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Metalurgi Proses

The document discusses different methods of extracting metals from ores, including metallurgy, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Metallurgy involves mining ores, concentrating them, reducing metals to their elemental state, refining, and alloying. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures for processes like calcination, roasting, and smelting. Hydrometallurgy employs water and leaching for extraction. Electrometallurgy uses electrolysis, like in Downs cells for sodium and Hall cells for aluminum. The extraction of specific metals like iron, aluminum, sodium, and copper are outlined.

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47 views29 pages

Metalurgi Proses

The document discusses different methods of extracting metals from ores, including metallurgy, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Metallurgy involves mining ores, concentrating them, reducing metals to their elemental state, refining, and alloying. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures for processes like calcination, roasting, and smelting. Hydrometallurgy employs water and leaching for extraction. Electrometallurgy uses electrolysis, like in Downs cells for sodium and Hall cells for aluminum. The extraction of specific metals like iron, aluminum, sodium, and copper are outlined.

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wisnukawerian
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Occurrence and Distribution of Metals

Minerals

Ore: deposit that contains enough metal that we can


extract economically.

Most metals are found in minerals.

Most important ores are oxide, sulfide and


carbonates.
Occurrence and Distribution of Metals

Metallurgy

Metallurgy is the science and technology of extracting


metals from minerals.

There are five important steps:

1. Mining (getting the ore out of the ground);

2. Concentrating (preparing it for further


treatment);
Occurrence and Distribution of Metals

Metallurgy

3. Reduction (to obtain the free metal in the zero


oxidation state);

4. Refining (to obtain the pure metal); and

5. Mixing with other metals (to form an alloy).


Pyrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy: using high temperatures to obtain the


free metal.

Several steps are employed:

Calcination is heating of ore to cause


decomposition and elimination of a volatile product
(CO2 or H2O):

PbCO3(s) → PbO(s) + CO2(g)


Pyrometallurgy

Roasting is heating which causes chemical


reactions between the ore and the furnace
atmosphere:

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

2MoS2(s) + 7O2(g) → 2MoO3(s) + 4SO2(g)


Pyrometallurgy

Smelting is a melting process that causes


materials to separate into two or more layers.

Slag consists mostly of molten silicates in addition


to aluminates, phosphates, fluorides, and other
inorganic materials.

Refining is the process during which a crude,


impure metal is converted into a pure metal.
Pyrometallurgy

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

Most important sources of iron are hematite Fe2O3


and magnetite Fe3O4.

Reduction occurs in a blast furnace.

The ore, limestone and coke are added to the top of


the blast furnace.

Coke is coal that has been heated to drive off the


volatile components.
Pyrometallurgy

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

Coke reacts with oxygen to form CO (the reducing


agent):

2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) H = -221 kJ


Pyrometallurgy

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

CO is also produced by the reaction of water vapor in


the air with C:

C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g), H = +131 kJ

Since this reaction is endothermic, if the blast furnace


gets too hot, water vapor is added to cool it down
without interrupting the chemistry.
Pyrometallurgy

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

At around 250C limestone is calcinated (heated to


decomposition and elimination of volatiles).

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

This reacts with the silicates and other components


of the ore to form the slag.
Pyrometallurgy
The Pyrometallurgy of Iron

Also around 250C iron oxides are reduced by CO(g)


and H2(g):

Fe3O4(s) + 4CO(g) → 3Fe(s) + 4CO2(g), H = -15 kJ

Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) → 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g), H = +150 kJ

Molten iron is produced lower down the furnace and


removed at the bottom.

If iron is going to be made into steel it is poured


directly into a basic oxygen furnace.
Pyrometallurgy
Formation of Steel

Oxygen diluted with


Ar is used as the
oxidizing agent.

When oxygen
emerges from the
converter, then all the
impurities have been
oxidized and the iron
is poured into a ladle.
Hydrometallurgy

Hydrometallurgy is the extraction of metals from ores


using water.

Leaching is the selective dissolution of the desired


mineral.

Typical leaching agents are dilute acids, bases, salts,


and sometimes water.
Hydrometallurgy

The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum

Aluminum is the second most useful metal.

Bauxite is a mineral that contains Al as Al2O3.xH2O.

Major impurities are silicates (SiO2) and iron oxides


(Fe2O3).
Hydrometallurgy
The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum

Bayer process:

The crushed ore is digested in 30% NaOH (by


mass) at 150 - 230C and high pressure (30 atm
to prevent boiling).

Al2O3 dissolves:

Al2O3.H2O(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2OH-(aq) → 2Al(OH)4-(aq)


Hydrometallurgy

The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum

The silicates and iron oxides do not dissolve and


can be filtered from the solution.

The aluminate solution is separated by lowering


the pH causing separation of the aluminum
hydroxide.

The aluminate hydroxide is calcined to produce


the aluminum oxide.
Electrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy of Sodium

Electrometallurgy is the process of obtaining metals


through electrolysis.

Two different starting materials: molten salt or


aqueous solution?
Electrometallurgy
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2 (g) Ered = 0.00 V

2H2O(l) + 2e- H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq) Ered = - 0.83 V

Water is reduced more easily than metals because


the reduction potentials of water under both acidic
and basic conditions are more positive than those of:

Na+ Ered = - 2.71 V

Mg2+ Ered = - 2.37 V

Al3+ Ered = - 1.66 V


Electrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy of Sodium
Sodium is produced by electrolysis of molten NaCl in
a Downs cell.

CaCl2 is used to lower the melting point of NaCl from


804C to 600C.
Electrometallurgy

Electrometallurgy of Aluminum

Hall process electrolysis cell is used to produce


aluminum.

Al2O3 melts at 2000C and it is impractical to perform


electrolysis on the molten salt.
Electrometallurgy

Electrometallurgy of Aluminum

Hall: use purified Al2O3 in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6,


melting point 1012C).

Anode: C(s) + 2O2-(l) → CO2(g) + 4e-


Cathode: 3e- + Al3+(l) → Al(l)

The graphite rods are consumed in the reaction.


Electrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy

Electrorefining of Copper

Because of its good conductivity, Cu is used to make


electrical wiring.

Impurities reduce conductivity, therefore pure copper


is required in the electronics industry.
Electrometallurgy
Electrorefining of Copper

Slabs of impure Cu are used as anodes, thin sheets


of pure Cu are the cathodes.

Acidic copper sulfate is used as the electrolyte.


The voltage across the electrodes is designed to
produce copper at the cathode.

The metallic impurities do not plate out on the


cathode.

Metal ions are collected in the sludge at the bottom of


the cell.
Complete

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