Introduction

Complex numbers are numbers that consist of two parts — a real number and an imaginary number.
Complex numbers are the building blocks of more intricate math, such as algebra. They can be applied
to many aspects of real life, especially in electronics and electromagnetism.

The standard format for complex numbers is a + bi, with the real number first and the imaginary
number last. Because either part could be 0, technically any real number or imaginary number can be
considered a complex number. Complex does not mean complicated; it means that the two types of
numbers combine to form a complex, like a housing complex — a group of buildings joined together.

Complex numbers can be used to solve quadratics for zeroes. The quadratic formula solves ax2 +
bx + c = 0 for the values of x. If the formula provides a negative in the square root, complex numbers can
be used to simplify the zero.

Complex numbers are used in electronics and electromagnetism. A single complex number puts
together two real quantities, making the numbers easier to work with. For example, in electronics, the
state of a circuit element is defined by the voltage (V) and the current (I). Circuit elements can also have
a capacitance (c) and inductance (L) that describes the circuit's tendency to resist changes in V and I.
Rather than describing the circuit element's state by V and I, it can be described as z = V + Ii. The laws of
electricity can then be expressed using the addition and multiplication of complex umbers.

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Definition of Terms

A Complex Number is a combination of real numbers and an imaginary number.

Equation:

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 Where: 𝑎 = real number, 𝑏= imaginary number

Real Numbers is a value of continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.

Examples:

1 -0.863 √2 1998 12.36 4⁄

9

Imaginary Numbers is a complex number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the
imaginary unit, 𝑖 , which is defined by its property 𝑖 2 = -1. It is the square root of negative numbers.

Example:

3𝑖 1.04𝑖 −2.8𝑖 3⁄ 𝑖 √2𝑖 1998𝑖

4

Example: √(−9)= √(9 × −1)

= √(9) × √(−1)
= 3 × √(−1)
= 3i

Identifying Real and Imaginary Numbers in a Complex Number

Complex Numbers Real Part Imaginary Part

2 + 3𝑖 2 3
−13.5𝑖 0 -13.5
10 10 0

Theorem of Complex Numbers

𝐼𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗) = 0 ; Then 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 = 0

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Questions and Answers

Solve for 𝜃 and 𝛼.

1.(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ) + 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ) = 0 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼=0

(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 0
2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0)
2
= 2
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0)

𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎°

2.(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑗√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 0

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 0 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 0

√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√1) 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0)

𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎°

3.(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 2𝜃) + 𝑗(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛼 − 1) = 0

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 2𝜃) = 0 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛼 − 1) = 0

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃) = 0 √𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛼 = √1

1
1((𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃) = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝛼 =1

𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (0)
𝜃= 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎°
2

𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓°

Solve for x and y of the following equations.

1. (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)2 = 2 + 𝑗4

𝑥 2 + 𝑗𝑦𝑥 + (𝑗𝑦)2 = 2 + 𝑗4 𝑗2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑗4

2𝑥𝑦 4
(𝑥 2 + 𝑗𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2 + 𝑗4 2𝑥
= 2𝑥
2
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑗𝑦𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) = 2 + 𝑗4 Equation 2: 𝑦=𝑥
Equation 1: (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2) = 2

3|Page
Substitute Equation 2 to Equation 1

2 2 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 2
𝑥 2 − (𝑥) = 2 𝑥2 = 2𝑎
𝑦=𝑥

4 −(−2)±√(−2)2 −4(1)(−4) 2
[𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = 2] 𝑥 2 = 2(1)
𝑦 = 1.80

𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 − 4=0 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

2. 2x +3y=9 , 3x+y=19

Solution:

𝑦 = 19 − 3𝑥 𝑦 = 19 − 3(5)

2𝑥 + 3(19 − 3𝑥) = 9 𝒚=𝟒

𝒙=𝟓

3.y=3x+6 , -2x+4y=4

Solution:

−2𝑥 + 𝑦(3𝑥 + 6) = 4 𝑦 = 3(−2) + 6

𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒚=𝟎

Evaluate the following:

1. √−27 + √−48 2. (−2 − √3)^2

= 3𝑖√3 + 4𝑖√3 = (−2 − 𝑖√3)(−2 − 𝑖√3)
= 𝟕𝒊√𝟑 = 4 + 2𝑖 √3 + 2𝑖√3 + 3𝑖 2
= 4 + 4𝑖√3 + 3(−1)

= 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒊√𝟑

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Forms of Complex Numbers
1.1 Objectives
 To identify what are the different forms of complex numbers
1.2 Introduction

There are four forms of complex numbers which are Rectangular, Polar, Trigonometric
and Exponential Form. In this chapter, it teaches us the how to identify the form a
complex equation or number has and it helps us to graph or plot its points using
Argand’s Theorem.

1.3 Definition of Terms

1.Rectangular Form 2.Polar Form

r= magnitude/amplitude
𝑧 = 𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦 Where: 𝑧=𝑟<𝜃 Z=bar angle
X= real part/ component 𝜃=displacement of degree
Y= imaginary part/component
Examples: Examples: 𝜃
𝑧 = 4 + 𝑗4 𝑧 = 5 < 45.89°
𝑧 = −5.43 + 𝑗1
4. Exponential Form
3.Trigonometric Form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃 Where:
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 ± 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝜃=displacement in radians
Examples: Examples:
4𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑧 = 53𝑒 𝑗0.95
3 3

Argand’s Diagram

It is a coordinate system showing the real and imaginary axes for the preparation of the complex
number. The complex number z = x + yi is plotted as the point (x, y), where the real part is plotted in the
horizontal axis and the imaginary part is plotted in the vertical axis.

𝑦
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

3
𝑟 = √42 + 32 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4

𝑟 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠 𝜃 = 36.87°

5|Page
1.4 Question and Answers

Transforming Rectangular Form to Polar Form

1. (3 + j4) ; a=3 , b=4 2. (5-j6) ; a=5 , b=-6

𝑦 𝑦
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

4 −6
𝑟 = √32 + 42 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 𝑟 = √52 + (−6)2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5

𝑟 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠 𝜃 = 53.13° 𝑟 = 7.81 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝜃 = −50.19°

Polar Form: 𝑧 = 5 < 53.13° Polar Form: 𝑧 = 7.81 < −50.19°

Transforming Polar Form to Rectangular Form

1. 5 < 36.78° 2. 7.28 < 15.95°

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 = 5cos(36.78°) 𝑦 = 5sin(36.78°) 𝑥 = 7.28cos(15.95°) 𝑦 = 7.28sin(15.95°)

𝑥 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑦 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑥 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑦 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

∴ 5 < 36.78 = 4 + 𝑗3 ∴ 7.28 < 15.95 = 7 + 𝑗2

Transforming Rectangular Form to Exponential Form

1. (5-7j)
𝑦 𝜋
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝜃 = −54.46 °(180°) = 8.60 < −54.46°
−7
𝑟 = √52 + (−7)2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5
𝜃 = −0.95 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃

𝑟 = 8.60 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝜃 = −54.46 ° ∴ 5 − 7𝑗 = 8.60𝑒 −𝑗0.95

Transforming Exponential Form to Polar Form

1. 𝑧 = 40𝑒 𝑗0.95

𝑟 = 40 𝜃 = 0.95
180°
𝜃 = 0.95 ( 𝜋
)

𝜃 = 54.43°

∴ 40𝑒 𝑗0.95 = 40 < 54.43°

6|Page
Operation of Complex Number

2.1 Objective

 To know how to add, subtract, multiply, divide complex numbers.

2.2 Introduction

In this section, it teaches the students how to operate complex numbers from
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

2.3 Rules in Operating Complex Numbers

Addition of Complex Numbers

It is defined as:

(𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑑)𝑖 = (𝑎 + 𝑐)(𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖

This is similar to grouping like terms: real parts are added to real parts and imaginary
parts are added to imaginary parts.

Subtraction of Complex Numbers

This operation is the same as addition. It is defined as:

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑖

Multiplication of Complex Numbers

Rules: 1. The product of two or more complex numbers in polar form is equal to their product
of magnitude and the sum of their direction.

2. Multiplying of Complex Numbers

3. Convert all complex numbers to polar form and apply rule no.1.

Division of Complex Numbers

Rules: 1. Find and multiply by their conjugate. To find the conjugate of the complex number,
change the sign between the two terms in the denominator.

2. Use F.O.I.L and simplify the powers of 𝑖. NOTE: (𝑖 2 ) = −1

3. Combine like terms, and then reduce to its form𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.

7|Page
2.4 Questions and Answers

Example 1: (3 + 𝑗6) + (4 + 𝑗4)

Solution:

= (3 + 4) + (6 + 4)𝑗 (Combine like terms)

= 7 + 10𝑖 (Evaluate the equation)

10
= √72 + 102 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 7 ) (Convert Rectangular Form to Polar Form, if instructed)

= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟏 < 55° (Do not forget to write the symbol of degree)

8𝑗
Example 2: 7+2𝑗

Solution:
𝑦
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (Convert it to Polar Form)
𝑥

8𝑖 = 8 < 90 ° 7 + 2𝑗 = 7.28 < 15.95 (Polar Form of each term)

8𝑗 8<90°
7+2𝑗
= 7.28<15.95° (Rewrite)

8
= 7.28 (90° − 15.95°) (Divide the magnitude then subtract their direction)

= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 < 74.05° (Answer)

Example 3: (5 + 𝑗3)(6 < 20°)

Solution:

(5 + 𝑗3) = 5.83 < 90.36° (Convert Rectangular Form to Polar Form)

(5.83 < 90.36°)(6 < 20°) (Rewrite)

{(5.83)(6) < (90.36° + 20°)} (Multiply their magnitude and add their direction)

= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 < 110.36° (Answer)

8|Page
 3+2𝑖
Example 4: 4−3𝑖

3+2𝑖 4+3𝑖
∙
4−3𝑖 4+3𝑖
(Get the conjugate from the denominator)

12+9𝑖+8𝑖+6𝑖 2
16+12𝑖−12𝑖−9𝑖 2
(Evaluate by multiplication)

12+9𝑖+8𝑖+6(−1)
(Simply the powers of 𝑖)
16+12𝑖−12𝑖−9(−1)

12+9𝑖+8𝑖−6
16+12𝑖−12𝑖+9

6+17𝑖
25
(Write in the form of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)

𝟔 𝟏𝟕
𝟐𝟓
+ 𝟐𝟓 𝒊 (Answer in Rectangular Form)

62 172 17⁄
25
𝑟=√ + 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 6⁄
25 25 25

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 < 70.56° (Answer in Polar Form)

Example 5: (6 + 𝑗7)(5 < 35° + 7𝑒 𝑗0.765 )

(6 + 𝑗7) (Convert all terms to Polar Form)

7
𝑟 = √62 + 72 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
6

= 𝟗. 𝟐𝟐 < 49.40° (Polar Form of 6+j7)

7𝑒 𝑗0.765
180°
0.765 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∙ 𝜋
= 43.83° (Convert displacement in radian to degrees)

= 𝟕 < 43.83° (Polar Form of 7𝑒 𝑗0.765 )

9.22 < 49.40°(5 < 35° + 7 < 43.83°) (Rewrite and Evaluate)

9.22 < 49.40° (11.97 < 40.15°)

9.22(11.97) < 49.40° + 40.15°

= 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 < 89.55° (Answer in Polar Form)

9|Page
Square Root of Complex Numbers

3.1 Objectives:

 To learn how to find and evaluate square root of complex number and its methods.

3.2 Introduction

When finding the root of complex numbers, write the argument 𝜃 of the complex
number in degrees. In this case, the nth roots are obtained from the formula:
1 𝜃 + 360°𝑘 𝜃 + 360°𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑛 𝑛
There is also another method on evaluating the square root of a complex number and
that is by using the substitution method (quadratic equation):

Let 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

3.3 Definition and Terms

In the given formula:

1 𝜃 + 360°𝑘 𝜃 + 360°𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑛 𝑛
k=0,1,2,3….

n-1 = root of the complex number z.

By using the second method, the result of finding x and y will be ± numbers.

Example:

X=±3𝑖

Y=±5

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3.4 Questions and Answers
−6
1. √4𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 Equation 2: 𝑏 = 𝑎

−6 2
Solution: 𝑎2 − ( 𝑎 ) = 5

36
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2 = 4𝑖 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = 5𝑎2

𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 − 𝑏 2 = −4𝑖 (𝑎4 − 5𝑎2 − 36) = 0

(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −4𝑖 (𝑎2 − 9)(𝑎2 + 4) = 0

(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0 𝑎 = ±3 ; 𝑎 = ±𝑗2

2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = −4 𝑏 = −2 ; 𝑏 = 2

𝑎𝑏 = −2 √𝟓 + 𝒋𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒋𝟐 ; −𝟑 + 𝒋𝟐

−𝑎2 = −2

𝑎 = ±√2, 𝑏 ∓ √2

√𝟐 − √𝟐𝒊 , −√𝟐 + √𝟐𝒊 4. √8 − 6𝑖

Solution:

2. √3 + 𝑗4 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖 = ±√(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) ± 𝑎𝑏𝑖

Solution: ±√8 − 6𝑖 = ±√9 − 2(3)(𝑖) − 1

(3 + 𝑗4) = 5 < 53.13° = ±√32 − 2(3)(𝑖) + 𝑖 2

1
1 1
(3+𝑗4)2 = 5 < (53.13°)
2 2
= ±√(3 − 𝑖)2

(𝟑 + 𝒋𝟒) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟔 < 𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟕° = ±(𝟑 − 𝒊)

3. √5 + 𝑗12 5. 2. √5 + 𝑗7

Solution: Solution:

5 + 𝑗12 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 (5 + 𝑗7) = 8.60 < 54.46°

2 1
1 1
(√5 − 𝑗12) = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2 (5+𝑗7)2 = 8.60 < (54.46°)
2 2

5 − 𝑗12 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑗 + 𝑏 2 𝑗 2 (𝟓 + 𝒋𝟕) = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 < 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟑°

Equation 1: 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 5

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Nth Root of Complex Numbers

4.1 Objectives:

 To find the nth root of the complex numbers

4.2 Introduction

From the general exponential form and trigonometric form

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗(𝜃𝜃+2𝜋𝑘)

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠(𝜃 + 360° 𝑘)

Take the nth root of both sides:

1 1 𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗 ( )
𝑛
1 0 + 360𝑘 𝜃 + 360°𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑛 [cos ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 0 + 360𝑘 𝜃 + 360°𝑘
𝑧 = √𝑟 [cos ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑛 𝑛

4.3 Definition and Terms

𝑛 0 + 360𝑘 𝜃 + 360°𝑘
𝑧 = √𝑟 [cos ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑛 𝑛
Where:

k=0,1,2(n-1)

𝑧0 = the principal value of the root and must be a positive angle

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4.4 Questions and Answers

1. Find the three root of 125.

Solution:
125=125<0 ;θ=0°
3 0 + 360(0) 𝜃 + (360)(0)
𝑘 = 0 ; 𝑧0 = √125 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 5 < 0°
3 3
3 0 + 360(1) 𝜃 + (360)(1)
𝑘 = 1 ; 𝑧1 = √125 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 5 < 120°
3 3
3 0 + 360(2) 𝜃 + (360)(2)
𝑘 = 2 ; 𝑧2 = √125 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 5 < 240°
3 3

2. Find the fourth root of 𝒊.

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 = 1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) , 𝑘 = 0
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 8 𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 8

9𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 13𝜋
𝑧3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 8
𝑧4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 8

𝝅
3. Find the fourth root of 𝒛 = 𝟓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅⁄𝟑) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑
Solution: k=0,1,2,3
4 π 0 π 0 4 π π
z1 = √5 [cos ( + ) + jsin ( + )] = √5 [cos ( ) + jsin ( )]
12 2 12 2 12 12
4 π π π π 4 7π 7π
z2 = √5 [cos ( + ) + jsin ( + )] = √5 [cos ( ) + jsin ( )]
12 2 12 2 12 12
4 π 2π π 2π 4 13π 13π
z3 = √5 [cos ( + ) + jsin ( + )] = √5 [cos ( ) + jsin ( )]
12 2 12 2 12 12
4 π 3π π 3π 4 19π 19π
z4 = √5 [cos ( + ) + jsin ( + )] = √5 [cos ( ) + jsin ( )]
12 2 12 2 12 12

4. Find the 4 root 𝟑𝟐𝒆𝒋𝟏.𝟎𝟒𝟕

Solution:
60 + 360(0) 60 + (360)(0)
𝑘 = 0 ; 𝑧0 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 1.41 < 60°
10 10
𝑘 = 1 ; 𝑧1 = 1.41 < 42°
𝑘 = 2 ; 𝑧2 = 1.41 < 78°
𝑘 = 3 ; 𝑧3 = 1.41 < 114°
𝑘 = 5 ; 𝑧5 = 1.41 < 186°

5. Find the cube roots of -1.

𝜋 𝜋 1 √3
z1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑖
3 3 2 2
𝜋 + 2𝜋 𝜋 + 2𝜋
z2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −1 + 𝑖
3 3
𝜋+4𝜋 𝜋+4𝜋 1 √3
z3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
=2− 2
𝑖

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De Moivre’s Theorem

5.1 Objectives

 To know how to solve complex number with higher degrees.

5.2 Introduction

In mathematics, de Moivre’s Fomula (also known as de Moivre’s Theorem or Identity), named

after Abraham de Moivre, states that for any complex number raised to the nth power, the outcomes
will be equal to another complex number with magnitude equal to the original complex numbers
magnitude to the nth power and the argument equal to the original complex number’s argument
mulplied by “m”.

(𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠𝜃)m= (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 )m

𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑗𝑠𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑗𝑠𝑛𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑒𝑗 𝑚𝜃

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

5.3 Definition of Terms

In mathematics, de Moivre’s Fomula:

(𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠𝜃)m= (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 )m

𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑗𝑠𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑟 𝑚 (𝑐𝑗𝑠𝑛𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑒𝑗 𝑚𝜃

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Where m: is any real number

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5.4 Questions and Answers

Evaluate the following by De Moivre’s Theorem.

−1 √3 5. (−1 + 𝑖√3)12
1. ( 2 + 𝑗 2 ) 3
6
Solution: 12(2𝜋) 12(2𝜋)
1 < 120° = 212 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 120° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛120°)3 = 4096(𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝜋)
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(60°) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(60°)3 = 4096(1 + 𝑖(0)
= [(cos(60°) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(60)2 ]3 = 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 60° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛60°)6
𝜋
= (1𝑒 𝑗 3 )6
=1<360°
=1

2. (0.906 + 𝑗0.422)2
Solution: 1 < 25°
= 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 25° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛25°)3
𝜋 5𝜋
= 25° =
180° 36
5𝜋
= 1𝑒 36
= 𝟏 < 𝟓𝟎°

𝜋 𝜋 6
3. 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 6
= 26 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
1
= 64 [(cos 𝜋+𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)3 ]6
= 64(𝑐𝑜𝑠 180° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛180°)2
= (64𝑒 𝑗𝜋 )2
=64<60°
= 64 + 𝑗0
= 64

4. (1 + 𝑖√3)3
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 (cos 3 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
3 3
= 8(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)
= 8(−1 + 0𝑖)
= −8

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Logarithmic Complex Numbers

6.1Objectives

To learn how to evaluate complex numbers in logarithmic form and its properties.

6.2Introduction

In complex analysis, a complex logarithm of the non-zero complex number z, denoted by w =

log z, is defined to be any complex number w for which e w = z.[1] This construction is analogous to the
real logarithm function ln, which is the inverse of the real exponential function e y, satisfying e lnx = x for
positive real numbers x.

If z is given in polar form as z = r⋅e i⋅θ (r and θ real numbers with r > 0), then w0 = ln(r) + i⋅θ is one
logarithm of z. Since z = r⋅e i⋅(θ + 2kπ) exactly for all integer k, adding integer multiples of 2π to the
argument θ gives all the numbers that are logarithms of z:[1]

wk = ln(r) + i⋅(θ + 2kπ).

6.3 Definition and Terms

There are two kinds of Logarithms

 Common (Brigssian)Logarithm
Notation: Log
Base:10
Example:𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑧

 Natural (Naperian) Logarithm

Notation: In
Base: 𝑒 = 2.171829 …
Example:log e z = lnz

Properties of Logarithm

1. log b N = X ; N = bx 7.log a (xy) = log a x + log b x

𝑥
2. log e N = Y ; InN = y ; N = ey 8.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = log a x − log b x

3.ln ex = x

4.elny = y

5.10logx = x

6.lnx n = nlnx

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6.4 Question and Answers

1.ln 6 < 30° 5. ln 4.34 < 30.56°

Solution: Solution:
𝜋
𝑗( +2𝜋𝑘)
6 < 30° = 6𝑒 6 4.43 < 30.56° = 4.43𝑒 𝑗(0.533+2𝜋𝑘)
𝜋
𝑗( +2𝜋𝑘)
ln 6 < 30° = In6𝑒 6 ln 4.43 < 30.56° = In4.43𝑒 𝑗(0.533+2𝜋𝑘)
𝝅
𝐥𝐧 𝟔 < 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟗𝟐 + 𝒋 ( + 𝟐𝝅𝒌) 𝐥𝐧 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 < 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟔° = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟖 + 𝒋(𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌)
𝟔

2. ln 3 < 45°

Solution:
𝜋
𝑗( +2𝜋𝑘)
3 < 45° = 3𝑒 4

𝜋
𝑗( +2𝜋𝑘)
ln 3 < 45° = In3𝑒 4

𝝅
𝐥𝐧 𝟔 < 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 + 𝒋 ( + 𝟐𝝅𝒌)
𝟒

3.ln(−5)

= 𝑙𝑛|−5| + 𝑖[arg(−5)]

= 𝐥𝐧(𝟓) + 𝝅𝒊

4.𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑗2)2

1 + 𝑗2 = 2.236 < 63.43°

1 + 𝑗2 =2.236𝑒 𝑗(1.107+2𝜋𝑘)
4
ln(1 + 𝑗4)4 = ln[2.236𝑒 𝑗(1.107+2𝜋𝑘) ]

ln(1 + 𝑗4)4 = 4(ln2.236 + j(1.107 + 2𝜋𝑘)

ln(1 + 𝑗4)4 = 4(ln2.236 + 4j(1.107 + 2𝜋𝑘)

= 𝟑. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 + 𝐣(𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 + 𝟖𝛑𝐤)

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