CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

REPORT
Experiment 1: Chemical
reactions

To: Instructor: PhD Hoang Le Son

From: Do Truong Anh Thu - Student ID: BTBCIU14046

Subject: General Chemistry Laboratory

Date: October 12th, 2015

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Chemical Reactions are processes forming new substances base on breaking

chemical bonds of the initial reactants to make new ones. To study the classification of a
chemical reaction, its nature and type as well as the observed equation, the first
experiment including 8 chemical reactions and 1 flame test is dedicated to us for
achieving: Firstly, to determine whether the chemical reaction took play or not by
observing various phenomenon can be the color change, gas forming, precipitation and
also check the release of heat and light. Secondly, to identify the products and chemical
changes through five kinds of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition,
substituent reaction, double displacement and combustion. And finally, to study the
writing and balancing skills of experimental chemical equations, nomenclature of
inorganic substances.

II. PROCEDURE:

A. Instruments:

This experiment generally consists of 8 chemical experiment and 1 flame test directly
arm to the purpose of the objectives. The Materials and Equipments needed to access the
whole experiments are:

- Thirty test tubes - One looped platinum or nichrome

- One test tube rack wire
- Two test tube holders - Label
- Two spatulas - Reagents and theirs
- Three 250 mL beakers concentrations are mentioned
- One stirring rod below in each sub-experiments
- One medicine dropper
- Alcohol lamp or Busen burner
- Water bath

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 B. Experimental Procedure:

Preparing, operating, recording the observations and follow the requirements of each below
sub-experiments.

1. Reactions of Cu2+

 Prepare 3 test tubes with 10 drops of 0.5M CuSO4.

 Add 10 drops 2M NaOH; 2M NH4OH; 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6] in order.

2. Reactions of silver halides

 Add 10 drops of 0.1M AgNO3 into 3 0.5M salt solution: KCl , KBr and KI.

 Each test tube was divided into 2 test tubes. Therefore, we have 6 test tubes labeled #1-
3A and #1-3B.

 Add 5 drops of 2M NH4OH to 3 different solutions #1-3A.

 Add 5 drops of 2M KCN to 3 remain solution #1-3B.

3. Reactions of H2O2

 Prepare 2 test tubes with 5 drops of 0.1M KMnO4 0.1M KI solutions.

 Acidify 2 this solutions with 5 drops of 2M H2SO4 and then add 5 drops of 3% H2O2
solution. Record the change of color and the released gas.

 A pinch of solid MnO2 was added into 1 ml of 3% H2O2 solution.

4. Reactions of Nitrate

 A 1 ml of saturated FeSO4 was added into a test tube which had contained 1 ml of 1 M
NaNO3 solution. Sufficient amount of concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) was poured
carefully down the inside wall of this test tube. Observe and record the change of color at
the interface between the nitrate solution and the concentrated sulfuric acid after a few
seconds.

 NaNO2 was substituted for FeSO4

 Acetic acid was substitute for H2SO4. Record the observation and then compare with the
system.

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 5. Reactions of KMnO4

 Prepare 3 clean test tubes labeled from 1-3 with 10drops of 0.5M Na2SO4.

 Add 5 drops of following reagents : 2M H2SO4, 6N NaOH, distilled water.

 Add 5 drops of 0.1M KMnO4 to each test tubes. Observe the change

6. Reaction of Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Add following reactants in order in to a test tube : 0.5M K2Cr2O7, 10 drops of 6M H2SO4, 5
drops of C2H5OH. Observe the change.

7. Reactions of Fe3+ and Fe2+

 Prepare 7 test tubes with 1ml of 0.5M FeCl3.

 Add 5 drops of following reagents : 0.5 M KCN, 0.1M KSCN, 2 N KOH, 0.5M
K4[Fe(CN)6], 2M NH4OH. Record the observation.

 Do the same 2 steps above by replacing FeCl3 with FeSO4.

8. Reactions of Al3+

 Divide 2 solutions which have 10 drops 0.5 M of Al2(SO4)3 and 5 drops 2N NaOH.

 Add 10 drops of 2M HCl into test tubes 1.

 Add 10 drops of 2N NaOH into test tube 2.Observe the change

9. Flame Test

 The Bunsen burner was lit first.

 After a looped wire was dipped into the solutions supplied, it was continue held in the
Bunsen burner flame. Flame color would be observed and recorded carefully.

 The frequency (C) and energy (E) of the photons would be calculated during the flame
tests by using the wavelengths(λ) shown below.

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 Approximate Dominant Color Approximate
Dominant Color wavelength (nm) wavelength (nm)

Red 701 Green 535

Red-orange 622 Green-Blue 492

Orange 609 Blue 474

Orange-yellow 597 Blue-violet 455

Yellow 587 Violet 423

Yellow-green 577

Note: *Wavelength values were given for mid-range of the color indicated.

*The equation represents the relationship between the wavelength, frequency and the speed of an
electromagnetic wave:

*The energy per photon (in Joules) is given by the equation:

C=λ×v Ephoton =h× v

Where h is Planck’s constant and h has a value of 6.626× 10-34J.s

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

1. Reactions of Cu2+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M CuSO4 The formation of blue CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2↓ +Na2SO4(aq)

precipitation and
+ 2M NaOH (Double displacement reaction)
colloidal phenomena.

0.5M CuSO4 After being formed, CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O → Cu(OH)2↓ + (NH4)2SO4
the blue precipitation
+ 2M NH4OH Cu(OH)2↓ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
dissolved and the
solution turns into => CuSO4 + 6NH3 + 2H2O → (NH4)2SO4 +
dark blue color. [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

(Double displacement reaction)

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0.5M CuSO4 Formation of brown 2CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6]↓ + 2K2SO4
precipitation and the
+ 0.5M (Double displacement reaction)
colloidal phenomena
K4[Fe(CN)6]

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 Analysis:

The feature of Cu2+ is it can react with OH- form a blue precipitation.

The solution Cu(OH)2 also react with NH4OH to form a complex compound so that the
reaction 2 has the violet color at the end.

The last precipitate solution has red brown color because the solution is a compound consists
of Fe3+.

Double displacement reaction occurs when part of one reactant is replaced by part of another
reactant

2. Reactions of silver halides

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M KCl + Formation of white KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl↓ + KNO3(aq)

0.1M AgNO3 precipitation
(Precipitation reaction)

0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 → AgCl↓ + KNO3

0.1M adding NH4OH, the
AgCl↓ + 2NH4OH(aq) → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (aq)+ 2 H2O
AgNO3+ 2M precipitation is dissolved.
NH4OH (Complex compound forming)

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0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 → AgCl↓ + KNO3
0.1M adding KCN, the reaction
occurs quickly, the AgCl ↓+ KCN → 2KAg(CN)2 + KCl
AgNO3+ 2M
KCN precipitation completely (Complex compound forming)
dissolved and the
solution becomes
colorless

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0.5M KBr Formation of brown KBr + AgNO3 → AgBr↓ + KNO3
yellow precipitation
+ 0.1M (Precipitation reaction)
AgNO3

0.5M KBr+ Brown yellow KBr + AgNO3 → AgBr↓ + KNO3

0.1M AgNO3 precipitation, after
adding NH4OH, the AgBr↓ + 2NH4OH → no reaction
+ 2M
NH4OH precipitation is not
dissolved.

0.5M KBr+ Brown yellow AgBr ↓+ KCN → 2KAg (CN)2 + KBr

0.1M AgNO3 precipitation, after
+ 2M KCN adding KCN, the reaction (Complex compound forming)
occurs quickly,
precipitation completely
dissolved and the fluid
becomes colorless

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0.5M KI+ Light yellow KI + AgNO3 → AgI↓ + KNO3
0.1M AgNO3 precipitation
(Precipitation reaction)

0.5M KI+ Light yellow KI + AgNO3 → AgI↓ + KNO3

0.1M precipitation, after
adding NH4OH, the AgI + NH4OH → no reaction
AgNO3 +
2M NH4OH precipitation is not
dissolved.

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0.5M KI+ Light yellow KI + AgNO3 → AgI↓ + KNO3
0.1M AgNO3 precipitation, after
+ 2M KCN adding KCN, the reaction AgI ↓+ KCN → 2KAg (CN)2 + KI
occurs quickly, (Complex compound forming)
precipitation complete
dissolved and the fluid
becomes colorless

Analysis:

All 3 experiments are proved the properties of silver halides, which is:

Forming precipitate when reacts with salt.

All kind of precipitate dissolved in KCN liquid and the liquid became colorless.

The Complex compound forming and precipitation reaction is determined by this experiment

3. Reactions of H2O2

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.1M The solution initially has 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 → K2SO4 +

KMnO4+ violet and does not 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2↑
2M H2SO4+ change when adding
H2SO4, but it becomes (oxidation-reduction reaction)
H2O2
colorless when adding
H2O2 and releases heat,

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 releases gas

0.1M KI+ The solution initially has 2KI + H2SO4 + H2O2 → K2SO4 + 2H2O + I2↓
2M H2SO4+ violet and does not
change when adding (oxidation-reduction reaction)
H2O2
H2SO4, the solution turns
yellow-brown and has
purple precipitate.

H2O2+ The black solid is not MnO2+ 2H2O2 → MnO2↓ + O2↑+ 2H2O
MnO2 dissolve. Releasing gas
and heat. (oxidation-reduction reaction)

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Analysis:

H2O2 play roles as an oxidizing agent and it join in the redox reaction to exchange election,
results in changing of oxidation number.

4. Reactions of Nitrate

Reaction Observation Chemical Reaction

1M NaNO3+ The solution changes color 6FeSO4 + 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 →

FeSO4 from light green to red 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO↑
+H2SO4 brown. The reaction
releases heat and smelled, NO + ½ O2 → NO2
(96%)
colorless-gas, turning (redox reaction)
brown gas at interface
(NO), brown ring.

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FeSO4+ 1M The solution changes color 4NaNO2 + FeSO4 + 4H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3
NaNO2+ to brown. The reaction + 2NaSO4 + 4NO +4H2O
H2SO4 (96%) releases the gas, releases
heat, appears light brown NO + ½ O2 → NO2
ring

1M NaNO3+ The solution is still FeSO4 + CH3COOH + NaNO3 → no

FeSO4 + colorless. reaction
CH3COOH

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Analysis:

Nitrate compound is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number N atom will be reduced as the
formation of gases

First reaction: liquid is brown because it has H+ and NO3- is the oxidizing agents, so that Fe2+ was
reduced to be Fe3+ and the salt Fe3+ has brown color. However, when doing this experiment, we
did not add enough FeSO4 so that the color of the liquid did not change.

Two another reactions did not occur because they are lack of oxidizing and reducing agents.

5. Reactions of KMnO4

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M The solution changes 5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → 2MnSO4

Na2SO3+ 2M color from purple to + K2SO4 + 5Na2SO4 +3H2O
H2SO4+ 0.1M transparent.
(redox reaction)
KMnO4

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0.5M The solution changes Na2SO3 + 2NaOH + 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 +
Na2SO3+ 6N color from purple to Na2SO4 + Na2MnO4 +H2O
NaOH+ 0.1M brown.
(redox reaction)
KMnO4

0.5M Na2SO3 The solution changes 3Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + H2O → 2MnO2 ↓ +

color from purple to 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
+ H2 O yellow-brown and
appears black precipitate (Redox reaction)

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Analysis: KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent because highest oxidation number +7 of Mn

KMnO4 in acid environment is formed into salt Mn2+and K+.

KMnO4 in neutral environment is formed into MnO2 (dark brown solid) and KOH

KMnO4 in base environment is formed into K2MnO4 (brown).

6. Reaction of Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

2M K2Cr2O7+ When pour C2H5OH 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 + 3C2H5OH →

6M H2SO4+ into the solution, it 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3COOH + 2K2SO4 +
C2H5OH changes color from 11H2O
orange to transparent,
and when pout H2SO4 (Oxidation reaction)
into the mixture, it
changes color from
transparent to dark
green.

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Analysis:

The reaction is a oxidation of alcohol by K2Cr2O7, K2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent. The change in
color is an phenomenon of oxidation.

7. A. Reactions of Fe3+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 6KCN → K3[Fe(CN)6] + 3KCl

0.5M KCN Dark green precipitate
(complex compound forming reaction)

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0.5M FeCl3+
0.1M KSCN Dark red solution FeCl3 + 6KSCN → K3[Fe(SCN)6] + 3KCl

(complex compound forming reaction)

0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 3KOH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3KCl

2M KOH Formation of brown red
precipitate (precipitation reaction)

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0.5M FeCl3+
0.5M Formation of dark blue 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] →
K4[Fe(CN)6] precipitate and sticky
solution. Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl

(precipitation reaction)

0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 3NH4OH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl

2M NH4OH Formation of red-brown
precipitate (precipitation reaction)

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Analysis:

All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Fe3+ to form brown precipitate and
complex compound

7. B. Reactions of Fe2+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M FeSO4+ Green precipitate FeSO4 + 6KCN → K4[Fe(CN)6] + K2SO4

0.5M KCN
(complex compound forming reaction)

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0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of red- FeSO4 + 6KSCN → K4[Fe(SCN)6] + K2SO4
0.1M KSCN orange precipitate
(complex compound forming reaction)

0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of green blue FeSO4 + 2KOH → Fe(OH)2↓ + K2SO4

2M KOH precipitate
(precipitation reaction)
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 → Fe(OH)3

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0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of blue 2FeSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe2[Fe(CN)6]↓ +
0.5M precipitate 2K2SO4
K4[Fe(CN)6]
(precipitation reaction)

0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of dark blue FeSO4 + 2NH4OH → (NH4)2SO4 +

2M NH4OH precipitate Fe(OH)2↓

(precipitation reaction)

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Analysis:

All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Fe2+ to form brown precipitate and
complex compound

8. Reactions of Al3+

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ Formation of colloidal Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 3Na2SO4 +
2M NaOH white precipitate 2Al(OH)3↓

(precipitation reaction)

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0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ 2N Colloidal white Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 3Na2SO4 +
NaOH+ 2M precipitate is dissolved 2Al(OH)3↓
HCl gradually.
2Al(OH)3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

(acid/base reaction)

0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ Colloidal white Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + 2H2O
2M NaOH+ precipitate increases

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2M NaOH into maximum amount (complex compound forming reaction)
and it is dissolved, the
solutions becomes
colorless

Analysis: All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Al3+ that have amphoteric
behavior through acid/base, precipitation and complex compound forming reactions.

9) Flame Test:

Solution Dominant flame Wave length Frequency Photon energy

color (m) (J)
(s-1)

LiCl Red 7.01x10-7 4.28 x 1014 2.84 x 10-19

NaCl Yellow 5.87x10-7 5.11 x 1014 3.39 x 10-19

KCl Violet 4.23x10-7 7.09 x 1014 4.70 x 10-19

CaCl2 Orange 6.09x10-7 4.93 x 1014 3.26 x 10-19

BaCl2 Yellow-green 5.77x10-7 5.20 x 1014 3.45 x 10-19

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Data Calculation

According to the formula: C=  x 

For the LiCl

The frequency of LiCl when hold it in the Bunsen burner flame:

 = C/ = 3x108 / 701 x 10-9 = 4.28 x 1014(s-1)

The Photon energy of LiCl:

E = h x  = 6.626 x 10-34 x 4.28 x 1014 = 2.84 x 10-19 (J)

Applying the same for the rest substance

Analysis:

A flame test is a procedure used to test qualitatively for the presence of certain metals in
chemical compounds. When the compound to be studied is excited by heating it in a flame, the
metal ions will begin to emit light. Based on the emission spectrum of the element, the
compound will turn the flame a characteristic color.

IV. CONCLUSION:

In this experiment laboratory we have chances to observe the changes in different type of
reactions and the properties of some common element as well as its role in specific reactions.
Each of types of reaction has distinct natures and it is possible to determine through the changes
after the reaction occurs and theoretically equations.

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