Vectors and Matrices, Problem Set 1

Vectors, vector spaces and geometry

Un-starred questions indicate standard problems students should be familiar with.

1. Which of the following sets of vectors are linearly independent? For each linearly dependent set,
identify a maximal subset of linearly independent vectors. Provide detailed reasoning in each case.
           
1 0 0 0 1 0
(a) v1 =  0 , v2 =  1 , v3 =  0  (b) v1 =  1 , v2 =  1 , v3 =  0 
0 0 1 1 1 1
     
      1 2 −3
1 2 1  2 
, v2 =  1 , v3 =  6 
   
(c) v1 =  0 , v2 =  3 , v3 =  6  (d) v1 =   0   1   −4 
1 1 −1
−3 −4 1

2. Which of the following sets constitute sub vector spaces of the given vector space? Provide reasoning
in each case.  
x
(a) All three-dimensional vectors  y  ∈ R3 satisfying x = y = 2z.
z
 
x
(b) All two-dimensional vectors ∈ R2 satisfying x2 + y 2 = 1.
y
(c) Within the vector space of real functions f : R → R, the subset of even functions, that is, the
functions satisfying f (x) = f (−x).

3. Consider the vector space of 3 × 3 matrices A with real entries Aij . What is the dimension of this
vector space?
(a) Show that the subset of symmetric 3 × 3 matrices, that is, matrices satisfying Aij = Aji , forms
a sub vector space. Write down an explicit basis for this sub vector space. What is its dimension?
(b) Do the same for the subset of 3 × 3 anti-symmetric matrices, that is, matrices satisfying
Aij = −Aij .
(c) Generalize the results from (a) and (b) to n × n matrices with real entries.

     
1 0 2
4. Show that the vectors v1 =  −1 , v2 =  1 , v3 =  0  form a basis of R3 . Write a
0 −1 1
 
x
general vector v =  y  ∈ R3 as a linear combination of this basis. What are the coordinates of v
z
relative to the basis v1 , v2 , v3 ?

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 5.∗ Consider a real vector space V and two sub vector spaces U and W of V .
(a) Show that the intersection U ∩ W is a sub vector space of V .
(b) Show that U + W (the set of all sums u + w where u ∈ U and w ∈ W ) is a sub vector space
of V .
(c) The dimensions of the above vector spaces are related by dim(U + W ) = dim(U ) + dim(W ) −
dim(U ∩ W ). Verify this formula for the specific example where V = R3 , U is spanned by u1 = i + 2j,
u2 = k and W is spanned by w1 = j + k, w2 = −i + 2j.
(If you are ambitious, try to prove the dimension formula in (c) in general. Start by writing down
a basis for U ∩ W and complete this to a basis of U and W , respectively.)
6. For three-dimensional vectors a, b, c prove the following relations:
(a) c · (a × b) = −(b × a) · c ,
(b) a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c ,
(c) (a × b) · (c × d) = (a · c)(b · d) − (a · d)(b · c) .
7. For three-dimensional vectors a, b, c, prove the following:
(a) a × b = a − b implies that a = b ,
(b) c = λa + µb implies that (a × b) · c = 0 ,
(c) if a × c = b × c, this implies that c · a − c · b = ±|c| · |a − b| ,
(d) (a × b) × (c × b) = b[b · (a × c)] .
8. The three-dimensional vectors a, b, c form the sides of a triangle.
(a) Show that |a × b| = |b × c| = |c × a|.
(b) Find the area of the triangle with vertices at P = (1, 3, 2), Q = (2, −1, 1) and R = (−1, 2, 3).
9. (a) Prove that the three vectors a = i + j + 2k, b = 2i + 3j − k, c = i + 2j − 3k are coplanar.
(b) For a = i + j + k and b = 2i − j, find a vector which is coplanar with a and b, but perpendicular
to a.
10.∗ The three-dimensional vectors vi , where i = 1, 2, 3 are not co-planar with triple product V =
v1 · (v2 × v3 ). Define the reciprocal vectors vi0 by v10 = V1 v2 × v3 , v20 = V1 v3 × v1 and v30 = V1 v1 × v2 .
(a) Show that vi · vj0 = δij and, hence, that the coordinates of a vector w relative to the basis vi
are given by w · vi0 .
(b) Show that the triple product V 0 = v10 · (v20 × v30 ) of the reciprocal vectors equals 1/V .
(c) Show that taking the reciprocal of the reciprocal leads back to the original vectors, that is, show
that V10 v20 × v30 = v1 , V10 v30 × v10 = v2 and V10 v10 × v20 = v3 .
11. What is the shortest distance of p = (2, 3, 4) from the x-axis?
12. Write down the vector equation of the line

(x − 2) (y − 1) (z − 5)
= =
4 3 2
and find the minimum distance of this line from the origin.
13. Derive an expression for the shortest distance between the two lines
ri = qi + λi mi , where i = 1, 2. Hence find the shortest distance between the lines

(x − 2) (z + 1) (y + 1)
= (y − 3) = and (x + 2) = = (z − 1) .
2 2 2

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 14. Find the Cartesian equation for the plane passing through P1 = (2, −1, 1), P2 = (3, 2, −1) and
P3 = (−1, 3, 2).

15. Find the Cartesian and vector description of the plane which contains the three position vectors
a = 3i + 2j + k, b = −i + 3j − 2k, and c = 2i + 2j + 2k.

16. A line goes through the origin and the point P = (1, 1, 1); a plane goes through points A =
(−1, 1, −2), B = (1, 5, −5), C = (0, 2, −3). Find the intersection point of the plane and the line.