ELECTROMAGNETICS

3. ELECTROMANETIC INDUCTION
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. The magnetic lines of force passing through a normal plane is called
magnetic flux.
φ = B. A = BA cos θ Where θ is the angle between B and A A
( Vector A is perpendicular to its plane) θ

a. If θ = 0°, if the plane of the coil is B

perpendicular to the field φ = BA

b. If θ = 90°, (i.e,) if the plane of the coil is in the direction of the field
φ = 0.
c. If θ = 180° φ = -BA
2. In 1831 Faraday discovered the converse effect of the previous chapter i.e.,
production of electric current using magnetic field.
3. Faraday laws:
a. Whenever there is changing in magnetic flux linked with a coil, emf is
induced in it.
b. The induced emf is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the coil.
dφ −d φ
e =− (or) e=
dt dt
d ( N φ)
For N turns e = − (Proportionality constant K = 1)
dt
d
e = − ( NBA) (Neumann’s Law)
dt
dφ (φ − φ 2 )
e = −N = −N 2
dt t
e − N (φ2 − φ1 )
c. Induced current (i) = =
R tR
− N (φ2 − φ1 )
d. Induced change (q) = (Induced charge is independent of time)
R
4. Lenz’s Law : Induced emf always opposes the change that produces
it.Lenz’s law obeys the law of conservation of energy.
5. Motional emf : If a straight conductor of length l moves with a constant
speed v perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field of induction B, then a
voltage is developed across ends of the conductor ends which is given by
e = Blv
e Blv
6. Induced current ( I ) = =
R R
7. Self Inductance: If the current in a coil changes, the magnetic flux around
the coil changes. Hence emf is induced in the coil called self inductance.
If i is the current through the coil and φ is the flux lines around the coil then
φ α i ⇒ φ = Li. Where L is the coefficient of self induction.
dφ di
e =− =− L
dt dt
Unit of L - Henry or wb/amp or volt-sec/amp
8. Energy stored in an Inductor:
 1 2
U= Li
2

9. Mutual Inductance:
a. When current in a coil changes, the magnetic flux linked with other coil
changes and an emf is induced in the secondary coil called mutual
induction.
b. If IP is the current through the primary and φS is the flux linked with
secondary,
φs α I p ⇒ φs = M I p where M is mutual inductance of the coil
Unit of M : Henry (or) volt - sec. amp (or) weber/ amp.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law. Explain self
and mutual induction. Derive the equations for L and M.
Ans. Faraday laws:
c. Whenever there is changing in magnetic flux linked with a coil, emf is
induced in it.
d. The induced emf is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with the coil.
dφ −d φ
e =− (or) e= (Proportionality constant K = 1)
dt dt

d ( N φ)
For N turns e=−
dt
d
e=− ( NBA) (Neumann’s Law)
dt
dφ (φ − φ 2 )
e = −N = −N 2
dt t
e − N (φ2 − φ1 )
Induced current (i) = =
R tR
− N (φ2 − φ1 )
Induced change (q) = (Induced charge is independent of time)
R
Lenz’s Law This law states that ‘the direction of an induced emf is always
opposes the changes in the magnetic flux that causes it’. Lenz’s law
obeys the law of conservation of energy.
Self Induction : when a current is passed through a coil of wire, magnetic field is
produced in the surrounding space. A proportionate magnetic flux (φ ) is linked
with the coil itself. If the current through the coil is changing with time, the
magnetic flux linked with the coil also changes. As a result, an emf and hence a
current are induced in that coil itself.
Thus due to a varying current a coil, a current is induced in the coil itself. This is
called self induction. The emf developed is called self induced emf (or back emf).
The current developed is called self induced current.
From lenz’s law, the induced current oppose the main current flowing through
coil.
Definition: It is the property of a coil by virtue of which, it opposes the change of
current through it.
At any instant, the magnetic flux (φ ) linked with a coil is directly proportional to
the current (i) flowing through it.
∴φ ∝ i ⇒ φ = Li (for one turn) ……….(1) or Nφ = Li (for N
turns)
Here L is a constant called co-efficient of induction or self inductance of the coil.
dφ d di
Induced emf e = − = − ( L.i ) = − L ...............(2)
dt dt dt
di
When = 1 , we get L = e
dt
Definition of self inductance (L) of a coil :
It is numerically equal to the em.f induced in the coil due to unit rate of change of
current through the coil.
volt − sec
SI.I unit of L = henry =
ampere
b) Mutual induction: Two coils P and S are placed close to each other and
electrically insulated from each other. The primary coil P is connected to a battery
B and a tap key K. The secondary coil S is connected to a galvanometer (G).
When a current is passed through the primary coil, a magnetic field is
produced in the surrounding space. This magnetic field links both primary and
secondary. Hence, a proportional magnetic flux (φ ) is linked with the secondary.
If the current through the primary coil is changing with time, the magnetic flux
linked with the secondary coil also changes. As a result, an emf and hence a
current are induced in the secondary coil.
Thus, due to a varying current in one coil, a current is induced in the
neighbouring coil. This is called mutual induction. The emf induced is called
mutual induced emf and current induced is called mutual induced current.
Definition: It is property, of a pair of coils by virtue of which, a current is
induced in one coil, when the current is changing in the neighbouring coil.
Let a current (i) be flowing in one coil (P). Then the magnetic flux (φ ) linked
with the other coil (S) is

φ ∝ i ⇒ φ = Mi ...........(1) for N turns, Nφ = Mi

Here, M is a constant called coefficient of mutual induction between the two
coils.
dφ d di
Induced emf e = = − ( M .i ) = − M . ...............(2)
dt dt dt
di
When = 1 , we get M = e
dt
 Definition of M:- It is numerically equal to the emf induced in one coil due to
volt − sec
unit rate of change of current in the other coil. S.I. unit of M = Henry=
ampere
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between Fleming’s right hand and Fleming’s left hand
rule?
Ans. Fleming’s left hand rule: Stretch fore finger, middle finger and thumb of the left
hand in mutually perpendicular directions. If the fore finger represents the
direction of magnetic field, middle finger represents electric field and then the
thumb represents the direction of force (or) motion of the conductor.

Fleming’s Right hand Rule: When a conductor is moving in a magnetic field,

and induced current flows through it. The direction of induced current in relation
to the direction of magnetic field and the force acting on the conductor is given by
Fleming’s right hand rule.

Stretch fore-finger, central finger and thumb of right hand mutually

perpendicular to each other. If fore-finger represents the direction of magnetic
field, the thumb represents the direction of motion of the conductor, and then the
central finger indicates the direction of induced current.
2. State and explain Lenz’s law with examples.
Sol: Lenz’s law statement: The direction of an induced E.m.f. is always such that it
tends to oppose the change in the magnetic flux that caused it.
Explanation: Consider a circular coil into which a magnet with its north pole is
inserted.
The changing magnetic field induces electric current in a coil. This induced
current itself creates magnetic field and hence magnetic flux around the coil. If
the induced current in the coil is due to increase in flux, then the direction of
induced flux is so oriented as to decrease the external flux.
If the decreasing flux induces current in coil then the direction of induced
flux is such that the external field is increased. Therefore, the change in the
external magnetic field is always field is increased. Therefore, the change in the
external magnetic field is always opposed. Due to this opposition some work must
be done to move the magnet. This work is liberated in the form of heat in coil.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Define self induction and mutual induction. (March2010)
Ans. Self induction of a coil: When the current in a coil changes, then an e.m.f is
induced in the coil opposing the change in the current through the coil. This
phenomenon is called self induction.
 Mutual Induction: Consider two coils P and Q placed close to each other. If
current i1 flows in P, a magnetic flux is set up. When current in the coil P
changes, the magnetic flux linked with other coil changes inducing
e.m.f.This induced emf is known as mutually induced e.m.f and this phenomenon
is known as mutual induction.
2. Define coefficient of self induction, coefficient of mutual induction.
Ans. Coefficient of self induction: Self inductance of a coil is numerically
equal to induced e.m.f produced in the coil when the rate of change of current is
−E Edt
unity. L = =−
 di  di
 
 dt 
SI unit of coefficient of self induction or self inductance is Henry (H).
Coefficient of mutual induction : The coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
inductance of two coils is numerically equal to the induced e.m.f. produced in one
coil when the rate of change of current in the other coil is unity.
−E Edt
M= =−
 dI p  dI p
 
 dt 
SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H)
3. State the factors on which self inductance depend.
Ans. Self inductance of a coil (L) depends on the dimensions of the coil, the number of
turns in the coil and the relative permeability of the core material.
4. State the factors on which mutual inductance depend.
Ans. Mutual inductance between two coils (M) depends on the number of turns in each
coil, the area of cross section of the coils and the permeability of core material.
5. The flux through a coil changes by 200 webers in 19 seconds. What is the
induced e.m.f?
Sol: dφ = 200Wb , dt = 10 seconds.
dφ 200
Induced e.m.f. e = − = = 20V
dt 10
6. As two circular coils approach each other, what happens to the coefficient of
mutual inductance between them?
Ans. When two coils approach each other, their separation decreases and coupling
increases. So flux linked with one coil due to changing current in other coil
increases. Hence the value of mutual inductance (M) between the coils increases.
1
7. If a current of 2A is reduced to zero in sec , find the induced e.m.f. in an
16
inductor of inductance 0.25H.
1 di 32
Ans. L = 0.25H ; di = 2 amp ; dt = sec ; e = − L = = 8 volts
16 dt 4
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the coefficient of self induction of a coil of 100 turns when a current of
5A produced a magnetic flux of 1 µ Wb
Sol: N = 100, i = 5 A, φ = 1µWb = 10−6Wb, L = ?
Nφ 100 ×10−6
L= = = 20 ×10−6 H = 20 µ H .
i 5
2. The current in a coil is changed from 5A to 10A in 10−2 s . Then an emf of 50
mV is induced in a coil near by it. Calculate mutual inductance of two coils.
(Mrch2009)

Sol: di = 10 − 5 = 5 A; dt = 10−2 s
Induced emf ( e ) = 50mV = 5010−3V ; M = ?
di di
e=M ⇒ M =e
dt dt
−2
10
M = 50 ×10−3 × = 10−4 H = 100µ H
5
3. ( )
A magnetic field in a certain region is given by B = 40$i − 18k$ G. How much
flux passes through a 5.0 cm 2 area loop in this region if the loop lies flat on
xy-plane?
Sol: A = 5.0 ×10−4 k$ m 2 ; B = (40$i − 18 k$ )10−4 T
φ = B. A
φ = (5.0 ×10−4 )k .(40i − 18k )10−4
φ = −(5 ×18)10−8
φ = −90 ×10−8 = −900 nwb
4. A closed coil having 50 turns, area 300c m2 and resistance 40 ohm is held at
right angles to a uniform field of 0.02 wb / m2 . It is then turned through an
angle of 300 about an axis at right angles to the field. Find the charge
induced in the coil given Cos 300 = 0.8660 .
Sol:
φ1 = B. A = (0.02) (3 ×10−2 ) = 6 ×10−4 wb
φ2 = BA cos θ = (0.02)(3 ×10−2 ) cos 300 = (0.02)(3 × 10−2 ) 0.8660
= (6 ×10−4 ) (0.8660) wb
− N (φ2 − φ1 )
e=
t
−50 (6 ×10−4 ) (0.8660) − 6 × 10−4  50 × 6 ×10−4 (0.134)
e= = V
t t
But, Charge
−4
 e  et et 50 × 6 ×10 × 0.134 × t
q = it =   t = = = = 1.005 ×10−4 coulomb
R R 40 t × 40
5. A conducting loop of 4 ohm is in the plane of the paper. It has a uniform
induction B over its area of 0.002 m2 . The direction of B is normal to the
plane of the loop. Calculate induced current in the loop, if B is decreasing at
a rate of 0.1 wb / m2
dφ dB
Sol: =A = 0.002 × 0.1 = 2 ×10−4 Wb
dt dt
dφ −2 ×10−4
Induced emf e = − = = −2 ×10−4 V
dt 1
e 2
Induced current i = = ×10−4 = 0.5 ×10−4 A
R 4
6. A metal rod of length 1m is rotated about one of its ends in a plane at right
angles to a uniform magnetic field of induction 2.5 ×10−3Wb / m2 . If it makes
1800 rev/min, calculate the induced emf between its ends.
Sol: When a metal rod of length l is rotated at right angles to a uniform magnetic
field of induction B, the area swept by it as it rotates through an angle d θ in a
time interval dt is

1
dA = Area of the circular arc = l 2 dθ
2
dφ d dA
The magnitude of induced emf e = = ( BA) = B
dt dt dt
(Q B is constant )
1 dθ 1 2
= B × l2 = Bl ω
2 dt 2
Where ω is the angular velocity of rotation of the metal rod.
2π n 2π ×1800
Now, B = 2.5 ×10−3Wb / m2 ; l =1m ; ω = = = 60π rad/ s .
t 60
1 1
The induced emf, e = Bl 2ω == × 2.5 ×10−3 × (1) × 60π = 75π ×10−3 = 0.2357 V
2

2 2
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A coil has inductance 0.05H and 100 turns. Calculate the flux linked with it
when 0.02A current is passed through it.
Sol: n = 100 ; L = 0.05H; i = 0.02A;
Li
Now, N .φ = L.i or φ =
N
0.05 × 0.02
∴φ = = 10−5 Wb
100
2. A current of 2A is passed through a coil of 1000 turns, to produce a flux of
0.5µ .wb. Calculate self inductance of the coil?
Sol: i = 2A; n = 1000
φ = 0.5µ Wb = 0.5 ×10−6 Wb ; L = ?
But, n φ = Li
nφ 1000 × 0.5 ×10−6
∴L= = = 2.5 ×10−4 H
i 2
3. A coil has self inductance of 0.01H. The current through it is allowed to
change at the rate of 1A in 10−2 s ,calculate the e.m.f. induced.
Sol: L = 0.01H
di 1
= −2 amp / sec
dt 10
 di 1
e = L. = 0.01× −2 = 1V
dt 10
4. The current decays from 5A to 2A in 0.01sec in a coil. The e.m.f. induced in a
coil near by it is 30V. Calculate the mutual inductance of the coil.
di 5−2
Sol: e = M. ⇒ 30 = M . ⇒ M = 0.1H
dt 0.01
5. The e.m.f induced in a secondary coil is 20000V when the current breaks in
the primary. The mutual inductance is 5H and the current reaches to zero in
10−4 s in primary. Calculate the maximum current in the primary before the
break.
di 5 × ( I max − 0)
Sol: e = M. ⇒ 20, 000 =
dt 10−4
20, 000 ×10−4
∴ I max = = 0.4 amp
5
ASSESS YOURSELF
1. A copper ring is held horizontally and a bar magnet is dropped through the
ring with a its length along the axis of the ring. Will the acceleration of the
falling magnet be equal to, greater than or less than that due to gravity?
Ans. When the magnet approaches the ring, the magnetic flux linked with the ring
increases. Now induced emf is developed in the ring. As the ring is a loop current
is induced in it such that it opposes the approach of the magnet. The acceleration
of the magnet becomes less than g.
2. A short magnet is allowed to fall along the axis of a horizontal metallic ring.
Straight from rest, the distance fallen by the magnet in one second may be
a) 4.0m b) 5.0m c) 6.0m d) 7.0m
Ans. (a)
3. A conductor of length l moves with a velocity v in a uniform magnetic field of
induction B. If the magnetic field is acting normally what is the induced emf?
Ans.. B l V