Introduction

Computer is an Electronic device which can process large amount of data with very
high speed and accuracy.
 Objectives
• A vary large amount of work can be done with in few seconds.
• Familiar with the components of computers.
• Basic computational concepts.
• To know techniques for solving problems.
• Understanding a range of problem solving techniques using
computers.
 What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input),
process the data according to specified rules, produce information
(output), and store the information for future use.
 What are all of the features
of the computer?
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Versatility
• Automation
• Storage
Generations of Computers
 First Generation Computers

• Time Period: 1946-1959

• Type: Vacuum tube based.
 Second Generation
Computers

• Time Period: 1959-1965

• Type: Transistor Based
Third Generation Computers

• Time Period: 1965-1971

• Type: Integrated Circuit (IC) based
 Fourth Generation
Computers
• Time Period:
1971-1980
• Type: LSI and
VLSI
microprocessor
based
 Fifth Generation Computers

• Time Period: 1980-onwards

• Type: ULSI microprocessor based
 Information Processing
System

• DATA: Data is a collection of independent and unorganized

facts.

• INORMATION: Information is processed and organized data,

presented in a meaningful form.

• DATA PROCESSING: Data processing is the course of doing things

in a sequence of steps.
 Functions of an Information
Processing System
• It accepts and gather data (INPUT).
• It processes data to become information (PROCESSING).
• It stores data to become information (STORE).
• It presents information (OUTPUT).
Parts That Build Up A System
• Casing Cover • Video Card
• Power Supply • Sound Card
• Mother Board • LAN Card
• Microprocessor • Floppy Disk Drive
• Memory • Hard Disk Drive
• Mouse • Optical Disk Drive
 Casing or Cover

• The box or outer shell that houses most of the computer.

• It Protects the computer circuits, cooling and system organization.
• It is one of the most overlooked parts of the PC.
 Power Supply
• Responsible for powering every device in your computer.
• Parts of a power supply is:
Disk device connector
Motherboard connector
Power supply fan
Power switch
Input voltage selector
Cover
Power plugs respectable
 Motherboard
• The physical arrangement in a computer that contains the computer’s
basic circuitry and components.
• The components of Motherboard are:
Microprocessor
Co-processor (optional)
Memory
Basic Input / Output System (BIOS)
Expansion Slot
Interconnecting circuitry
 Expansion Slots
• Graphic cards
• Sound cards
• Modem cards
• Network interface cards / network adapter
 Components of computer
system:
• Any kind of computers consists of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes
a computer system.
• Software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task.
• Peopleware refer to people who use and operate the computer system,
write computer programs, and design the information system.
HARDWARE
 Basic Hardware of a PC
System
• Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• Memory Unit.
• Input Devices.
• Output Devices.
• Secondary Storage Devices.
 Central Processing Unit
(CPU)

• A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and

processes.
• A CPU is made of three main parts:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): - It executes all arithmetic and logical
operations.

Control Unit (CU): - It controls and coordinates all computer

components.

Memory and Storage Unit: - Stores the data/instructions.

 Keyboard

It is a kind of input device that sends signals to the computer

corresponding to the key that is pressed.
 Mouse

It is also a kind of input device that is used to move the cursor

anywhere in the screen, to select some contents, scroll down a page.
 VDU (Visual Display Unit)

It is an example of output device that represents the data, that is sent

by the computer, into a pictorial form, so that the user can interact/deals
with that.
 Examples of some input
and output devices
• Input Devices: - Output Devices: -
1. Monitor 2. Projectors 3. Printers
1. Keyboard 2. Mouse 3. Touch Screen

4. Microphone 5. Scanner 6. Webcam 4. Sound 5. Head Phones 6. Video Cards

Speakers

7. Touch Pads 8. Joy Stick 9. Game Pad

12.
10. Web Cams 11. Scanners
Microphones
 Computer Memory
Computer memories are
used to store data /
infromations that is to be used
by the computer to execute user
requests.
There are mainly three
types of memories, they are, i)
Primary memory and
ii) Secondary memory, iii) Cache
memory
 Primary Memory

• Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which

computer is currently working.
• It has limited capacity, higher speed compared to secondary memory
and costlier than secondary memories.
• It is divided into two sub categories: - RAM(Random Access Memory)
and ROM(Read Only Memory).
RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers that is
generally located on the motherboard.
• This type of memory is volatile i.e., all information that was stored in RAM is lost
when the computer is turned off.
• There are two types of RAM chips, they are: i) SRAM and ii) DRAM
 SRAM and DRAM

• Static Random Access Memory (Static RAM or SRAM) is a type of

RAM that holds data in a static form, that is, as long as the memory
has power.
• Dynamic Random Access Memory (Static RAM or SRAM) is a type of
memory that holds data in dynamic form, that is, even if the power
goes off the stored data will be stored in it.
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

• Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of data storage used in computers that
is permanently attached on the motherboard.
• This type of memory is non-volatile i.e., all information that was stored in
ROM is never lost when the computer is turned off.
• The data / information that is stored in the ROM is stored by the
manufacturer.
• There are mainly three types of ROMs, they are: i)PROM, ii) EPROM,
iii)EEPROM.
 Secondary Memories

• CPU cannot directly access secondary memories, RAMs are used to communicate
between CPU and Secondary memories.
• It has the largest capacity, and it is the slowest and cheapest memory in computer
system.
• Some secondary devices are: - i)Magnetic disk, ii) Optical disk, iii) Floppy disk, iv) CD
and DVD drives, v) USB drives and so on.
 Cache Memory

• Cache memory is the memory that is nearest to the CPU.

• It is a volatile memory.
• The size of cache memory is the smallest and the cost and speed of
this memory is highest among primary memory and secondary
memory.
 Register Memory
• Registers are the fastest memories that are directly integrated with
the CPU.
• A register is a group of flip-flops. Each flip-flops are capable of storing
1 bit of information in the form of 0 or 1.
• A n-bit register is a group of n flip-flops and is capable of storing n-bit
data.
SOFTWARES
 Concept of Computer
Softwares
• Computer software, often called as software, is a set of instructions
and its associated documentations that tells a computer what
to do or how to perform a task.
• There are two types of softwares, they are,
System Software
Application Software
 System Software
• System software is software designed
to provide a platform to
other software
• The two main types of system
software are the operating
system and the software installed
with the operating system, often
called utility software.
 Application Software
• Application software is a
term which is used
for software created for a
specific purpose. It is
generally a program or
collection of programs used
by end users.
• It enable the user to
complete tasks, such as
creating documents,
sending email, playing
games or etc.
 Bit And Byte

• Bit: - A bit is the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify

computer data. It contains a single binary value of 0 or 1.
• Byte: - byte is a unit of measurement used to measure data. One
byte contains eight bits, a series of eight zeros and ones.
 Basic Units of Measurement
• A byte can be used to represent a • Conversion of bits and bytes:
character, that can be, 1 byte = 8 bit
A letter 1 KB (Kilobytes) = 1024 bytes
A number 1 MB (Megabytes) = 1024 KB
A special symbol 1 GB (Gigabytes) = 1024 MB
A space  1 TB (Terabytes) = 1024 GB
1 PB (Petabytes)= 1024 TB
1 EB (Exabyte) = 1024 PB
1 ZB (Zettabyte) = 1024 EB
1 YB (Yottabyte) = 1024 ZB