Guide and Requirements for Service

at 69,000 to 287,000 Volts

R 0.2

September - 2011
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Disclaimer

This document is not intended as a design specification or as an instruction manual for

the Load Customer connecting to the Transmission System and this document shall not
be used by the Load Customer for those purposes. Persons using the information
included in this guide shall do so at no risk to BC Hydro, and they rely solely upon
themselves to ensure that their use of all or any part of this guide is appropriate in the
particular circumstances.

The Load Customer, its employees or agents must recognize that they are, at all times,
solely responsible for their plant design, construction and operation. Neither BC Hydro
nor any of its employees or agents shall be, nor become, the agents of the Load Customer
in any manner whatsoever rising.

BC Hydro’s review of the specifications and detailed plans shall not be construed as
confirming or endorsing the design or as warranting the safety, durability or reliability of
the Load Customer’s facilities. BC Hydro, by reason of such review or lack of review,
shall be responsible for neither the strength, adequacy of design or capacity of equipment
built pursuant to such specifications, nor shall BC Hydro, or any of its employees or
agents, be responsible for any injury to the public or workers resulting from the failure of
the Load Customers facilities.

In general, the advice by BC Hydro, any of its employees or agents, that the Load
Customer’s plant design or equipment meet certain limited requirements of BC Hydro
does not mean, expressly or by implication, that all or any of the requirements of the law
or other good engineering practices have been met by the Load Customer in its plant, and
such judgment shall not be construed by the Load Customer or others as an endorsement
of the design or as a warranty, by BC Hydro, or any of its employees.

The information contained in this document is subject to change and may be revised at
any time. BC Hydro should be consulted in case of doubt on the current application of
any item.

1
NERC/WECC Planning Standards”, Western Electricity Coordinating Council, revised April 10, 2003: Available at:

http://www.wecc.biz/documents/library/procedures/planning/WECC-NERC_Planning%20Standards_4-10-03.pdf.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS _________________________________________________ 3

APPENDICES ________________________________________________________ 5
SECTION 1.0 - INTENT AND LIMITATIONS ______________________________ 6
1.1 Intent __________________________________________________________________ 6

1.2 Limitations _____________________________________________________________ 6

1.3 Contact Information _____________________________________________________ 7

SECTION 2.0 - APPLICATION PROCEDURE _______________________________ 8
SUBSECTION 2.1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS _______________________________ 8

SUBSECTION 2.2 - INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR FORMAL APPLICATION___ 13

2.2.1 Statement to B.C. Hydro Regarding Primary Voltage Service Entrance Equipment
(Form 70340) __________________________________________________________________ 13
2.2.2 Electrical One-Line Diagram ________________________________________________ 13
2.2.3 Protective Device Coordination Graph _______________________________________ 13

2.2.4 Site Plan ____________________________________________________________ 14

2.2.5 Substation Layout ____________________________________________________ 14

2.2.6 Energization of Customer Substation _____________________________________ 14

Statement to BC Hydro Regarding Primary Voltage service Entrance Equipment - Sample

SUBSECTION 2.3 -FURTHER INFORMATION_________________________________ 17

SECTION 3.0 - CUSTOMER ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS SUBSECTION_ 18

3.1 - EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS _______________________________________ 18
3.1.1 Surge Arresters ___________________________________________________________ 19
3.1.2 Isolation Equipment _______________________________________________________ 19
3.1.3 Transformers _____________________________________________________________ 20
3.1.4 Transmission Lines _________________________________________________________ 20
3.1.5 Substation Grounding_______________________________________________________ 21

SUBSECTION 3.2 - PROTECTIVE REQUIREMENTS __________________________ 22

3.2.1 General Requirements_______________________________________________________ 22
3.2.2 Customer's Generation _____________________________________________________ 24

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3.2.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding _____________________________________________ 31

3.2.4 Batteries/Battery Chargers__________________________________________________ 32

SUBSECTION 3.3 - SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS _____________________________ 33

3.3.1 Electricity Supply __________________________________________________________ 33
3.3.2 Harmonics ________________________________________________________________ 33
3.3.3 Permissible Voltage Dip/Flicker _____________________________________________ 34
3.3.4 Phase Voltage Unbalance ___________________________________________________ 35
3.3.5 Power Factor______________________________________________________________ 35
3.3.6 Impact of System Disturbances on Customer's Operations ______________________ 36

SUBSECTION 3.4 - SAMPLE INSTALLATIONS_______________________________ 39

3.4.1 General ___________________________________________________________________ 39
3.4.2 Primary Fused Installations _________________________________________________ 41
3.4.3 Primary Fused Installations With Circuit Switcher ___________________________ 42
3.4.4 Circuit Breaker With Protective Relaying____________________________________ 45

SUBSECTION 3.5 – TESTING AND MAINTENANCE __________________________ 49

3.5.1 General ___________________________________________________________________ 49
3.5.2 Underfrequency Load Shedding _____________________________________________ 49

SECTION 4.0 - METERING REQUIREMENTS ___________________________ 50

SUBSECTION 4.1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ____________________________ 50
APPENDIX A_________________________________________________________ 51

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APPENDICES

A - Guide & Requirements for Harmonic Control for Customers Supplied at a Voltage
level from 69 kV to 287 kV.

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SECTION 1.0 - INTENT AND LIMITATIONS

1.1 Intent

 To assist the customer in designing, constructing and operating

customer-owned electrical equipment, supplied by the
Transmission System at nominal voltages from 69 to 287 kV, that
will meet B.C. Hydro's service requirements and be technically
compatible with and safe at all times for the BC Hydro
Transmission system, for BC Hydro’s servants or agents, for all
other B.C. Hydro customers and for the general public.

 To facilitate BC Hydro's prompt and efficient handling of

information provided by the customer relevant to design,
construction and operation of the customer-owned plant.
1.2 Limitations
 This guide is not intended or provided by BC Hydro as a design
specification or as an instruction manual for the customer, its
servants or agents. Persons using information included in the guide
do so at no risk to BC Hydro, and they rely solely upon themselves
to insure that their use of all or part of this guide is appropriate in
the particular circumstances.
 The customer, its servants or agents recognize that they are, at all
times, solely responsible for the customer-owned plant design,
construction and operation. BC Hydro, its servants or agents shall
not be or become the agent of the customer in any manner
howsoever arising.
 The advice by BC Hydro, its servants or agents that the customer-
owned plant design or equipment meets certain limited
requirements of BC Hydro does not mean, expressly or by
implication, that all or any of the requirements of the law or other
good engineering practices have been met by the customer in its
plant.

Notes: (1) For primary substations energized at 12 or 25 kV, a separate

guide book entitled "Requirements for Customer's Primary
Substation" is available from the Manager, Distribution
Standards Department, phone (604) 528-2157, or fax (604)
528-1662.
(2) Independent Power Producers connected at 60 kV, and

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higher, should refer to the following BC Hydro website for

the Generator Interconnection Requirements:
http://transmission.bchydro.com/generator_interconnection/requirements/

1.3 Contact Information

The Load Customer shall communicate any Technical Interconnection Requirement

issues with BC Hydro’s Load Interconnections Office. Contact details for the Load
Interconnections Office are:

Attn: Sam Jones, Manager

BC Hydro T & D Asset Investment Management
Transmission Load Interconnections
900 – 4555 Kingsway,
Burnaby, B.C.
V5H 4T8

Phone: 604 453-6295

Fax: 604 453-6280
Email [email protected]

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SECTION 2.0 - APPLICATION PROCEDURE

For a description of the application process please refer to our website at:
http://transmission.bchydro.com/generator_interconnection/load_interconnections/
Get Connected

SUBSECTION 2.1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

To enable BC Hydro to determine what supply facilities are required (for both new
and modified customer installations), the customer shall provide Transmission
Customer Services with the following information in the **Transmission Connection
Information Request Form:
 Total connected load and electrical characteristics of the load, including
a list of major motors by size, type and starting characteristics.
 Estimated maximum instantaneous and 30-minute average demand and
energy usage (initial and ultimate). Total connected Load and Load
factor.
 Data on disturbance-producing equipment such as welders, solid state
switching semiconductors, arc furnaces and electric variable speed drives,
including information on the amount of local generation and intended use.
 Service location with a full property description or Latitude and
Longitude.
 Anticipated in-service date.

** see attached Transmission Connection Information Request Form

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Following a Conceptual Review of supply alternatives by the BC Hydro, Load

Interconnection Group, They shall provide the following information to the customer:

 Transmission supply options including the range of voltage, fault levels

present and future, and any special power factor requirements.
 An initial method and preliminary estimate based on unit cost to the
customer of connection to the Transmission system. The customer will be
responsible for the cost of more detailed estimates.
 Draft of a sample B.C. Hydro's Electricity Supply Agreement with
applicable rate schedule or schedules, and the Facility Agreement. These
agreements contain the terms and conditions under which B.C. Hydro
supplies electricity. (Copies of these agreements are provided in the
Appendix E and Appendix F).
 Expected future supply changes for which provision must be included.

If the Customer wishes to proceed with the interconnection, they shall resubmit to the
Load Interconnections Group, the Transmission Connection Information Request
Form requesting a Preliminary (System Impact) Study Proposal. The Customer will
also submit documents listed in Items 1,2 & 4 of the checklist.

Once received, the Load Interconnections Group shall prepare a System Impact Study
Proposal. This Proposal shall outline the scope of technical studies required, their cost
and estimated time to deliver the System Impact Study.

The System Impact Study will not proceed until an agreement is signed and a
financial commitment is made by the customer. The System Impact Study will provide
the Customer a +100/ -50% estimate for the cost to design and build the Basic
Transmission Extension (BTE) at the Point of Interconnection (POI) and any BC
Hydro System Reinforcements required to support the Customer’s load.

Information outlining requirements for inclusion of the customer's service entrance

design and protection is provided in Section 3.

Information on requirements for B.C. Hydro's metering equipment in the customer's

receiving station is provided in Section 4.

In addition, the customer will receive a service application (form 70340) for
completion and delivery to B.C. Hydro. A copy of the form is contained in Appendix
A.

The customer should submit a formal application for a service at transmission voltage

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before ordering equipment.

Customers are encouraged to participate in B.C. Hydro's Power Smart programs.

SUBSECTION 2.2 - INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR FORMAL APPLICATION

The customer's application shall include the following in electronic file (pdf format) :

 A copy of the completed "Statement to B.C. Hydro Regarding Primary

Voltage Service Entrance Equipment" (form 70340).
 A copy of the substation A.C. electrical one-line diagram(s), A.C. three-
line diagram(s) and D.C. schematic(s) of the entrance protection.
Drawings submitted should be no larger than "B size" (11 x 17 inches),
unless legibility is demonstrated to be a problem.
 A copy of the protective relay coordination graph.
 A copy of the substation site plans.
 A copy of thesubstation plan and elevation drawings.
 A copy of the drawings showing provision for B.C. Hydro's metering
transformer, metering cubicle and required cabling and wiring, including
provision for a telephone circuit to the metering cubicle. Some or all of
this information can be shown on the plan and elevation drawings.

2.2.1 Statement to B.C. Hydro Regarding Primary Voltage Service Entrance

Equipment (Form 70340)
This form must be carefully completed with all information on
transmission voltage service equipment and sealed by a member of the
Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British
Columbia or a holder of a license issued by that Association.

2.2.2 Electrical One-Line Diagram

An electrical one-line diagram should show the connections of all
substation equipment. It shall serve as a supplement to Form 70340. It
should contain, or be accompanied by, the proposed service entrance fuse
size or proposed relay settings.

2.2.3 Protective Device Coordination Graph

A standard size 41/2 x 5 cycle log-log graph should be used for coordination
studies. The customer's service entrance protective device or setting must
coordinate with B.C. Hydro's protective equipment. See also Section 3 for
protective requirements.

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2.2.4 Site Plan

The site plan must show details of the primary electrical installation. The plan shall
show the location and orientation of the substation relative to the customer's plant
and, where feasible, the proposed transmission tap point.

2.2.5 Substation Layout

The substation layout (plan and elevation) must show the general arrangement of
equipment including connections to the transmission line terminal structure and to
B.C. Hydro's metering transformer and duct route to the metering cubicle. See also
Section 4 for metering requirements.

2.2.6 Energization of Customer Substation

The customer shall provide 4 weeks' notice, in writing, to BC Hydro’s

Transmission Load Interconnection prior to energization of a new substation or any
changes to existing customer-owned facilities. This notice is required for BC Hydro
to schedule personnel for the transmission connection and/or for the issue of
protection settings and the testing as outlined in Subsection 3.5.

Approval of the customer's facilities by the Provincial Electrical Inspection

authorities is the responsibility of the customer and is required prior to BC Hydro’s
energization of supply to the customer's substation.

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SUBSECTION 2.3 – FURTHER INFORMATION

Customers or Consultants requiring information should contact:

BC Hydro

Transmission Load Interconnections

900 – 4555 Kingsway,

Burnaby, B.C.
V5H 4T8

Phone: 604 453-6295

Fax: 604 453-6280
Email [email protected]

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SECTION 3.0 - CUSTOMER ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS SUBSECTION

3.1 - EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

It will be necessary for customers to coordinate their station insulation with the
incoming transmission line insulation. At 230 kV and 287 kV it is BC Hydro's practice
to install overhead ground wires on transmission structures from the station out 500 m.
Customers may wish to use the same practice at their stations. The critical flashover
levels for standard BC Hydro line construction are as follows:

Critical
Nominal Flashover Voltage
Voltage (1.2 x 50µs wave +ve)

69 kV 525 kV
138 kV 860 kV
230 kV 1265 kV
287 kV 1345 kV

Note that in some cases lines may be insulated for higher levels than the level at which
they are energized.
In order to coordinate with the indicated levels, BC Hydro designs its stations as
follows:

69 kV Nominal
Normal Maximum 60 cycle voltage 72.5 kV
BIL All equipment 350 kV

138 kV Nominal
Normal Maximum 60 cycle voltage 145 kV
BIL Transformers 550 kV
Other Equipment 650 kV

230 kV Nominal
Normal Maximum 60 cycle voltage 253 kV
BIL Transformers 850 kV
Other Equipment 950 kV

287 kV Nominal
Normal Maximum 60 cycle voltage 315 kV
BIL Transformers 950 kV
Other Equipment 1050 kV

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The entire transmission system is effectively grounded, but the 69 and 138 kV systems
may become ungrounded at some locations, in which case surge arresters rated for
temporary ungrounded operation must be applied. The 230 kV system is almost always
grounded, but some customers connected to radial transmission lines may not be
grounded when separated from the BC Hydro Transmission system.

3.1.1 Surge Arresters

Surge arresters are recommended for protection of transformers. Where they are
applied, B.C. Hydro metering equipment shall be located close enough to the
surge arrester to be effectively protected.

The preferred location for surge arresters shall be as depicted in Fig. 1, page 22.
If this is not possible the surge arresters must at least be located on the load
side of the manual group operated load break disconnect.

3.1.2 Isolation Equipment

At the Point of Interconnection to the Transmission System, an isolating

disconnect switch shall be provided that physically and visibly isolates the
Transmission System from the customer’s facilities. Safety and operating
procedures for the isolating device shall be in compliance with the Worker’s
Compensation Board (WCB) of British Columbia and the customer’s safety
guidelines. Terms and conditions covering the control and operation of the
disconnect device are normally covered by the operating agreements between
the customer and BCH. These operating agreements are normally in the form
of “Local Operating Orders” (LOOs).

The disconnect device must be:

a) Rated for the voltage and current requirements of the particular

development.

b) Gang operated.

c) Operable under all weather conditions in the area.

d) Lockable in both the open and closed positions, if manually operated.

e) Interlocked with the customer’s entrance breaker. (Disconnecting

interlocks shall be in accordance with the latest Canadian Electrical Code
requirements.)

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Since the disconnect device is primarily provided for safety and cannot
normally interrupt load current, consideration shall be given as to the
capacity, procedures to open, and the location of the device.

Fuses, circuit breakers or circuit switchers used for fault clearing shall be
capable of interrupting the ultimate fault duty stated by BC Hydro at the
specific location as determined by BC Hydro.

In the absence of a high voltage circuit breaker or circuit switcher, disconnects

associated with fuses shall be capable of switching transformer magnetizing
current.

Installations with in-house parallel generation shall have circuit breakers rated
to trip the capacitive load of the incoming supply line.

3.1.3 Transformers

BC Hydro will advise regarding the voltage range at which the customer's
transformers will be supplied. The specifics of each installation should be
discussed with BC Hydro.

Transformer winding arrangements which result in zero sequence current

contributions to faults on the Transmission system will generally not be
acceptable for protection reasons. A delta connected HV winding is
recommended unless fuses are being used, in which case Ferro resonance
considerations may force use of an alternate configuration.

3.1.4 Transmission Lines

The design of the line should be in accordance with sound engineering

practices to ensure satisfactory operation and to avoid adverse impacts on the
safety and security of the Transmission system.

As a minimum requirement, the design should meet the latest version of

Canadian Standards Association standard for Overhead System CAN/CSA
C22.3 No. 1, which forms part of the Canadian Electrical Code Part III.

The construction and design must also meet BC Hydro’s Engineering

Standards for Overhead Transmission Lines if the line will be owned by BC
Hydro or the line is a tap connection as described in Section 3.4.1.

Design studies must be conducted to determine the actual climatic loadings at

high elevations (rime icing), long water crossings (high wind exposure) and

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coastal areas (possible heavy glaze icing).

Unless the expected life of the installation is shorter, the design regarding
wind and ice storms should be based on a 40 year return period for lines 138
kV and below and a 100 year return period for lines 230 kV and above. Also,
outages due to conductor galloping should be negligible.

3.1.5 Substation Grounding

The equipment and station shall be grounded in accordance with the latest
Canadian Electrical Code. It is recommended that the ground grid be designed
based on the ultimate fault duty for the site. If not, the customer assumes the
responsibility for upgrading when necessary to accommodate changes to the
system. It is the customer’s responsibility to contact BC Hydro periodically if
they have designed the ground grid to less than the ultimate fault duty
specified by BC Hydro.

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SUBSECTION 3.2 - PROTECTIVE REQUIREMENTS

3.2.1 General Requirements

The customer's protection must satisfy the following two fundamental

requirements:

(a) The customer shall provide, on its premises, protection with

adequate sensitivity for all electrical faults, present to ultimate
levels, which will coordinate with BC Hydro's protection systems.

In terms of this document, coordination is defined as either.

(i) fully selective clearing - the customer's protection will clear
all faults in the customer's installation before BC Hydro's
relaying initiates tripping for such faults; or
(ii) simultaneous clearing - the customer's protection will clear all
faults in the customer's installation coincidentally with BC
Hydro's clearing of such faults.

Unless conditions on the Transmission system dictate otherwise,

Item (i) will apply for customer installations.

(b) The customer's equipment shall be rated to carry and interrupt the
fault levels that are, or will be, available at its location, including
the ultimate fault currents specified by BC Hydro. Customer's
equipment includes those items listed in Subsection 3.1 "Equipment
Requirements" and all protection equipment forming the entrance
protection: current transformers, potential transformers, secondary
cabling, dc system/battery charger, switchboard wiring and
protective relays.

The following are additional general requirements:

(c) The entrance transformer(s) high voltage winding(s) must be

connected delta or ungrounded wye (unless special system
conditions preclude these types of connections; see Subsection 3.1
"Equipment Requirements").

(d) Where protective relays are used as the entrance protection, the HV
interrupting device (i.e., circuit breaker) shall be included in the
entrance protection zone. That is, protective relays shall connect to
source side CT's on the HV interrupting device as shown in Fig. 1.

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Note: Where a circuit switcher is applied as the HV interrupting device, the CT's may
be located on the load side of the circuit switcher, provided that the B.C. Hydro
metering equipment is included in the entrance protection zone. Transformer bushing
CT's are therefore not acceptable for this application.

(e) When a circuit breaker or circuit switcher is used as an HV

interrupting device, the maximum allowable device interrupting time
for fault clearing is 8 cycles.

(f) B.C. Hydro's metering equipment shall be included in the entrance

protection zone.

(g) Customer's equipment may be subjected to negative sequence current

unbalances because of:
(i) negative sequence unbalance on the Transmission system itself;
(ii) primary fused installations where only one fuse operates for a
customer fault.
These negative sequence unbalances will be of particular concern
where rotating three-phase machines are present. The customer is
therefore encouraged to consider the provision of negative
sequence (unbalance) protection (device 46) to protect its
equipment.

(h) During emergencies or other abnormal operating situations on the

Transmission system, the customer may experience undervoltage
conditions. The customer is encouraged to consider the provision of

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timed undervoltage tripping (device 27) to protect equipment.

(i) Underfrequency load shedding is required on all customer installations

with a billing demand of 5 MVA or higher. See Subsection 3.2.3.

(j) In certain cases spare BC Hydro CT and PT secondary metering

windings may be utilized to fulfill the potential requirements for
protective relays. See Appendix C for information on the allowable
devices which may be connected.

3.2.2 Customer's Generation

The customer must provide equipment to prevent its generating plant from
energizing a de-energized BC Hydro transmission supply line and to promptly
remove contributions to faults on BC Hydro’s system. The type of equipment
required will depend upon which of three general categories the customer's
installation falls under. In addition to the protection requirements described
herein, requirements listed in Subsections 3.2.1, 3.2.3 and 3.2.4 are also
applicable.
BC Hydro may require the customer to shed load in the event of loss of
customer generation to ensure that the transmission system and/or other
customers are not adversely affected.

(a) Customer Generation With No Parallel Connection to BC

Hydro System Required or Intended (Standby Generation).

Special considerations for this type of installation are a suitable mechanical

and/or electrical interlock to prevent the customer from operating in parallel
with the BC Hydro system and from energizing the de-energized
transmission system.

Permanent customer-owned standby power supply generators must be

equipped with BC Hydro approved transfer switches or BC Hydro
approved key interlock switches designed to ensure that the generators
cannot feed into the BC Hydro system. BC Hydro considers such
connections to be non-hazardous infeeds for electrical worker safety.

Scheduling is required for planned power system source outages. The

customer will advise BC Hydro if temporary portable generation or an
alternative power supply will be used during the outage. If the customer's
electrical configuration will be changed during the outage, the customer
will be considered to be a "hazardous" infeed and the "Guarantee of
Isolation" procedure will be used. (The customer and BC Hydro will jointly
sign a Local Operating Order which describes operating procedures).

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Two sample installations are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

For the arrangement shown in Fig. 2 the transfer switch must be a BC Hydro approved
device. For approval process and list of approved transfer switches, contact
Transmission Customer Services.

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B.C. HYDRO TRANSMISSION LINE

MANUAL GROUP OPERATED

DISCONNECT PROVIDED BY CUSTOMER,
ACCESSIBLE TO B.C. HYDRO AND
CAPABLE OF BEING SECURED BY A
K STANDARD HYDRO PADLOCK
ADDITIONAL ENTRANCE
PROTECTION
REQUIRED SEE
SUBSECTION 3.4 CB2

B.C.H. METERING

CB1

LOAD BUS
CB3

CUSTOMER GENERATION

Fig 3 – One-Line Diagram Subsection 3.2.2(a) – Standby Generation

For the arrangement shown in Fig. 3 Circuit Breaker 1 (CB 1) or Circuit Breaker 2 (CB2)
must be electrically interlocked with CB3 in such a way that CB3 cannot be closed
unless one of CB1 or CB2 is open. Specific details of the proposed interlocking scheme
are to be submitted to BC Hydro for acceptance.

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(b) Customer Generation in Parallel with BC Hydro with No Power Flow to

BC Hydro

Since the customer is a fault contributor to the Transmission system, the

customer shall provide redundant equipment to clear from all phase and ground
faults on the BC Hydro transmission supply line. In some cases BC Hydro will
require equal grade primary and standby protection to meet this requirement.
For more simple installations redundant protection in a single scheme may be
acceptable to BC Hydro. As well as providing redundant protection, the
customer must provide breaker failure protection for the entrance CB.

The customer shall also provide equipment to prevent energization of an

unfaulted circuit which is open at the BC Hydro end. Depending upon the
specific circumstances, redundant equipment may have to be provided.

(i) Detection of Ground Faults

For the detection of ground faults on the Transmission system, zero
sequence voltage detection (Vo) should be considered. The usual method of
detecting zero sequence voltage involves the connection of a suitable
overvoltage relay (device 59N) to the broken delta secondary connection of
primary voltage instrument transformers. A second alternative for the
detection of ground faults is a single phase primary voltage instrument
transformer connected phase-to-ground, combined with both an
undervoltage and an overvoltage relay. For these applications the spare
secondary windings of the metering transformer may be used, subject to the
constraints of B.C. Hydro's metering requirements. See Appendix C for
more information on metering.

A further alternative for the detection of supply system ground faults is the
application of a power relay (32) which would operate after the BC Hydro
source opened. Should such a device be considered, it is preferred that it be
connected to look into the entrance transformer from the low voltage side
and pick up on the magnetizing watt loss component of the transformer. In
some special circumstances the magnetizing watt loss component will be so
low as to preclude power relay operation. In this case, although it is not the
preferred approach, the power relay will have to be applied to sense loss of
real power flow into the plant. The customer shall provide suitable
manufacturer's transformer/relay test data to confirm whether or not the
preferred connection will work. To check the effectiveness of the power
relay with this connection, BC Hydro will require testing of the device by
actual back energization of the transformer and, where feasible, the supply
line.

(ii) Detection of phase faults

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Dedicated phase fault protection must be provided by the customer to

clear isolated multi-phase faults on the Transmission system.
Appropriate to the installation, this protection will consist of
undervoltage relaying (27) and/or directional inverse time overcurrent
relaying (67), impedance relaying (21), inverse time overcurrent
relaying (51), power relaying (32).

(iii) Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker failure protection in the form of a CB auxiliary switch scheme
could be considered. One other alternative is to provide remote back-up
coverage via other relaying within the customer's plant.

(iv) Prevention of Infeed

A power relay is an acceptable device to remove any infeed to the
transmission system when the BC Hydro source has opened.

The customer shall provide a visible service entrance group-operated isolating

switch, interlocked with the entrance breaker or a group-operated load break
disconnect, either of which shall be accessible to BC Hydro at all times and capable
of being secured by a standard BC Hydro padlock.

The customer shall provide its own synchronizing facilities (25) to allow
synchronization of his generator units to the Transmission system.

Summarized in Fig. 4 is a sample installation which meets the minimum

requirements for customers with generation operating in parallel with the
Transmission system with no power flow to BC Hydro.

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c) Customer Generation in Parallel with BC Hydro - Power Flow to BC Hydro

Similar to Subsection 3.2.2(b), the customer is a fault contributor to the BC Hydro

Transmission system and shall clear from all phase and ground faults on the BC
Hydro transmission supply line by providing redundant protection. As well, breaker
failure protection for the entrance CB must be provided.
(i) Detection of Ground Faults
The options for the detection of system ground faults are some form of zero
sequence voltage detection or overvoltage/undervoltage detection as described in
Subsection 3.2.2(b). A power relay looking into the entrance transformer is not
applicable, as it could operate on the intended MW power flow to BC Hydro.

(ii) Detection of Phase Faults

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As described in Subsection 3.2.2(b), undervoltage relaying, directional inverse

time overcurrent relaying, impedance relaying and non-directional inverse time
overcurrent relaying are examples of relaying types which could be applicable for
the detection of system phase faults.

(iii) Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker failure protection in the form of a CB auxiliary switch scheme could be
considered. One other alternative is to provide remote back-up coverage via other
relaying within the customer's plant.

(iv) Prevention of Infeed

Prevention of infeed to the transmission system when the BC Hydro source has
opened is desirable. However, it is not a requirement in this instance, since
solutions to prevent it are not practical nor universally acceptable.

The customer shall provide a visible service entrance group-operated isolating switch,
interlocked with the entrance breaker, or a group-operated load break disconnect,
either of which shall be accessible to BC Hydro at all times and capable of being
secured by a standard BC Hydro padlock.

The customer shall provide its own synchronizing facilities to allow synchronization
of its generator units with the BC Hydro.

Fig. 5 is a sample installation which meets the minimum requirements for customers
who provide power to the BC Hydro system.

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B.C. HYDRO TRANSMISSION LINE

MANUAL GROUP OPERATED

DISCONNECT PROVIDED BY
CUSTOMER, ACCESSIBLE TO B.C.
HYDRO AND CAPABLE OF BEING
SECURED BY A STANDARD
ADDITIONAL HYDRO PADLOCK
ENTRANCE K
PROTECTION
REQUIRED SEE
SUBSECTION 3.4

1
59N

B.C.H. METERING

3 1 3
67 46 27

LOAD BUS

1
25
Optional Device See
Subsection 3.2.1.

Fig 5 – One-Line Diagram Subsection 3.2.2(c)

.

3.2.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding

On all customer installations with an estimated billing demand of 5 MVA or

higher, underfrequency load shedding is required. If, subsequent to the initial
installation, the billing demand exceeds 5 MVA, underfrequency relaying
must then be applied. The underfrequency relay shall be of the solid state type
with an instantaneous operating element. The relay shall be approved by BC
Hydro - see Appendix A for a list of approved relays. The underfrequency
relay must be equipped with a short internal time delay to override transients
and be capable of being set between 58 and 59.5 cycles. Its setting will be
specified by BC Hydro.

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The total tripping time of the load shedding scheme (underfrequency relay
operate time + auxiliary relay operate time + circuit breaker operate time) shall
be less than or equal to 14 cycles.

The underfrequency relay usually trips the customer's entrance circuit breaker,
however, at the customer's request and on receipt of detailed proposals, BC
Hydro may permit emergency load retention of approximately 10 percent of
normal load, or 2 MW, whichever is the lesser.

A staged load shedding scheme may be acceptable to BC Hydro. Customers

should indicate the MW load in each block to be shed and an order of
preference with respect to shedding. In any case, the frequency set point for the
shedding of each block will be established by BC Hydro.

Any revisions to an existing customer service installation which generates a

"Statement to B.C. Hydro Regarding Primary Voltage Service Entrance
Equipment" (form 70340) will cause the customer's existing underfrequency
load shedding scheme to be reviewed. If required by BC Hydro, the customer
must change the scheme to the updated operating requirements.

3.2.4 Batteries/Battery Chargers

Customers are to ensure that the continuous DC supply voltage rating of any
solid state relay or its associated power supply is not exceeded due to sustained
overvoltages on the DC supply bus. Common examples of conditions resulting
in high sustained overvoltages are:

(a) battery chargers at the equalize setting;

(b) battery chargers connected to the DC supply bus without the station
batteries (not a recommended practice); and
(c) battery chargers set in the constant current charging mode.

If there is any chance that the DC rating of a solid state relay will be exceeded,
then a passive voltage regulator of suitable rating shall be applied to each solid
state relay to limit the DC voltage to within the solid state relay's DC rating.

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SUBSECTION 3.3 - SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

3.3.1 Electricity Supply

The electricity supply to transmission customers shall conform to the existing

Transmission system or the orderly development of that system and will be
alternating current, three-phase, at a frequency of 60 Hz ±0.1 Hz. The voltage
available or required in BC Hydro's opinion to serve the customer's load,
whether immediate or prospective, shall be one of those available from
Transmission system which includes the nominal classes of 69,000, 138,000,
230,000 and 287,000 volts.

Upon BC Hydro’s receiving information from the customer on the customer's

load location, demand and operating characteristics, BC Hydro will provide the
customer the supply voltage or voltages available and the short-term and long-
term operating voltages that are likely for that facility.

Endangerment and interference with the Transmission electrical system or BC

Hydro's employees, their agents and customers may arise from the customer's
equipment and operation. BC Hydro may require the customer, at the
customer's cost, to take corrective action, including the provision of corrective
equipment. If, in the judgment of BC Hydro, the endangerment or interference
is critical, BC Hydro may, without notice to the customer, suspend the supply of
electricity, or in the case of a new customer, refuse supply until the customer
takes corrective action.

Endangerment and interference includes:

(a) the introduction of harmonics into the Transmission system;

(b) the creation of undue and abnormal voltage fluctuations on the
Transmission system;
(c) the depression or elevation of the voltage level on the Transmission
system below or above the voltage range provided by BC Hydro to
the customer for electricity supplied under normal operating
conditions; and
(d) the creation of an undue voltage unbalance between phases.

3.3.2 Harmonics

Operation of the customer's plant and equipment shall not introduce adverse
harmonics onto the Transmission system. There are both voltage and current
harmonics each requiring separate analysis and control. Harmonic effects are
dependent on the magnitude and frequency of the harmonic, and the electrical
characteristics of the total electrical system.

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The customer shall, upon request, provide BC Hydro with the characteristics of any
harmonic-producing devices in its plant, the magnitude and frequency of harmonics
produced, and harmonic filtering, if any.

On request, BC Hydro will supply customers with ambient harmonic levels at the
customer's supply bus and the harmonic impedance spectrum at the point of
connection.

BC Hydro follows the IEEE Standard 519-1992 titled "Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems". A detailed outline of
the requirements for harmonic control is included as Appendix B.

Customers who meet the requirements of a Category 1 installation as outlined in

Figure 2.1 of Appendix B will be accepted automatically by BC Hydro. Category 2
customers are required to perform and submit for BC Hydro's review and approval,
harmonic studies at the plant design stage. These harmonic studies must demonstrate
that the harmonic design limits specified in Appendix B will be met.

The harmonic standards outlined in Appendix B are revised standards issued with this
edition of the Guide.

3.3.3 Permissible Voltage Dip/Flicker

BC Hydro's standards for voltage dip at the point of delivery are:

Voltage Dip Number of Times Permitted

Not to Exceed

3% of normal voltage Once per hour

6% of normal voltage Once per shift of 8 hours

Voltage dips exceeding 6 percent but not exceeding 9 percent may, at times, be
permitted by BC Hydro. Permissible voltage dips more frequent than once per hour or
rapid load fluctuations causing voltage flicker are limited to the percent voltages
indicated by the Border Line of Visibility curve shown in Appendix A. Some
relaxation of these limits may be permitted by BC Hydro provided that the customer
demonstrates that the effects of its operation will not be as severe as sudden load
changes on the average threshold of perceptibility of flicker, such as a slower rate of
change in the voltage.

Of particular concern are the following types of equipment which may cause
excessive voltage disturbances or unbalances to the Transmission system: large motors,
arc furnaces, induction furnaces, resistance welders, static converters, capacitors,

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electric shovels, rolling mills and other similar voltage fluctuating equipment.

References on this subject are:

 Walker, M.K. "Electric Utility Flicker Limitations," IEEE Transactions on

Industry Applications, Vol. 1A-15, No. 6, November/December 1979.
 "Supply to Arc Furnaces", Electricity Council (U.K.) Engineering
Recommendation, P 7/2 (1970).

3.3.4 Phase Voltage Unbalance

Unbalanced load in the customer's plant will cause phase voltage unbalance on
BC Hydro's high voltage system with possible harmful effects to other
customers connected to the system. Of particular concern is the negative
sequence voltage created and the resulting effect, particularly on rotating
generators and motors connected to the system. Under normal operating
conditions the negative sequence voltage at the Point of Delivery shall not
exceed 11/2 percent, or such limit as agreed to by BC Hydro.

3.3.5 Power Factor

The minimum power factor (PF) to be maintained by the customer, when the
kV.A demand is greater than 75% of the maximum demand, measured over an
interval of 5 minutes is 95% lagging unless circumstances of electricity supply
require otherwise.

In general, the power factor requirement will be monitored through the use of
information derived from B.C. Hydro's metering equipment. Factors derived
from the several forms of metering equipment would permit the following
power factor calculation:

Where kQ.h is measured instead of kVAR.h, the kVAR.h is calculated as

follows:

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3.3.6 Impact of System Disturbances on Customer's Operations

On a long term basis, power system disturbances at or near the intertie between a
customer's plant and the Transmission network are inevitable.

It is important, therefore, for customers to recognize that disturbances in

the BC Hydro transmission network will adversely affect the operation of
their plants. It is prudent for them to understand the nature of such
disturbances and to take whatever action is possible to minimize the
impact on their plants' electrical systems.

Depending on the customer's location in the Transmission system, the

causes and the frequency of disturbances will vary.

The following is a list of the most usual types of power system disturbances:

a) sustained overvoltage,
b) sustained undervoltage,
c) sustained underfrequency,
d) impulse, spike, lighting or switching surges,
e) excessive voltage flicker caused by starting of large motors,
f) supply circuit forced outage,
g) voltage sag caused by remote faults.

Items a, b and c are usually emergency upset conditions from which the
Transmission system in the area of the plant is not expected to recover
immediately. For such disturbances, BC Hydro may dictate that either
loads be shed in the plant or the plant be isolated from its system in order
to assist in the recovery to normal voltage and frequency. In some cases,
the customer may have the option of either disconnecting the service
from BC Hydro or riding through the disturbance. In either case, without
in-plant generation to supply the plant load, a plant electrical system
outage and consequent loss of production could be expected.

Dealing with Item d requires surge protection and insulation

coordination both in the customer's plant and in the Transmission system,
and must be addressed by both the customer and BC Hydro. Further
discussion is beyond the scope of this Guide.

For Item e, the starting inrush current of large motors, if not controlled,
can cause excessive voltage flicker in the Transmission system and in the
customer's plant.

For Item f, the supply circuit will be interrupted, usually for a short duration. The

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effect of such an interruption is generally understood by customers.

For Item g, the supply circuit will remain intact, but the plant supply voltage will dip
to a certain magnitude for a short duration until the remote fault is cleared.

The location and type of fault have an important impact on the severity of
voltage dip on the customer's plant. The majority of faults on the Transmission
system are single-line-to-ground faults which can result in a wide range of
voltage dips. Three-phase faults result in much more severe voltage dips than
single-line-to-ground faults, but are relatively infrequent.

Modern industrial plants have a variety of equipment which are sensitive

to these voltage sags. Some examples of voltage sensitive equipment
include:

 motor starter contactors

 process controllers

 control relays

 programmable logic controllers

 AC and DC adjustable speed drives

 arc furnaces

Any or all of these devices could trip out due to a voltage dip and cause a
shutdown in a specific process area of a customer's plant.

For example, motor starter contactors may drop out at a voltage of about 70%
of rated voltage within 1 or 2 cycles. Modern process electronic power
converters for AC Drives and programmable logic controllers could trip off-
line at about 85% of rate voltage for dips as short as 1/2 cycle.

It is important, therefore, for a customer to recognize that, in addition to supply

service outages (Item f), voltage sags can also cause plant shutdowns.

Some suggestions for minimizing the impact of system disturbances on plant operation
are as follows:

(a) Meet with BC Hydro to gain an understanding of the operation of their system
in the area of the plant and to receive data from them regarding the estimated
frequency and severity of the listed disturbances.

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(b) For Items a to c and Item f of section 3.3.6, evaluate the practicality of
operating isolated from BC Hydro, or increasing supply system redundancy
versus accepting the inevitability of plant outages from time to time.

(c) For Item g, consider system and/or equipment design techniques which can
help minimize the effect of system disturbances.

Examples of design techniques to consider are:

(i) System Design

An important plant design consideration to reduce the magnitude of

voltage disturbances is to include in the design an impedance "buffer"
between the point of disturbance and the plant loads. This includes the
appropriate selection of the plant system configuration, and equipment
ratings and impedances, to provide the optimal "stiffness" required for the
system. The use of in-plant generation to provide isolate operation for
critical processes also merits special consideration.

(ii) Ride-through Capabilities of Plant Equipment

The voltage-dip sensitivity of industrial plant control and drive
equipment can vary greatly. Consideration should be given to equipment
with the appropriate voltage dip, ride-through ability.

(iii) For loads which are essential to the plant processes, and where
additional expenditure is justified, the following techniques could
be considered:

 For adjustable speed drives, adding voltage-dip ride-through

options.

 Using uninterruptible power supplies for low-power loads such as

programmable logic controllers.

 Install power conditioning equipment such as ferroresonant or

constant voltage transformers for process controllers;

 Install time-delayed drop-out control circuits to permit motor

starter contactors to ride through the required voltage dip
duration;

 Install automatic transfer schemes to back up normal power

sources.

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The main contact for customers in regards to system operating conditions will be the
Area Control Center (ACC) responsible for operating the portion of the system to
which the customer’s plant is interconnected. The appropriate communication
procedures and contact personnel will be provided in the customer’s Local Operating
Order (LOO).

SUBSECTION 3.4 - SAMPLE INSTALLATIONS

3.4.1 General
Subsections 3.4.2 through 3.4.4 illustrate the protection requirements for
some specific sample installations. These sample installations are not
meant to be an all-encompassing set which covers all customer
installations. The examples do not include any generating facilities. If
these were to be included, additional protection over and above that
detailed in the examples would be required - see Subsection 3.2.2
"Customer's Generation" for more details.

The connection to BC Hydro will generally take one of three forms, as

shown in Figs. 6, 7 and 8.

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CUSTOMER INSTALLATION
B.C. HYDRO
LINE TERMINAL

LOAD BREAK K
DISCONNECTS

B.C. HYDRO
TRANSMISSION
LINES
N.O.
B.C.H. METERING
B.C. HYDRO
LINE TERMINAL

Fig. 7 – Dual Radial Source Subsection 3.4.1

For a supply connection via .a dual radial system as depicted in Fig. 7, several
considerations apply:

a) The customer's entrance protection shall coordinate with either supply

source.

b) Each of the two group-operated load break disconnects (L.B.D.) must be

capable of being locked open with a BC Hydro padlock, to prevent a tie
between the two sources.

In special cases, permission may be granted to have these switches equipped with
control equipment for automatic transfer of the customer from one source to the
other. Such control equipment would remain under the jurisdiction of BC Hydro and
be subject to periodic testing by BC Hydro personnel.

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In the case of a customer tapped into a transmission line as shown in Fig. 8, the
customer shall coordinate on a radial basis with either line terminal. This is
interpreted to mean that the customer's entrance protection shall coordinate with
terminal A relaying when the terminal B breaker is open, and coordinate with
terminal B relaying when the terminal A breaker is open.

There may be particular protection requirements for each of the three BC Hydro
connections shown, but invariably the type and form of protection at the BC Hydro
source station(s) will have a more major impact on the customer's protection than
the supply connection.

In addition to the protection specified in the examples which follow, extra relays may
be installed at the customer's option for improved sensitivity. Optional relays
include: overload (49), phase unbalance (46), gas detector (63).

3.4.2 Primary Fused Installations

Fig. 9 - Primary Fused Installation Subsection 3.4.2

As noted in Section 3.1 "Equipment Requirements", fuses must have adequate

interrupting capacity for the initial and ultimate fault levels specified by BC Hydro.
Maximum permissible current ratings of the fuses will be specified by BC Hydro for
proper coordination with protective equipment installed at the sources.

Typically, fuses for this application must coordinate with the source phase and ground
overcurrent relays over the full range of fault levels specified by BC Hydro. The
coordination curves in Fig. 10 depict this.

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In some situations the customer may not be able to apply primary fuses and
assure coordination with BC Hydro's relaying. This may be true for
customers fed from radial/dual-radial sources, but is usually true when a
customer is tapped into a transmission circuit, since these circuits are
generally equipped with high speed protection. Where coordination is not
possible, the customer must consider other alternatives - see Subsections
3.4.3 and 3.4.4 for examples.

3.4.3 Primary Fused Installations With Circuit Switcher

As noted in Section 3.1 "Equipment Rating", fuses must have adequate interrupting
capacity for the initial and ultimate fault levels specified by BC Hydro. Maximum
permissible current ratings of the fuses will be specified by BC Hydro for proper

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coordination with the protective equipment installed at the sources.

Fuses for this application must coordinate with the source phase and ground
overcurrent relays, with the exception of a range of low ground fault currents
where tripping may be achieved by means of a circuit switcher and a ground
overcurrent relay (51N). In this range the composite curve of the circuit
switcher clearing and the fuse clearing must coordinate with the source
ground overcurrent relay. In addition, the fuses must take over the
interrupting duty for fault currents in excess of the circuit switcher's
interrupting capability, achieved by proper coordination of the customer's
ground relay and fuse time-current curves. These aspects are depicted in the
coordination curves in Fig. 12.

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BC
BC

H
H

SO
SO
TIME S

U
U

R
R

C
C

E
E
C

PH
U

G
ST

AS
O
O

E
M

O
ER

VE
O
G

VE

R
R

C
O

U
U

R
N

R
D

EN
R
O

EN

T
VE

R
T
R

EL
C

AY
U

EL
R

S
R

Y
EN
T
R
EL
AY

In some situations the customer may not be able to apply a circuit

switcher/fuse combination as the entrance protection and assure coordination.
As indicated in Subsection 3.4.2 this may be particularly true when the
customer is tapped into a transmission circuit equipped with high speed
protection. In cases where coordination is not possible the customer may have
to resort to an entrance circuit breaker with relay protection
.

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3.4.4 Circuit Breaker With Protective Relaying

A circuit switcher may be accepted as a substitute for a circuit breaker
provided it is equipped with a shunt trip (maximum operate time 8 cycles)
and provided the interrupting capability of the circuit switcher is adequate for
the present and ultimate fault levels specified by BC Hydro.

The relay types, ranges, and time characteristics will be subject to BC Hydro approval
in each individual case.

Example 1

SUPPLY
CONNECTION AS
DETAILED IN
SUBSECTION 3.4.1 3
50/51

B.C.H. METERING

1
50/51N

Fig. 13 – Protective Relaying With Circuit Breaker Subsection 3.4.4, Example 1

Minimum relay requirements for this application are three phase overcurrent
relays (51) and one ground overcurrent relay (51 N), all with inverse or very
inverse characteristics. Their pickup and time settings shall be adjusted so that
the composite relay and breaker time curves coordinate with the respective phase
and ground relays at the BC Hydro source(s). The relays must be equipped with
instantaneous trip elements to coordinate with BC Hydro's existing and future
requirements.

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Fig. 14 depicts the coordination curves for this sample installation.

Example 2

Minimum relay requirements for this application are three phase overcurrent (50/51)
relays and one ground (50/51N) overcurrent relay of the inverse or very inverse type

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with instantaneous trip elements, selected and set so that they will coordinate with the
respective phase and ground relays at the BC Hydro sources.

In fault current ranges where fully selective coordination is not possible, the
customer's relays must trip their associated circuit breaker at the same time as BC
Hydro's line terminal trips, in order to ensure that the customer has definitely been
tripped off prior to automatic or supervisory reclosing of the line terminals.

Fig. 16 depicts the coordination curves for this sample installation.

In order to achieve coordination, settings of the customer's instantaneous phase

elements may in certain cases have to be so low that some coordination within the
customer's premises may have to be sacrificed. If the degree of miscoordination is too
great, another approach may be applicable - example 3.

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Example 3

51
K

SUPPLY
CONNECTION AS
DETAILED IN
SUBSECTION 3.4.1

B.C.H. METERING
A

87

Fig. 17 – Protective Relaying With Circuit Breaker Subsection 3.4.4, Example 3

The minimum relay requirement for this application consists of a transformer

differential relay (87). In some instances BC Hydro may require the optional phase
overcurrent relays (51) if the BC Hydro protection can detect faults on the secondary of
the entrance transformer outside the differential zone; for example, a fault at location
A.

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SUBSECTION 3.5 – TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

3.5.1 General

Prior to energization of the installation, BC Hydro will require assurance,

acceptable to the BC Hydro Field Production Manager assigned to the
installation, that the customer's main incoming protection is as per
agreement between BC Hydro and the customer, is mounted in a suitable
enclosure, and is functional. This may involve BC Hydro's verifying the
calibration of the relays by electrical testing and testing of associated
circuits and equipment, including tripping to the circuit breaker. Where
feasible, it would also include on-load checks of the relays following
energization of the installation. The settings applied to the relays will be as
determined or approved by BC Hydro.
For the installations involving customer generation paralleled with BC
Hydro's, additional specified protection required to protect the
Transmission system from customer infeed will be subject to setting and
testing as above.
BC Hydro reserves the right to inspect and test the protection at any time
and to request that the customer perform any necessary maintenance. The
customer is responsible for maintenance of the protection and shall keep
records thereof to be available to BC Hydro on request. The customer shall
also keep current as-built drawings. It is recommended that this
maintenance include calibration testing of the relay and trip testing to the
circuit breaker at intervals of not more than 2 years.
A set of test switches are required for entrance protection to isolate current
transformers, potential transformers and trip buses for ac injection tests.
Relays with built in test switches are acceptable.
Planned outages for maintenance on customer equipment shall be
coordinated with BC Hydro’s Area Control Centers (ACCS). Planned
outages should not impair the safe and reliable operation of the
Transmission system where at all possible.

3.5.2 Underfrequency Load Shedding

BC Hydro reserves the right to set and calibration test the under-frequency
relay and test its tripping to the circuit breakers prior to energization of the
installation. BC Hydro also reserves the right to inspect and test the
underfrequency load shedding at any time and will do so at periodic
intervals. The customer will be requested to perform any maintenance that
the testing shows to be necessary.

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SECTION 4.0 - METERING REQUIREMENTS

SUBSECTION 4.1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

All revenue metering and billing issues are handled through B.C. Hydro. For B.C.
Hydro’s revenue metering requirements, please visit the BC Hydro website at:

http://www.bchydro.com/youraccount/content/forms.jsp

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BRITISH COLUMBIA

HYDRO AND POWER AUTHORITY

APPENDIX A

Guide & Requirements for Harmonic Control

for Customers Supplied at a Voltage Level from 69 kV to 287 kV

November 1993

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Table of Contents

A1 INTRODUCTION

A1.1 Scope
A1.2 Definitions
A1.3 References

A2 GENERAL PROCEDURE

A2.1 Criteria for Category I Installation

A2.2 Criteria for Category II Installation
A2.3 Engineering Information Required from Customers
A2.4 Examples

A3 HARMONIC LIMITS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

A3.1 General
A3.2 Harmonic Current Limits
A3.3 Harmonic Voltage Limits
A3.4 Engineering Information Provided by B.C. Hydro
A3.5 Other Considerations

A4 HARMONIC LIMITS FOR MEASUREMENT PURPOSES

A4.1 General
A4.2 Limits on Current and Voltage Distortions
A4.3 Limits on Telephone Interference
A4.4 Instrumentation Requirements

A5 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION OF HARMONIC PROBLEMS

A5.1 Harmonic Limits Exceeded

A5.2 Harmonic Limits not Exceeded
A5.3 Determination of Limit Violation

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A.1 INTRODUCTION

A1.2 Scope

This document provides guidance and requirements on the limits of harmonic

distortion that may be introduced into the Transmission system by customers taking
supply at voltages from 69kV to 287kV. The purpose is to establish an equitable
procedure for the control of harmonic distortions to be shared between BC Hydro and
its customers. This document also defines the responsibilities of BC Hydro in
providing and administering interconnections for harmonic-producing customers.

A1.2 Definitions

(1) Point of common coupling (PCC): The point of common coupling is defined as
the BC Hydro point electrically nearest to the customer installation. This point is
normally the primary bus of the customer supply transformer.

(2) Individual harmonic distortion (IHD): The individual harmonic distortion value of
a waveform is defined as the RMS value of a harmonic component expressed as a
percentage of the RMS value of the fundamental frequency component. In the case of
harmonic voltage distortion, the nominal operating voltage shall be used as the RMS
value of the fundamental frequency component. In the case of harmonic current
distortion, the maximum fundamental frequency load current under normal operating
conditions shall be used as the RMS value of the fundamental frequency component.

(3) Total harmonic distortion (THD): The total harmonic distortion value of a
waveform is the root-sum-square of individual harmonic distortion values, as defined
in Equations (1.1) and (1.2). BC Hydro requires that up to fortieth (40) harmonics shall
be included in the THD calculation:

(1.1)

(1.2)
Total harmonic current: Total harmonic current of a current waveform is defined as the
root-sum-square of the RMS magnitudes of individual harmonic currents:
'I(

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(1.3)

(5) Residual 1*T product: The residual I*T is the root-sum-square value of the zero
sequence RMS harmonic currents multiplied by the TIF weighting factors. The values
of TIF weighting factor can be found in reference [1 ] or [6].

(6) Noise Metallic (Nm): Noise metallic, which is also referred to as telephone circuit
noise, is defined as a metallic voltage impressed between tip and ring of a telephone
set and measured as a power level across a 60052 load. Nm is expressed
mathematically as 10xlog (unit: dBrn) of the square of the difference between the tip-
to-ground and the ring-to-ground voltages divided by the metallic circuit impedance.
The metallic voltage is normally weighted with certain factors at different
frequencies. This guideline uses C-message weighted voltage (dBrnC) [6].

(7) Noise to Ground (Ng): Noise to ground, which is a measurement of the influence
of power system currents on a telephone circuit, is the average of tip-to-ground and
ring-to-ground voltages measured as a power level across a 60052 load. Ng is
expressed mathematically as l0xlog (dBrn) of the square of the average voltage
divided by the reference impedance of 6001 This guideline uses C-message weighted
average voltage (dBrnC) [6].

(8) Cable (longitudinal) Balance: Cable balance, which is a measurement of the

susceptibility of a telephone cable, is the difference between noise to ground and
noise metallic expressed in dBrnC [6].

(9) Background Voltage Harmonics: Background voltage harmonics are the harmonic
voltages that exist at PCC when the customer installation is not connected to the
supply system or is connected but not drawing load current from the supply system.

(10) Total Plant Load: Total plant load is the contract total plant MVA demand,
without subtracting customer's co-generation capacity if any, for normal plant
operation.

(11) Harmonic Loads: Harmonic loads in a plant are those primary industrial loads
that can cause more than 5% of total harmonic distortion in the load currents when
supplied with a sinusoidal 60Hz voltage. In most cases, harmonic loads are DC drives,
variable frequency AC drives, rectifiers, and possibly uninterruptible power supplies.

A1.3 References

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This guideline makes reference to the following documents:

[1] IEEE Std.-519: "IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electric Power Systems", 1992.

[2] CSA-C22.2 No.0.16-M92: "Measurement of Harmonic Currents", 1992.

[3] CSA-C22.2 No.3: "Inductive Coordination", 1954 and No.3.1: "Inductive

Coordination Handbook", 1974. (This standard is currently under revision.)

[4] CIGRE JTF 36.05.01/14.03.01 Report: "Connection of Harmonic Producing

Installations in High-Voltage Networks with Particular Reference to HVDC",
1991.

[5] UK Engineering Recommendation G.5/3: "Limits for Harmonics in the United

Kingdom Electricity Supply System", 1976.

[6] CEA&TCEC Joint Report: "Electrical Coordination Guide", 1989.

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A.2 GENERAL PROCEDURE

This guideline deals with harmonic-producing installations in categories, according to

the size of an installation and the capacity of its supply system.

Category I (small) installations can be accepted by BC Hydro without performing

detailed harmonic analysis in the plant design stage'.

Category II (large) installations are required to perform and submit for BC Hydro's
inspection harmonic study at the plant design stage. The study shall demonstrate that
BC Hydro's harmonic design limits are met.

At BC Hydro's sole discretion, certain customers are required to demonstrate, through

field measurements, that their installations comply with BC Hydro's harmonic
measurement limits during the plant commissioning stage and/or normal operation.

A2.1 Criteria for Category I Installation

A customer installation is considered as category I if

(1) The ratio of total harmonic load MVA in the plant with respect to the total plant
load MVA, in percentage, is below the curves shown Figure B.1. The total
harmonic load MVA shall be estimated according to the following formula:

Total harmonic load MVA = (2.1)

0.85x(total MVA of harmonic loads configured in more than 6 pulses) +
1.00x(total MVA of other harmonic loads in the plant)

(2) The customer's capacitors should not cause harmonic resonances, namely the
following condition is satisfied for every harmonic number h:

0.35 h-5,7,11,13,17,...
| h resonance – h| > 0.10 h-2,4, 6, 8,10,... (2.2)
0.15 h-3,9,15,21,27,...

In the above equation, h resonance is the (parallel) resonance frequency in multiples of

60Hz. This frequency is normally obtained by a frequency scan analysis of the plant.
This equation needs to be check only for the two harmonics adjacent to h resonance. If
there is only one capacitor location in the plant, the frequency may be estimated
according to Equation (2.3):
__________________________________________
' If any category 1 installation causes harmonic problems, BC Hydro is entitled to
apply harmonic design and measurement limits to the installation.

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where MVAsys, is the system fault MVA seen at the capacitor bus. This MVA shall
include the contribution of non-harmonic-producing loads such as motors in the plant.
MVA C , is the installed capacitor MVA calculated at normal operating voltage. It shall
be noted that both MVA, y, and MVA C, P may vary with the operating conditions of the
supply system and the plant. The limits of Equation (2.3) shall be satisfied for all
conditions.

A2.2 Criteria for Category II Installation

Any installations not belonging to category I are considered as category II. These
installations shall satisfy BC Hydro that the harmonic design and/or measurement
limits as specified in Sections 3 and 4 are complied with.

A2.3 Engineering Information Required from Customers,

Customers in either category shall provide BC Hydro, via B.C. Hydro customer care,
with the following data:

1. Single-line diagram of the installation.

2. All non-harmonic-producing industrial loads (for most customers this means the
load with demand greater than 500 kW).
3. All harmonic producing industrial loads (demand greater than 500 kW for most
customers) and their harmonic spectrums.
4. Supply transformers and other transformers for primary industrial
application purpose. Distribution cables and lines that cannot be neglected
for harmonic analysis. Power factor correction capacitors and harmonic
filters, if any.
5. A harmonic assessment report based on the above information. For category 1
installation, the on shall demonstrate that the installation can be considered as
category 1. For category II installation, the report shall demonstrate that the
BC Hydro harmonic design and/or measurement limits are satisfied.

A2.4 Examples

Example 1
The total plant load is 100MVA
Utility supply is at 287kV
The system fault level at PCC is 5000MVA
= > Therefore ratio of system fault MVA to demand MVA is 50 (=5000/100).

Harmonic-producing loads in the plant are

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as follows:
* 6.0 MVA 12-pulse DC drives
* 5.0 MVA other harmonic loads
* total harmonic load is then 10.1 MVA (=1.00x5.00+0.85x6.00), as per Eq. (2.1)
==> Therefore percentage total harmonic load is 10.1% (=10.1/100)

Conclusion: As per Figure B.1, point (50, 10.1%) falls above the 287kV curve.
The installation is a category II type.

Example 2
- The total plant load is 30MVA
- Utility supply is at 69kV
- The system fault level at PCC is 1700MVA
 Therefore ratio of system fault MVA to demand MVA is 57 (=1700/30).

Harmonic-producing loads in the plant are as follows:

 2.0 MVA 12-pulse adjustable speed drives
 3.2 MVA other harmonic loads, including a 2MVA 6-pulse DC drive
* Total harmonic load is then 4.9MVA (=1.00x3.2+0.85x2.0), as per
Eq. (2.1)
 Therefore percentage total harmonic load is 16.3% (=4.9/30)

 As per Figure B.1, point (57, 16.3%) falls below the 69kV curve. The
installation passes harmonic chart requirement. Harmonic resonance check is
followed.

- The plant capacitor banks, installed in one location, are 1.2MVar

- The fault level at the capacitor bus is 150MVA
 Therefore hresonance is 11.18 (=SQRT(150/1.2))
| hresonance - h | = 0.18 < 0.35 for h=11 => not okay
= 0.82 > 0.10 for h=12 => okay

Conclusion: Although satisfying the harmonic chart requirement, the plant fails the
harmonic resonance check. The installation is a category II type.

Example 3
- The total plant load is 30MVA
- Utility supply is at 69kV
- The system fault level at PCC is 1700MVA
 Therefore ratio of system fault MVA to demand MVA is 57 (=1700/30).

- Harmonic-producing loads in the plant are as follows:

* 2.0 MVA 12-pulse adjustable speed drives

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* 3.2 MVA other harmonic loads, including a 2MVA 6-pulse DC drive

 total harmonic load is then 4.9MVA (=1.00x3.2+0.85x2.0), as per Eq. (2.1)
 Therefore percentage total harmonic load is 16.3% (=4.9/30)

 As per Figure B.1, point (57, 16.3%) falls below the 69kV curve. The
installation passes harmonic chart requirement. Harmonic resonance check
is followed.

- The plant capacitor banks, installed in one location, are 2.1 MVar
- The fault level at the capacitor bus is 190MVA
 Therefore hresonance is 9.51 (=SQRT(190/2.1))
| hresonance –h | = 0.51 > 0.15 for h=9 => okay
= 0 . 4 9 > 0 . 1 0 for h=10 => okay

Conclusion: The installation meets the requirements of harmonic chart as well as

harmonic resonance check. The installation is a category I type.

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A.3 HARMONIC LIMITS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

A3.1 General

At the plant design stage, category II customers shall satisfy BC Hydro that the
calculated current and voltage distortions at the point of common coupling shall not
exceed the design limits. Worst case normal operating conditions shall be used in the
calculation of harmonic distortions. For customers with transformer arrangements that
result in zero sequence current injections into the Transmission system, the amount of
zero sequence harmonic current injections must be calculated. For those customers
whose loads are unbalanced among three phases and can result in a voltage unbalance2
greater than 1.5% at PCC, three-phase harmonic analysis is required.

A3.2 Harmonic Current Limits

Limits for harmonic current distortion are shown in Tables 3.1A, 3.1B and 3.1C. These
limits apply to each phase current individually at the point of common coupling.
Harmonic current distortion shall be calculated using two sets of system impedance
data:
(1) The supply system harmonic impedance as seen from the point of common
coupling is zero at all harmonic frequencies. This assumption is needed since the
system harmonic impedance can be zero at any frequency due to resonances in the
Transmission system. Using zero harmonic impedance also ensures that the
customer plants contain their own harmonic currents and the harmonic currents
escaping into the Transmission system are minimized.
(2) The supply system harmonic impedances are the same as those provided by BC
Hydro. The purpose is to determine if there is any excessive harmonic current
injection into the Transmission system caused by the harmonic resonance between
the system impedance and the customer capacitor banks.

It must be noted that the limits shown in Tables 3.1 apply only to the harmonic currents
introduced by customer installations. A zero background harmonic distortion shall be
assumed in the calculation therefore. The results are the harmonic currents exclusively
due to customer installations. Since problems may be caused by the amount of
harmonic current injections into supply systems irrespective to the magnitude of
fundamental frequency current at the PCC, this guide also imposes ampere limits on
the total harmonic current injection. For most Load customers, satisfying the
percentage harmonic current limits generally results in the satisfaction of the ampere
limits.

-----------------------------------------------------
2
Voltage unbalance is defined as the ratio of negative sequence voltage to the
positive sequence voltage.

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A3.3 Harmonic Voltage Limits

Limits for harmonic voltage distortion at the point of common coupling are listed in
Table 3.2. Reducing harmonic voltage distortion is the responsibility shared between
BC Hydro and the customers. A first-come-first-served policy is adopted in this guide.
While BC Hydro is responsible to maintain the voltage distortion within the limits of
Table 3.2, a new customer installation is limited to add certain harmonic voltage
distortion at the PCC such that the combined voltage harmonics of background and
customer contribution is within the limits of Table 3.2:

(3.1)

The harmonic voltage limits apply to each phase voltage individually at the point of
common coupling. The supply system harmonic impedance data provided by BC Hydro
shall be used to determine the harmonic voltage distortions caused by the customer
plants.
Table 3.2: Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits

PCC Voltage Voltage IHD (%) Voltage THD (%)

69 kV 3.0 5.0
138 kV 1.5 2.5
230 kV and above 1.0 1.5

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A3.4 Engineering Information Provided by BC Hydro

BC Hydro will provide, within its own reasonable expense, the necessary engineering
information for customer harmonic analysis. If the information is considered to be
critical to the equipment design, any customer can require BC Hydro to supply more
accurate technical data, at customer's expense, based on dedicated field measurements
or harmonic studies on Transmission system. The engineering information provided
by BC Hydro includes:

(1) System fault level for harmonic studies: It is the fault level calculated for the
normal system operating conditions. The fault level may not be the same as
those used to determine the breaker rating and protection setting of the
customer plant BC Hydro will specify what fault levels shall be used for
harmonic analysis.

(2) Supply system harmonic impedance: This information may be determined

from field measurements and/or computer simulations by BC Hydro. It shall
include various operating conditions, network configurations and future
system expansions. Depending on the location and size of the plant, the
harmonic impedance may take different forms:

- Impedances calculated from several system fault levels.

- A curve of system impedance as a function of frequency.
- A family of impedance-frequency curves.
- A range of harmonic impedances at each harmonic frequency.

(3) Background harmonic voltage distortion: This information will be supplied in

the form of harmonic voltage spectrums (magnitude). The data may be
estimated according to BC Hydro's power quality survey data bank, measured
at the point of common coupling, or calculated from harmonic analysis.

(4) Supply voltage unbalance: BC Hydro is responsible to supply a voltage at the

point of common coupling with at most 1.5% voltage unbalance. A voltage
unbalance is defined as the ratio of negative sequence voltage with respect to
the positive sequence voltage. Since the generation of harmonic currents is
very sensitive to the supply voltage unbalance, the effects of voltage
unbalance must be considered in customer's harmonic studies. For those
customers with balanced three-phase loads, this means that the harmonic
current spectrums representing the harmonic-producing loads must be
determined assuming that there exists a 2% unbalance at the supply voltage.
Under such a condition, a twelve-pulse DC drive is expected to produce 5th
and 7th harmonic currents. As long as the harmonic source spectrums are
modified to take into account the unbalance effects, harmonic analysis with a
single-phase network representation is acceptable. For those customer plants

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with unbalanced three-phase loads (see Section 3.1 for the criteria), three-
phase harmonic analysis is required. A voltage unbalance of 1.5% at the PCC
shall be used in the study.

A3.5 Other Considerations

(1) Telephone interference due to harmonics

This guideline imposes no specific design limits on the calculated I*T values. This is
because that the telephone interference is, in the majority of cases, caused by residual
(zero sequence) harmonic currents. For those customers whose supply transformers are
connected with primary in delta or ungrounded-star form, the calculated residual
current flowing into the Transmission system is always zero, and therefore, no direct
telephone interference is expected. It shall be noted, however, that indirect harmonic-
telephone interference is still possible. These interferences may be caused by the
interaction of non-residual harmonic currents with the equipment of the supply system.
Since the indirect interference is impossible to predict in most cases, the philosophy
adopted in this guideline is to limit the total harmonic current in ampere value and the
triple order harmonic current distortion, in addition to the IEEE limitations on IHD and
THD.

For those customers supplied by transformers with grounded-star primary, three-phase

harmonic and telephone interference studies are recommended. These studies can
reduce the likelihood of the installation violating BC Hydro's telephone interference
measurement limits specified in Section 4. As an approximate guide, the limit on
calculated residual I*T product can be determined according to Equation (3.2). More
accurate methods to assess the interference are described in [6].

(3.2)

(2) Effects of background harmonics on customer capacitors

While trying to meet BC Hydro's harmonic limits at the point of common coupling,
customers may also keep in mind that their capacitors may become a sink for the
harmonic currents outside their plants. This problem is normally caused by the parallel
resonance between the capacitors and the system impedance (including the supply
transformer impedance). Adherence to Equation (2.2) of Section 2.1 may reduce the
likelihood of resonance and capacitor overload. But detailed harmonic and capacitor
sizing studies are recommended.

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A.4 HARMONIC LIMITS FOR MEASUREMENT PURPOSES

A4.1 General

Either BC Hydro or the customer can be responsible to perform harmonic measurement

tests, depending on the purpose of the tests. Harmonic tests and limit checks shall be
conducted during the normal plant operating cycles. Conditions that require harmonic
measurements may include:
1) Harmonic problems are reported;
2) New customer plant is commissioned; and
3) Major system changes, either in the Transmission system or in customer plant, are
implemented.

A4.2 Limits on Current and Voltage Distortions

The limits for measured harmonics are based on the design harmonic limits. However,
factors such as time-varying nature of harmonics and customer plant startup conditions
are taken into account. In other words, short time bursts of harmonic distortions higher
than the design limits are generally acceptable. Two indices shall be used to measure
the degree of harmonic bursts:
(1) Maximum Duration of Harmonic Burst (Tmaximum): This is the maximum time
interval in which the harmonic distortion exceeds a particular IHD or THD level
during a 24 hour measurement period.
(2) Total Duration of Harmonic Burst (Ttotal): This is the summation of all the time
intervals in which the harmonic distortion exceeds a particular IHD or THD level
during a 24 hour measurement period.

The 24 hour measurement period shall be established on a calendar day basis. BC

Hydro requires that, for 95% of the measurements (namely, 95 days out of 100 days),
the measured IHD and THD levels must be limited according to the maximum and the
total durations of harmonic burst Tmaximum and Ttotal, as shown in Table 4.1 and Figure
4.1.

A4.3 Limits on Telephone Interference

Telephone interference due to harmonics is a complex problem that involves three

major factors: the existence of source of influence, the coupling between the source
and telephone cable, and the susceptibility of telephone equipment. I*T product only
addresses the problem of source of influence and therefore is incomplete. On the other
hand, the complexity of the problem makes it impossible to accurately calculate the
interference level with all three factors included. As a result, this guideline relies on
measurements to check compliance.

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The telephone interference measurement will be performed on any telephone set

vulnerable to the customer plant harmonics. Two values, the noise to ground (Ng) and
the noise metallic (Nm) will be measured. BC Hydro requires that, subject to cable
balance (Ng-Nm) greater than 60.0 dBmC, the noise to ground level shall be lower
than 80.0 dBrnC.

A4.4 Instrumentation Requirements

Instruments, which may include PT's and CT's, used for harmonic distortion and
telephone interference measurements must be certified by BC Hydro. If there is any
dispute over the accuracy of an instrument, CSA standard C22.2 [2,3] shall be used
to resolve the dispute.

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A.5 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION OF HARMONIC PROBLEMS

Adherence to the recommended limits of this guideline should reduce the risks of
damage to, or malfunctioning of other customer's or the Transmission provider’s
equipment. But there is no guarantee that this can completely prevent a trouble arising.
This section defines the responsibilities of each involved party to mitigate harmonic
problems.

A5.1 Harmonic Limits Exceeded

BC Hydro is responsible to ensure that the background harmonic voltage distortion at

the point of common coupling is within the voltage distortion limits jointly specified in
Table 3.1 and Table 4.1.

The customer is responsible to ensure that its portion of harmonic current distortion at
the point of common coupling is always within BC Hydro's harmonic current distortion
limits.

The customer is responsible to reduce the harmonic voltage distortion at the point of
common coupling to BC Hydro's voltage distortion limits. However, if the actual
supply system harmonic impedances and background voltage distortions are outside the
ranges determined by BC Hydro at customer's expense, B.C. Hydro is responsible to
reduce the harmonic voltage distortion.

Telephone interference limits shall be complied with only if there is a harmonic-caused

telephone interference problem. Subject to (1) noise to ground level greater than 80.0
dBrnC and telephone cable balance greater than 60.0 dBrnC or (2) noise to ground
level greater than 90.0 dBrnc, the customer is responsible to mitigate the telephone
interference problem. However, if the actual supply system harmonic impedances are
outside the range determined by BC Hydro at customer's expense, BC Hydro is
responsible to mitigate the problem.

A5.2 Harmonic Limits not Exceeded

Problems caused by harmonics may arise even if harmonic limits are not violated.
Under these circumstances, all involved parties may be responsible to mitigate the
problems. Exact sharing of responsibilities shall be determined on case by case basis.

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A5.3 Determination of Limit Violation

BC Hydro is responsible to demonstrate the violation of harmonic voltage and current

limits and identify the customer that causes harmonic problem. The telephone
companies, with BC Hydro's cooperation, are responsible to demonstrate the violation
of telephone interference limits and identify the customer that causes the interference
problem.

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