww
- El ast i cf i brei sf oundi nt hes ki na st hel e a the r yde r misa ndf or msf ibr ous
g c a p s.Ou lre
O gs
rgofor g a nss uc h a s.O k ri
Odgrngeys ,
bone s , c a r ti .la
O gre
O grsg,mus c le s, ne r v e s .Oa nrgd
O rg
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adadaj
a oi nt s .
. P.Padadaa
. P.P
a
adada . P.Padadaa
. P.P
a
adada
ww
ww
ww - El ast icc ow
w n
wnwect
w w i
v et issuec on t
wawi
w n
wshi
w w g hpr opor t ionw o
wfe
w wl
w a
w s t icf ibr e s . I ta llowwws
w
w
w w
r e coi l oft issue sf ol lowi ngs t r e t ching . Itma int ai nst hepul s a ti lef lowofbl ood
g O r gr g O r grg O r gr g O r grg
t h
asal ar
lo
ia.ui g
. Oh t h ea r t e r ie s a n d
l
asa alt
ia.hi e
. O p a ss ive r e c o il o f
asal l
au
lia.ni g
. Os f ol
lo w i n g i n sp ir
l
asa a
alt
ia.io
i . n
O . aslaalia
.
a s
a a sa a s
a a sa a s
a
.P.P adad - Iti sf oundi nt
.hPe
. aw
P
daa dl l
sofl a rg ea rter
.i
Pe.
s
a;
P
dali
dgament sa ssoc i
a
.tPe
.
d
adaw
P di thv er t ebr al PP d
. .a ad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadacol umna ndw.i t
P.hai
P
daadt
n aewal
h l soft heb . r
Po
. an
P
dacadhaialt ubes. .PP
. adaada . P. adaada
P
www 10.Name wnw wf wnw wi w w wueandpr w
tww
w
ww waw wy ouri mpor t antw fuw wct onsofepi t hel i a
wlt
wiss
w ov idew aw
g l easto rgnre
g exampl eofat iss ru
gre gt hatexempl if iese rgargchf unct i
on. rgrg
- Tl h
a ie
a. O
if.uO n c t i
o ns o f e p ith e
l l
aiiu
a. O
i
mi. O n clud e s p r o te c t
l i
aoia.n
O
i .
, O
a b so rp ti o n , f
ilt r a
l t
a i
ia.O
o in. O
, laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adadaexcr doa
ad a ndsensor datadia a
adada a
adada
w .P.P et ion, sewc .rPe
. at
P i na yw re .Pc.eap
P on. w .P.P w .P.P
ww w wn w
wSi ww w ww w ww w
ww 1. Abs or pt wio
w mpl ee pi the lium ww ww ww
g 2. Se c r e
rgtri
gonCol umna re pi t he rl
girugm, ps e udo- s tr a ti fi e d
rgre gpithe l i um rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a3as.l al
aPr aoti e c ti onPs e udo a -s
s
a at
sl
r al
aat ai i
f i e de pit he liumasaasa l al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 11.Wr i tet he c.Pla
. as
P
dad
si f i
cat i onofcon n .Pe.cat
P
dad
i
v et i ssueandt he .Pir
. af
P
dad
unct i ons .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww - Conne c tiw
vew tis s uede ve lopsf r o w w
mt hemesoder ma nd wiw
swi de l ydi st r i but e dwiw
n
g t heib . Oo rgy
d
O rg. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s-asT
a
lahlear i .
e a r e fo ur ma in scasl
a
a
las i
las i
e
.
s o f c
o n n e c t iv e sta
is
s
a
lasu
i
laes i .
. T h ey a r e co nns a
eslc
aa
t
i
lai v
i
e
.
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww t is s u e ( w hic
wwh
ww i n c lu d e s fa t a n d th e
ww f
wwi b r o u s ti ss u e o f l iga me
wwww n t s) ,c a rt ila g e , wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
bonesa ndbl ood.
g - Ma j
.oO r r
O g
frg
unc tionsofc onn e c
. t
O iOge
rv rgt i
s sue sa r ebi n dii .nOga rgrn
O gdsuppor t
, pr o te . c
O tOgo
rirg
n,
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadai nsul at iona ndt
. P.
raadn
P aas
dpaor t at i onofs ubs
. P.
taa
P
danadce
as .
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w 12.What w w w w
ww
ww wis
wa
w wne
w pi thel i um?Enw ume
wwr
w
wat et hechar act e
wri
w
wswti
wcf eat ur esof ww www

Padasalai
di ff er en g tepi thel i
a.
g O r
Oncr g .O rgrg
O O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
-a Tlah
alie
a. if.u t i
o ns o f e p itha e
lal
ai
liu
a mi
i . n clud e s p r o te c
a t
lai
ao
lia.ni ,
. a b so rp ti o n , f
ilt r
a a
lat
ali
iao in. , a laalia.
a s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.P.P adadaexcr et ion, sec .rPe
. at
P i
do
adnaa ndsensor yr e .Pc.eap
P
dat di
oan.
.P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww - Thesqua w w
wwusepi wdw w wew w wwww
ww wmo
w thel ium i sma ww weofas ing let hi nl a
wyw roff
w l atte ne dc e llsww
g wi thi rrrge
rggul arbounda ri e s . T rh
gre gyar ef oundi nt hek rigd
rgneygl ome rul i, a i rs a
rgc
rs
g of
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .
a s
a
lasulan
algas i , l
i ni ngofhe a r
a
t,
s
a
basl
lao
alo i
adves se l
sa ndl ymp
a s
a ash
laaa
lat i
i cve sse lsa nda
a
re
s
a asi
ln
aav
laol i ve di n
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad f unc t i onsl ike f.oP.rP
dadngadi
ami ff us i onb o .uPn
. ad
P
daa drya ndf i lt r a ti
on ..P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww waw w
wlepi w w w
wofas w w w
wel wwww
ww - Thecubo wid
w t hel ium i sma wdwe ing l el a ye rof wcub
w i kec el l
s . Thi s ww
g t is s u eO
O ris
grgc ommonl yf oundi On rt
Oghrgeki dne yt ubul e s , d
O u
rgc
O rtgsands e c retor yp oO
O r
rt
gi
ro
gns
a
las i .
a l
lma i . a
laa i
lc . i
aeoft. a
lalii .
anfi . a
lae i
lt .
ai i . laalia.
soas f l g la nd s an d su
s ar
sf he o v a r y . I ts
s ama
s u n ctio ns a re sescasr o n a nd s as
. P. adaadaabs
P o r p t io n. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww - Thecol u w w
mn arepi t hel i um i sc wmp
o w os e dofs ing lel a ye wrwoft a l lc ellswi t hr ouwnw
d
g t oo v
. Oa rgn
l
O rguc lei a tt heba s e . I
. t
O l
Ogn
ri rgest hedi g e s t ivet r
. a
O c
rt
O grfgromt hes toma ch . t
O o rgt
O rh
ge
sraselaa
c
i
ltau
i .
m. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wPr adaada
P .wrPy adaada
P .wP adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www - c ili a t e dt yp
wwe
w p .o p e ls mu c u s b yc i
wwl
wia . a c tio n s a n d i t l
in
wwe
ws th
. e sma l l www
ww ww ww ww ww
br onc hi ol es ,fa l l
opi a nt ube sa ndut er us .
g - P s e.Ou rgo
d
O rg-st rat if iedepi t hie .Oli aOgrc
rl gellsa r ec ol umn a .r,
O brgu
O rtgunequali ns iz e . .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adadaAl
a thoug ht hee
.
pi t
P.Pahdae
adli
aumi ss i
ng lel a ye
.
r
P.Paedd
ady
a aeti ta ppe a rst obe
. P.Pamu
dadal
a t i-la ye red
. P.P
a
adada
w be c a us et h w w w w
ww
ww w wewn
w wuc
w le i liea tdi f f e r e n
wtwl
w e
w ve
w l si ndi ff e r e ntc e
wll
w
ws.
w w wwww w
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
g Ex t r a O
. i.Q r
O g
uregs tion s O
. i. r
O grg O
. i. r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .
l ali
asTahesta l
ash alia l
asa alia l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a- u d y oftis s u e s,
a os
ar ais t o l og y. a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada-Ba s e dont hemo
.wP.d ae
P
daoadfasecr e t i one xocrin
.wPe. agdl
P
adnadsar
aa ec l a
s si
fieda
.wPs
.P
daadr
ame aocr i
ne,
.wP.P adaada
www hol ocr i new anwdw
wapocr i ne. www www www
ww w ww ww ww
-Ti ghtj ugnct ionshe lpt os tops ugbs t
anc e sf roml e a ki ngg acrossat is sue .
g .eO r
Oi r g O
.mc r r g
Oement O
.i Or rg O
.e Org g
.r
s
-A
a
s la
d
alih
a i .r ngj unct ionspe
s
r
a
s
fla
o
ar
lia i . i
ngt oke
s
ep
a
s la
n
alie
a ig
. hbour ingc e l
lst og
s a
s
ela
t
ah
lia ir
.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada- Gapj unct i
onsf a cai
dl
aia
tdaatet hec e llst oc ommu adanadiacat ewi the ac hot he ar a
dab aconnect
dy ing a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww thec yt opl a
ws
wmo
w w fadj oi ningc e l ls, fowr
wr
w a
wpi dt r a ns fe rofi ons ,
wswma
w wl lmol ec ul esa nd ww ww
s ome t ime sbigmol e cul e s .
g O r gr g O grg
ru .O rgrg .O rgrg
- Tl h
ale
ia.‘iF. Oi
br es’ofc onne c tivl e
alit
.i
a s
i .sO epr ovi des uppor l at.
lia i . O l alia i . O laalia.
a sa s a a sa s a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adad -
a Looseconnect
.P
iv
. aedat
P
i
dssues(
a Ar e ol ar, Adi
.u
p
P.PaodasdeandRet
a icul ar
) ad
.P . P ad a
.P.P adad a
wwww - D e n s e c o nn
www
e c
w tiv e t iss u e s ( d en s e
wwrw
egw la r , de n s e ir r eg u lar
www
a n
w d el astic ) . www w
ww ww ww ww ww
- Adi poc yt escommonl yc a lle dadi poseorf atcel l spr e domi na t ea nda c c ountf or
g 90 % . o
O rgt
f
O rhgisti
s su e ma ss . . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada- Thebonec el
l s(
.
os
P. at
P
de
ao
adcayt e s )a r epr ese nti
. P.
nadat
P
h
adeaspacescal ledl acu
. P. anda
P ae
ad.
a
. P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww - Bi opsyi s waw
n
wwe
wxwami na tionoft is s uwew
wor
wwlwiqui dr emove df ro wma
wwwli
w vi ngbodyt odi sc owvw
e
wrww
w
w
t hepr e s e nc e,c a us eore x te ntofadi se a s e.
g - Aa uit o
. Op r
O gr
syi g sapos t -mor t e m( . d
O r
i
Osgr
segc t
ionofade adb o .dO y Ogre
r) gxami na ti ont odi sc .oO v Ogr
rergt he
s a la a i .
lseofdeat s a laa ia i
ltofdi .
s a laa lia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
adaadac sa u h o r t h e
adaadaex te
s n se ase . adaada
s
adaada
s
adaada
s
w.wP.P - T h e f i e ld o fFo
w .we
r P.nPs i
c s c ie n c e e ffe ctiv
we.wlPy
. Pu ses th e h i s t
o l og i
ca
wl.wtPe
. P
c h n i
q u e s to t
ra c e w.wP.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
outc r i me s.

Padasalai
g - Imp .Oo rrt
O ga
rngtconnect iv et iss .uO e rgd
O gsor
ri der s:( Her itab .le
O t
Ogrp
ry ges) .O rgrg
O
s1asl
.aa
Elia
h
i
l
.
e r ’
s -D an lo s s y nd
s ar
sl
oaal
me
ia i .
–D efec t i n t
h e s
s a
yn
slaa
thlia e
i
s
.
is o f coll
a g e n i
n t
shasl
eaal
j
i
o
a i
i
n
.
ts, s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P h e a r t v a lv e s
,owrg
w.Pa.nP w all s a n d a r te r i
a lw
w w.aPl
.lPs. w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wsww wlww wiww ww
2.St ickl er wy
ndr ome–Af f e c tsc o w
l
a ge na ndr e sul t si nf a c w
ala bnor ma l i
t ie s . ww
g 3.R ih.Oa . rgd
b
O rgomyosar coma–iL .Oif.ergt
O gr
rh ea teni ngs of tt is s
i .uO e
.
gu
rt
O rgmourofhead,nec i .kO a
.
gd
rn
O rg .
a s
au l
asr a
ail
n ao
i
g e ni taltra c t. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - Aut oi mmune c.oP.nan
P
dad
ect iv et issuedi s or .dP.ear
P
dad
s .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w wwww
ww 1.Rheuma wtw
oi dar thr itis:Thei mmu ww nec e llsa t
t ac ka ndi nfwlw
amet heme mbr a ne s ww
g a r ou .nO d rgt
O rhgejoi nt s . Itc ana ls o . Oa f
rf
O ge
rc
gthear t , lung sa nd . e
O y gs
re
O rg. . O rgrg
O
s2as. a
laS i
laj o
i .
g r e n ’ss yn d r o me s :
asP a
lar i
loagri .
e s sive in a b ili t
y sto
as
a
lase i
lacr i .
e te sali
v a a n d tea
sras
s
a i
la.la i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada-
P P a l ma r is mu sc. P
le
. a:
P
daada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P .P . adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww Thi sl ongn waw
rr owmus cl er unsf r ww
omt hee lbowt ot hewr isw w
tandi si mpor t a ntf or ww
g ha ng i
On rg
O gragndcl imbi ngi npr i maO rt
O ge
rs
g,i smi s s ingi n11%Oo rf
Ogrhgumanst oda y. OO rgrg
l a ia. i .
l easesofNer l a i
lta. i . l a lia. i . l alia. i . laalia.
s-aD
s ais v o u ssSasyas e m: s as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada1.Par ki nson’ s d
.wPi.sae
P
ada
daa se:Ade g e ne ra tiv e
.wP.dPais
ada
dao rde roft hene rvou.wPs. ay
s
P
ada
dastemt ha t .wP.P adaada
www w
wme
w nt weww www www
ww a ffe c t smo w
vew , oft eni nc l udi ng wtw
r mor s . ww ww
g 2.Al zh regri
me
g r ’sdi sease:I ti sa rcgrh
gr oni cne ur ode g e ne r at
rgri
vgedi se a s ewhi c hi nc lru
gd
rges
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i .O laalia.
stah
s aes
l ympt omsofdi f f
i cua
s lt
s y
a linr e me mbe r ingr ec
s e
an
s a te
l ve nt s ,probl emsw siat
sha l
l a ng ua g e, sa s
a
adadadi a
dado
amo a a
adada a
adada a
adada
w .P.P s or i e nt a tionw a.nPd
. P ds wi ng s. w.P.P w .P.P w .P.P
ww w wpwiw wew w wpwiw ww w
ww - Impor t an wtw
e t hel ialt i
ssuedi so r
wdw rs: Ec z e ma , Ps or i asi s
w,E
w t he lial ca r c inomaww
g a nds e vregrrgeast hma . rgrg rgrg rgrg
s a laalia.Oi.O
s a laalia.Oi.O
s a lalia.O
a i.O
s a laalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia
.
a a s a a s a a s a a s a a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.Padad .P.P adad .P.Padad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a i
lala i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P.P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaCHAPTER.4; O
.wPR. aG
P
daAadNA
a NDORGANSY
.wP.P aSdaaTdEaM I NANI MAL .wPS. adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g E v a .Ol u rga
O rgt io n .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 1.Thecl a
dadai a
adaoddayofear m .L a
dadi aomaur a
adada
ww.P.P it
ellum
w w.P.i asad
P st inctpar tint
w
h
w.Peb
. P thwor
w w Pa
. amp
P t itii ,i
ti s.PP
w w .
ww
ww foundi wnw?
w w wwww wwww wwww
g - b
rg.rS
gegment s14-17 rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .rO . O i .bO . O i .O . O .
a s
a
2l
asa a
.lSa i
e x u a ll
y,e a r t h w o
a
r
sms
aasal aa
l a i
e - b . H erma p h r
a
od
s
a
it
l
asa a
ic
l a i u t n ot se l f - fe r
a
ti
s
a
l
i zl
asaia
nl g
a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 3.Tosust ai nt.Ph. ae
P
damsd el v es,ear thwo r .msmu
P.Padad stgui det heirw .wP.aP
dadhr
ayt ought hesoi lw .P.P adad
wwww w w
wiw w.w w
wTheygat wtw
w yi wiw
w
ww usi ngt wwhe rpower f ulmuscl w
esw hernut riwn
e w sb ngest ingor g ww
an c
g ma rgtrt
e
grandsoi l,absor bi rn
ggw
rg hatt heyneedi nt rot
grghei rbodi es. Tr ueor rgrF gal
se:
a i .
lalaThetO
i . O a
lae i .
ar O
i . O lya i . O
i . O
angestsoi a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as woendsoft shae
s la t hwor m canequ a
s al
l
s a li l
. s as s as
. P. adaada
P - b . F alse . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
4.Theheadr egi onofCockr oachpai r sofandshapedey esoccur .
g . O r
O grg . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia -
i a
. . O ne p a ir, s e s s
s
i
as
l
elaac
lia oimp
. o un da n dk i dn
s ae
sly
aalis
a h
i .a p e d
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 5.Thel ocat iona
.wP.P anda
dn
adaumber sofmal p.wig
P.hai
P
daaant
daubul esi nPer ip.laP.nae
P
dataaa
d. . P. adaada
P
www w w
wj w w
wdhi w.w
ww wwww
ww - a.At wtw
he unct i onofmi dgu wtw
an ndgut , about1 w
50w ww

Padasalai
g 6. rTgh
rget ypeofv isi oni nC o
rgcrkgroachi s-c.Mosa i crgrg rgrg
l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a s as a 7 .H ow ma n y a a
s a
bsd ao mi n a ls egme n ts
a saasrae p r e s enti n ma a l
e
s as a
a n d fe ma le a s as
.P.P adada Cockr o ac h .Ps
e . a
P
?
dada
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww www w www w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
- a.10, 10
g .8O rgrg
O .nO rgrg
O .lO rgrg
O .rO rgrg
O .
l
asa alia i.. Wh icho f t h e f o llo
asalwali
ia igh
. a ve an o p e n c irl
asacau
lia ai t
. o ry sys t
e m? - d .C asa ach
ol c
alk
ia io. aslaalia
a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad 9.Buccoph .aP.rP
dag
ayn dealr espi r at ioni nf.Pr. o
ag
P
da- dd.st opswhenmo .Pu. at
P
dadsopened.
hi .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w ww ww
ww 10.Ki w
dnweyoff r ogi s- b.Meso wnwephr os ww ww
g .1O1 r.
O grPgresenceofgi ll si .nt
O rgh
O g adpol
ret eoff rogi . On rd
O gi
rcgatest hat -d.f rog se
. O rgv
O roglved
s aslaalia f
i
r
.
o m gill
e da n c e s
sta
os l
raalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
12.Choosew
wwth
ww wewwr ongst at ementa wmo
wwngt hef ol lowi ng: ww w ww
ww
ww w ww w ww w ww
ww
- c.Muscul arl ay eri nt hebodywal lofear thwor mi smadeupofonl yci r cul ar
g r gr g
muscl es. r gr g r gr g r grg
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s as laalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada13.Whi choft he
.wP.f aodal
P la
odwai ngar et hesens
.wPe. ao
P
daradga
ansofCockr oach
.wP.? adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www - a.An tew
nw
w
nae, compoundey e w w
w xi w w
wr ww w
ww w w ws,
w ma l
l ar ypal ps, ana wlce
w ci ww
14.Wh ragrtgchar act er i
st icsar eru sedt oi dent i fyt heea rr
gtrh
gwor ms?
g
l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . Ogrg l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . rgrg
O laalia.
a s as a - L i g h t bro w ni nc o
a l
soasu ar, w i t hp u rpli
s ht in g
a e
s a
as t
a t h e a n te r
io r e n d, na u
smb
as a e r o f a s as
.P.P adadacompar tment sw.cPa
. al
P
dada
ledsegment sorme .Pta
. P
dada
ame res, 14t o17se g me
.P.P andada
t st hi ckeni ng ww .P.P adada
wwww www www w www w ww
ww cl itel lum. ww ww ww ww
g 15.Wh ragrtgareear t hwor m ca st rsgr?
g rgrg rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa-al a
T
i
h e u ndig es t e dp a a
saast
r l
i
al
acl a
e
i
s a lo n gw i th e a r
a tha
s
a
l
asaral
e a p
i
a s s edo u t th r o aug
s
a ah
sl a
atl
h ae
i
a n u so f a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaear t hwor m, asw
.wP.o ar
P aadc
dm aast i ngsorv ermi
.wPc. aada
P s at
dsa.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w 16.Howd w w w w
ww
ww woe
ww
w ar t hwor msbr eat he w?www wwww wwww
g Res
-
rp
grir
gat iont akespl acei ne rgra
gr thwor mt hr ought he rgrbgodywal l . rgrg
l-T
a ih
a. O
e
i . Oou t ers u rf a c e o f th
l aeia.sO
i .
k Oi
ni s ric h ly su p p l iel dw
a ia. O
i .
i O
th b loodc a p i l
l ari elsa i
wa.Oh
i . O
ichai d laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adadai nt hedi f fusi on.o a
daa aes. adadaa adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w P.fag
P ds
w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww 17.Whyd oy
w wo
w wucal lcockr oacha wpwwewst ? wwww wwww
g -Cock
i . O . O
r
rg rgachcar
o rywi t ht hemrh
i . O . Ogra
gr mf ul ger msofv ar
i . O
i
.
oru
Ogrsgbact er i
al di seasesrl
i . O . O
i
gk
re
g .
a s
a
c h
asal o
al l
a eir a , d iarrh o e a , tu
a
b
s
a
e r
asalcau
l al i
o s is, a n dt y p h o i
a
da
s
a
n
asal dh
al a ie n c e are k n o w n
a
a
s
a
sl
asa “
aV
l a ei c tors”..
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 18.Comment .Po. adah
nt
P def unct i onsofal .aPr
.yadmu
P ad scl es? .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
wlw wrw w
wsponsi wiw
w w www w
ww -Thet r iawnw
gu armuscl est hatar wew e blef orbl oodcww rcul at ioni nt he ww
g cockr o ra
gcrghar ecal ledal ar ymu rgrs
gcl es( 13pai rs) . rgrg rgrg
i . O
i .
lala19.NametO hev i
su a llau i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O laalia.
s as
a s as
alani t soft hecompo u
s an
s lade
alayesofcockr oach s.as
a
lala s as
. P. adaada -
P C o c k ro a c hc o .nPs
. ai
P s
ada
dats o f a p a ir o f c o mp. Po
. au
P
danada
de y e s a t th e d ors. a
P.las
P
dauada
rfa c e o f th e . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww head. ww ww ww ww
g -Each re
grygei sf or medofabou rt
g2
rg000si mpl eey escal rl
e
grdt
g heommat idi a( si n rg
gu
rgl
ar :
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
soasmma
la l t
a idi um) . s as la l a s as la l a s asla l a s as
.wP.P adaada 20.Howdo .weP.sat
P
ada
dah emal ef rogat tr a
.wcPt
.sadat
P h
ada
ef emal ef ormat .wiPn
. g?
a
P
daada
.wP.P adaada
www w w
wghasapai wsw
w wow
wrnupt www
ww -Themal ewfwr
o rofv oc w
alw acsandacopul at owrw
y i alpadont ww
he

Padasalai
g v ent ral
O s
rg ri
gdeoft hef i
r stdi gi t O o rf
gre
gachf or el imb. Orgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O laalia.
s-asV a ocal
l sacsassi sti na s amp
s a l li f y i
ngt hecr oaki nsgsas aoundoff
l rog. s as a l s as
a
adada 21.Wr at a
dapdeasofr ae a
danida adadaa a
adada
.P.P i
tet h.Pe. P y espi rat i
ons .P.e P nf rog. .P.P .P.P
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww - Fr ogr es w
piwr
esonl andandi nt hewwwat erbyt wodi f f er en wtw
met hods. ww
- I
nwO
g
i .a .
tre
Ogrr,
gski nact sasaqua
i .Ot i
.
crgr
O re
gspi rat or yor gan(
i
c
.Out
. ra
Ogrngeousr espi rat i
on)
i ..O . rgrg
O .
a s
a-asIl
nl al a i
a andRespi rat ionab y
s
a asl
ul al a
angsi i scal ledpul moa s
anasal a
arl
yra iespi rat i
on&I nab s
au l
asc al
acala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad r espi r at i on.w.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w w
went w w w wuw w www w
ww 22.Di w
f f
er
w i at ebet weenpe wri
w sw
tomi um andpr ost owmi
w wm i near t hwor m.ww
g -The . Omo rgru
O gt hisf oundi nt he . ce
O rn
Ogrt
gr eoft hef ir stseg.me O rn
Ogrtgoft hebody ,cal le dt
. O rh
Ogre
g
spaselaa
rli
ias
i
t
.
o mi u m. s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada-
P O v e r h a n g i
n gt h
. Pe
. P
daadu
amo a
t hi s a sma l lfla.pc
P. aa
P
dalada
le dt h e u p p e rlipo .rP.pP
daoadst
ar a
o mi u m. . P. adaada
P
wwww w ww
w wlww
w ww
waw wtww
w
ww 23.Gw ivw
et hel ocat ionofcl w
itw
e lum andsper mat hewcw lopeni ngsi nLamp ww
i o
g ma
O rgurr
gi ti
i. O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O
l o17segmentwi l a ia
lgl. i . O l a ia
lft. i . O l a ia.
l el i . O laalia.
s-as1 4t
a t
s a
has a a n d u l
a r th ic k e n i
ns a
gos a h e s kin ca lle dt he
s ascal
it l u m. s as
.wP.P adaada- Sper mat heca l o
.w Pp
. P aai
aedn dna
gsar et hr eepa .wP
ir s. P aas
aodf a
dma ll v ent r olat er.wP
a l.aP
daada
ap er tur esl y i ng ww .P.P adaada
www www www www ww
ww i nt er segme wwntal lybet weent hegr wo
o w v esoft hesegment w6
s w/7, 7/ 8and8/ 9. ww
g
l alia.2O
i
4
. r.
OgDrgif f
er ent i at ebet
l
we
alia.Oent
i . rgre
O gr gum andast
l
er
ali
n
a.Oum.
i . rgrg
O l alia.Oi . rgrg
O laalia.
a s-asT a
h e a b d o me n i nb o t
a hma
s as a l e a ndf e ma le c o na ssia
ss tas o f 1 0s egme n ts .aEsaascah s e g me n t a s as
.P.P adadai scov er edbyw th.Pe. addo
P arda
sal t er gum. ww .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww ww w ww www w wwww
ww - Thev ent rw w
alst er num andbet wee wnt
w hem anar rowmemb wwranouspl eur ononea ww
ch
g si de ..O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l alia i .
asa 25.Headofcocaksr l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a aoasa achi scal ledhy pog an a
s
a asthaous.Why? a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Theheadofcoc
.wP.k ar
P o
daaadcahi ssmal l, t
r iang
.wPu. al
P a adl
dar aesatr
i i ghtangl eP
.wt ot
. adah
P
adeal ongi tudi nal Pad
.w.Pad
aa
w bodyaxi s. w w w w
ww
ww wthe
w
w wmout hpar tsar ed wir
e
wwcwteddownwar dssoi wtwi
w s
whypognat hous. ww ww
26.Howr espi rat i
ont akespl acei ncockr oach?
g .rO r gr
Ospi g .cO r gr
Ockr g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s
-aT
slah
ae
lia i .
e r
a tory s ys te
s
maslo
aaf
lia i .
o oa chi s w e ll
s
d
as
elav
ali
ea l
o
i . p e d .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada-Br anchedt ube sP dao
akn adwanast r acheaop adata aough10pai a
dadl ahol a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P . w w.Pe.nP hdr rsof
w w.Ps. ama
P l escal led .PP
w w .
ww
ww spi r acl esw orws
w wtigmat a, pr esentont ww whwel at er al si deoft he wbw
wody
w . wwww
27. gWhatar et hecompone g nt sofbl oodi nf rog?g
g
i .bO . r
O r g
i O
. ma[
. r
O r g
i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
- Tl
asa h
ae
l a i lo o dc o n s is ts
a
o
sf
a
pl
asala
al s
a i 6 0 % ] a n db
a
lo
s
a
o dc
asal al ae i
l l s [4 0% ],r e db l
a
o
s
a
o dc
l
asa al ae i
l ls , whit e
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad bl oodcel l
s, andp.P.P al
adatedlet s. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 28.Dr awa wew w w w w wow w www w
ww wnw watl abel eddi agr amwo wftwhedi gest iv essy st ewmw wff rog. - ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada 29.Expl a i.wP.h
nt ae
P
daada
r epr oduct i vesy s t.wPm
e . ao
P
daada
ff r og .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www ww w www w
ww - Themal ef
wwroghasapai roft est
w w
es whi char eat t achedt
wot
w heki dneyandt he w
www

Padasalai
g dor s .aO l rb
O grogdywal l byf ol dso .fO p re
O gr
rigtoni um cal l edme .sOo rr
O gc
rhgium. .O rgrg
O
s-aV
slaa
ali
sa a
i .
e f fe ren ti
a a ri s es a
fr
sl
oaa
mlia i
e
.
a c h te s tis .T h e y
s a
es l
naal
t
i
ea r
i .
t h e kid ne y s o nb soasl
ta
h
alia
s
i
id
.
e an d s aslaalia.
a
adadaopeni ad a
dada a
dada
ammu ar a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P n t ot h ewbwl
.aP.dP e r c a n a l. F i n a ll
y , i
wtw.cPo
. P n ic a t e s w ithtwhw.eP.uP in o g e ni t a l du ct w w.P.P
ww
ww w ww ww ww ww
t hatcome swoutofki dney sandow pew nsi nt ot hecl oaca.ww ww
g - Fema .O l
re
O grrgepr oduct iv esy st e.OmO rgcrognsi st sofpai r edo .Ov arr
O gi
regs,at tachedt ot he .O k i
rd
Ogrn
geys, .
l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
aaasnaddor sal bodywal l
a b
say
asfaol dsofper itoneum a s
acasaalledmesov ari um.asaasa a s
a
.P.P adad - Ther ei sapa i
r .oP.fac
P
daodiledov iduct sl yinwgo
.P.P andatdhesi desoft hew ki.dPn
. aedy
P a.dEachovi duct ww .P.P adad
wwww w w w w w wl w wi
ww opensi nt ww
ot hw
ebody -cav i tyatt he waw nw
t er iorendbyaf unn w
elw w
ikeopeni ngcal l edo wsw
t w.
a
g - Unl ike rgtrhgemal ef rog, thef ema rgrlegf r oghassepar at eg rgerngital duct sdi st inctf r
ro
grm
g
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
suasraet
l e r s . P o steri o r l
y t hseao
s avli d u c ts di l
a te dt of osram
s a o
l v i s a c s b efo re th ey
s ao
s aple n into s as
. P. adaadacl
P oaca. . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wrww
w wywww w ww
w w ww
ww - Ov i sacss wto
w et heeggst empor awri
l
w bef or et heyar esen wtwou tt hr ought hecl oacwaw.w
g Fer t ili z ragt
rigoni sext er nal . rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaada………………………….… P.…a…
P
da…ad…a………………………………
. P. a…
P
ad…
da… a………………………………
. P. ad.
P aada . P. adaada
P
www Ext r apoi n w
www wwww w
www w
www
ww wts
w ww ww ww
-Ear t hw
g . O rgro
O grml astsegmenthas
. O rgrt
O gheanuscal ledt hepy
. O rgg
O rg
idium.
.lO rgrg
O
s
-aT
slah
ali
ea c
i . o mmo nI n d ia ne
s aa
s
r
lat
ah
lia wi .o rms a re 1 . L amp
s as
it
laoma
alia i . u ritii(S y n . Me g
s
aas
slac
alo
ia e
i . x
s aslaalia.
a
adadamaur i t ii) ,
2.Per i a
adeaxcavat a ai a aer a
adada
.oPy andx usand3. Me atda
apdh repost huma( S a.daPdh et i ma
ww.P.P w w . P w w.P.P w w.Py.
nP w w.P.P
ww
ww post huma w).
ww
w ww ww wwww wwww
- Ear t hwor m Cl assi f icat ion, Phy l um : Annel i da, Cl ass: Ol igochaet a, Or der:
g O r gr g O r grg O r gr g .O rgrg
Hla pi .lo .tOaxi da, Genus: Lamp i i
.to . ,
O Speci es: maur it ii . i . i. O i . O .
a s asa al a i
a s l
asa al a i
a s asal al a
a s l
asa al a i
a s aslaalia
.P.P adad -
a S–shapedSet ae
.P.P adcaa dnbepr
a ot r udedorr
.P.P aet
dar
adct
a edandt hei rpr inc
.P.P aidp
aadlr
a ol ei si n
.P.P adad a
wwww www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s as laalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadal ocomot i
on. Pad
.w.Pad
aa
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w - Thecoel o w w w w
ww
ww wmwo
w wfear thwor m cont a
win
wwswt hecoel omi cf l ui dawnwwds
w er vesasa ww
ww
hy dr ost at icskel et on, inwhi cht hecoel omocy t esar eknownt opl ayamaj orr ole
g O r gr g O r gr g O r grg O r gr g
i n laarle
ia.gi.e Oner ation, immuni t
lay
alia
a. n
i.dwO oundheal ing.lalia. i.O laalia. i.O laalia.
a s as a s as a s as a a s as a s as
.P.P adada- Thecoel om ofea
. P. ar
P
dt
ah dwaor m consi st sofg
. P. ar
P
a
dan dual
ocy teorel eocy
.
t
P
e
. a,
P
a
damo
daebocyt es
. P. adada
P
wwww mucocy te swanw
wdlw eucocy t es. www w w www w wwww
ww w w w ww ww
- InEar thwor mt hedor sal wal l oft hei nt est inei sf ol dedi nt ot hecav i
t yast he
g t y p h
i .lo
O . rgo
s
O rlge.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a-asIl a l
a ar
nE
a i
tw o rm ,Int h e a
a s
n
a t
l
ase a
arl
io
a
r
i
p a r to fth e b o da s
yat
l al
ashaedora i
s a lv es s e l is c
a s
o
anasnl al
aecta i
e dw it
h a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P . adad
P .P.P adad .hP.eadad
P .P.P adad
wwww t h e v e n t ra lv
wwes
w s
w e l b y e ig h t p a irs o f cwo mmi
w s su ra l v e s s els or
w t
w la ter a l h e a rts ww
ww l y i ngi nt
w6
hew ht
t o13thsegment s. w
www ww ww ww
ww
g - The . OP rgo
h
O rgtor ecept or s( sens .eO rgf
o
O rglight )-dor sal sur f .aOc Ogro
re gft hebody . . O rgrg
O
s-asG
a
lau i
lsat i
a
.
to r y (s e n s e o f t
saass
a
late
i i .
la)andol f a ct o r y re c
s a
esp
a
lat i
loar i
s
.
(s en se o f s me l
sl
)asa
a
lar i
leaf i .
o u n din s aslaalia.
. P. adaadat
P h e b u c c a l ca v i.
t P
y.
. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww - Tact il er ewcw
ept or s( senseoft ouc whw), chemor ecept or s( we
d wtectchemi cal change ws
w)
g andt . Oh rgr
e
O rmo
g r ecept or s( cha.n Og rgs
e
O rgint emper at ur e)a .reO
O gr
rp re
gsenti nt hepr ost o
. mi
O rgu
O rgm
saas l
naadt
ia i .
l hebodywal l . s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
wl www www www
ww - Coackr oa wcwhC assi f icat i
on ww ww ww

Padasalai
g Phy l uO m rgrg: Ar t hr opoda , CO la
rgsrsg :I nsect a , Or de
O rgrrg : Or t hopt er a , Ge
O rgnru
gs :
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O laalia.
a sPas ea rli pl anet a,Speci es:
a aa
s me
s a lr icana. a s as a l
a s as a l
a s as
.P.P adada- Cockr oachl egc .Po.nas
P
dada
ist soff iv esegme .Pt
n .sad
P adaoxa(
–c lar ge) , tr
o c .hP.aP
dada
anter( smal l ), .P.P adada
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww f emur( lon wga
w ndbr oad) , ti
bi a( l onwga
w ndt hi ck)andt ar su wsw. ww
- TheO
g
i . ila
. rs
O gt
rgsegmentoft hel eg-
i .O . rg
O tragrsushasf iv emov
i .aO b
. rl
Ogergj
oi nt sorpodomer
i .Oes
. rgo
O rgr .
a s
at l
asaara l a
somer es. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a saasal al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - 150y el lowco l
o.Pu. ar
P
dadt
e d hi nf ilament ou s .ma
P.Padalp dhigi ant ubul esw h.Pic
. P
daa
ah dr
ehel pf ul in ww .P.P adad
wwww whww w wfw w
wom t w w w ww
ww r emov al o wft
w eexcr et or ypr oduct wsw r hehaemol ymp whw.w ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada-
P Fr ogCl assi fi ca. t
Pi
. o
an
P
daada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww Phy lum : Chwo wrwat
d a, Cl ass: Amph wiw, wOr wsw:wRana, wwww
ww w w w wib
w a
w der: Anur a, Ge nu
w w w Speci es: ww
hexadac t yla
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s
-as
Tlar
aulian ic. u s a rte rio s u s i
s
s
a
aslat
ah
lia ic
i k
. w alle da n dc y l
s
in
as
dlar
ai
lic
a a
i .l s t r
u c t
u r e w h ichi
s as
slaao
l quel
ia bi l
.i y
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadapl acedont hev e
. Pn
. at
P r
daaadla
sur f aceoft hehe
. Pa
. ar
P
da.ada
t
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w - Dur ingae w
waw w
ww w wpl w
ww
ww
ww wsw
t
wiv t ionandhi ber nat i
wowng
w aseousexchange wta
wwk
wes acet hr oughsk wi
n
w.
w
- Economi ci mpor tanceofFr og
g O
. i.O r
-
g
Frr g
ogi sani mpor t
a n .tOa rgi
n
O g li
rma nt hef oodc h .aOin Ogri
r; ghel
t pst omai nt ai no
.O Ogr
ru rg
s as laa lia s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adadaecosyst
a em.So‘ fr
.P.P aodg
asadashoul dbepr ot ect
.P.P
eadda’a.
da .P.P
a
adada .P.P
a
adada
ww -Fr o w w w w w w ww
ww
ww wga
ww
w rebenef ici al t oman w,wsi
w wncet heyf eedoni nse
w wwc
wtsandhel psi n ww ww
r educi nggi nsectpestpopul at io n.
g
g
i O
. i.- r
O r g
i O
. id. r
O rg i .O . rgrg
O i .uO . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal a l a F r o gs a re u s e
a
di
s
a
nt
l
asa ar
l aa i
t i o na lme d i
c in
a
e
sa
f o
asal r
al c
a i
o n tr oll
in gb lo o dp
a s
a
rasa eand
el s
alsa i r
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaadafori t sant iagi ngp
.wP.P ar adpaer
dao t i
es.
.wP.P adaada .wP.Padaada .wP.P adaada
www wAw
w,Japan,Chi w w
wt w
ww www
ww -
InU wSw naandN or
ww hEastofI ndi a, frogw
ws areconsumedas ww
g del i ci oru gs
rgfoodast heyhav eh ri
g
grhn
g ut r
it iv ev alue. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi. O l a ia.Oi. O laalia.
s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s a l s a
s
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ………………… w…w…
w w………………………………… w…
w…
w w………………………………ww ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a i
a s
aasal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada CHAPTER;5.P.D aI
P
daG adEaSTI ONANDABS
. PO
. aR
P
adT
daP aION
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g Ev al u rgargt ion rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s1as.a l
Chooset hei ncor r esctassa l
ent encef r
om t heaf oslal
soa l
wi ng: s as a l s as
a
adada- dada
at a dada
ano a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P d .E n t e r o k in a
wsw.eP.sP i
mu l
a te s t h e se cr
wew.tPi
.oP f p a n c r e a t ic jui
c
w .e
w P.
. P w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
2.Whati schy me…. ? -
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .rO . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
- cl
asa.alTa h
i ep ro c es so fp
a s
a
r ep
l
asa aa
l a a
i t io no fi n c o mp
a s
a
l
e t
l
asa e
al
l yd
a i ig e steda c id i
a
cf
s
a asa hr
o
l o
al adti ough
a s
a aslaalia
gast r icj uice
ww.P.P adad
w w.P.. adad
P w w.P.P adad
w .P.P
w
adad
w .P.P
w
adad
ww
ww 3.Whi wcwwwft
ho hef ol lowi ngho wr
ww
mownesst imul at et hep wwwrw
oduct i
onofpancr e w
wa
wt
iw
c
g j ui cre
grg andbi car bonat e? rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i
lala- . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as c . C h o le cy s o k i n i
na
s as la ecr
lands e t
in s aslala s aslala s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww 4 . T h e s p
wwhi
wwn ct e r o f O d d i g u ar ds
ww-a
ww . H e pa to p a n c re a ticd
ww u
ww c t wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
5.I nsmal lint est ine, act iv eabsor pt i
onoccur si ncaseof- d.Al lt heabov e
g . O r
O grg . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O r
O grg
s
6as
.
laWh
alia i .
i c ho n e i
s in c o r re
s
c
as
t
lal
ay
lia ma
i . t ch e d?- b . R en i
s
n–l
aslaaliaivi .
e r
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada7.Absor pt ion o.wfP.gP
dac
al
y
ada
er ol ,f at tyaci ds a.wn adaadanogl
P.dmo
P y cer i dest ak
.wPe.sad
P al
p
ada
aceby .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww - a.Ly mphv ww essel swi t hi nv ill i ww ww ww

Padasalai
g 8.F i.rs
O trgs
O rtgepi ndi gest ionoif .Of a rt
O gri
g-
s a.Emul si ficat io .nO rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.P.P adada9.Ent
a er oki naset
.P.P
aak
daedsapar
a ti nt heconv er
.P.P
saido
ano
ada f- b.Tr y psi nogeni
.P.P adandt
a ot
ar ypsi n
.P.P
a
adada
wwww 10.10. a. Bi lir u b i w
wn&bw
w i l
i ver di n- wew w wwww wwww
ww w w wi
c
w w ww ww
i )i nt est ing
g alj uice
g
i O
..i.P-r
O r i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
1 1
l
asa .
aa
l a iv ,Q -iii
,R -I ,
S -
i i
.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad 12. b.P- ii,Q- iv ,
R- I
.,PS
.
-
a
Pi
idai
. d . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
ww 13. c.P- iv ,Q w w w w ww ww
ww
ww w-wi
wii
,
wR- i i
,S- i. wwww wwww ww
ww
14. a. Pr oduct ionofI nsul in
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 15.A ss
O rgerrgtion: ( A)Lar gei nt es
O rtgi
rn
geal soshowst heO pr re
gsrgenceofvi lli l
ikesma O rl
glrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O laalia.
sian
s t
ael st i n e . s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaadaReason:( B)A bs
.wPo. a
r
Ppdatada
ionofwat ert ak es.wPp. al
Pa
ada
dacei nl ar gei nt esti
n.weP.
. adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www w w
w www www www
ww d.Ai sf wawls ebutBi st rue ww ww ww
g 16.Wh rgic
rghoft hef ol l owi ngi srn gro
gtt ruer egar dingi nt e rs
gtri
gnalvi lli ? rgrg
- d
l .
a iT
a. O
i
h . O
e y on ly p a r ti
c i p a te
l aii .
nd
a O
i . Oi
g e stiono f f a ts . l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww 17.Whya r
wewwvwi
ll ipr esenti nt hei nwt
e
wwsw
tineandnoti nt hew stw
ow
w mach? ww
ww
-Ther e rgis
g
i . O . O rgnovi l l
i inst omachb
i . O . re
O grc
gauseabsor pt i
onanda
i . O . rgrgssi
O
mi lat iont akespl
i . O . ra
Ogcrge .
a s
a
o n ly
aslaala i
nI
i n te s tine .
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada18.Bi l ej ui ceco
.wPnt
. aa
P
daiads
n anodi gest iveenP
.wz .
y daads
ame
P
a,yeti ti si mpor t
.waP.nat
P
dafadoa
rdi gest i on.
.wP.P adaada
www Why ? ww ww w ww w www w
ww
ww ww ww ww
-Thel i versecr et ebi l e.Bi l
ehel pst hesmal l int est i nebybr eaki ngdownsf at sandmaki ng
g t h O r gr g O r gr g O r grg O r gr g
s aslae
am
lia. ie.Oasi ert oabsor b laia. i.O
s as a l s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 1 9 . L is t th e chwe
w P.P
.mi c a l c h a n g e s th at swtw.aPr
.cPhmo le c u le u n de rg
wo
w.Pe. P
s fr om th e time itw w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
r eachest hesmal li nt est ine.
g 1 ..Ma
O rl
O gt
rogse…. .Mal tase…. >Gil .uOc rgs
o
O g+Gl
re ucose .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l a
asa2.lia i . as.l al a i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a Sucr ose…. Sucr as ae …
s
a > aGl ucose+Fr act oseasaasa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad 3. Lact ose…. L .Pc
a .taa
P
dased…. >Gl ucose+Ga la .cPt
.oas
P
daed
.P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww w w wwww w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
g 20 . H. Oo O grgopr
rwd o t e i
n s d i f f e r
. f
O rro
O grm
gf a ts int h eir e n e r
. g
O rgv
y
O rgalue a n dt h e ir r o l e. Oi rgrh
nt
O ge
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadabody?
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww -Fathasac wawl
o
ww ricv al ueof9. 45Kc wal
wwawndaphysi ol ogi cal f
wu
wel
wwval ueof9Kcal per ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
gr am.
g -Th e
. O c ra
O gl
rogricv al ueandphy .sOio rl
O go
rggical f uel v al ueof . o
O nOgrggr
re am ofpr ot ei na r
.eO rg.
5
O g5
r6
sKasl
caa
a
ia i .
l land4Kcalr e s p e c
s at
si
la
v
a
e
i
lla y
i
.
.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w ww w www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g 21. D.O ig re
O grsgtivesecr et i onsa r
.eO rge
s
O gr
rc et edonl ywhenn .O e gd
re
O rged.Di scuss. i.O.O rgrg
s-aT
slaa
hli
ea i
s
.
me l
l,s igh t a n dt saasslaa
tl
e
ia a
i .
s w e l
l a s t h e me c
s ah
slaa
al
n
ia i
i
c
.
a l s timu l
a t
io n o f
s af
sl
oaa
ol adi
i
n th e s aslaalia.
a
adadamout ar a
dada au a
dada a
dada
as a
adada
ww.P.P h, triggew rs
w.Pa. P e f lexact ionwhi chrw w.eP.sP ltsi nt hesecr etion
ww.oP.fP al i
v a. w w.P.P
ww
ww waww
w wiww
w wwww w ww
- Themech nical di gest ionst ar ts nt hemout hbygr indi ngandchewi ngoff oo dw
.It
i scaO
g
i .l le
. rdma
O grg st icat ion.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - Thesal iv aco n .ta
P.iP
dadat
anw er , el ect rol yte s .P(N
. aa
P
da+,
dK+,Cl –, HCO3) ,sa l
.iPv
.aP
daydamyl
ar ase .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww w w ww ww www w
ww ( pt y al in) ww ww ww ww
g - pol y sa rcgrcghar ides……pt y al ine…r> grd
gi sacchar i des. rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
sSast
laolma
a ch; s as lala s aslala s aslala s as
. P. adaada-
P pepsi nogen…. .H
. Pc
. al
P
da.
…
ada
>pepsi n, . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wpwww w www ww ww wwww
ww - pr ot ei n…. pe
w w si n…. >pr ot ease+pe wpt
w o nes, ww ww
g - casi no rggregn…. Reni n…. >casi nrgrg rgrg rgrg
I nl t
aeia.
s O
i
t .iO
n e ; l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
.wP.P adaadaPancr eas .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www Tr y psi nog w…
en w
w.ent er oki nase…. >T wpww ww w www
ww w w wry
w si n, ww ww
Chy mot
g . O rgr
O
y
ragpsi nogen…. try psi
.
n….
O rg>
O rg
chy mot ry psi n.
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s
Sas
t
laa
alr
ia cih. … . my las e … . > ma
s as ll
at
ao
lia sie. .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadaGl ycer ides…. Lipa s ae a
da…d.>af at t yaci ds+gl y c er aodal
sa
da a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww Bi le; wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
- Fat …. .>chi l
lomi cr on
g O
. i. r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
as2 alia ag l alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a2 a.Labelt he g iv e nd a is
a
a s aam.
r a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww w w ww ww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s a s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaA. Ri ghthepat i
cduc
. P. at
P
daoadfa
liv er
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w B. Common w wat w
www w
www w
www
ww
ww whwew
w ap icduct ww ww ww
C. Pancr eat icduct( ductofwi rsung)
g D. He .aO p ra
O gtgpancr
ro eat icduct i.O.O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
sEas l
.a
Cal
y
ia s
i
t
.
i c d u ct. s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
Easax
l t
ar
l aa ip o in ts
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad . P.Padad
ww Eacht oot hi
wsw w
wembeddedi nasoc w w w w w w
ww
ww - w w wkwew
w ti nt hej awbone; t hwi
swt
w y
wpeofat tachmenti sw
w ww
cal ledt hecodont .
g - I, C ,
. P
O Mrgra
O gndM canber e p r.eO s Ogn
re rgte db y a d en t al fo r
. mu
O rgl
O rag,in hu ma nt h e d e .nO t rgl
a
O rg
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaf
P
or mul ai s2123/
. P
2
. a1
P
da2ad3a.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww - Mi ner al s al
wts
wl
w iw kecal ci um andma gn
w we
w wsi um ar edeposi te
wdo
wwwnwt het eet handf or mwaww
ww w w ww w www
har dl ay erof‘ tar tar ’ orcal cul uscal l
edpl aque.
g - Th e . w
O r
O g
alrg
l oft heduodenu mi.O h ar
O gr
sBr g unner ’sgl and siw . O h ri
O gc g ecr
rhs et emucus a .nO drgrg
O
s a laa ia i
lymes. .
s a laal a i .
s a laal a i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
e s n z s s s s
.wP.P adaada .w P. adaada
P .wrPe
. adaada
P .wPy. adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www - Ile a l mu c o sawa ls oc o nt a inmu c u s se
wc tin gg o b l e t c e lls anwdl mp ho idt i s s u e w
ww knownasPw
ww w
eyer ’spat cheswhi chp
wwww
roducel ymphocy t
www
es.w
ww
ww

Padasalai
g - The .Ow ra
O gl
rlgoft hesmal l i
nt es .ti
O n re
O grbgear scr y pt sbet w .eOe rn
O grtghebaseofvi l
l ica .l
le
O rgrg
d
O
scas l
raa
yl
p
ia t
i
s
.
o f L eibe rk u h n .s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada- an a
dada ar a
dada a1 a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P Thedai lysec wrew.Pti
.oP ofsal i v af rom sw alw.i
vP.aP y gl andsr angesf r
wow.mP.P 000t o1500mL.ww .P.P
ww
ww waww
w weww
w wwww ww
ww
-Tar gestp rot i dsgl andi nt hech eks-St enson’ sduct ,
g - The .OsO u
rgbr-gmaxi ll ar y /sub- ma .OnO d
rgib
rgul arint hel owerj a
.Ow r-
O gWh
rg ar ton’ sduct , .OO rgrg .
l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a-asTahesubl i
ngual bene a as
ataht
s ahet ongue- Bar t ho ali
n
saa’
s
s aductorductofRi v
a i
n
s
a ai
ssa. a s
a
.P.P adad -I nst omachC hi .ePf
. ac
P
daedllsorpept i
ccel ls .oP.raz
P
daydmogencel l sinwth .eP.gaa
P
das dt
ri cgl ands ww .P.P adad
wwww w w
w w w w w
wcel w w ww
ww secr et ega wswtr
icenzy mesandGow blw
et l ssecr et emucu ws.w
w ww
g - Inhuma rgrnlgi verEachl obehas rgma
rg nyhepat i
cl obul esr( gf
rugnctional uni tofl i v er r)gragnd
a i . O
i
aver . O a i .
at O
i . O a i . O
i
aedt . O a i .
al O
i . O laalia.
sias
s laclo edbyat hi nco snasn
laelc i v et issuesheat hc
s asla
a l
ll heGl isson’ sc saap
slaslu e. s as
. P. adaada-Theopeni
P ngo . f
P. at
P
dae
h
ada
hepat o- pancr eat .i
cP. add
P u
ada
ac ti nt ot heduoden .uP.madai
P
ada
s guar dedbya .P.P adaada
wwww wlww
w wdww
w wwww wwww
ww sphi nct erw ca
w ledt hesphi nct erof wOw di ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s-asTlah
aliae i .
s a liv a co n t a in w a
s at
se
lar
a,
liae il.e c t ro l
y t
e s (N a + ,
sKa+
s,
laaC
lial–i,. H C O3),sa liv a ry a
smy
aslaal
lia
a i
s .e s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada( pt y al in) , ant i
ba .wcPt
. er
a
P
daiadl
a aagentl y sozy me .wP a
.n daadal
ada
P ubr i cat i ngagen .wt adaac
P.mu
P
as(
du a .wP.P adaada
www gl y copr ot e w)w www www www
ww win
w .
w ww ww ww
-Pr ot ei
g . O rn
O grgdef icientdi etdur i nge
. O rgra
O grl
yst ageofchi ldr
.
enma
O rgrg yl
O
eadt opr ot ei nene
. O rgrr
O ggy
s
ma
as laall
ianut
i . r itionsuchasMa
s aslar
aai i .
lasmusandKwashi s
o
ar
slk
aao
lar
i .
i .
s as
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada-Degr eeofobes ada a asi adalBMIr a a
.Pi taydais assessedbybod
.Py ama
dads ndex( BMI )
.An ordama ange Pad
ww.P.P w w . P w w . P w w.P.P a
w w. .Pad
ww
ww f oradul ti s
w1w9
w w-25; abov e25i sco ns
w wi
w d
wer edasobese. ww ww ww
ww
-Nobel Pr i
zef ort hey ear2005wasawar dedt oRobi nWar renandBar r yMar shal l
g O r gr g O r grg O r gr g O r gr g
f ort .hedi O scov er yofHel icob . act O erpy lor iwhi chc au .sespept
O ic . O .
a s aslaaliai. a s aslaaliai. a s aslaaliai. a s aslaaliai. a s aslaalia
.P.P adad ul
a cer ………………………a
.P.Pad
…d a
………………………………………a
.P.Pad
…d a
………………………………………a …d
.P.Pad
… a
.P.P adad a
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg C
O
hapt er6I . O rgr;
O gR espi r at i o .
n
O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww Ev al uat wi
own
w w wwww wwww wwww
g 1.Br ea .tOh Ogrgi
ri
n g scont r ol l
edby .O rgrg
O - b
.O. rgrgdul
me
O laobl ongat a .O rgrg
O .
l
asnatalia i . l
asf alia i . l a
asa -lia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
2a s
.I
a e rc o s t a lmu s c l es aas
r
a e aoundbet we e nt hea s
a c .ribs a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P . adad
P .P . adad
P .Pa. adad
P .P.P adad
wwww 3 .T h e re s p ir at
o
wwr
wyw s t ru c tu re s o f i
n s ec t
s
wwwaw re - a .trac
wwwhwe lt u b e s w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww
4.Ast hmai scausedduet o - d.i nf ectionofl ungs
g 5.The .OO xOgrg
ry genDi ssoci at ionC .uO r rge
v
O rgis -
.aO . rs
O gigmoi
rg d . O rgrg
O
6 .sTas
a
lae
h
i
laTi i .
d a l V olume of a
s a
nso
a
lar i i .
a lper
lma s on i s - s as
a i
lala- i
c
.
. 5 00mL s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
ada7ada atdaada adaada - aad ada
adf adaada
ww. P. P .D u r in gi n s p i
ratio
ww .nP,
. P he d ia p h ra g m ww . P. P d . c on t
ra c
ww .
t P
s. P n la tt e n s ww . P. P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wn
www
8. CO2i st ran spor t edt hr oughbl oodt ol ungsas -c.ca rbami nohaemogl obi
g 9. Wh . e
O rgrg500mLai
n1
O ri si nt h. e
O Ogrn
rl
u ggs,iti scal led i.O -c rgr
.
O gsi
re dualv ol ume i.O.O rgrg
s1as l
0aa
.
ia
lVi i
t
.
a l c a pa ci
t y i s s aslaalia i .
s aslaa- a i .
ld.TV+TRV+ERV s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada11. Af t eral on gd.wP.e ae
P
daada
pbr eat h, wedon o .wPr
t .eP
daada
aspi r ef orsomese co.wPn.das
P
daada
duet o- b.mor eww .P.P adaada
www www www www ww
ww O2i nt heb wl
ow
od ww ww ww

Padasalai
g 12. Wh i
rc
grho
g ft hef ol lowi ngs ub rs
grtgancesi nt obaccos morgrgkedamaget hegas rgrg
l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a seas xac h a n g e syste m? a s as a a s as a -b . c a r ba osnmo
as a n o x ide a s as
.P.P adadaandni cot ineww .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww wrw wnw
ww w w
wtw w
ww w
ww 13. Col umnI ww epr esent sdi seases waw dcol umnI Ir epr ese wnw
ts hei rsy mpt oms. ww
g Choose rgrtghecor r ect lypai r edo rp
grtgi
on rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a asal al a Ci o lu mnI
a sa
l
C
asa ao
l al i
u mnI I
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad ( P)Ast hma ww .P.P ada( d
i)Recur r ingofww .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w w
ww w
ww ww br onchi t is ww ww ww
g ( Qa) E. mp
O rgrh
O gysema ( ii
)Ac c .uO murgrl
O gati
on . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a laalia.
adaoadfaW. B. CSi n
s s s s s
. P. adaada
P . P. P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww a l
v e o l
u s wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
( R)Pneumoni a (ii
i )Al l er gy
g . O r
O gr g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
saas
.
la li
P=i
a a i . ii
, Q=i i, R=i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada14. Whi choft he.wPf.oal
P
da
ladw
o aingbestdescr i
b
.wP e.sada
P tade
h apr ocessofgas .wPe.xac
P
dahadaangei nt he .wP.P adaada
www l ungs? ww www www www w
ww
ww ww ww ww
- c. Og
g . O rg
O rxygenandcar bond
. O ri
Ogo
rgxidedi f fusedownt
. O rh
O gre
girconcent r at i
ongr
. O ra
O gd
rgi
ents
s as
i
laalabeti . weenbl oodanda
s aslaali
lvaeol
i . arai r
.
s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada15. a
ada i
a)dP–i a
adada adadaa a
adada
.P.P Maket he - .(Pd
. P i, Q–i v, .P.P .P.P .P.P
wwww w.w w
wR–i,S–i wwww www w w
ww w
ww cor r ectpa wi
rs
w i ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww www w w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaal i
a i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada16. Maket heco a
dat aai a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.rPr
.eac
P dp r s.
w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww Col uma wnww–wI Col umn–I Iwwww wwww wwww
g ( P)Ti d ra
glrgvol ume i .1000t o1 r1gr0g0 rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i ml
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad ( Q)Resi dualww .P.P aidad
i.500ml .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww www w wwww w
ww w
ww v ol ume ww ww ww ww
g ( R)iE . x
O pO gr
ri gt
ra or y iii
.2500t . o3
O rgr0
O g00 . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
srae
s
a
laslear i
v
.
e v o lu me ml s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ( S)I nspi ra ww i ww ww ww
ww
ww wto
wwry
w v.1100t o120 w0
www wwww wwww
r eser v ev ol ume ml
g r grg rgrg rgrg rgrg
(d)a P–i
l aila.O i
i .iO , Q–i v , R–i , S–i
a l alii
a. O
i . O
a l alia. O
i . O
a l alia. O
i . O
a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
17. Namet her espi r at or yor gansoff l
at wor m, ear thwor m, fi
sh, pr awn, cockr oach
g an dc . i.a
O r
Ot gr g
.Fl at wor m- Bod yias.uO rr
Ofgr g
ace, Ear t hwor m- B o .dOy r gr
Osur g face,, Fi sh- gi l
ls , .PO r O g
awgn-
r r
s aslaal i
a s as laal i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada g ills , C o c k ro a ch -tr a c
a
adadah e a , C a t - l
u n gs . a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 1 8 .N a me th e e
wn
w.Pz. P
y me t h a t c a ta l yseswtw.hP.ePb i ca rb o n a te fo rma
ww.P
t i
o. Pni nR B C s . w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
- Car boni canhy dr asef aci li t at est hef or mat i onofBi car bonat ei nRBCs.
g 19. A .Oi
r O grgvi
rmo ngf r om t heno .sOe rt
O got
rg het r acheapass .eO s rgt
O rhgroughanumber o.Of rgrg
O .
l
ast al i
a i . l al
asraoftia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
as aru c t u r e s. L ist i
no r
a ds
ae h e s tr
u ctu r e s. a s
a a sa a s
a
.P.P adad .lP.-adad
P .xP-
. adad
P .Pn. adad
P .P.P adad
wwww - E xt e r n a l no str
wi
w s n a sa l c a v i t y - p ha ry
wnw la r y n x - t ra c h ea - b
wr
wo ch i -
b ro n c h io l
e s- w w
ww al v eol i. w
www wwww wwww wwww
g 20. Wh . O i
Orcgrhs
gt ruct ur eseal sit .hOe rl
O ga
rgrynxwhenweswi.a l
O l rgw
o
O rg? . O rgrg
O
s-aD
s
a
laulri
ai i
n
.
gs w a l
lo w in ga t
shasine
a
lalal i
a
.
s tic f
lapc a l l
e de s a
psi
a
lagllaoti .
t is pre ven ts th e sfa
oso
a i
la r
ladf i .
o m s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaent
P e ri n gi ntot h .eP.l
aad
P r
ada
ay nx a n da v o ids ch o. Pk
. P
i
daada
an go f f o o d . . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww 21. Resi st wn
a w cei nt heai rway si st wy
wpical lyl ow.Why ?Gi w
ew
v t
wor easons. ww
g - a. su . r
O fa
Orgcreg ar eaofr espi rat o. r
O y rp
O gra
gt hisv er yl ar geb. .cOo gc
rn
O rgent rationofai ri s.l o
O wrg.
O rg
s2asl
2aa i
a
lHowt
.
i .
he b od y ma kseasslaa ia i
long–t
l
.
erm a d ju s t me
s asl
naa
t
ia i
lswhenl.
ivingi nh i
g
s ha
aslaa i
lla
t i
i
t
.
u d e . s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Whent heper s.wo . adaadv
Pnmo
P
a
esonal ong– te.wPrm
. adabadas
P
a
ist omount ains
.wPf.rao
P
daada
m seal ev el is ww .P.P adaada
www wtww w w
w aemat w
wwt ww
ww bodybegi ws
n w omaker espi r at or y wa
wndh opoi et i cad wjw
us ment s. ww
g - Too v ergrrcgomet hi ssi tuat i
onk ri
dgrn
geysaccel er at epr od ru
grc gt
ionoft hehor mon e rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
a seasrayt
l hr opoi et in, whi cha st
s asimu
a l l
at est hebonema a s r
ar
s owt
a l opr oducemor a e
s R
asBa Cs.
l
a s as
.P.P adada23. Di f f usi ono f.Pg.aas
P
daedsa
occur si nt hewa.l v
P.e P
dal
ao adra
regi ononl yan dn
.P.P aod
tai a
dna nyot her w.P.P adada
wwww wewww wcw w wwww ww w
ww par toft he wrw spi rat or ysy st em.D wi
s
w uss. ww ww
g - .Thep rrgi
rma
g r ysi t ef ort heexch rgarn
ggeofgasesi st hea rl
gvregol i
. rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
- Tl
asa h
alea i
u p ta ke o f O 2 a ndt
a s
a
h
asae
l alrae i
l e a s eo fC O 2 o c
a
cu
s
a
r l
asabae
l a ti
w e e n th eb l
o o da
a sn
a
dt
l
asa alias i
s u esby
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww wwww wwww w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaadasi mpl edi ffusion
.wP.d ar
P
diadea
av nbypar ti
al press
.wPu. ar
P
daag
e draadi entofO2andC
.wP.P
ada
aOda2. .wP.P adaada
w -Par t ial pr e w w w w
ww
ww wswsw
w ur ei st hepr essur ewco
wwn
wt
r i but edbyani ndi vwi
d
wwuw
al gasi nami xt ur eowf
ww
w
gases.
g .O grg
rp .O grg
rx .O grg
rb rgrg
-Itl i
as
lia r
i e
. O resent edaspO2lf ao
liar io. O ygenandpCO2f ol r
alic
a a
i. r
O on–di oxi de. lalia.O i. O laalia.
a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s
.P.P adada-Duet opr essur
.
eag
P. P
r
daaddaient s, O2f rom thea
.P . P
al
davdeo
al i ent er sint ot heb
. P. al
P
do
ao dda
a ndr eaches ad
. P. P ada
wwww thet issue s.www w w
ww w www w wwww
ww w w ww ww ww
-CO2ent er sintot hebl oodf rom t hetissuesandr eachesal v
eol i forel imi nat ion.
g -Th e t
.O h r
Oigr g
nsquamousepi t h e .l
i
O a Or
l gr
celg l
soft heal v eoa l
i a r
.O e r gr g
OcomposedofTyp e .I
O a r g
Onrdg .
l
asy alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa lia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
aT apeI I c e l
ls. a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
adad
.P.P .Pv
. adad
P .s adad
P.c
P Po
.r. adad
P adad
.P.P
wwww -T y p e I c e l
lsa
wwr
we
w ery th i
n s ot h a t gas
w
wwew an d iff us e ra p idl
y
wwt
wh
w u gh t h e m. wwww
ww -Ty peI Icel
wl
w
sar et hicker , sy nt hesi
wz
weandsecr eteasubst
wa
wncecal ledSur f act ant
w.
w
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asla
a li
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www w
ww
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada24. adh a
aa a
dr a
adaday a adaeadsapi a
adada
w .P.P Sket chaf l
wo.wc
P.P tt oshowt hewpa.Pthw
. P ofai rf lowdu wr i
.nP.gr
P rat ion. w .P.P
ww
ww w wwww w wwww w wwww w wwww w
Inspi rat
ion
g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Expi
O
rat ion
i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
R l
e
asa a
sl a
p i
i r a to ryc en t
r ei
ani
s
a
t i
al
asa a
te
l asti h es timu li
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad dur i ngi nspi ratio
.Pn. a.dad
P .P.P adaR despi rat or y cent
.
r
Pe
. adat
P der mi nat es t he ad
. P.Pad
wwww wwww wwww st i mul i dur inge wxw
pi
w wr at ion. w
ww w
ww ww ↓ ww ww ww
g I mp u. l
O s Ogsa
re rg r ecar ri
edt ot h . ei
O Ogrs
rn gpirator y . O rgrg ↓
O . O rgrg
O
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a a
lalai i .
s a laalia.
adaadamuscl est hroughnd
ae rves.
s s s s s
. P. P . P. P aada . P. adaT
P
adhaedi aphr agm an.di P. ands
P
adi
ap arat or ymuscl es.P.P adaada
wwww www↓
w wwww r el ax. www↓w ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g Di aphr ra
gg gm and i nspi r at or y rgrg muscl es grc
rl gont gro
rh gr
. O O r . O O Chestw . Oa Ol ract sandt h et
. O O acic
scas
o
lan
alit
a ri
a . c t. ↓
s aslaalia i .
v o s
lua l
me
s aalia i
g
.
e ts red uc e d . s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaThet hor aci cv .woPl
.uP
daadancr
amei easesast h
.wPe. adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
wands. ↓ www w
ww↓ w
ww
ww chestwal we
lwxp ww ww ww
g The .O igrt
rn r
ga pul monar y i.p O r rgs
e rsgure i s The i .O grg
ra O grg
ru
l alia i . O l al a i . O l alin
a t
i r
. O pulmonar y p l r
ae
lia.si s
. O re i s laalia.
srae
s d
a u c e d . s as a s as a s as a s as
.P.P
a
adada .↓P.P
a
adada .P.P adare
addauced.
.P.P
a
adada .P.P
a
adada
wwww wwww wwww www w w
ww w
ww ww ww ww ↓ ww
Theal veol arpr essur edecr easest han
g O r gr g O r grg .O rgrg .O rgrg
t h e ia.t mospher
. O i cpr essur e i . i. O i . O i . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a T
a
h
s
a
e l
asaa
a l
l v
a e
i o la rp res s u r e
a
i
s
a
n cl
asare
al a
a s
i e st han
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P↓. adad
P .P.P adathdeat mospher icpr
.Pes
. as
P
daudre.
.P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww www w w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .w↓P.Padaada .wP.P adaada
www w w
wt w w
w he www www
ww Ai rf l ows ww i
n ot he al v eol iun wti
wlt ww ww
g al v eol arrg r g pr essur e equal ri
zgregs t he Ai ri ssent
r goutduet
r g ot hecont r ac
r gt
r
ionof
g
O .O O O O
saas
t alia. is
lamo pher icpr essur ea
s as lia.di.O
laan theal veol i al v
s
eo
as laal
iia. i.O
l. ↓
s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia.
a
adadageti nf lat ed. .P.P adadaa adaAada aedaaada a
adada
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P i
rf l o w so u to ft
w w.Ph. P lv e o l iu n ti lt he
ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
wew ww
al v eol ar pr ssur e equal i zes wt whe
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O at mosp
i .hO e
. rr
O gi
rcp
g r essur eand t
i .hOea
. rgrgl
O veoli .
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a asal al a i ga e
sat l a
asdaefl al
i
at ed. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s2asl
5aa. ia
lWhyii . s pn e u mo n i ac
s as l
oaania
l si i .
d e re da d a n g e r o
s uasslaadi
lia si .
e a s e ? s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Pneumoni a–I n
.wPf.lP aada t
aadmma i
onoft hel un.wgPs
. P
dau
ad ada
et oi nf ect i oncw au.wPs.eP
daady
adb a
bact er i
aor w.P.P adaada
www w
wdp
w neumoni www ww www
ww v ir usi sca l
wl
e
w a. ww ww ww

Padasalai
g - Theco rgmmo
rg nsympt omsar ers grpgutum pr oduct ion, na rsgraglcongest ion, shor t n regrsgsof
b r
lae
alai .
at O
i
h,. O sor et hr oat , et ca. i
laala . O
i . O i
laala . O
i . O i
laala . O
i . O laalia.
a s as a s s a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada26. Expl ai nt hec .Po. andd
P ai dtaonswhi
i chcr eat .eP.s dar
ap
P doabl emsi noxy gent.P.P ardan
a dsapor t . .P.P adada
wwww - Whenap erw w
sw w
ont r av el squi ckl yf rom
w w
wwseal ev el t oel ev at i ws
ow
n
w w
wabove8000f t, whe wwww
ww ww w w w wre
w
t heat morgrgspher i cpr essur eandp rgrgar tial pr essur eofox rygg
g
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O rgeni sl ower ed, t he rg g
i .O . Or .
a s
a
i nl
asada i
l v
a i
d
i u a lre sp o n d s w
a s
a
i
t hs
asal al y
a mp
i to ms of a cu t
a
e
sa
mo
asal alua ni t a in si
c kn e s s (
a
A MS
s
a
l
asa a)
l–a
a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad headache,shor .tne
P. as
P
das dofbr eat h, nause .aP.aP
dadd
an di zzi nessduet op.P.o ao
P
dar dbi ndi ngofO2 .PP
. adad
wwww wi thhaemo gl
w w w
wobi n. www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
- Whent gh eper sonmov esonagl ong–t er m basi st omo gru ntainsf r om seal ev e gli s
g O r
O r g O r
O r g O r
O g O r
O rg
bo laadliayib
. . egi nst omaker es laap
li
iar
. a
i.t or yandhaemat op laao
liai
.eit.icadj ust ment s. laliai. . laalia.
s as s as s as s as a s as
. P. adaada-Toover
P
comet
.
hi
P. asdas
P
adi
tauat i
onki dney sacc
. P. ae
P
dal
eadra
at epr oduct ionoft
. P. ahdaeadh
P
aor mone
. P. adaada
P
wwww er y t hr opoi ewt
wiw,
n
w wwhi chst imul at esw th wbw
wew onemar r owt opr odwuw
wcw
emor eRBCs. ww wwww
ww w w w w
- Whenaper sondescendsdeepi ntot hesea, t hepr essur eint hesur r oundi ng
g wla t e. r
O r
i
O g
ncrr geaseswhi chc a u .sOe r
st
O gr g
hel ungst odec r e a
. s
O r
ei
O gr g
nv olume. . O rgrg
O
s as aa lia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Thi sdecr easei
.
nav
P. P
do
aladuamei ncr easest hep
. P. aa
P
daradt
iaalpr essur eoft hea
. P.
ga
P
dasadeaswi t hi nt he
. P. adaada
P
www l ungs. w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
- Thi sef fectcanbebenef i
ci al , becausei tt endst odr iv eaddi t ional oxy geni nt ot he
g ci r c u.Ola rt
O gi
orgn,butt hi sbenef it .Oa lrgoh
s
O rg asar isk, thei nc .rOe rgs
a
O regdpr essur ecana .ls
O rgrgr
od
O ive
snasl
ia
t
a
rli
o
a g
i .
e ng as int ot h e c
s a
ir
s l
caal
u
ia
l a
i
t
.
io n . s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P - T h i s in c r e as e
w i
w.nP.bP lo o dn itr o g e nc ont
wew Pt
.n . Pca n le a dt oa c o ndwi
tw.i
oP.nc
P a lle dn it r o ge n ww.P.P
ww
ww w ww wsww ww ww
nar cosi s. -w
Wh ent hedi v erascend w tot hesur f acet ooqw uiw
ckl yacondi tioncal l
e wdw
g ‘ ben .dOs r’
O gorgrdecompr essi onis .Oi c rk
O gn
rgessoccur sandn i
.tr
O o gre
rg
O gncomesoutofs.o Ol u gi
rt
O gn
ro .
l
ash a lia i . l
asoaral a i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
aw ai l est ill int hebl oo a df
s
a mi ngbubbl es. asaasa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Smal l bubbl esi
.wPnat
. Ph
adb
dae al oodar enothar
.wPmf
. adu
P aal abutl
d, ar gebubbl es
.wP.c aa
P
adl
dan aodgei nsmal l Pad
.w.Pad
aa
w capi llar i es w w w w
ww
ww w,bwl
w o
wcki ngr el ower ed, b
wlo
wo
w wdf loworcanpr ess wo
wwn
wner v eendi ngs. - ww ww
Decomp g r essi onsi cknessi sas gsoci atedwi t hpai ni nj og intsandmuscl esand
g .oO r
O r g O
.uid r
O r g O
. i.O r r g .O rgrg
O
s
nas
e
lau
alir
a i l
. o g i c a l
p ro b le ms
s ai
s
nlac
all
ia . in gs trok e.
s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada- Ther i skofni tr a aar a aommoni a as. a
adada
.oPg aeda
ndn cosi sandbend
.P.s aidasdc nscuba
.P.d aiv
daedr
ww.P.P w w . P w w P w w P ww.P.P
ww
ww - Dur i ngca wrbwo
w wn–di oxi depoi soni ngw
w ,
wthedemandf
w oroxy gwe
wnw
w incr eases.Ast heO ww
w2w
l ev el i nt ghebl ooddecr easesi t gleadst osuf focat ionan gdt heski nt urnsbl ui sh g bl ack.
g . O r
O r g . O r
O r g . O r
O r g . O r
O r g .
a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaaliai. a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
EXTRAQUESTI ONS
g  . O rgp
A
O rgnoea–Tempor ar .yO s rt
O go
rgppi ngofr espi r a ti o. n
O .rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Bookgi
P lls
. P–R
. adaad
P esapi rat or yor gansP
. in
. aa
P
daqadu
aat i cLi mul us. Pad
. . P aada . P. adaada
P
wwww wlww
w w ww wwww wwww
ww  Boo wkw u ngs–Respi r at or yw orwgw
ansofScor pi onsan wdmo
w stspi der s. ww
g OO C
rgOrgLD–Chr oni cObst Or urg
O crtgi
veLungDi sease. O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
l a ia. i .
l Dyspnoea–pasi l a i
lra. i . l alia. i . l alia. i . laalia.
s as a nasf a
u l e s p iratio n. s as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w  Epi g w w w w w
ww w
ww
ww
ww wl o
wt
w t
w i
s–at hi nel ast icc
wwwawr
t ilagi nousf l apwh i
wc
whc
w ov er st hegl ot tisa wwnd
w

Padasalai
pr ev ent st heent r yoff oodi nt ot hel ar ynx.
g O
. i.O r gr g O
. i.O r gr g .nO rgrg
O .tO rgrg
O
s aslaali
a H a emo g lo b in–i
s as
rlo
aali
nca o nt ain i
ngr e dp i
s
gas
me
laalia it. o f RB Cso f v e r
s
te
as
b
lar
ali
aa ie. s ,gi ves
s aslaalia.
a
adada redcol our a aod. adadaa a
adada a
adada
.P.t aob
dadlo
ww.P.P w w P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  Her wriwg
n
w w-Br euerr ef l
ex– ad wwwewfensi v emechani sm wwwa
wgai nstov erdi l at iow noww
w f
g l
rugn
rggs. rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l al a i
asa Hypoxi a– t ha
ef s
a
l
asaaia
ll
ura i
eoft issuesf oa r
s
a a l
asn al
ayr a ieasont or ecei avea
s
a
l al a i
asanadequat e a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad suppl ywof .Po. a
xy
P
dagden. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w www w w
ww w wwww
ww  Pneu
ww mot hor ax – pr esence
ww ofai ri nt he pl eur
wwalcav itywhi ch caus
wwes
g c
rogrlglapsi ngofl ungs. g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg
a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a laalia.
s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
. P. adaada 
P Y a .wPn
. ai
P
d
n
ada
ag–p ro lo n g edi ns p
. i
P.raada
P t
ada
iond u e t oi n c reas e
. Pi
. P
ada
andaC O2 . P. adaada
P
wwww wnww
w wwww ww
ww wwww
ww con wcew tr at i on. ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaC h a p t e r 7
.wP; . aB
P
daada
o d y F l u id s .wP.a ada
P n
ada
dC ir c u la t i
.w Po
. an
P
daada
.wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g E
l al
v
ia.Oa
i . rl
O gurga t ion l alia.Oi . rgrg
O l alia.Oi . rgrg
O l alia.Oi . rgrg
O laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada 1.Whati st he.f Pu. nc
a
P
dat di
oanofl y mph? .P.P adad- ac.Br ingi nt ersti
t .iPa
. l
a
P
dal
f udiadi nbl ood .P.P adada
wwww w w w wsw w wew w www w
ww 2.Whi cho ww nw
eoft hef ol lowi ngp wla
w wmapr ot ei nsi si nv wl
o v
w w
di nt hecoagul at io w
no
w f
g b l o o
rgrg d ? - rgrg - b .
rgrgF ib ri
no g e n rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a as3l al a
a.Whi i choft hef ol lo
a ws
a ai
snl al a i
agWBCsar ef oundi a n
s
a
l
asmo a
arl a i
enumber s?-b. a N
sae l
asu a
atl
r a i
ophi l a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.f adad
P .P adad
P .dP..adad
P .P.P adad
wwww 4 . Wh ic ho f
wwt
whe
w o llo w in gi s n o t i
n v
o
www lv
w e.di nb l o odc lo tt i
n g
ww?
w-w B i
l i
r u b i
n www w
ww ww ww ww ww
5.Ly mphi scol our lessbecause -c.Heamogl obi ni s
g r g r g r gr g r gr g r gr g
s as laalia.aib
O .O sent
s as laalia.Oi.O
s as laalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.Oi.O
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada 6.Bl
P
oodgr oupi
. P . adaau
sd
P det
a ot hepr esenceo
. P. ar
P
adb
daa asenceofsur f
ace-
. P. ac
P
adA
da. ant igensoft he ad
. P. P aada
ww sur fac wfw ww ww ww
ww
ww wewwow RBC wwww wwww wwww
7.Ape
g . O rgr
O r
sonhav
g ingbot hant
. O
i
rg
O ge
r gnAandant igenBont
. O rgrh
O gesur f aceofRBCsbg
. O re
O r
l
gongs
s as laalat
i ob
i l
. oodgr oup a
s
-lc
s aa.
laAiB
i .
s as
i
laalai .
s as
i
laalai .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada8.Er y t hr obl ast o
.wPs .iasdaf
P
ao
deat al i
si sduet ot h
.wPe. ad
P
adst
dae ar uct i onof .wP.- aa.
P
ado
daF aet alRBCs .wP.P adaada
www 9.Dubs wow
wundofhear ti scau
w
wdb
wy w
wcw w
waw
ww ww wsw
e - ww .Cl osur eofsemi - luwn
w r

Padasalai
v al
g . O ru
O gre gs .oO rgrg
O .sO rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia 1i0. . Wh y i
s t h e v e lo
s ac
s li
aa
ty
lia i .
f b l oodf l
o wt h eslo
aswlaae
lia i .
t in t
h e ca p il la rie
s sa?
slaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadac.Thet a a
dadar a aed a
adi a at a
daldsa a
adada
ww.P.P ot alsu w r
w.fPa. ce
P eaoft hecapi wlla
w.Pr.iP s sl ar gert hant h
wew.Pto
. P a ur f acear eaof ww .P.P
ww
ww t hear t er i wl
o w
e
wsw. wwww wwww wwww
g 11 r.gArgnunconsci ouspa t i e
rgnrtgisr ushedi nt ot hee rgme
rg r gencyr oom andn regre
gdsa
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a asal al a fi
a s t b lo odt ra n s afus
as i
o
asal an
l a. i
B e c a use t h e re i
a ss
a n l
ot
asa al ai i
me t oc hec k h e r
a me
sa
l
asa a
di
l a
c i
a l h i stor y a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad ordet er mi n.P eh
. adaedrbl
P oodt y pe,ww hi .cPht
. adayp
P deofbl oodsho u .ldy
P. adaod
P uasherdoct or,.P.P adad
wwww w w
w?w-d.O2 ww w www w wwww
ww gi v eh wer
w ww ww ww
g 12.Wh O ri
O gcrho
g ft hesef unct ion s
O rc
O go
rgul dorcoul dnotbe O cra
O grrgr
iedoutbyar edbO lo ro
O gdc
rg el l
?
l alia. i . l alia. i . l alia. i . l alia. i . laalia.
sBas raie f ly j u s tif y yo u r a n sswase a r s as. -
a d . A c t i
v e tr
a n s p o r
s tas a s as
. P. adaada 13.Att
P h e v e no. Pu. a
s
P
daead
n
a
do f t h e c a p i
ll
a ry . Pb
. aed
P d
ada
a, th e o s mo ti c pres .sPu
. ar
P
daadi
e s
a
. P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww - a.Gr eat ert hant ww hehy dr ost at icpr ess wu
wre
g 14 .. Ap
O rgra
O gtient ’schar tr ev e a
. l
O strgrh
O gathehasacar di a
. co
O rgru
O gt
putof7500mLp .eO r O grgnut
rmi e
s as laalia a
i
n
.
da s trok e v o l u me
s as laal
o
iaf
i
5
.
0mL .Wh at i s hsia
ss laa
pl
u
ia l
i
s
.
e ra te (i
nb e a t
s s /a l
mi
s aali
n
a )
i .
- c . 1 5 0 s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w 15.Atan yw w w w w
wgwive
ww
ww w wnt i met her ei smo wwwr
eb
wwl oodi nt hev enow uss
wwy wst em t hant hatof wthe
w ww
w w
ar t er i al sy st em.Whi choft hef ol lowi ngf eat ur esoft hev ei nsal l owst hi s?
g O
. i.O r g r g O
. i.O r gr g O r
O grg . i.Ogrg
O r
l alia l alia l -
ab
lia..p
i . resenceofVol v es l alia laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada 16. Di st ingui shb.P.P aedt
aw deaenAr t er iesandV .P.P aedi
and;a .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww Ar t er iesww ww ww ww
g - The .ObO l
rogro gdvessel st hatcar .rOy rb
O grl
o
godawayf r om t he .O h gra
re
O grtar ecal l
edar t er .i
eO s r.
O grg .
l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . l alia i . aslaalia
a s
a-asTahear t er iesusual l ya li
e
s
a asd aeepi nsi det hebod a ys
a.asa a sa asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P . adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Thewal lsoft he
.wP.a ar
P
dat
eadraiesar et hi ck, non
.wP-. aco
P
daladlapsi
a bl et owi thst
.waPn
.
daadi
adh
P
ahpr
g essur e. Pad
.w.Pad
aa
w - Val v esar ewabw
wsentandhaveana w w w
ww
ww w w wr
rwow
w wl umen. wwww wwww
- Al l ar t er iescar ryoxy genat edbl ood, exceptt hepul monar yar ter y .
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g .O rgrg
a V
l ae
lia.in
i .sO
a l alia. i.O
a l alia. i.O
a l alia i . O
a laalia.
a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s
.P.P adada- Vei nshav et hin .Pn.eP
daw
ar daal l
sandal ar ger .lu
P. adadnaandhencecanb
me
P .Pe. ae
P
daadsialyst r et ched. .P.P adada
wwww wdw
w w w w w
wept w w
w w www w
ww -Theycar w
ryw eoxy genat edbl oode ww xc , t hepul monar wv
y wein. ww
g - The .Ob l
ro
O grogdpr essur ei sl owa .O n O grghel
rdt umenhasaw .iOd rgrw
e
O gall whi chi scol lap .Os igl
rb
O reg. .
l al
asTauniia i . asrl alia i . ael alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a- c a me d ia i s th i
na ns
ae ainv e in s t
h a ni na rta es
r
ai s a.
s a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .fP. adad
P .Psd
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww - U n i d i r e c tion
www
al w lo wo f b l
o o di nv e i
wwnw
siw u et ot h ep r e sen
wwwceo
w f s e mi l
u n a r v a l
ves
www w
ww ww ww ww ww
t hatpr ev ent sbackf lowofbl ood.
g O rs
O grg O rgna
O rg ndcl O Ogrg
ro O rgrg
O
17 a.
lalai.. D
i . i ting u i
s hb e t w e e no
a
lalai . p
i . e o s e dc i rc u
a
lalail.ai t
. i n a
lalai . i . laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada-
P
Openci rcul ator
. Py
. as
P
dayadsatem
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww - Hashaemo wlwmp
y w hast heci r cul a ti
nwgfww lui dandi spumpe w
yw ww
ww
ww ww w w w w wdb
ww
w t hehear t
, whi ch ww ww
f lowst hr oughbl oodv essel si nt ot hesi nuses.
g - S in u. s
O er
O gr
sarg er ef er redaslh a .eO mor
O gr g
coel . . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s as aalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada- Openci rcul ator
.
yas
P. P
dy
asadtaem i sseeni nAr
.
thr
P. ao
P
dapadoadsandmostMol
. P
l
.
uas
P
dacadsa.
. P. adaada
P
-Cl osedci
wrc
wuwlawt or ysy st em
www w wwww w
www w
www
ww w ww ww ww
-bl oodi spumpedbyt hehear tandf lowst hr oughbl oodv essel s.

Padasalai
g - Cl o s
.Oe rgrgi
dc
O rcul at ingsy st emi.O i
s rs
O gregeni nAnnel i
ds, Ce .pO hOgrl
ra gpodsandVer
o teb .ra
O t
Ogrs
re g.
s as1
laal
8
ia
.
i
D
.
is t ing uis hb e tw seae
s laal
nmi
a i .
tr a l v
a l
v e a n ds e
s a l
mi
s aali
l
au
i
n
.
a r valve s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada adadaa adadaa a
adada
w .P.P Bi cusp w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww w wi
d(
wwt
w wof
w lapsorcusps )ww
w w
w wwww w wwww w
- ormi t ralv al veguar dst heopeni ngbet weent hel ef tat ri
um andl ef tv ent ri cl e.
g - Th e .Ov arl
O gv
rgesoft hehear ta ll o
.Ow rs
O grtghebl oodt of l
owo .On lOgri
ry g nedi
no r ect ion, .O rgrg
O .
asil alia i . asel alia i . atl alia i . l
asl alia i . aslaalia
a s
a- . a
e . , f r o m th e a tr ia tot
a s
ah avent r ic les a n df r o m
a s
a h
s aevent r i
cles t ot h e a ps
au a nar
mo y a s
a
.P.P adad .rP. adad
P .ePn
. adad
P .lPo
. adad
P .P.P adad
wwww a r te r y o r thewwa
wo w ta . -
T h e s e v a lv e s p r
wwewvw t b a c kw a rdf l o wowwf
w b
w o d . www w
ww Semi l
ww
una rv al v e
ww ww ww
g - T h .eo
O rgp
O regnin go f rig h t a n dl . Oe rf
O gt
rvgent ri
c l e si n tot h ep. O rgl
u
O g nar
rmo y a rt e ry a n da . O orgr
O rtgaare
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada guar
P
dedbyao
. P. ar
P
dat
iadcaandpul monar yv
. P
a
. al
P
vdaeadsaandar ecal ledsemi
. P. adal
P
u
adnaarval v es.
. P. adaada
P
ww - Eachsemi wlwnw
u arv al vei smadeo wrw wwusps. ww
ww
ww ww w wfwt
w h
w eehal f-moonshaw pewdc
w w wwww
g 19.Ri rggh gtvent r i
cul arwal li srt hi
g gnnert hant hel ef tv e rn
grt gr
icularwal l .Why ? rg g
. O O r . O O r . O O ia.hO .Ol r
s-as I
laa
nslia y .
i st e mi c c i r c u la t io
s n
as,laa
tli
ha e .
i oxygenat e db lo o
s ade
slaali
na t .
ier in gth e a o r ta fr
soasm
laalt ie e f t s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadavent ri cl ei scar r.wie
P. adaay
db
P daanet wor kofar t.we
Pr.iP aa
aeds ,daar ter i ol esandca .wpP.i
lal
P
dar
a
ai
deast ot he .wP.P adaada
www www ww w www www
ww t issues. .ww ww ww ww
g - tot hi s rgprrgocessaor t aneedmu rgrcghpr essur et hat ’
st he rgwrgayl ef tv ent ricul arwra glrl
gi s
t hlai
aci . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O laalia.
s as lakert henr ightv ent
sri
as
clau
allarwal
a l .
s aslaala s aslaala s as
a
adada 20.Whatmi gh tb dat
ae adhaeef f ectonape a
aodanwdahosedi adai adoancont a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P . P w w.r
Ps. P ethasl
w
e
w.Ps. s
P r ent ?
w w.P.P
ww
ww - RBCdec wrwa
e
w wsesi nbl ood,Anemi wwwaw
,duet ol ow i r onc on
w wt
w w
enti nRBC,decr ea si
w w
ng
w w
g ox rygg
rgencar ry ingcapaci ty r.grg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a as2l al a i
a1.Descr ibet heme a s
a c
ashl al
aania ism bywhi cht a hs
aeh l al a i
asaumanhear tbeat a isi
s
a
l
asn a
ail a
t ii
at edand a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada cont roll
ed.Pad
.w.Pad
aa
.wP.P adaada .wP.Padaada .wP.P adaada
www -Thehear t www w w
wr w w
ow www
ww win
w humani smy ogeni cw(
ca
w di omy ocy tescanw pr
w ducespont aneousww
rhy t hmi rgc
g . O O rgdepolar i sat i
ont hati
. O rn
Ogi
rt
gi
atescont r
act ions)
. O
.
Orgrg .O Orgrg
s
-T
a
s lah
ae
lia s
i .e q uen ce o f e l
e c
s
tr
a
s
ilc
aaa
lial c
i . on duc t
io no f h e
s
ar
a
s
t
laai
li
sa i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada- SAnode→AVn a
dae a undl a
dar aj a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.o ad
P d→B eofHi s→P
w w.P.P au kdin ef i br es
ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww -Thecar dwi
acw
w
w cel l swi t
hf ast estr h
wy
w
wth
wm ar ecal ledt hePa wc
w
wema
w kercel l
s, si ncet h
we
wyw
w
det er mi net
g hecont ract i
onr at eg oft heent ir ehear t . g
g
-T h ie O
. is
. Or
ecelr g
lsar el ocat edi nt
i O
. i.herr
O r g
i
ghtsi nuat r ial (S Ai .O) .n
ro
O rdg
e/Pacemaker . i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aasal al a
a sa
l
asa al a
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad - Ont hel ef tsi deo
. P.Pafdathder i ghtat rium i san
. P.Paodaddecal ledaur iculov
.
en
P. at
P
daridcul arnode( AV
. P.Padad
ww node) .- Tw w w w w w w ww
ww
ww wos
wwwpeci al car di acmus cl
w w
wew
fibr esor i
gi nat ef r omwwwt
hweaur icul ov ent ri cu l
wa
wrw
w
nodeandar ecal ledt hebundl eofHi swhi chr unsdowni ntot hei nt er v ent r icul ar
g se p t.uO m rgra
O gndt h e fi b re s s p re .aO dirgrn
O gt
ot he v e n tr icl e s . . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada- Thesef i
br esar
.
ea
P. P
ca
daladl
eadt hePur ki njefi
.
br
P.
e
as
P
da.ada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww - Pacemake wrc
wwel
w ls pr oduce exc wit
at
w
w w ion t hr ough depo wl
awr
wisat
w ion oft hei rc wel
w
wlw
ww ww ww ww ww
membr ane.
g O r gr g O rgrgndt O rogrg O rcgrg
-
l E
ala
ia. r
i l
.yO d e p o la r is a t i
o ni ss
l alial
.oi .wa
O ak e sp la c eb
l aliy
a. i s
. O d ium i
n fl u xa ndr l ae
liad
. iu. O tioni n laalia.
s as a s as a s as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada pot assi um ef
.wP.P afl
u
daxad.a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w 22.What w w w w
ww
ww wis
wwlwymph?Wr itei t sf un wcwt
w i
on.
w wwww ww
ww

Padasalai
g - Thef l u
rgirdi
g nsi det hel ymphat ic
rgsrgiscal l edl y mph. rgrg rgrg
F
l u
a in
a. O
i
c .tOio n s: l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada- ly mpht ranspor t fao a
daodda,co2&o2i nbod dala a
ds. a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P . P w w.yP.cae
P l
ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww - Itr et ai no wuwwb
r wodycel l moi st ur e. wwww wwww ww
ww
- Cel l sf og u ndi nt hel y mphat i csgag ret hel y mphocy tes.g g
g O r
O
. i.hocytr g O
. ih r
O r .cO rr
O .bO rgrg
O .
- Ll
asayamp
lia e s c o l le c t
e dil
asa nt
alia . e ly mp ha tic f lu ida l
asa r
ae
lia i a
. r rie dv ia th e a rte ri
l
asa a
all
i
a i l
. o od aslaalia
a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad andar er ecy cl edb
.P.P aadac dkt ot hel y mph. Pad
. .Pad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww - Fat sar ea w w w w ww w w
ww
ww wbwso
w wr bedt hr oughl y mp hi
w wnt
w w hel act eal spr esen wtwi
wnwt hev il l
i oft he ww ww
i nt est i nal
g O r grgwal l.
O rsgrg O rtgrg O rdgrg
23 .
a
lalaiWh
. i . Oa t a re th e h e a rt s oau
lalai .ni d
. O ? Wh ena n dh o wa a
lalai r
. e
i . O h e s e so u n d s pr o d
a
lalau
i . c
i .eO laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada-
P
Dur i ngeachcar
. P
d
. ai
P
a
dacadcaycl et wosoundsa
. P. ar
P
daadpar
e oducedt hatcanb
. P. ae
P
dahadeaar dt hr ougha ad
.P . P aada
ww st et hosco ww ww ww ww
ww
ww wpwe.
w w wwww wwww ww
ww
Lub; Thef i
rsthear tsound( lub)i sassoci at edwi t ht hecl osur eoft het ricuspi dand
g bi c u s
. Op r
i
O g
dvr g al ves. . O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g . O Or grg
s a laa ia i .
l ;secondhear s a laa i
a i
l dub)i.
s a laa i
a
lht i .
s a laa i
a
lmi i .
s a laalia.
adaadaD su b t s o
adaada u nsd( s a sso c ia te
adaada dw s i
t h e clo sure o f t
adaadahe s
s e l u n a r adaada
s
w.wP.P v a lv e s . w .wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
g .2
O 4 OgS
r. rgel ectt hecor r ect .b
O i o go
rl
O rggicalter m. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia i .
s a laalia.
a s L y mp ho cyte s ,r aed s c e ll s ,l eucoc y te s,p
a sl a s ma ,e ryt
hro c y te
as ,w
s h it e cel
ls, a s
.P.P adada Pn
.i .Padada .P. adada
P .P.P adada .P.Padada
wwww h a emo gl
wwo
wb
w ,p ha g o cy te ,p latel
wwe
wt
s
w , b loo dc lo t . w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
a.Di scshapedcel l
swhi char econcav eonbot hsi des-r edcel ls
g b. Mo O r
O g
. i.stoftr g hesehav eall ar .g
O e r
,
O gr
biglobednucl eus- w .hO i r
t
O gr
ecelg ls .O rgrg
O
s a
s laalia s a
s aalia i .
s a
s la
a lia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
a
adad c.Enabl
a er edcel ls at a
daot
dr
a anspor tbl ood-ha ae a
damo
d gl
a obi n a
adad a a
adad a
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
g . O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s
a
lalai i .
s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P.P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadad.Thel i qui dpar
.wPt.
of
a
P
datadhaebl ood- pl asmaPad
.w.Pad
aa
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w e.Mostof w w w w
ww
ww wth
we
w wm moveandchang wews
w whapel i keanamoeb wa
w.–
wwwhi t ecel ls wwww
f .Consi st sofwat erandi mpor tantdi ssol v edsubst an ces.- pl asma
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O O
.mo rgrg
O
s
gas
.
lD
aale
ia si .
t ro y e di nt h e l iv e
s
ras
alan
alds
ia i . p l
e ena ft e r c ir c u
s
l
as
alat
ai
ln
ia gi
i . n the blo o df o r
s
fao
slu
aar
lia i . nt hs-
s aslaalia.
a
adadar edcel ls adadaa adadaa adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww h.Thesub wst
w
wawnceswhi chgi v esr e
wdc
wwel
w lst hei rcol our .- hwae
wwmo
w gl obi n wwww
i .Anot h gernamef orr edbl oodc g el l
s.- Er y t hr ocy t es g
g
i .oO . r
O r g
i .gO . r
O r g
i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
j .l
asaBal
l o
a i dt h a t ha s b e e
a
nc
s
a
h
asal a
alna i e dt oa j
e ll y . – b
a
l
s
a
o o
asal dc
al a l
i o t
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad k.Awor dt hatme .P.P aadn
as d cel l eat er .- Phag .oP.cay
P
dateds .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww l .Cel lswi t wu
hw
o ww
wtnucl eus.–r edcel l
swww w www w w
ww w
ww w w w ww ww
g m.Whi rtge gcel lsmadei nt hel y mp
r grghat i
ct i ssue.- ly mphro gc gy
tes rgrg
. O O r . O O . O O r . O O
snas
. B
a
lalai loi .
c k s w o un da n dp
sras
e v
a
lalai
e ni .
t e x ces s i
v e b l e e d
s ai
s
n g
a
lalai
. –i .b lo odc lo t
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadao.Fr
P agmentof .cPe
. al
P laadwahi
ds char emadei nt
. P. ahda
P e adbaonemar row.- pl a
. t
P.eal
P
daeata
ds . P. adaada
P
wwww p.Anot her wawwwf w w
w w wwww ww
ww
ww wnw me orwhi tebl oodc wwells .- leucocy tes ww ww
g q.Sl ow rlgy gr eleasesoxy gent ob rglo godcel ls.- haemogl o rbgrin
g rgrg
. O O r . O O r . O O . O O
sra.
slaT
ali
ha ei .
i r fu n ction is t oh seas l
lapb
alia i
lo. o dc l
o t i
nw o u nsdassla.
a–
lia i
p .l a te lets. s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 25.Se wc w waw www w
ww
ww wle
w wtt hecor rectbi ol og wic
w wlt er m. ww ww

Padasalai
g Car di ac rgrmug scl e, at r ia, t r icuspri ds
grgyst ol e, aur icl es, ar t e
rgrrie
gs,di ast ol e, vent r icl ers
gr,
g
b
l i
acia.
u
O
is. O
p id va lv e ,p u lmo l n
a ia
a. O
i
r .
y O a rtery ,c ar d iac l acia.
y
O
i
c . O
le ,s emil u n a rv l a
a i
la.
v
O
i
e . O
,v eins, laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada pul monar y.v da,adca a
da,d ar adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P ww Pe
. ai
P n api llar ies, venac
w w.Pa.vaa
P ao t a.
w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww a.Thema w
i wwr
na
w ter yoft hebl ood. - wo
a wr
w wa
t wwww wwww
g b.Va l v regs
rgbet weent hel ef ta t rriu
grm
g andvent r icl e. -bi cu rsgrpgi
dv al v e rgrg
i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
ac l
as. al a
aTechnii cal namef oa rs
ar l
asealal a
axat i i
onoft hehea arts
a.
- l
asdaial
asta i ol e a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad d.Anot herna me.P.f ao
P
dardat r ia. - aur i cl es ww .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww www w w
ww w
ww e.Thema w
i w
nv ei n. - venacav a ww ww ww
g f .Ves O s re
O grl
sg whi chcar r ybl ooda O rgw
O rgayf rom t hehear t .-a
O o
rgr
O rtga O rgrg
O
a
laT i . i .
lawonamesf a i
laple . i .
archamber lea i
lar. i . a
lalai . i . laalia.
sgas. o r t h e suasp s o f t h es h
as a a t. - a u r
icles s as s as
. P. adaadah.Thi
P c k w alledc. Ph
. aa
P
daada
mb e r s o f th e h ea rt .
. -
Pv
. P aa
aedn t
dra
ic le . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
ww i .Car r iesb wlw
o odf rom t hehear tt otwwhel ungs. -pul monar ywaw
r t
er y ww
g j .Ta k
. Oe rs
O gragbout0. 8sect oco . mp
O rgrl
O gete. -
car di accy cl e . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
skasl
.aa
V
ia
l al i .
v e s s itu at e da t th
s a
es laa
p
ia
loi i
n
.
t w he re b l o o df l
soaswlaa
s
ia i .
l outoft he h e a r t.-s
sea l
mi
s aa i
lla u
i .
n a r s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaval v e .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ww w www www w
ww
ww l .Vessel sw wwhichcar r ybl oodt owa wrw
dst hehear t .-v ei ns ww ww
g m.C .aO r rr
O g
ie
rgsbl oodf rom t hel .uO n rg
O gs
rgt ot hehear t.-pul mo.O rn
O ga
rgryv eins .O rgrg
O
snasl
.aa
Tlia
h
i
e
.
tw ol o w e r c h a mb
s as l
eaal
r
ia
s
i
o
.
f th e h e a rt . -
le f ts a
&rs laa
il
g
iah
i
t
.
v e nt
r i
cle s s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adadao.Pr ar a
dada at a
dada a
adaaor
ahde a
adada
ww.P.P ev entbl oo
ww P.P
.df o mr eent er ingt he
w v
w.Pe.nP ri clesaf terent er i
n
w w.P.P
gt t a. - w w.P.P
ww
ww wvww
w wwww wwww wwww
semi l unar alve
g p.Te
i .Och
. rgn
O rigcalnamef orone.h
i Oe
. ra
O gr
rt
gbeat . -car di accy c
i .Ole
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
aq l
as. al
aVala i
v esbet weenr igh
a s
a a
ts l
a a
atlra i
i
um andv ent r icl aess
a.as-l
t a
arl a i
icuspi dv al v e asaasa l al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww www w www w w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadar .Techni cal name
.wP.P afdaoadracont ract i
onoft h
.wPe. ah
P
daeaa
drat.
- sy st ol e
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w s.Ver yna rro
wwbw
w l oodv essel s. -bl o w w w
ww
ww w w wowdc
w w api l
l ar ies wwww ww
ww
g .O Ogrg
rme O rgrgi
O .O Ogrg
rB .O rgrg
O
26 l a.
liN
a ia. andLabel the l ag
lii
a.vie. nd agr amst osho l awA
lia i . , ,C, D, E, F, andG l alia i . laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaadA
P
a- AORTA, B- .LPE
. aF
P
adaULMONARYARTaEdR
daTP
. P. P aaYa
d, . P. adaada
P
wwww C. PULMOw NwwR
A wwYV
w EI N, D- SEMI L wNwA
w wRVALVE, E- wSwP
w wI wwww
ww wUw BI Cw
w U DVALVEORLEw FT
w
g VENTR rI
gC gLE, F- TRI CUSPI DV rgA gLVE, G- INFERI ORV rgrEgNACAVA. rgrg
. O O r . O O r . O O . O O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaEXTRAQUESTI ONS
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
w  Thr e w wesofpl asmapr ow te i
nw
wswsynt hesi zedi nt hewliw
v
wew rar eal bumi n, ww w
www
ww
ww wet
ww
w yp w
w w w

Padasalai
gl obul in, pr ot hr ombi nandf i
br i
nogen.
g  O
. i.O r gr
Ther g at ioofr edbl o o .dc
O r g
Oelr g
lst obl oodpl as ma .O isrge
O rgxpr essedasHa ema .O Ogo
rt gr
rc i
t
s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada (p a ck edc e l l v
adadao
a lu me ). adadaa a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P  Int he s i
wnw.uP.sPo id s o f t h e l
iv e r the
w w P.P
.Ma c r op h a g e s a r ec al
wl
ew P.P
.d‘ K u p ffe r c e lls’ ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww ww
ww
 Thebl oodv essel si nhumansar ecomposedoft hreel ay er s, tuni cai nti
ma,
g .O ru
t
O grngicamedi aandt u n
.Oi c ra
O gre
gxt erna. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l ali
asa 1.a i . l
ast alia i . l
asa alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a A lbu mi n- o s
a mo
s
a aic p r e s s ure o f b lo o
a d
sa. a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad P.P
.n- adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww  2 .G lo b
wwuwl
iw immu n e f u n c tion
ww.
w w www w wwww
ww  3. Pr wowt
hr ombi nandFi br i no wgw
en-i nv ol v edi nbl oodc wwlotti ng. ww
g  . O rgrgatar
Wh
O eanas¬t omo . s
O rgs
e
O r?
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a i i .
lala Thesear e c o n nseac
s
a
lati
i
lo i .
ansofonebl o o dv s a
es
s
a i
lasleal(i .
a rt e r
¬ i
e s ) w ith a
s a
nso a
lat i
lh i
aerbl.
ood s aslaalia.
. P. adaadavessel
P . T h ey p r o
. Pv
. a
i
Pd
daada
e a lte rn a t e ro u te o .fPb
. al
P
daada
o o df lo wi f th eo ri
g i.nPa
. ald
P b
ada
alo o dv e s s el i
s . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww bl ocked.ww ww ww ww
g OO A
rgnrggi napect or is( isch Oe rmi
O grgcpai ni nt hehear t mu
O rgrs
O gcles)i sexper ience O ddrgru
O gri
ng
l a ia.
l eari . l a ia.
lnar i . l alia. i . l alia. i . laalia.
s as a ly stag e s o f c
s ao
s r
a o y h e art d is e a s e
s .
as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada  Embol ism.wP.i asdat
P
ada
heobst r uct iono f.wt
Ph. aedab
P
ada
loodv essel bya b.wnPo
. ar
P
daadalmassof
ma .wP.P adaada
www wi w
wl w w
w wfw
w www
ww mat wew
r a ssuchasf r agmen wtwoft hebl oodcl ot , bon wew ragmentoranai r ww
g b
rgurbgbl e. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l ali
a.Oi . O
A n e ury sm T h e w el a
ak
lia.eO
i .
n
Oe dr e gion s o f th e l a
wlia
a.Oi
ll. O
o f t
h e art e r y o r v ei
l a
nli
sa.Oi
b . O
u l
ges laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adada tof or ma .Pb. al
a
P
dal
o doanl ikesac. .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww w w
wulw w w
w w waw
wlw wwww
ww  Car di
w wop monar yr esusci t
wawti
on( CPR)–Ser v esw asw ifesav i
ngmeasuw re
w
g u
rgnrtgilappr opr i
at et her ap rygrgcanr est or et hehear rt
gt
ron
g or mal f unct ion. rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O .h
aliat O
i.e Oi .
a s
a aslaala i Papi l
lar ymuscl
a s
a
eas
slaa–s
l a i mal l nippl eshape
a saadmu
sla i
ala scl espr ot rudef
a
r
s
a
o
as
m
la nner
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad sur faceo .fP.tah
P
daedvent ri cul arwal ls..PPa
. ap
P
dai l
l
dameans‘ ni pple’ ..P.Padad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s as laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada  St r okev oP
.wl u
. P
daad(
ame aSV)–Theamounatdo
.wP.Paf
adbal oodpumpedou
.wPt. ao
P
dafadeaachvent ricle Pad
.w.Pad
aa
w wi t h w w w w
ww
ww wewa
w wchcont r act ion, SV= wwED
w wV- ESV wwww wwww
 Chor daet endi nae–t endonl ikecor dswhi char econnect edt ot het i poft he
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g
laalia. i.O cuspi dv al v es lalia. i.O laalia. i.O laalia. i.O laalia.
a s as a s as a a s as a s as a s as
.P.P adada  Lubsoun d–i
.P.P adas daassoci at edwi tht h
.P.P aedac dl
oasur eoft heAVv al
.P.P av es
da d.a
.P.P adada
wwww  Dubs woww w
und–i sassoci at edw wiw
wt w
ht hecl osur eoft heww w
se w
wmi lunarv al v es. ww wwww
ww ww ww w
T ghecont r act i
onoft heh gear tiscal ledsy st ol ea gndt her el axat ionoft he
g
i O r
O
. i.hear r g
ti scal l eddi as to
i .lOe. r
O
. r g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i O
. i.O rgrg .
a s
a
l
asa al a
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a asal al a
a s
a
l
asa al a
a s
a aslaalia
 Pl asmama ain
dal y
d consi st sofwat era (8
da0 d-92%)i nwhi cht heap
ww.P.P adad
w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.Pdal a dsmapr ot ei ns,
ww. P.Padad
ww
ww inor wgw
a
wn wicconst i
t uent s( 0. 9
w%w)
w ,
w or gani cconst i tuen wts
w(
w w0. 1%)andr espi rat owry
ww
w
gasesar edi ssol v ed.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lali i
a El .
e ctro ca r d io g r
s aam
s
a
lal(i i .
aECG)r e co r d s th e e
s al
se
a
lac i
ltar i
i
.
c a l activity o f th e
s ah
s
a i
laelaar i
t
.
o v e r a s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P p e r iodo f. P
ti
. adaadu
P
me
a
s in ge le c t rode s .pP.lP
daada
aac e do n t h e s k in, ar .
ms P. P
daada
a,l e g s a n dc h e s t. . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g OF rgorgr medel ement sR edb
O rgrgl oodcel ls/ cor pusc O lergsrg(er ythr ocy tes) , whi t
O ergbrgl
ood
l a ia.
l celi . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O laalia.
s as a l
s /co rp u sc les sas(L
a e
l ucocyt es) a n dp laste
as laelt s a r e co ll
e c tiv e ly c
saal
slaeldf o r me d s as
.wP.P adaada el emen ts
.w.P.Padaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www wuww w w
w w w www
ww  The wfl
w idi nsi det hel y mpha wti
wcsi scal ledl y mph. Fwatwswar eabsor bedt hr ou gw
w h

Padasalai
g l
rygmp
rg hi nt hel act eal spr regrsgenti nt hev illi oft heri gn
rtgest i
nal wal l. rgrg
l aia. O
i . O
P u lmo n a r y c irc u la
l t
aiio
a. O
i .
n–c O on sis tso f c l o lsaeia.
dl
O
i . O
o o po fv e s s e lsc al r
ariy
a.Oi
i
n . O
gb lood laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
a
adada bet ween.t ed
a
ahdeaar adadaa adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P w w Ph
. a
P tandl ungs. .P.P
w w w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww  Sy s wt
ew
wmiwcci r cul at i on–i sa wcwi
w wcui
r tofv essel scar r w
wyw
inw
gbl oodbet weent hwewww
g h
rgeragrtandot herpar t so rfgb
rgodysyst ems. . rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a
l
asa a
l a i L iv er re c e iv e s
a i
t
sa
s b
l
asa al
loa i
o ds u pp ly f ro m
a tw
s
a
os
asal al o
a iu rc e s: the h e p a
a ti
s
a
c al
asa a
rt
l ae i
r y br ings
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad oxy genat .e adal
P.db
P d
oodf r om t hehea.r t
P,
. awdahdi
P let hehepat icpo .rt
Pa
. al
P
davedi nbr i ngsbl ood .P.P adad
wwww w w w
wei waw
w w w w w wwww
ww fr om wwt h nt est ineandot hwerw bdomi nal or gans.T whwewbl oodi sr e¬t ur nedww
g f
rrgo
rgm t hel i
v ert ot hehea rgrrtgbyt hehepat icv ei ns r.grg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O
O p enc i
rc ul a to r y s y
a
lalai
s .tO
ie. O
m has ha e mo ly mp a i
ha
lala . O
i .
s O th e c i
rc u l
a t in gf lu i .
lala di
i
ada O
i .nO s laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P pumpedb . Py
. at
P
d
haeadahear t , whi chf l
ow . Ps
. at
P
dh
aradoaughbl oodv esse . l
Ps
. ai
P aa
dn t a hesi
dot nuses. .P.P adaada
wwww Si nu w wawr wwwc woel w wswyst wwww
ww wswesw er ef er redasha wemo
w .Openci r cul at
wowry
w em i sseeni nww
A
g . O rgr
O r
tghropodsandmostMo
. O rgrgl
O
luscs.
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa
lia i . Inc l
o se dc i rc u l
s
a at
s
o
lar
aly
ia s
i .y s t em b lo o di s p
s
u
as
mp
laalia e
i .db yth e h e a rt a n
s
df
aslaal
lo
ia w
i . s
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada thr oughb
.wPlo
. ao
P
adaessel
dadv s.Cl osedc
.wPir
.
cau
P
dala
adtaingsy st em i sse
.wPen
. adi
P anadAannel ids,
.wP.P adaada
w Cep w w w w
ww
ww whw
a
wl opodsandVer
w t ebr a
wte
ws
w w. wwww wwww
 Dur ingsubsequentpr egnanci est heRhant ibodi esf r
om t hemot her( Rh2)
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g O r grg
l alia. i.O ent erst hef oet al cl i
r
alc
ia.ui l
. at
O i
onanddest roy sl at
lih
a. ie. Of oet al RBCs.Thi sl b
ale
ia.ci o
. Ome s laalia.
a s as a fat al tot heaf o a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
adada dae dtausbecauset hech ail
ds
dadu af f er sf rom anaemi aadadan adj aundi ce. adada
w .P.P Thi s w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww w wcwo
w wndi
w tioni scal leder y
wth
wr
w obl
w w ast osi sf oet al i swww
w
w wwww w
 Hy per t ensi oni st hemostcommonci r cul at or ydi sease.Thenor mal bl ood
g
i .O . rgr
p
O regssur ei nmani s 1i .2O0. r/
O g8 g
r0mmH g.I ncas eis .O w. Ogre
rh gnt hedi ast ol i
cp rie.Os .sOgrr
ru ge .
a s
a
l al a i
asa exceeds90mm a sa aH
sl al a
agandt i
h e sy s to lic ap s
r
aeassl al
asura i
e e x ce ed s 1 5 0mma s
a
l a
asaHgl a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaada per si stent
.wPly
. a,
P
ade
dat
h acondi t ioni scal
.wledh
P. adaay
P
aer
dp tensi on.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w  Cor onwaw
wr
yhear tdi seaseoc w w w
ww
ww w w wc
w
wur
wswhent hear ter i
es wa
wr
w e
wl i nedbyat her oma w.w
ww
Thebui l
d- upofat her omacont ai nschol est er ol , fi
bres, deadmuscl eand
g O r gr g O r gr g O r grg .O rgrg
ry
l alia. i.O pl at el
et sandi st elr me
alia. idA
. Ot her oscl er osis. lTah
lia.ro
i. Ombusi nacor onar l y
alia
a r
i.tOe laalia.
a s a
s a resul tsinhe a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s
.P.P adada . P.Paa
dardtaatt ack.
.P.P adada . P.Padada . P.Padada
ww
ww
ww  Ang win
wa
w
w
wpect
w or is( i schemi cwp
w
w
waw
ini
w nt hehear tmusc wl
e
ws
w
w
w)i
w sexper ienceddu r
win
wg
w
w
w w
ear lyst
agesofcoronar yhear tdi
sease.Ather omamaypar ti
all
ybl ockt he
g r g
corr g
onaryar
ter
yan r gr g r gr g r gr g
s laia.O
asal Myocar i.O ldr
aia.e
i.d
O Oucet
s asr
hebl
atl oodsup
lap
ial
.y
i.t
O ot
O hehear
t. laia.O
s
i.O
asal s asal s aslaalia
.
a
adad a d ia l
adadin
a f
aa c i o n( H ea rt f a il
u
adad r
a ea) adad a a a
adad a
ww.P.P T h e p r ime d ew
few Pt
.c . Pin h e a rt f a il u r e i
s aw d
w.eP.cPre a se i n c a rd ia c w
mu w.sPc
. P
le c on tra c t i l
it y . ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
 Rheumat oi dHear tDi sease
g Rh e u. ma
O rgrt
O gic fev e r i s a na u to .immu
O rgrgnedi
O s e a s e w h ic h. Oo rc
O gc
rgur s 2-4w e e k s a ft e. r
O rh
t
O grr
goat
s aslaali
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaadai nf ect i onusual l
.
ya
P. ads
P atadr
e
apt ococcal i
nf ect
. P
i
.
oan
P
da.ada
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww Compos wit
wi
w o
wno
w w fbl ood ww wwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
g  . O rgo
F
O rgrmedel ement s . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaRedbl oodcel l
s.w/Pc
. aod
P rapadu
ascl es( er y thr ocy.wtPe
.
da,
as)
P
adwahi t ebl oodcel l
s/.wPco
. ar
P
dapauacl
ds es .wP.P adaada
www ( Leucocy tesw)w
wandpl at el et sar eco w
wew www www
ww w w wll
w ct iv el ycal ledf or me wde
w lement s. ww

Padasalai
R rge
g . O O rgdbl oodcel ls
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .tO rgrg
O
sRas
e
ladb
alia i .
l o o dc e ll
s a r e a b
suas
n
lad
ali
aa n
i .t t h a nt h e ot h e rb
s al
s
o
lao
alidc
a i . e lls .T he re a r e a
s b
as
o
laau
lia i .
5mi lli
on
s aslaalia.
a
adadat o5. 5mi l l
ionso fP RdB ada 23ofbl
aCmm oodi na ahdaeadaal thymanand4. a
ada l
d0mi a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P . a
w w.P.P w w.5P-
.5a.
P lionsofRBC .PP
ww .
ww
ww mm23i nhe wal
w
wthywomen.
w wwww wwww wwww
Haemog g lobi npl ay sani mpor tagntr ol ei nt het r anspor tofr
g espi rat or ygasesa gnd
g .iO r
O r g .gO r
O r g .tO r
O r g .uO r
O g
r. .
f a ciil t at
. est heexchangelo fi .aseswi tht hef lui do iu si
. det hecel l ( tissue fil i
. d)
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad Theaver agel i
fes
. P.Papdaano
d fRBCsi naheal
. Pt
.
h
ay
P
dai dndi v idual i
sabout1
. P.Pa2da0dd aysaf t er
. P.Padad
ww whi cht hey w w w w w w ww
ww
ww wawr
w edest
w r oy edi nt hes wpl
w
wewen( gr av ey ar d/ceme wwwte
wr yofRBCs)andt hwew
ww
i roncomponentr et ur nst ot hebonemar rowf orr euse.
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada  Whi
P
tebl oodc
. P. adaae
P dl
als( leucocy t
es)ar
. P.
eac
P
daoadlo
aur less, amoeboi
. P
d
. a,n
P
dauadc
al eat edcel ls
. P. adaada
P
ww dev oidowfwhaemogl obi nando wtwhw
erpi gment s.Appr ow
xima
w wt el y6000t o8000ww w
ww
ww percu
www w
bi cmm ofWBCsar
ww
es
w
eeni nt hebl oodofana
ww w
v er ageheal thy
ww w
g . O rn
i
O gd
rgividual . . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
sDasl
eaa
p
ia i
l endi .
n go n t h e p r es
s a
esl
naa
c
ia i .
l eorabsenceofgr saan
sla
u
a i
lla
e
i
s
.
, WB C s ar e d i v id
sea l
di
s aa ia
lnt i .
ot w o s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadat y p e s , g ra nu loc.wyPt
.e
as
P
daada
a n da g ra n u lo c yte.wP
s .
. adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww Thegr anu w
lowcyt esi ncl udeneut r opwhwil
s, eosi nophi lsandb wawsophi ls. ww
g Neu .tr
O o rp
O grhgi
lsar eal socal le.Odh rgre
O gt er ophi l sorpol y.Omo rgrr
O gphonucl ear( cel lsw .O gt
ri
O rh3
g - 4
slao
slaa
bl
e
ia i
so
.
f nuc leu sc o nsnae
slc
aal
t
i
ea i
dw
.
ithd e lic a tet h
s ar
sl
eaa
ali
da i
s
.
) c e llsw h i
c hc o
snasl
saa
tl
i
i
ta u
i .
t ea b out s aslaalia.
a
adada60%-65%oft ao a
dada adhaaadga an a
dada a
adada
ww.P.P w h
w.et
P.P t alWBCs.Theya w r
w.ep
P.P ocy t ici nnat u
wrea
w.P.P dappeari nl argeww.P.P
ww
ww number si w
nw
w
anwdar oundt hei nf ec w
te
w
w wi
dt ssues. wwww wwww
g Eos i.nO o rp
O grhgi
lshav edi st inct ly .Ob irl
Oogrb
gednucl eusandt h.Oe g
rl
O o gesar
rb ej oi nedbyit .hO i rgrg
n
O .
l
ast alia i . l
ash alia i . aul alia i . aol al a i . aslaalia
a s
as ar
ands.Theyar eno a n
s
a-p aagocyt icandcons a ti
s
at staeabout2- 3%oft haes
at s t
aalWBCs. a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadaEosi nophi lsi ncr
.wPea
. as
P
daeaddaur ingcer t aint y p
.wPe. asdao
P
adfapar asi t ici nf ect io
.wPn. asdaa
P
adna
dal ler gi c
.wP.P adaada
www r eact ions. ww w ww w www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Basophi l
sar el essnumer oust hananyot hert ypeofWBCsconst it ut ing0. 5%-
g O r gr g O r gr g O r gr g O rgsrgi
1. l0a%o
lia. i.O ft het otal number l ao
lia.fil.eOucocyt es.Thecy t
l o
alp
ia.lia. smi
O cgr anul esar e
l l
aa
lia.rg
i . e
O zed, laalia.
a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P adadabutf ewert haneo
. P. asdi
P andoaphi ls.Nucl eusi sl
. P.
aar
P
dg
ae dasi zedandconst
.
ri
P
c
. at
P
e
dadidant osev er al
. P. adada
P
w l obesbutw nowt w
wjoi nedbydel icat et hr weww
ads.Basophi l ssecr w w
ww
ww w
w
w w w
w wewt
wewsubst
w ancessucha wsww
w
w
hepar i n, ser ot oni nandhi st ami nes.Theyar eal soi nv ol v edi ni nf lammat or y
g r ea c .tOio rn
O grsg. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
l
asg alia i . arl alia i . l
asc alia i . l
asy alia i . aslaalia
a s
aA ar a n u lo cyte s a re cah s
a
a saact e r i s e db y th e ab s
a s
e
an aeofgr a n u les int ha es
ac ato p l a s m a s
a
.P.P adad .Pt. adad
P .ePs
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww T h e s e a re
ww o
w wf w ot yp e s , ly mp h o c
ww y
wtw a n dmo n o c y t e s . L
wwwymp
w h o cy t e s c o n sti t
ute
www w
ww 28%ofWBC
ww s.Thesehav el ar ger
ww oundnucl eusandsma
ww llamountofcy t opl
ww
as m.
g The t wr g
or g typ es o fl ymp h o c r
y gt
e
r g
s ar e B a nd T c e rlg
ls
r g.B o t
h B a n d T c erlgl
rg
s are
a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a l alia.Oi .O a laalia.
sr e
s asp o n s ib lef o r th ei mmus s a n er e s p o n s e s o f t hsebs ao d y . Bc e ll
s p ro d u cea
s s an t ib o d ie sto s s
. P. adaadaneut
P r a liz et h eh . P
a.rP
daada
amf ul e ff e c t so f fo re .iPg
. P
daada
ans u b s ta n c e sa n dTc . P. P
daada
ael l
sa rei n v o lv e din . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww cel l medi awtw
edi mmuni ty . ww ww ww
g Mon .oO cry
O grtg
es( Macr ophages .)Oa rr
O ge
rgphagocyt iccel lsit h
. Oa rt
O ga
rgr esi mi lart omas t. c
O erl
O glgand
rs
shasl
aaa
v
ia
leki i .
d n ey s h a p e dn u
s ac
sl
laa
e
ia i .
lus.Theyconst it u te
s a1
sla
-
a
3
a
l%ofti .
h e tot a l WB Cssasl
.aa
T
ia
lhe i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wfP.tadaada
P .wyP.sadaada
P .wiP. adaada
P .wP.P adaada
www ma c r o p h a ge
wwswo h e c e n tra l n e r vo uwwsws te m a re t h e ‘mi c ro
wwwgl a ’ ,i n t h e s i n u s o i
d swww
ww oft hel iv ewrtwheyar ecal led‘ Kupf fwr
e w cel ls’ andi nt hepul moww nar yr egi ont heyar ew t
hw
e

Padasalai
g ‘ al v e g g g g g g g g
a l alia.oi.l
O ar
r
O rmacr ophages’
a
. i.O.Or
l al a i
r
a l alia.Oi.Or
r
a l alia.Oi.Or
r
a laalia.
a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s
.P.P adada  Pl at elewts .Pa.rae
P
dada
al socal ledt hr omb .Po.cay
P
dada
test hatar epr odwuc .Pe. adar
df
P doam .P.P adada
wwww w w w w w
wi w w w
wacknucl w w w
ww meg wawkar y ocy t es( speci al cwewlls nbonemar r ow)a wnwdl ei .Bl ood www
g n
rgorrgmal lycont ai ns1, 5 0 r,g0
r0g0- 3, 50, 000pl at eO let rsgrgmm23ofbl ood.The y rgrg
i .O . O i .iO . O i . io. O i .hO . O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i s e c ret e s u b s ta
a n
s
a
c l
e
asa a
sl a i
n v o lv e di nc o a g
au l
s
a
a tl
i
asa a
olna r c lo t ti
n go f b l
a oo
s
a
dl
asa.aT
l a ie
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad reduct ion .Pi. adal
np
P datel etnumbercan .P.l aa
e
P
dadtd ocl ot t i ngdi sor d.Pe. as
r
P
dat dhatr esul ti n .P.P adad
wwww wsww w ww w w www w www w
ww excw esw iv el ossofbl oodf rowmw thebody . ww ww
g S rgtrrgctur eofHear t rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s aH
slaulma
a nhear ti smade s ao
slf
a s
lapeci al ty peofmus s c
aslelc
la aal ledt hecar di acsmu aslaslacl e. s as
. P. adaada-I
P t i ss it u ate di .nt
P. ah
P
daada
et h o r a c i cc a v i
t y a .nPdi
. adt
P
ada
asa p e xp o r t io ni ss . l
Pi
.gah
P
daada
t l
y t i
l te dt o w a rds . P. adaada
P
wwww wswww ww ww wwww wwww
ww l ef t .I twei w
ghw about300gi nana wdwul t. ww ww
g - The . Os irz
O ge
rgofourhear tisr o u. g
O rgl
h
O y
rgequalt oacl osedf . O i rgt
s
O r.g . O rgrg
O
s a laa ia
lar i .
s a laa ia i .
lchamber s a laa ia
l mali .
s a laa ia i
l andl .
s a laalia.
H
s e t i
s d i
v i
d e di n t of o u
s r s ,u p p e r tw os
s l a u ric l
e s o r a tri u
s m o we r s
.wP.P adaada .wcP.ladaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www t w ol a r g e v en
ww t
wri e s . ww w www www
ww ww ww ww ww
- Thewal l soft hev ent r icl esar et hi ckert hant heaur icl esduet ot hepr esenceof
g pa p i.ll
Oa r
r
O gr g
ymuscl es.Theh e a .rt
O r g
wal
O r gl ismadeupof th .rOe r
O g
elr gay er s, t heout er e p.Oi c Ogr
ra gi
rd um,
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada mi d d le my oc a rd iu m
adadaa an di n n e r e n d o c a r d iu m.
adadaa adadaa a
adada
ww.P.P - Thespac ep w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P w w. P.P
ww
ww w wwr
w esentbet weent hweme
www mbr anesi scal ledpww wwer icar di alspacean wdi
ws
w w
f illedwi thper icar di al fl ui d.
g O
. it r
O gr g .O rgrg
O .sO rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
- Tl
asa h
ali
ea .
w oa ur i
c le s a r e s ep
l
asa aa
liar a
i .t e db y i
n t e r a u r ic u l
l
asa a
ar
lia i .
e p t u m a n dt h e tw asa r
ov
l alie
a n
i .t i
cl es aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad ar esepar atedby
.P.P i
andatedrvent ricul arsept
.u
P.m adaTdhesepar
P at ionofc
.Ph. aamb
P
dad er sav oi ds
.P.P adad
wwww ww w w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
.wP.P adaadami xi ngofoxy ge
.wPna
. at
P
ad
daedaa nddeoxygenat
.weP.db
adoaod.
adal
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w -Theaur ic lewcwommuni cat eswi tht w w w
ww
ww w w w wh
we
w wvent ricl et hr ougha no
wwwwpeni ngcal ledaur icu
wl
o
ww
w
v ent r icul araper tur ewhi chi sguar dedbyt heaur i
cul ov entricul arv alves.
g O r gr g O r gr g O r grg .O rgtge
rh
-T l h
ae
lia. io. peni
O ngbet weent hl e
alia.ri
ig. htat
O ri
um andt helr ai
g
lia.hi.tOvent riclei sguar d leadb
lia i. y
O laalia.
a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s a a s a
s
.P.P adadat r i cuspi dv alv e(
.
t
P
h
. ar
P
de
aedafl
apsorcusps) ,
.
wh
P . ae
P
dardea
asabi cuspi d( twof
. P. P
l
a
ada dp
asorcusps)or adada
.P.P
w mi tr alv al v w w w ww
ww
ww w wewg
w wuar
w dst heopeni ngb we
wt
w w
weent
w hel ef tat riumwa wn
w wdl
w ef tv ent r icl e. www
w
-Thev al v esoft hehear tal l owst hebl oodt of l owonl yi nonedi rect ion, i. e. , fr om
g the a.Ot r r
i
O g
atr gothev ent r icles a .nO df r
Orgr g
om t hev ent ricl e s .tot
O r gr g
Ohepul monar yar t er .yO o r g
Ortr ghe .
l
aso alia i . asvl alia i . l
asb alia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
aa ar t a . T h e se va lv e s p
a rs
ae aentbackwar df l owoa s
af alo o d . a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .Pr. adad
P .sP.Padad Pt
.r. adad
P .P.Padad
wwww -T h e o p en ingowf
w i g ht a ndl e f t v e n t
r ic
wl
e
w intot h e p u lmo n arywa
w e ry a n da o r t a a r e ww
ww guar dedbyw
ww w
aor t i
candpul monar
ww
yv
ww
alvesandar ecal ledse
wwww
mi lunarv al v es.Eachw
www
g semi . l
Ou rn
O ga
rgrval vei smadeoif . t
O h rr
O geg hal
re f- moonshap e. dc
O rgru
O gsps. . O rgrg
O
s-a
T
s
a i
lahle i .
amyocar diu m o f th
s a
e
s
a ant
lavle i .
ri cle is th r o w ni n
s a
tsoi
a
lalri
ar i
e
.
g u la rmu s c ula rsra
id
s
a i
lagle i
ascal .
l
e d s aslaalia.
. P.Padaadatr a b e c u l
a e co r
n. P
e.a
ae
P
daada
. T h e tr a b e c u l
a e c.
o Pr
.nP
daada
ae ae a r e mo d i fiedin.tP
oc
. P aao
adh da
rd a e te n d i n ae. . P.Padaada
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww -Theopen w
inw
gandcl osi ngoft hes we
w mil unarv al v esar eac wh
wievedbyt hechor dae ww
g tend .inO
O rge
a r.g-Thechor daet en d
. O inrg
O are
gar eat tachedt ot .hO e rg
O l
orgwerendoft hehe . aOr trgb
O ry
g
spa
salaa
p
i
lia l
i
la
.
r y mu scle s .-H esaa
srlt
aa i
a i
l ecei
r
.
v es deo x y g e na
satsl
eaa
db
i
a
l l i .
o o df ro m va ri
o ussasl
paa
a
i
a
lr t
i
s
.
o f t he s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadabodyt hr ought h
.wPe. ai
Pn
daada
f er iorv enacav aa n
.wds
P.P daada
au per iorv enacav awww
.hPi
.cP
daada
ah openi nt ot he ww .P.P adaada
www w w
wxygenat w
wmwl wwhel ww
ww rightaur i cw
lew
.O edbl oodf w
rw
o ungsi sdr ai nedi nwt
w
ot eftaur i clet hr ou wg
wh

Padasalai
g fourO pu rlgmo
rg nar yv ei ns. Orgrg Orgrg Orgrg
sa slaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ………………… w…
w…
w w………………………………… w…
w…
w w……………………………. .wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadaI
P NPEOPLESERVP
. IC
.P
daada
aE . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g SANiT . H
O rgV
A
O gSAL M.
rA MUR U .GO rgrN
A
O g,M. SC,MPHI L,B. ED ..O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada P P.P
.wGT
daada
aE ACHERI NZOOLOG .P.P
Yw adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g DlR A . W
O rgA
O rgNDLABELTHEA . B
O Ogrg
rOV ED IA G R A MS&G . O EOgrg
rT3MA R K S . O rgrg
O
s as aa i
la i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww
ww
ww SANTHAV wA
wSwA
w wL , M. MURUGw AN
w w,
w wM. SC. MPHI L, B. ED .w
w
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
w w
g . O rgrg
O PGTEAC H. OE rgrNZ
RI
O g OOLOGY . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww

Padasalai
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww
ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www w
ww www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww w
ww w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada Send Your Questions
P . P. adaada & Answer Keys.to
P P .P
daada
aour email id - . P. adaada
P
[email protected] . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww