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Electrical Basics: For Review and Refreshment

This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts including: - The three elements of electricity are voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) related by the equation V=I*R. Voltage is potential difference, current is electron flow, and resistance impedes current. - Root mean square (RMS) is a measurement of equivalent heating value that relates alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). RMS value for a sinusoidal waveform is 0.707 times the peak value. - Power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts. Reactive power is measured in vars. Apparent power is measured in volt-amps. Power factor relates real power

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53 views

Electrical Basics: For Review and Refreshment

This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts including: - The three elements of electricity are voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) related by the equation V=I*R. Voltage is potential difference, current is electron flow, and resistance impedes current. - Root mean square (RMS) is a measurement of equivalent heating value that relates alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). RMS value for a sinusoidal waveform is 0.707 times the peak value. - Power is the rate of energy transfer and is measured in watts. Reactive power is measured in vars. Apparent power is measured in volt-amps. Power factor relates real power

Uploaded by

Cold Water
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Basics

For Review and Refreshment


Base of Electricity
 Basically there are three things that built an electricity. They are called VIR.
It were not a person name but it was a three element of Electricity.
V = Voltage; I = Current; R = Resistant; V = I * R
 V = voltage. What is voltage?
Voltage is a different value of potential between two point.
 I = current. What is current?
Actually, current is a volume of movement of electron from a place that has
higher electrical potential to a place that has less electrical potential. So if
there is a different electrical potential between two place it has a big
possibility to let the current flow. To make the possibility become real, they
need a conductor so it will become a close loop network.
 R = Resistant. What is resistant?
Resistant is the thing that make the current can not flow. Physically
resistant is integrate in a conductor that make a close loop network. There
are three type of conductor:
1. Conductor it self = The thing that has less of resistant. So it very good to
let the current flow.
2. Semi conductor = The thing that has more of resistant than conductor.
So it is not good enough to let the current flow.
3. Resistor = The thing that has a lot of resistant. So it is not use for a
conductor.
Basic AC Terminology
For a 240 VAC:
What does 240 VAC
RMS Value = ?? mean?
Effective Value = ??
RMS value: Basic
estimation for digital
meter
t 0 T
Vrms  1 / T  V sin(t )
2
dt
t0

t 0 T
Irms  1 / T  I sin(t )
2
dt
t0

Effective value:
I eff = I/√2
Veff = V/√2
Root Mean Square (RMS)
 A measure of equivalent
heating value, with a
relationship to the amount of
power dissipated by a
resistive load driven by the
equivalent dc value
 RMS is a way to associate AC
signals in terms of DC signals
 RMS is not equivalent to the
average – it depends on the
shape of the waveform
 RMS=0.707*Peak Value only
works for pure sinusoidal
waveforms.
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Power and Energy

Apparent Power, kVA Reactive Power,


kVar
Θ
Real Power, kW

Power (flow rate of energy)


Watts = Volts * Amps * Cos Θ /√3
Vars = Volts * Amps * Sin Θ /√(3)
Volt-Amps = Volts * Amps /√ (3)

Power Factor (the efficiency of energy usage)


PF = Cos Θ or kW/kVA
Power and Energy
Energy (Power x Time)
Watt-hr = accumulated Watts over time
Var-hr = accumulated Vars over time
VA-hr = accumulated VA over time

Resume:
Power is different with Energy.
Energy is Power * Time

Example:
A 1000 Watt load operating for 1 hour = 1000 watts x 1hr = 1000 Watt-Hr

(1 kWhr)
Power and Energy
Instantaneous Power, kW

00 15
Time,
Minutes
Demand Peak Demand
kWd =Avg(kWatts) for 15 min. Highest Demand Period
Vard = Avg(Vars) recorded during the month
VAd = Avg (VA)
4 15-minute periods in 1 hour
96 15-minute periods in 1 day
2880 15-minute periods in 1 month
Power System Phasors
VCA
 3-wire Delta Ic

 Usually Medium Voltage VAB


 No neutral conductor
 3 conductors Ib IA

VBC

 4-wire Wye (Star) Vbn

 Usually Low Voltage


IB IA
 Neutral conductor present Van
 4 conductors
IC
Vcn
All PowerLogic meters can measure both 3-wire or 4-wire systems if wired correctly
and configuration settings match the wiring method
Individual Harmonics
 Fourier Analysis - Any sinusoidal waveform
can be represented as a sum of many
waveforms that are multiples of its
fundamental frequency.
Total Harmonic Distortion
 Total Harmonic Distortion:(THD) is a measure of
the total distortion present in a waveform and is
the ratio of harmonic content to the fundamental.
THD is calculated for both voltage and current.
The way to connect the meter
 Direct Measurement
 Usually applicable for Low Voltage
 Has a limitation of Ampere rating
 Range voltage until 600V
 1 phase or 3 phase

 With Instrument Transformer


 Mostly applicable for Medium Voltage
 Using Current Transformer for Ampere: 1A or 5A
 Using Voltage Transformer for voltage: 100V or 110V or 120V
 1 phase or 3 phase

All PowerLogic meters can measure both 3-wire or 4-wire systems if wired correctly
and configuration settings match the wiring method
AC Current Measurement
 Current Transformers
 Output current proportional to
phase current (1A or 5A)
 Mounted around phase
conductors
 Requires shutdown to install
 Clamp-ons
 Expensive, but do not require
circuit to be turned off

Metering Accuracy Class 1% or better


recommended for power metering
AC Voltage Measurement
 Steps down the primary
voltage to 120 VAC
 Connect directly to
primary voltage bus
 Do not need a shutdown
to install (draw-out type)
 The higher the voltage the
more expensive
 1% accuracy or better
recommended
Analog Metering, cheap but….
 Analog meters mechanically
average an AC waveform into an
averaged value: Not RMS values
 Ignores harmonic effects
 Analog meters have mechanical
parts that can break
 Needs yearly calibration
 Requires a separate meter for each
measurement: Voltage, Current,
Frequency, PF, kWhr, etc.
Customer Questions with CT/PT
 Can I use my existing CTs that are on my protective
relays?
 Answer: In theory, Yes, but not recommended due to the lack of
accuracy in the metering range
 Can I mount my CTs x meters from my meter?
 Depends CTs ratings of burden to drive cable resistance and
burden of devices connected. Need CT specification, wiring
specification, distance, and burden of each device connected.
 Will adding a meter to my existing CT cause any
problems?
 Answer: Depends on the CT ratings of burden to drive the meter.
Typically, the burden of the meter is so small compared to a
standard CT, you don’t really need to be concerned. Only in
unusual cases.
Customer Questions with CT/PT
 How accurate of a CT should I use?
 Answer: As accurate as the customer can afford. The
accuracy of the CTs add together with the meter
accuracy to form the total accuracy of the
measurement
 How many CTs do I need?
 Blondel’s Theorem: For n conductors, you need n -1
measurements
 4-wire: 4 -1 = 3 CTs and 3 PTs
 3-wire: 3 -1 = 2 CTs and 2 PTs (you can measure the
3 CT if customer has already)
Thanks for your kind
attention
May usefull

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