BE915-Medical Science 2017/18

n 20 postgraduate credits
n Anatomy
n Cell Biology

n Physiology 1

n Physiology 2
 Instructors
n Dr Bernie Conway (module organiser)
n Tel 548 3316 [email protected]
n Prof Helen Grant
n Tel 548 3438 [email protected]
n Dr Michelle MacLean [email protected]
 Course Aims
To provide students with a general introduction
to pre-clinical medical science and promote an
understanding of biological systems and their
control.

The class is aimed at students with no formal

education in biological science at university
undergraduate level.
 Course Assessment
n Total Credits =20
(1 credit is considered to be equivalent to 10 hours of student effort)

n 20 credits are gained by achieving an average mark of 50% or greater in the exams which are during
the next 4 weeks.
n There are 3 exams (Cell Biology, Anatomy & Physiology 1 and Anatomy & Physiology 2).

n Cell Biology is MCQ based and worth 25% of final mark

n Anatomy & Physiol 1 together with Anatomy & Physiol 2 account for 75% of the final mark.

Each Anatomy & Physiology paper will have 50 multiple choice physiology questions and up to 15 questions on fundamental anatomy.
Anatomy and Physiology 1 – will focus on the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and musculoskeletal systems.
Anatomy and Physiology 2- will focus on the anatomy and physiology of the other major organ systems including the cardiovascular and
respiratory system.

n Resit exams will be scheduled at the end of the year if they are required.
 Textbook
n Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology.

n By Frederic H Martini ed 10
n Published by Pearson

n Available at a discount (£43.99) from John Smith’s University Bookshop

 Class Timetable
n A provisional timetable is provided in the
handout.
n Please consult the Notice boards and MyPlace
for any amendments or late changes in time or
venue.
n Normally all classes will be held in Rm GH 863.
n Classes will start at the time scheduled and
punctuality would be appreciated.
Week Day Date Time Section Lecture Title and presenter
Week 2 Mon 18/09/2017 3-5pm General Course Introduction & Homeostasis (BAC)
Tue 19/09/2017 9-11am Cell Biology Biochemistry (HG)
Tue 19/09/2017 1-3pm Cell Biology Cellular Organisation (HG)
Wed 20/09/2017 11am-1pm Cell Biology Cellular Energetics (HG)
Thur 21/09/2017 11am-1pm Cell Biology Protein Synthesis/ Cell Division (HG)
Thur 21/09/2017 3-5pm Cell Biology Tissue Structure/ Repair (HG)
Frid 22/09/2017 9-11am Cell Biology Blood (HG)
Week 3 Tue 26/09/2017 9-11am Anatomy 1a Bones, Joints & Muscles
Tue 26/09/2017 1-3pm Anatomy 1b Bones, Joints & Muscles
Wed 27/09/2017 11am-1pm Anatomy 2a The Nervous System (BAC)
Thur 28/09/2017 11am-1pm Anatomy 2b The Nervous System (BAC)
Thur 28/09/2017 3-5pm Anatomy 3a Organ systems of thorax, abdomen & pelvis (BAC)
Frid 29/09/2017 9-11am Anatomy 3b Organ systems of thorax, abdomen & pelvis (BAC)
Week 4 Mon 02/10/2017 3-5pm Cell Biology Communication & Adhesion (HG)
Tue 03/10/2017 9-11am Cell Biology Signalling (HG)
Tue 03/10/2017 1-3pm Cell Biology Biology of Stem Cells (HG)
Wed 04/10/2017 11am-1pm Cell Biology Molecular Biology (HG)
Thur 04/10/2017 11am-1pm Cell Biology Immunology (MM)
Thur 05/10/2017 3-5pm Cell Biology Revision Tutorial
Frid 05/10/2017 9-11am Cell Biology MCQ Exam
Week 5 Mon 09/10/2017 3-5pm Physiology 1 Excitable tissues 1 (BAC)
Tue 10/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 1 Excitable Tissues 2 (BAC)
Tue 10/10/2017 1-3pm Physiology 1 Neurotransmission (BAC)
Wed 11/10/2017 11am-1pm Physiology 1 Neuronal Integration (BAC)
Thur 12/10/2017 11am-1pm Physiology 1 Muscle Physiology (BAC)
Frid 13/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 1 Somatic Nervous System (BAC)
Week 6 Mon 16/10/2017 11-1pm Physiology 1 Autonomic Nervous System (BAC)
Mon 16/10/2017 3-5pm Physiology 1 Sensory Transduction (BAC)
Tue 17/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 1 Control of Movement (BAC)
Tue 17/10/2017 1-3pm Physiology 1 Revision Tutorial (BAC)
Wed 18/10/2017 No class Physiology 1 Private Study
Thur 19/10/2017 11am-1pm Physiology 1 MCQ Physiol 1 & Anat (1 &2)
Frid 19/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 2 Gas Transport in Blood/Control of body pH (HG)
Week 7 Mon 23/10/2017 3-5pm Physiology 2 Fluid Balance and Kidney Function (HG)
Tue 24/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 2 The Heart & Circulation (BAC)
Tue 24/10/2017 1-3pm Physiology 2 The Cardiac Cycle & Control of Blood Pressure (BAC)
Wed 25/10/2017 11am-1pm Physiology 2 The Respiratory System (BAC)
Thur 26/10/2017 11am-1pm Physiology 2 Control of Breathing (BAC)
Thur 26/10/2017 3-5pm Physiology 2 Revision Tutorial
Frid 27/10/2017 9-11am Physiology 2 MCQ Exam Physiol 2 and Anatomy 3
An Introduction to Studying the Human Body

•Explain the importance of studying anatomy and

physiology.
•Explain the relationship between anatomy and
physiology, and describe various specialties of each
discipline.
•Identify the major levels of organization in organisms,

Learning from the simplest to the most complex, and identify

major components of each organ system.
•Use anatomical terminology to describe body
Outcomes regions, body sections, and relative positions of body
parts
•Be able to identify the major body cavities and
associated functions of each.
•Explain the concept of homeostasis.
•Describe how negative feedback and positive
feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation, and
explain the significance of homeostasis.
Anatomy & Physiology

Is the study of
ANATOMY:-
body structure

Is the study of
PHYSIOLOGY:-
body function

See Martini, Chapter 1

Anatomy

Describes the structures of the body

What they are made of.
Where they are located.
How structures relate to one another.
Anatomical Approaches
Gross Anatomy- examines large visible structures
Surface Anatomy- describes exterior features
Regional Anatomy- describes body areas
Systemic Anatomy- describes organ systems
Clinical Anatomy- relates to medical specialities and links to pathology
Developmental Anatomy- describes formation and ageing of anatomical
structures.
Central Themes in Physiology

Function is based on structure.

That cell and tissue function have arisen

through an evolutionary process and are
genetically determined.

That the regulation of the intra- and extracellular

environment provides the constancy necessary for
coordinated chemical and physical processes
(homeostasis).
Physiology

The ultimate goal of this subject is to understand in

physical and chemical terms the mechanisms that
operate at all levels, ranging from the molecular and
sub-cellular level to the integrated whole animal.

The principles that govern physiological function

therefore arise from the properties of matter and
energy.
Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect Your Life

Scientists and engineers by trying to understand normal function

provide a key from which advances in medical practice can evolve
based on a solid understanding of cell and tissue function.

The Life or Biological Sciences are therefore an important foundation

for medical research and for Scientific Medical Practice.

As our understanding of normal function improves so does our ability

to develop improved scientifically sound treatments for disease.

A medic or other member of a clinical team who understands normal

body function is better equipped to make an accurate diagnosis and
plan and monitor effective treatment.
 Levels of organisation
n The Chemical (or Molecular) Level
n Atoms are the smallest chemical units
n Molecules are a group of atoms working together
n The Cellular Level
n Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles
working together
n The Tissue Level
n A tissue is a group of similar cells working together
n The Organ Level
n An organ is a group of different tissues working together
 Levels of Organization
n The Organ System Level
n An organ system is a group of organs working together
n Humans considered to have 11 organ systems
n The Organism Level
n A human is an organism

n Psychology
n Study of mind and behaviour
Navigating the Body: The Standard Anatomical Position

The anatomical position

1 standing straight,

2 arms by the side,

3 palms forward,

4 feet together

is the reference position all

anatomical and movement
descriptions arise from.
 Navigating the Body: The Standard Anatomical Terms
Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)
The head is superior to the knee. Superior

Right Left Cranial or Cephalic

Toward the head
Key Terms
The cranial, or cephalic, border of
the pelvis is superior to the thigh. Lateral/Medical
Proximal
Toward an
Anterior/Posterior
attached base
The shoulder is
proximal to the
Ventral/Dorsal
wrist. Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral
Posterior: The back
surface
Anterior: The front
surface
Proximal/Distal
Dorsal: The back.
(equivalent to posterior
when referring to the
Ventral: The belly
side. (equivalent to
anterior when
Cranial or Rostral/Caudal
human body)
The scapula (shoulder
blade) is located
referring to the human
body)
The umbilicus (navel) Superior/Inferior
posterior is on the
Lateral Medial
to the rib cage. anterior (or ventral)
Away Toward surface of the trunk.
from the the
midline midline
Proximal

Caudal
Distal
Toward the tail;
Away from an (coccyx in
attached base humans)
The fingers are The hips are
distal to the caudal to the
wrist. waist.

OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Superficial

Distal At, near, or relatively close

to the body surface
The skin is superficial to
underlying structures.

Deep
Toward the interior of the
body; farther from the surface
The bone of the thigh is deep
a Anterior view to the surrounding skeletal b Lateral view
muscles.

Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The knee is inferior to the hip. Inferior

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Anatomical Terminology

• Sectional Anatomy
• Planes and sections
• Plane: a three-dimensional axis
• Section: a slice parallel to a plane
• Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
• Important in radiological techniques
• MRI
• PET
• CT

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Navigating the Body: The Standard Anatomical Planes
Frontal or coronal
plane
Key Terms
Sagittal plane

Plane is oriented parallel to

Plane is oriented long axis
parallel to long axis A sagittal section separates
right and left portions. You
A frontal , or coronal , examine a sagittal section,
section separates but you section sagittally.
anterior and In a midsagittal section , the
posterior portions of plane passes through the
the body. Coronal midline. It separates the
usually refers to body into equal right and
sections passing left sides.
through the skull. A parasagittal section
misses the midline. It
Directional term: separates the body into
frontally or coronally unequal right and left sides.
Midsagittal plane
Directional term: sagittally

Transverse, or
horizontal, plane

Plane is oriented
Frontal plane perpendicular to long axis

A transverse , or cross,
Transverse plane section separates
(inferior view) superior and inferior
portions of the body.

Directional term:
transversely or horizontally

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Navigating the Body:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Navigating the Body:

Antebrachial Pelvic Trunk

or forearm (pelvis)
Carpal or wrist
Palmar or palm
Manual
or hand

Pollex Digits Inguinal

or thumb (phalanges) or groin
or fingers (digital
or phalangeal) Pubic
Patellar (pubis)
or kneecap Femoral
Crural or thigh
or leg
Tarsal or
ankle

Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal) Pedal
Hallux or or foot
great toe
a Anterior view

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2).

Cephalic
or head

Acromial or
shoulder Cervical
Dorsal or or neck
back

Olecranal Upper
or back limb
of elbow

b Posterior view

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2).

Lumbar
or loin Upper
limb

Gluteal
or buttock

Lower
Popliteal or
back of knee limb

Sural
or calf

Calcaneal or
heal of foot

Plantar or
sole of foot

b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Body Cavities
• Essential Functions of Body Cavities
1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
2. Permit changes in size and shape of
internal organs
• Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial Cavity (Brain)
• Spinal or Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cord)
• Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
• Divided by the diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity

Serous Membranes
• Line body cavities and cover
organs
• Parietal layer — lines cavity
• Visceral layer — covers organ

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Body Cavities • The Thoracic Cavity
• Right and left pleural cavities
• Contain right and left lungs
• Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels,
trachea, esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial
cavity
• The heart is located within the
pericardial cavity

• The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal cavity — superior portion
• Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
• Contains digestive organs
• Retroperitoneal space
• Area posterior to peritoneum and
anterior to muscular body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys,
ureters, and parts of the digestive
tract
• Pelvic cavity
Within pelvic bones
Contains reproductive organs,
rectum, and bladder

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHWnJwBkmo&spfreload=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwB5SL90Le8

YouTube Resources on Anatomy

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Homeostasis
n Homeostasis
n All body systems working together to maintain a
stable internal environment
n Systems respond to external and internal changes to
function within a normal range (body temperature,
fluid balance)
 Homeostasis

Physiological regulatory systems maintain internal conditions within

narrow ranges despite large external variations
(Claude Bernard 1813-1878)
 Homeostasis
n Mechanisms of Regulation
n Autoregulation (intrinsic)
n Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change

n Extrinsic regulation
n Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
 Homeostasis
n Receptor
n Receives the stimulus

n Control center
n Processes the signal and sends instructions

n Effector
n Carries out instructions
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
 Negative and Positive Feedback
n The Role of Negative Feedback
n The response of the effector negates the stimulus

n Body is brought back into homeostasis

n Normal range is achieved
 Negative and Positive Feedback
n The Role of Positive Feedback
n The response of the effector increases change of the
stimulus
n Body is moved away from homeostasis
n Normal range is lost

n Used to speed up processes

 Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

Clotting
accelerates

Positive
feedback
loop

Chemicals Blood clot

Chemicals

Damage to cells in the The chemicals start chain As clotting continues, This escalating process
blood vessel wall releases reactions in which cells, each step releases is a positive feedback
chemicals that begin the cell fragments, and chemicals that further loop that ends with the
process of blood clotting. soluble proteins in the accelerate the process. formation of a blood clot,
blood begin to form a clot. which patches the vessel
wall and stops the bleeding.
Homeostasis
 Negative and Positive Feedback
n Systems Integration
n Systems work together to maintain homeostasis
n Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium
n Opposing forces are in balance
n Dynamic equilibrium — continual adaptation
n Physiological systems work to restore balance
n Failure results in disease or death
The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation
1. The ability of an organism to adapt to living in different environmental conditions is generally
associated with which one of the following?

A. Hibernation and migration

B. Phenotypic variation.
C. Homeostasis.
D. Natural selection.

2. Which one of the following statements on positive feedback mechanisms is false?

A. Positive feedback in biological systems is normally self-limiting.

B. The contractions of the uterus during childbirth are controlled by positive feedback.
C. In positive feedback loops a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus.
D. Positive feedback control is the most common observed form of regulation in living animals.

3. Which one of the following is not regulated by negative feedback?

A. The control of body temperature.

B. The formation of blood clots
C. The control of arterial blood pressure.
D. The control of blood pH.