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UP - 102 Earth'S Magnetic Field: A M Keerthi Kumaran 15553

The document describes two methods to determine Earth's magnetic field. The first uses oscillations of two magnets on a string, finding their ratio of magnetic moments. This method has inaccuracies due to assumptions. The second method uses a Helmholtz coil and magnetic compass, plotting Bc vs tanθ to determine Bh. This method is more accurate as it avoids assumptions of the first method. Alternate improvements are also suggested such as using a force sensor instead of string and improving the magnet dipole moment.

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Thejas Satheesh
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57 views

UP - 102 Earth'S Magnetic Field: A M Keerthi Kumaran 15553

The document describes two methods to determine Earth's magnetic field. The first uses oscillations of two magnets on a string, finding their ratio of magnetic moments. This method has inaccuracies due to assumptions. The second method uses a Helmholtz coil and magnetic compass, plotting Bc vs tanθ to determine Bh. This method is more accurate as it avoids assumptions of the first method. Alternate improvements are also suggested such as using a force sensor instead of string and improving the magnet dipole moment.

Uploaded by

Thejas Satheesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UP -102

EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD


A M KEERTHI KUMARAN

15553

Finding ratio of magnetic moments

MAGNET 1
observation no. Time (25) oscillations Time period
1 9.75 0.39
2 9.71 0.3884
3 9.9 0.396
Mean 0.391466667
Standard deviation 0.004006661

MAGNET 2
observation no. Time (25) oscillations Time period
1 9.78 0.3912
2 9.66 0.3864
3 9.4 0.376
Mean 0.384533333
Standard deviation 0.007770028

𝑇12
= 𝑀2/M1
𝑇22

=1.078 ± 6.06%(calculated as standard deviation/mean *100 . Error % for time periods are
1.02% and 2.02%)

PRODUCT OF MAGNETIC MOMENTS

Eqm. Distance(cm) Displacemect of M2(cm)(x) Length of string(cm)(l) Tanθ (x/l)


18.9 1.1 270 0.004074074
16.5 1.5 270 0.005555556
13.5 2.5 259.7 0.009626492
For equilibrium, horizontal force = mgx/l
3𝜇𝑀1𝑀2
Force of interaction of magnets =
2𝜋𝑥 4

So , by plotting a graph between Tanθ and 1/𝑥 4 and dividing by appropriate constants we
can get product of magnetic moments.

Slope = 2.49 * 10-6 ±1.3%

3𝜇𝑀1𝑀2
Slope =
2𝜋𝑚𝑔

M1M2= 0.24157 A2m4 ± 2%

M1=0.473382413Am2 ± 1%

M2=0.51030364Am2 ± 1%

m (g) = 5.97 g ± 0.02%

h=d=1cm ± 0.5%

I= mh2/12 + md2/16

=8.71 * 10-8 ±1.02%

We know that, 𝑇12 = 4𝜋 2 𝐼/𝑀1𝐵

 BH= 49.07 μT ±4.04%

HELMHOLTZ COIL AND A MAGNETIC DIP COMPASS


3
4 2
( ) 𝜇𝑛𝐼
5
Magnetic field (Bc) (due to Helmholtz coil) = 𝑅

current(mA) Angle(degrees) tanθ B(coil)(10^-6)


5 6 0.105 2.92
10 11 0.194 5.84
15 16 0.286 8.76
20 21 0.383 11.68
25 26 0.487 14.6
30 30 0.576 17.52
35 34 0.674 20.44
40 37 0.753 23.36
45 40 0.838 26.28
50 43 0.931 29.2
55 45 0.999 32.12
60 47 1.071 35.05
65 49 1.149 37.97
70 51 1.233 40.89
75 53 1.325 43.81
80 54 1.375 46.73

By plotting the graph of Bc vs tan θ , we get Bh of earth because they both are related as
Bc = Bh tan θ.

Slope obtained by fitting the graph below linearly is 3.4 * 10-5 T ± 1.1%

Bc = 34 μT ± 1.1%
Clearly the second method is more preferred because the first method involves crude
assumptions such as

The two magnetic dipoles are equiatorially aligned even when there is some tilt in the
magnet.

The neodymium magnet gets affected for local stray fields leading to loss in accuracy .

The frequency is so rapid that error in calculating Time period is so high.

 The formula for interaction which we wrote applies only for small sized dipoles because
there we assume dx to be magnets length while calculating force , here length of the
magnet is finite. Also , the expression for force derived there holds for only very large
distances, not for small distances which were used in the expt. {derivation assumes
distance is large}

Whereas the second method doesn’t involve any of these assumptions and the
expressions derived are exact and the value of current can be increased by desired amount
for every reading and the precision is improved. Also, the field produced by the coil can be
assumed to be almost uniform throughout the needle.

ALTERNATE WAY TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT

 The crudeness in the first method comes because of the non linearity of the
magnetic dipoles so instead of using a string to measure the force, we can use a
force sensor to record the force.
 Instead of using a neodymium magnet which is finite sized , a small current sized coil
with higher number of turns, so by this way we can make the force experienced by
the current element{force sensor} more near to the expression which we used,
because that requires small size of dipole.
 To respond to a weak magnetic field effectively, a current coil as above can be used,
whose dipole moment can be improved just by increasing the current in it.
 Magnet can be allowed to oscillate in the dip plane , so that there is no
perpendicular oscillation.
 Also, the experiment , could be conducted in an area surrounded by an iron box
with an opening so that only the earth’s field affects the magnet and not any other
stray fields since the field gets trapped in the iron metal.

Throughout the report , the following method has been used to find the error %

If a quantity R depends on A, B , C ,D as AxByCzDw =R

then error % (ER)= |x|EA +|y|EB + |z|Ec+ |w|ED

where Error(%) of V = (≜ 𝑉)/𝑉 *100

where the numerator is error , for measurements like length , mass least count of device
or LC/2 is taken as error , for time period measured in the first part , error % is calculated
as stdev/ mean *100.

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