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1. ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystems are an ecological system formed by the inseparable reciprocal relationship

between living things and their environment. In ecosystems, organisms in developing
communities together with the physical environment as a system. Ecosystems are
composed of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic components. Biotic
components are ecosystem components consisting of nonliving or inanimate creatures.
Abiotic components are ecosystem components consisting of living things which include
plants, animals, and humans. There are 3 types of ecosystems, namely terrestrial
ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. Factors that affect ecosystems:
chemical use, deforestation, illegal hunting, and the use of motorized vehicles. Examples
of local endemic fish in poso lake (Eel Anguilla mormorata). (Anguilla marmorata and A.
celebensis) known as local sogili. This fish inhabits Lake Poso and conducts spawning rites into
the Tomini Bay sea. Lake Poso is located at an altitude of 500 m above sea level. The surface area
of the lake is 32,300 ha with a depth reaching 450 m.

2. BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which
they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” The
importance of this definition is that it draws attention to the many dimensions of biodiversity. It
explicitly recognizes that every biota can be characterized by its taxonomic, ecological, and
genetic diversity and that the way these dimensions of diversity vary over space and time is a key
feature of biodiversity.. Example of local biodiversity : ANOA, Anoa, also known as midget
buffalo and sapiutan, are a subgenus of Bubalus comprising two species endemic to the island of
Sulawesi in Indonesia: the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and the lowland anoa (Bubalus
depressicornis). Both live in undisturbed rainforest and are similar in appearance to miniature
water buffalo, weighing 150–300 kg (330–660 lb). Both species of anoa have been classified as
endangered since the 1960s and the populations continue to decrease. Fewer than 5,000
animals of each species likely remain. Reasons for their decline include hunting for hides, horns
and meat by the local peoples and loss of habitat due to the advancement of settlement.
EBONY. Just as famous as agarwood. Ebony is most often the base for high-grade and most high-
quality furniture in its class. Ebony is also often processed using hand-crafted art to produce
products that have high use value and high prices, including furniture, sculptures, carvings,
musical instruments, fans, fancy plywood and wall hangings.
3. CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is affecting the American people in far-reaching ways. Impacts related to
climate change are evident across regions and in many sectors important to society—such
as human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation, energy,
ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become increasingly disruptive throughout
this century and beyond. Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through
more extreme weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases
transmitted by insects, food, and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been
increasing and are projected to become more severe over this century, a trend that would
diminish the security of America’s food supply. Surface and groundwater supplies in
some regions are already stressed, and water quality is diminishing in many areas, in part
due to increasing sediment and contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours.The
capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the impacts of
extreme events like fires, floods, and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising
temperature and changing chemistry of ocean water is combining with other stresses,
such as overfishing and pollution, to alter marine-based food production and harm fishing
communities. Example of local climate change : RAINY SEASON, The rainy season or wet
season is a season with a characteristic increase in rainfall in an area compared to usually within a
certain period of time permanently. The rainy season is only known in regions with tropical
climates. Technically meteorology, an area enters the rainy season if the amount of rainfall in a
decade is equal to or more than 50 millimeters and is followed by the next few decades . The
onset of the rainy season can occur earlier (forward), equal, or slower (backward) than normal
(average of the specified 30 year period.

4. CONSERVATION
Conservation is an effort to preserve the environment but still pay attention to the benefits
that can be obtained at that time by maintaining the existence of every environmental
component for future use.Or conservation is an effort made by humans to be able to
preserve nature, conservation can also be called conservation or protection. If literally
conservation comes from English, namely from the word "Conservation" which means
conservation or protection. As for some conservation goals, which include the following:
The first is to maintain or protect places that are considered valuable so they are not
destroyed, changed or extinct. The second, to reemphasize the use of old buildings so that
they are not neglected, here is what this means by reviving the previous function of the
building or replacing the old function with a new function that is really needed. The third,
to protect historical objects or ancient objects from destruction or damage caused by
natural factors, micro-organisms and chemicals. The fourth, to protect nature reserve
objects is done directly, namely by cleaning, maintaining and repairing both physically
and directly from the influence of various factors, such as environmental factors that can
damage these objects. Example of local conservation : Lore lindu National Park. Lore Lindu
National Park is a protected area of forest on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, in the province
of Central Sulawesi. The Indonesian national park is 2,180 km covering both lowland and
montane forests (200 to 2,610 meters above mean sea level). It provides habitat to numerous rare
species, including 77 bird species endemic to Sulawesi. The national park is designated as part of
the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. In addition to its rich wildlife, the park also
contains megaliths dating from before 1300 AD.
5. ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY
Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. The term
differs from biodiversity, which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems.
Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the
variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings.
Ecosystem services contribute to jobs, economic growth, health, and human well-being.
Although we interact with ecosystems and ecosystem services every day, their linkage to
climate change can be elusive because they are influenced by so many additional
entangled factors. Ecosystem perturbations driven by climate change have direct human
impacts, including reduced water supply and quality, the loss of iconic species and
landscapes, distorted rhythms of nature, and the potential for extreme events to
overwhelm the regulating services of ecosystems. For example, although it is relatively
straightforward to predict how precipitation will change water flow, it is much harder to
pinpoint which farms, cities, and habitats will be at risk of running out of water, and even
more difficult to say how people will be affected by the loss of a favorite fishing spot or a
wildflower that no longer blooms in the region. Example of local ecosystem biodiversity :
Sea Water Ecosystem - Is a very broad ecosystem that includes the sea, coast, estuary and
coral reefs which will be briefly described below. Sea - Sea is a place for living creatures
of water and plants that live in water as producers in the food chain. (read: Sea Zone)

6. CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity and Conservation is an international journal that publishes articles on all aspects of
biological diversity-its description, analysis and conservation, and its controlled rational use by
humankind. The scope of Biodiversity and Conservation is wide and multidisciplinary, and
embraces all life-forms.The journal presents research papers, as well as editorials, comments and
research notes on biodiversity and conservation, and contributions dealing with the practicalities
of conservation management, economic, social and political issues. The journal provides a forum
for examining conflicts between sustainable development and human dependence on
biodiversity in agriculture, environmental management and biotechnology, and encourages
contributions from developing countries to promote broad global perspectives on matters of
biodiversity and conservation. How much does biodiversity matter, to the Earth and to us? Are
ecosystems with more diversity better able to resist climate change or invasive species? Are they
better at cleansing our water of pollution, shielding our homes from storms or providing food?
Today much of the research suggests the answer is yes: Biodiversity has the power make the
world healthier, stronger and richer. But diversity’s impacts in many types of ecosystems remain
unexplored. Ecologists at SERC seek not only to conserve biodiversity, but to understand it.
Example of local conservation and biodiversity : nasional park ujung kulon, Ujung Kulon National
Park is at the westernmost tip of Java, in Banten province of Indonesia. It includes the volcanic
island group of Krakatoa in Lampung province, and other islands including Panaitan, as well as
smaller offshore islets such as Handeuleum and Peucang in the Sunda Strait.
7. HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY
Human activities and population growth threaten biodiversity in almost every corner of
our planet. Local threats to species richness include land-use changes, pollution, resource
exploitation, and invasive species. Scientists offer 27 recommendations for preserving the
full range of biological diversity and state that stewardship of biodiversity is an
unavoidable permanent obligation of modern society. The Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology (CAST), an international consortium of 36 scientific and
professional societies, released a report Benefits of Biodiversity in which a CAST task
force of 14 scientists stresses that it is imperative that society significantly increase its
investments in preserving and utilizing the full range of biodiversity. The task force
chaired by Dr. G. David Tilman, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, and Dr. Donald N.
Duvick, Iowa State University, Ames, includes individuals with expertise in agronomy,
animal and poultry sciences, biological sciences, botany, ecology, economics, evolution,
plant pathology, rural development, and zoology. Example of local Human activities that
threaten biodiversity : illegal logging (English: illegal logging) is the activity of logging,
transporting and selling timber which is a form of factual threat around illegal borders or does not
have permission from local authorities. Although illegal logging rates are certainly difficult to
obtain due to illegal activities, some reliable sources indicate that more than half of all illegal
logging activities in the world occur in regional areas in Indonesia.

8. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY

We investigated the connection between plant species diversity and climate by using a
process-based, generic plant model. Different ‘species' were simulated by different values
for certain growth-related model parameters. Subsequently, a wide range of values were
tested in the framework of a ‘Monte Carlo' simulation for success; that is, the capability
of each plant with these parameter combinations to reproduce itself during its lifetime.
The range of successful parameter combinations approximated species diversity. This
method was applied to a global grid, using daily atmospheric forcing from a climate
model simulation. The computed distribution of plant ‘species' diversity compares very
well with the observed, global-scale distribution of species diversity, reproducing the
majority of ‘hot spot' areas of biodiversity. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the
predicted pattern is very robust against changes of fixed model parameters. Analysis of
the climatic forcing and of two additional sensitivity simulations demonstrated that the
crucial factor leading to this distribution of diversity is the early stage of a plant's life
when water availability is highly coupled to the variability in precipitation because in this
stage root-zone storage of water is small. We used cluster analysis in order to extract
common sets of species parameters, mean plant properties and biogeographic regions
(biomes) from the model output. The successful ‘species' cannot be grouped into typical
parameter combinations, which define the plant's functioning. However, the mean
simulated plant properties, such as lifetime and growth, can be grouped into a few
characteristic plant ‘prototypes', ranging from short-lived, fast growing plants, similar to
grasses, to long-lived, slow growing plants, similar to trees. Example of local global
distribution of biodiversity : tropical rain forest and forest seasen area.