1405

FOSETYL-ALUMINIUM (302)
PHOSPHONIC ACID (301)

The first draft was prepared by Mr D Lunn, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New
Zealand

EXPLANATION
Fosetyl (and its aluminium salt) and phosphonic acid (formulated as the potassium or sodium salts)
are systemic fungicides with protectant action against a number of oomycete and ascomycete fungi
and some plant pathogenic bacteria in a range of fruit, vegetables and ornamental crops. They are
rapidly absorbed through both leaves and roots and exhibit both acropetal and basipetal translocation.
Their mode of action is by inhibiting germination of spores and by blocking development of
mycelium, competing with phosphate as allosteric regulator of several enzymes. In addition, they can
induce direct or indirect production of phytoalexin and pathogenesis-related proteins leading to an
induction of plant defence mechanisms against fungal or bacterial pathogens.
Authorisations exist in many countries for the use of fosetyl or its aluminium salt (fosetyl-Al)
as a pre-plant dip, foliar, drench or drip-irrigation treatments and authorisations also exist for
phosphonic acid (formulated as the monopotassium, dipotassium or sodium salts) in a number of
countries for use as a trunk injection, pre-plant dip, foliar, soil and post-harvest treatments.
Fosetyl and phosphonic acid were scheduled by the 48th Session of the CCPR as a new
compounds for consideration by the 2017 JMPR. Residue and analytical aspects were considered for
the first time by the present meeting. The Meeting was provided with studies on metabolism,
analytical methods, supervised field trials, processing, freezer storage stability and environmental fate
in soil.

IDENTITIES
For fosetyl-aluminium, pesticide specifications have been established by the Joint FAO/WHO
Meeting on Pesticide Specifications (JMPS) and published as FAO Specifications and Evaluations for
Agricultural Pesticides (2013).
(http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/en/).
1406 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Fosetyl Fosetyl-aluminium
ISO common fosetyl (refers to the acid) fosetyl-aluminium
names: (derived name for the aluminium salt)
IUPAC name: ethyl hydrogen phosphonate aluminium tris-ethylphosphonate
Chemical Abstracts ethyl hydrogen phosphonate aluminium tris-O-ethylphosphonate
names:
Synonyms efosite efosite-Al
phosphonic adid ethyl ester
CAS number 15845-66-6 39148-24-8
Molecular mass: 110.0 354.1
Molecular formula C2 H7 O3 P C6 H18 Al O9 P3
Structural formula:

Phosphonic acid (phosphorous acid) is the active constituent in authorised products

containing either a mixture of mono- and di-potassium phosphonate ions (referred to as ‘potassium
phosphonates’), or the ammonium or dibasic sodium phosphonates. The Meeting was provided with
information only on the potassium phosphonates compound.

Phosphonic acid Potassium phosphonates

Common names: phosphonic acid potassium hydrogen dipotassium phosphonate
phosphonate
IUPAC name: phosphonic acid reaction mixture of potassium hydrogen phosphonate and
dipotassium phosphonate
Chemical Abstracts phosphonic acid reaction mixture of potassium hydrogen phosphonate and
name: dipotassium phosphonate
Synonyms phosphorous acid monopotassium phosphite potassium dihydrogen phosphite
CAS number 13598-36-2 13977-65-6 13492-26-7
Molecular mass: 82 120.1 158.2
Molecular formula H3PO3 KH2PO3 K2HPO3
Structural formula:

Formulations of fosetyl and fosetyl-aluminium are available in a number of formulations,

often mixed with one or more other fungicides.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1407

Active ingredient Formulation types Other active ingredients

fosetyl SL (Soluble concentrate) propamocarb
fosetyl-aluminium WG (Water dispersible granule) -
copper
cymoxanil, folpet
fenamidone
fluopicolide
folpet, iprovalicarb
folpet
iprovalicarb, mancozeb
metiram-zinc
WP (Wettable powder) -
captan
copper
cymoxanil, folpet
fenamidone, iprovalicarb
mancozeb
trifloxystrobin
WS (water dispersible powder for thiabendazole, thiram
slurry seed)

Phosphonic acid is available as ammonium, sodium or potassium salts, and for consistency,
the active ingredient content is usually expressed as the acid equivalent. Formulations of potassium
phosphonates manufactured from technical concentrates containing about 32% phosphonate ions and
up to 20.0% potassium include:

Active ingredient Formulation types

Phosphonic acid SL (Soluble concentrate) As potassium, sodium and/or amonium
(phosphorous acid) salts of phosphonic acid

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Fosetyl-aluminium
Table 1 Physical and chemical data of fosetyl-aluminium (active ingredient and technical grade
material)
Test or Study & Test material purity and Findings and comments Reference
Annex point specification
Melting point Pure ai (99.1%) 215 °C R009286
Technical (97.6%) 207-210 °C M-179033-01-1
Boiling point Pure ai (99.1%) Not measured- decomposition at >190 °C R009286
Technical (97.6%) Not measured- decomposition at >190 °C M-179033-01-1
Relative density Pure ai (99.1%) 1.529 (20 °C) R009286
Technical (97.6%) 1.54 (20 °C) M-179033-01-1
Vapour pressure Pure ai (98%) < 10–7 Pa at 25 °C (extrapolated) R009300
M-179047-01-1
pH Technical (97.6%) 3.1 in 1% aqueous suspension R009295
M-179042-01-1
Henry’s law constant calculated KH < 3.2 Pa m³/mol (20 °C) R009300
M-179047-01-1
Appearance Pure ai (99.1%) white powder R009286
Technical (97.6%) white powder M-179033-01-1
Solubility in water Pure ai (99.1%) 111.3 g/L in pure water at pH 6 R009291
(20 °C) 111.4 g/L in buffer at pH 5.1 M-179038-01-1
109.8 g/Lin buffer at pH 8.6
1408 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Test or Study & Test material purity and Findings and comments Reference
Annex point specification
Solubility in organic Technical (97.6%) Solvent Solubility (mg/L) R009291
solvents Dichloromethane 4 M-179038-01-1
(mg/L, 20 °C) Acetone 6
Acetonitrile: 1
Ethyl acetate: <1
Methanol: 807
o-Xylene: 1
n-Octanol: 10
n-Heptane: <1
Octanol/water Pure ai (99.1%) Log POW -2.11 at 21-23 °C R011712
partition coefficient M-184417-01-1
Hydrolysis Pure ai (99.1%) Stable (< 10% degradation) for 1 month at pH 5-9, 22 °C R000987
(sterile water in the DT50 5 days at pH 3 and 22 °C M-159693-01-1
dark) Technical (97.6%) Stable for 5 days at pH4-9, 50 °C
C012596
M-159693-01-1

The JMPS evaluation of fosetyl-aluminium noted that when fosetyl-aluminium dissolves in

sterile water it dissociates and the liberated aluminium (Al3+) ions tend to form aluminium hydroxide
(which may precipitate or flocculate in the spray tank), while the liberated acidic fosetyl ions tend to
be hydrolysed (more rapidly in biological systems), with the formation of phosphonic/phosphorous
acid and ethanol. This complex behaviour in water has important implications for the p r o d u c t
specifications and the data relating to water solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient and
hydrolysis.

Potassium phosphonates
Table 2 Physical and chemical data of potassium phosphonates (technical grade material)
Test or Study & Annex Test material purity and Findings and comments Reference
point specification
Melting point Technical concentrate 73 °C (acid) PPDB

Boiling point Technical concentrate Decomposes before boiling PPDB

Relative density Technical concentrate 1.651 (20 °C) PManual
pH Technical concentrate 5.9-6.4 EFSA
Appearance Technical concentrate Hygroscopic, delequescent white crystals PManual
Solubility in water Technical concentrate 425 g/litre PManual
(20 °C) 500 g/litre PPDB
Dissociation constant Phosphonic acid pK1 = 2.0 , pK2 = 6.59 EFSA
UV absorption Technical concentrate λmax = 198 nm - absorbance = 1.7859 EFSA
No absorption after 200 nm
Octanol/water partition Technical concentrate Not applicable (insoluble in n-octanol) PMRA
coefficient
EFSA: Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance potassium phosphonates.
EFSA Journal 2012;10(12):2963
PPDB: Pesticide Properties Database (http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/index.htm)
PManual: The Pesticide Manual, 15th Edition. BCPC

METABOLISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

The Meeting received metabolism studies for fosetyl-Al on plants (citrus, apples, grapes, pineapple
and tomato) and animals (rats, lactating goats) and also received environmental fate and rotational
crop studies for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid.
In this evaluation, information relating to "phosphonic (phosphorous) acid" formed as a major
metabolite is reported as the free acid. After application, aluminium tris-O-ethyl phosphonate (i.e.
fosetyl-Al) dissociates into the O-ethyl phosphonate and aluminium ions. Any phosphonate formed
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1409

from O-ethyl phosphonate in biological systems would never be present in the form of the free acid
(i.e. phosphonic acid) under physiological and environmental conditions (pH 4 to 9). This conclusion
is supported by the molecular structure and by the dissociation constant observed (dissociation
constant for the first step of deprotonation: pKa = 2.0). Consequently, phosphonates in their fully
protonated form are strong acids that spontaneously form salts in contact with soil or natural water
with any suitable counter ion present (i.e. sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium). With the ability
to readily form salts in the environment, in terms of their acidic or alkaline character, phosphonates
are similar to the salts of phosphoric acid (i.e. phosphates) in their environmental behaviour.
In solution, phosphonic acid is in equilibrium with phosphorous acid, such that essentially all
of the molecules are present as phosphonic acid

The studies investigating the environmental fate of fosetyl-aluminium were performed with
the following positions of 14C- and 32P-radiolabel:

* *
Al3+ Al3+ Al3+
*

[1-14C]fosetyl-aluminium [2-14C]fosetyl-aluminium [32P]fosetyl-aluminium

In addition, and for the metabolite phosphonic acid, some tests were performed with 33P-
radiolabelled test item. The short 32P and 33P half-lives of 14.3 and 25.3 days limits their use for long-
term tests.
Relevant compounds used and metabolites identified in these studies and discussed in this
Evaluation are listed below.
Table 3 Relevant compounds used or identified in plant, animal and soil matrices
Compound/Code Name and Matrix Structure
Fosetyl-Al Fosetyl-aluminium
(Aluminium tris-O-ethylphosphonate)

MW: 354.1
H 3+
O O Al
C2H5 P
O
3

Fosetyl O-ethyl phosphonic acid

MW: 110.0
1410 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Compound/Code Name and Matrix Structure

Ethanol Ethyl alcohol
(ethanol) H3C OH
MW 46.07
Rat, goat, Plants (transient followed by
incorporation into natural products, e.g. glucose,
starch, cellulose, lignin, lipids)
Acetic acid Acetic acid

MW: 60.05
Rat, goat (transient followed by incorporation into
natural products, e.g. lipids, fatty acids, amino acids,
glycosides)
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide CO2

MW: 16.04
Rat, goat (in expired air), soil
Phosphonic acid Phosphonic acid
(Phosphorous acid)

MW: 81.99
Rat, goat, plants, soil, water/sediment

Disodium phosphonate Disodium dioxido-oxophosphanium

(Phosphonic acid, sodium salt (1:2)
(Disodium phosphite)

MW:125.96

Dipotassium Dipotassium dioxido-oxophosphanium

phosphonate (Phosphonic acid, potassium salt (1:2)
(Dipotassium phosphite)

MW : 158.17
Monopotassium Potassium hydrogen phosphonate
phosphonate MW: 120.1

Plant metabolism
The Meeting received plant metabolism studies on citrus, apple, grape leaves, pineapple and tomato
following foliar applications of labelled and unlabelled fosetyl-Al and on pineapple (pre-plant dip)
and tomato (hydroponic) treatments of fosetyl-Al.

Fosetyl-Al

Citrus – foliar applications (fosetyl-Al)

In a study reported by Bausher, 1982 [Ref: R002057; M-161888-01-1], tangerine and orange trees
(grown outdoors, in pots) were treated with three (tangerine) or four (orange) applications of
0.066 g ai 14C-fosetyl-Al/tree. Applications were made to all aerial parts of the trees using paint brush
at 1–2 month intervals between the end of flowering and two months before harvest. Total application
rates were 0.2 g ai/tree (tangerines) and 0.26 g ai/tree (oranges).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1411

Samples of whole fruit were taken and either stored at -100 °C until analysis or washed and stored at
0 °C until processed into peel, flesh, seeds, oil, juice and press cake (remainder of pulp and seeds as
well as hexane washed peel). Subsamples of peel were also triple-extracted with hexane.

Table 4 Distribution of radioactivity in matrices of orange and tangerine after combustion and liquid
scintillation counting
Sample Oranges Tangerines
dpm/g Fosetyl-Al mg equiv/kg dpm/g Fosetyl-Al mg equiv/kg
Whole fruit 8969   1.43 3314   0.52
Juice 1543   0.24 247   0.039
Juice sacs (flesh) 4790   0.76 793   0.125
Seeds 28433   4.55 3330   0.52
Peel 17088   2.73 12366   1.95
Hexane-washed peel (dried) 148493   23.8 50130   7.92
Press cake 35288   5.65 7367   1.16
Citrus oil not available 20550  * 3.29
* dpm/mL

Residues in these samples were further investigated in a study reported by Laurent et al., 1982
[Ref: R000861; M-159448-01-1], where fosetyl-Al and its metabolites were extracted from the whole
fruit or the peel by two successive fractions of water, followed by acetone and finally, methanol
containing 1% hydrochloric acid. The aqueous extracts of the whole fruits and the filtered juices were
buffered to pH 3 to reduce hydrolytic cleavage of ethanol. The radioactivity contained in the different
fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and analysed by HPLC.
Table 5 Distribution of radioactive residue in matrices of orange and tangerine
Sample Oranges Tangerines
nCi/g Fosetyl mg equiv/kg nCi/g Fosetyl mg equiv/kg
Whole fruit 8.5 2.8 3.5 1.2
Juice 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.25
Peel, hexane washed 164.1 54.7 66.1 22.0
Press cake 38.3 12.7 9.5 3.2
Citrus oil 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.2

Most of radioactivity, 66–68% TRR in whole fruit and 90–93% TRR in juice, was found in
the aqueous extracts, predominantly as radioactive glucose. Fosetyl-Al was largely degraded and did
not exceed 0.1 mg eq/kg in whole fruit and was < 0.1 mg eq/kg in juice.
Table 6 Distribution and identification of radioactive residue in matrices of orange and tangerine
Sample Oranges Tangerines
Whole Fruit Peel Juice Whole Fruit Peel Juice
% TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR
[mg/kg(a)] [mg/kg(a)] [mg/kg(a)] [mg/kg(a)] [mg/kg(a)] [mg/kg(a)]
Aqueous extract 68.3 50.2 89.5 66.3 44.8 92.8
[1.9] [27.5] [0.7] [0.8] [9.8] [0.25]
Fosetyl 4.7 [0.1] 8.1 [< 0.1] 11.6 [0.1] 17.5 [< 0.1]
Glucose 50.3 [1.4] 74.7 [0.6] 46.5 [0.6] 70.2 [0.2]
Fosetyl + Glucose 55.0 [1.5] 82.8 [0.6] 58.1 [0.7] 87.7 [0.25]
Acetone extract 2.6 20.9 4.4 11.8
[0.1] [11.4] [< 0.1] [2.6]
Methanol/HCl extract 8.8 7.4 10.5 8.8
[0.2] [4.0] [0.1] [1.9]
Post extraction solids 20.3 21.4 18.8 34.6
[0.6] [11.8] [0.2] [7.6]
Accountability, TRR 100 100 100 100
[2.8] [54.7] [1.2] [22.0]
1412 Fosetyl-Aluminium

a
mg/kg expressed as fosetyl equivalents

Radioactive residues of fosetyl-Al in citrus fruit and juice were low (≤ 0.1 mg eq/kg). The
14
C-label of fosetyl-Al is largely integrated into the normal plant metabolism (glycolytic cycle)
resulting in the formation of sugars and lipids. As a result, the main 14C-conversion product (14C-D-
glucose) accounted for 50% of the radioactivity in fruit and about 75% in the juice.

Citrus – foliar application (fosetyl-Al)

In a paper published in Pesticide Science, Pelegri et al, 1993 [Ref: C015326; M-200275-01-1]
reported the metabolism of fosetyl-Al into phosphonic acid in oranges and tangerines following
treatments with fosetyl-Al (WP formulations) at a rate of 30 g ai/tree.
Whole fruit, peel and pulp samples were taken at intervals from 0 to 49 days after treatment,
blended with distilled water and Celite-545, filtered and diluted with acetone. Propionic acid was
added to prevent hydrolytic cleavage between phosphonic acid and ethanol. Extracts were analysed by
GC-FPD or GC-NPD after derivatisation with diazomethane. Methylated fosetyl-Al and phosphonic
acid were used as reference standards.
Fosetyl-Al was very rapidly metabolised to phosphonic acid, since the parent substance could
not be detected in any of the citrus sample, even directly after treatment. This conversion already
occurred within few hours (12 to 24 hours) after addition of fosetyl-Al to untreated chopped orange
peels at room temperature.
Phosphonic acid was detected in whole fruit, peel and pulp of orange or tangerine fruit treated
with fosetyl-Al. Residues in whole fruit and pulp increased over the 49-day study period with levels in
peel declining after 21 days. Since no fosetyl could be detected on/in the fruits the increase of
phosphonic acid was attributed to translocation from the leaves to the fruits.
Table 7 Phosphonic acid residues in citrus fruit, peel and pulp following a single treatment of 30 g ai
fosetyl-Al/tree.
Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Days after treatment Oranges Tangerines
(cv. Navelinas) (cv. Clemenules)
Whole fruit Peel Pulp Whole fruit Peel Pulp
0 1.32 3.55 0.66 3.38 11.27 1.12
7 1.93 4.45 1.19 4.18 33.37 2.19
14 2.65 4.20 2.21 4.49 15.17 2.80
21 3.21 5.28 2.63 7.40 16.12 4.68
28 3.36 3.35 3.82 9.44 14.2 7.73
49 3.38 1.43 4.03 - - -
Whole fruit: mean of three replicate fruits; peel and pulp: mean of three plots, total of 9 replicates

Apples – foliar applications (fosetyl-Al)

The distribution and composition of the radioactive residues of 14C-fosetyl-Al in apples was
investigated in a study reported by White, 1988 [Ref: C012424; M-202680-01-1]. One branch of an
outdoor apple tree (fruit and leaves) was treated with two sprays of 0.2 g ai/branch, 7 days apart and
fruit and leaves were sampled before and after each application and again 7 and 14 days after the
second treatment.
Leaves and fruits were frozen within two hours and stored frozen for up to about 8 months
before extraction and analysis. Leaves and fruits were washed with deionised water and aliquots of
washed samples and washes were radioassayed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Washed fruit
were separated into peel, pulp, juice and core.
Apple peels and leaves were washed with deionised water up to 5 times. Peel samples were
extracted once and chopped pulp and leaves samples extracted twice by refluxing for 30 minutes in
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1413

acetonitrile/water (1/1) acidified with conc. HCl to pH 3.0. An aliquot of the resulting extracts was
partitioned three times with dichloromethane. The remaining residues of apple pulp and leaves (filter
cake) were extracted by refluxing for 30 minutes twice with acetone and twice with 1N HCl methanol
solution.
The washes, extractions and residual plant material were combusted and radioassayed by
LSC. Extracts were chromatographically analysed against radioactive standards (14C-fosetyl-Al,
14
C-glucose) by TLC on silica gel plates developed with acetone/2-propanol/ammonium
hydroxide/water. Further solvent systems for development were chloroform/methanol/water/formic
acid, ethyl acetate/2-propanol/water/formic acid and 2-propanol/ethyl acetate/formic acid.
HPLC separation of 14C-fosetyl-Al, 14C-glucose and 14C-ethanol was also conducted on a RP
(C18) column. The eluted radioactivity was collected in different fractions and quantified by
radioassay. For determination of 14C-D-glucose an isocratic eluent was used (40% tetrabutyl
ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid or diluted phosphoric acid). For determination of 14C-fosetyl-Al
a different RP column was operated with diluted phosphoric acid.
Most of the radioactive residues in leaves were present as washable surface residues. Surface
residues of the apple fruits predominated during the first 7 days, but subsequently penetrated into the
fruit (53–58% TRR), mostly in the peel (39% TRR 14 days after the 2nd application).
Fosetyl-Al was the predominant residue in the fruit surface washes, initially 93% of TRR,
decreasing to 41% TRR 14 days after the second application. Very small amounts of fosetyl-Al were
detectable in peel and pulp (≤ 1.7% of TRR).
The major metabolite identified in both apple fruit and leaves was 14C-ethanol, present as a
surface residue from day 0, indicating that the metabolism of fosetyl-Al already started on the plant
surface. The presence of 14C-ethanol in the apple peel and leaves indicates either direct translocation
of 14C-ethanol or 14C-fosetyl-Al penetration followed by metabolic transformation into 14C-ethanol.
The detection of 14C-D-glucose in the apple juice indicates that 14C-ethanol is subsequently
metabolised and the radiocarbon incorporated into natural products.
Table 8 Distribution and identification of fosetyl-Al and its metabolites in washed apple fruits and
fractions following 2 applications of 14C-fosetyl-Al
14 14 14
Plant part Day Spray No C-fosetyl-Al C-ethanol C-glucose Total
% TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR
Water wash 0 1 93.07 4.40 ND 97.47
7 1 74.80 17.56 ND 89.20
7 1&2 75.15 18.82 ND 91.57**
14 1&2 34.65 7.43 ND 42.08
21 1&2 40.90 5.73 ND 46.63
Rinsed fruit 0 1 - - - 2.53
7 1 - - - 10.80
7 1&2 - - - 8.43
14 1&2 - - - 57.92
21 1&2 - - - 53.37
Peel 0 1 0.13 1.25 ND 1.38
7 1 0.12 6.58 ND 6.70
7 1&2 0.41 1.91 ND 2.32
14 1&2 1.44 36.36 ND 37.80
21 1&2 1.72 37.28 ND 39.00
Pulp 0 1 ND ND ND 0.29
7 1 ND ND ND 1.61
7 1&2 0.32 3.59 ND 3.91
14 1&2 1.69 5.20 ND 6.89
21 1&2 0.09 2.61 ND 2.70
Core 0 1 ND ND ND 0.21
7 1 ND ND ND 0.52
7 1&2 ND ND ND 1.14
14 1&2 ND ND ND 7.11
1414 Fosetyl-Aluminium

14 14 14
Plant part Day Spray No C-fosetyl-Al C-ethanol C-glucose Total
% TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR
21 1&2 ND ND ND 3.93
Juice 0 1 ND 0.39 0.25 0.64
7 1 ND 0.84 1.12 1.96
7 1&2 ND 0.68 0.37 1.05
14 1&2 ND 4.42 1.70 6.12
21 1&2 ND 2.80 4.95 7.75
Fruit total 0 1 93.20 6.04 0.25 99.49 (a)
7 1 74.92 24.98 1.12 101.02 (a)
7 1&2 75.88 25.00 0.37 101.25 (a)
14 1&2 37.58 53.41 1.70 92.69 (a)
21 1&2 42.71 48.42 4.95 96.08 (a)
ND: not determined, radioactivity < 10 dpm per sample aliquot
a
radioactivity representing the sum of 14C-fosetyl-Al, 14C-ethanol and 14C-glucose

Table 9 Distribution of radioactive residues and identification of fosetyl-Al and its metabolites in
washed apple leaves following 2 applications with 14C-fosetyl-Al
14 14 14
Plant part Day Spray No C-fosetyl-Al C-ethanol C-glucose Total
% TRR % TRR % TRR % TRR
Water wash 0 1 67.94 28.47 ND 96.41
7 1 71.58 15.81 ND 86.07
7 1&2 75.31 13.87 ND 88.48
14 1&2 61.97 5.93 ND 67.90
21 1&2 60.75 4.90 ND 65.65
Leaf tissue 0 1 0.33 3.26 ND 3.59
7 1 2.21 11.72 ND 13.93
7 1&2 2.97 3.51 ND 11.52
14 1&2 1.00 13.05 ND 32.10
21 1&2 3.53 21.38 ND 34.35
Total 0 1 68.27 31.73 ND 100.00
7 1 73.79 27.53 ND 101.32
7 1&2 78.28 17.38 ND 95.66
14 1&2 62.97 18.98 ND 81.95
21 1&2 64.28 26.28 ND 90.56
ND: not determined, radioactivity < 10 dpm per sample aliquot

Grape leaves – foliar applications (fosetyl-Al)

The translocation and metabolism of the radioactive residues of 14C-fosetyl-Al in grape leaves was
investigated in a study reported by Brockelsby et al., 1977 [Ref: R001855; M-161435-01-1].
Individual leaves from one grape vine (pruned to a single 0.85–1.2 metre shoot) grown in a
glasshouse were treated with 756 µg of 14C-fosetyl-Al for autoradiography. Leaves from a different
vine (pruned to a single 0.7–1 metre shoot) grown in a glasshouse were treated with 60 drops of
2.1 µL to give a dose of 3024 µg per plant for studying metabolism.
For autoradiography, leaves were harvested 5.5 hours, 1, 2, 5, 7 or 14 days after treatment,
washed and the radioactive residues in the washings was determined by liquid scintillation counting
(LSC) with quench correction. Autoradiographs were made by pressing parts of the plants and
exposing them to X-ray film for two weeks.
Uptake of 14C-fosetyl-Al did not exceed 3% except at 5.5 hours after treatment. This result is
probably due to initial difficulties in washing the deposit from the leaf surface. The movement of
radioactive residues from the treated leaves to the shoot apex (upper border of the leaves) was shown
in the autoradiographs of treated vines. Uptake was shown to be greater at higher humidity: up to 4%
uptake at 60% RH, up to 1% at 90% RH and up to 19% at 95% RH. The maximum uptake was
assumed to be due to different ages of the leaves.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1415

For the metabolism study, leaves were harvested 7, 14 or 21 days after treatment and either
washed in an aqueous solution (0.01%, w/v) of a non-ionic surfactant (ethoxylated octyl phenol) or
soaked in the surfactant solution for 15 minutes. Vines were sectioned into plant parts present at
application (untreated leaves and stem above treated area; treated leaves (washed and soaked),
untreated leaves (below treated area) and new grown plant parts after application. Leaf samples were
broken up at -70 °C with a spatula, macerated with a minimum amount of water and filtered through
cellulose. The solid plant remnants were again macerated with water and filtered as before. The
washings were thereafter processed separately. Plant fibres were combusted. Leaf washings, plant
macerates and absorbed carbon dioxide from combustion of fibre were radio-assayed by liquid
scintillation counting.
Leaf washings and plant macerates were diluted with methoxyethanol, concentrated and
mixed with acetonitrile and residues were derivatised using diazomethane and analysed by gas
chromatography to measure residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid. Leaf washings and plant
macerates were also investigated by thin layer chromatography using isotopically-labelled reference
compounds.
Most of radiolabelled fosetyl-Al applied to vine leaves remained on the leaf surface as it
could be recovered by vigorous washing. Translocation to untreated parts of the plant or to new
growth was observed, but only to a limited extent. The major metabolic product found in treated and
untreated plant parts was identified as phosphonic acid.
Table 10 Recovery (%) of 14C from grape leaves treated with 14C-fosetyl-Al
Sample material Leaves washed (rinsed) Leaves soaked
µg applied (as 14C-fosetyl) 9072 4536 4536
Days after treatment 7 14 21 14 21
% Recovery by surface washing 36.0 26.3 18.5 86.0 87.7
% Recovery by extraction 59.0 75.4 79.8 1.0 9.6
% in fibres (non extractable) 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.3
% Total 95.2 102.3 99.5 87.1 97.6
24 leaves treated on three plants; 4 leaves from each plant were washed or soaked

Table 11 Distribution of radioactivity in mg eq/kg of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in treated and
untreated grape leaves
Days after treatment Day 7 Day 14 Day 21
Compound Fosetyl Phosphonic Fosetyl Phosphonic Fosetyl Phosphonic
acid acid acid
Analysis method Radio GC GC Radio GC GC Radio GC GC
Plant parts present at application
Untreated leaves and stem 0.1 0 1.1 0.04 0 0.6 0.01 0 1.2
(above treated area)
Treated leaves (wash) 252 190 5.0 372 297 4.8 345 272 5.2
Treated leaves (soaked) n.a. n.a n.a. 4.0 3.0 1.8 24.1 23.2 1.5
Untreated leaves 0.01 < 0.3 < 0.6 2.5 2.1 1.1 0.03 0 1.6
(below treated area)

New grown plant parts after application

At top of plant 0.15 < 0.1 < 0.2 0.02 0 < 0.4 0.03 0 0.2
Within treated area 0.1 < 0.1 0.7 0.01 0 1.3 0.2 0.1 1.3
Below treated area 0.1 0 0.8 0.01 0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0
Radio: LSC/TLC; GLC: Gas liquid chromatography
n.a.: not analysed
1416 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 12 Translocation of 14C-residues into untreated parts of the vine after “point” application of 14C-
fosetyl-Al
Radioactive residues (mg fosetyl equiv./kg fresh weight)
Days after treatment Day 7 Day 14 Day 21
(3024 µg 14C-fosetyl-Al per plant)
Plant parts present at application
Untreated leaves and stem 0.25 0.13 0.09
(above treated area)
Treated leaves
(washed) 1.01 2.91 5.07
(soaked) - 0.58 0.91
Untreated leaves 0.03 0.07 0.36
(below treated area)

New grown plant parts after application

At top of plant 0.14 0.11 0.08
Within treated area 0.08 0.05 0.14
Below treated area 0.13 0.14 0.09

Pineapple – pre-plant dip/foliar applications (fosetyl-Al)

In a two-part study reported by Laurent et al, 1982, 1983 [Ref: R000790 (M-161435-01-1) and
R000879 (M-229587-01-2)], 14C-fosetyl-Al was applied to pineapples as a pre-plant crown dip
(immediately after a dip treatment with unlabelled fosetyl-Al had dried), followed a year later by
foliar application of 14C-fosetyl-Al (after a foliar spray of unlabelled fosetyl-Al).
Pineapple crowns were dipped in a solution of 2.4 g ai/L fosetyl-Al (with wetting agent) and
once dry, 100 µCi of 14C-fosetyl-Al were applied to each crown (half on the leaves and half on the
abscission area). The treated crowns were subsequently planted in individual pots and were grown in
a greenhouse.
One year after planting, some of the dip-treated plants were sprayed with 2.4 g ai/L unlabelled
fosetyl-Al followed by microdroplet deposition of 100 µCi/plant of 14C-fosetyl-Al.
Whole plants were sampled at intervals up to 480 days after the dip treatment and samples
from the combined dip+spray treatment were also sampled immediately after the spray treatment (day
365) and 122 days later (487 days after the dip treatment).
Samples of Day 0, 7, 14 and 365 were analysed as whole plant, all other samples were
separated into crown, fruit and roots. Soil adhering to these roots was removed. Roots were examined
separately. The fruit and crowns were separated from the plants at harvest and were analysed
separately.
Whole plant, fruit or crown samples were macerated in the presence of solid carbon dioxide
and 0.1N HCl was added to prevent the hydrolysis of fosetyl-Al residues. (Fosetyl-Al was not stable
in a neutral water/acetonitrile extract, with 35% of the initial amount hydrolysing within 3 days at
room temperature). In 0.1N HCl/acetonitrile extracts, 97% of the initial fosetyl could be recovered
after 15 days storage at ambient temperature). After adding acetonitrile, extracts (at pH 3) were
filtered, evaporated and the lipophilic products were separated by partitioning three times with
water/dichloromethane. The filtration cake was extracted with acetone and then continuously
extracted for 12 hours with methanol/1% HCl and the remaining solids were combusted. Samples of
roots were homogenised and extracted with acetone followed by partitioning with methanol/HCl.
The radioactivity of all fractions was determined with liquid scintillation counting. The
extracts from different samplings were recombined and the unknown components were isolated by
TLC, identified by spectroscopic methods and if appropriate by GLC comparison with reference
standards.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1417

The acidified water/acetonitrile extracts were analysed by ion-exchange HPLC (with

radiomonitoring) and confirmation of ethanol and fosetyl was by reversed-phase (C18) HPLC, also
with radiomonitoring. The lipid fractions from the dichloromethane and acetone extractions were also
separated by TLC and the 14C-components identified by their IR and mass spectra as well as by GLC
comparison with reference compounds.
Total radioactivity in the aerial parts of the dip-treated plants decreased considerably over the
study period, declining from an initial 45.4 µCi to 10 µCi after about 11 months and to 1.9 µCi at
harvest (Day 480). Levels of unextracted radioactivity increased steadily in the aerial plant parts until
Day 342 (up to 6.3 µCi) then decreased to 1.1 µCi at harvest. At the same time, total radioactivity in
the roots increased from 1.4 to 6.8 µCi (78% TRR in the whole plant).
Mature fruit at harvest contained negligible quantities of radioactive residues, 0.38% AR
following the dip treatment and 1.1% AR following the combined dip+spray treatment. Natural by-
products of the degradation cycle of ethanol made up at least 50% of these residues. The authors of
the original report recognized a low recovery of the applied radioactivity. They assumed that this loss
is due to volatilization of the primary metabolite 14C-ethanol.
The metabolism of 14C-fosetyl-Al was very fast and started directly after application with
formation of 14C-ethanol. The major radioactive residue components identified were the parent
substance fosetyl-Al and ethanol. On the day of dipping, radioactive residues of fosetyl-Al and
ethanol were both 19 µCi. After dipping and spray application the radioactive residues of fosetyl-Al
immediately after the spray treatment were 14.8 µCi and the ethanol radioactivity was 30.4 µCi.
These residues decreased steadily and could no longer be detected at harvest on Day 480 and 487.
In addition to ethanol, several radiolabelled substances were detected and identified as natural
lipids consisting of long chain aliphatic acids, e.g. oleic acid and palmitic acid, and homologous
primary alcohols, e.g. 1-docosanol and 1-tetracosanol. Other radiolabelled conversion products were
characterised as long chain aliphatic acids or esters formed by incorporation of the 14C-label into the
natural synthesis of plant constituents.
Table 13 Distribution of radioactivity in pineapple plant after application of 100 µCi (dipping) or
100 µCi (dipping) + 100 µCi (spraying) 14C-fosetyl-Al
Radioactive residues (µCi)
Nature of treatment Dip treatment Dip + spray
treatment
Treatment-sampling 0 7 14 28 56 119-120 316-342 471-480 365 487
interval (days)
Whole plant/aerial plant parts (a)
Acidified water/acetonitrile 41.9 25.5 18.6 7.1 5.2 2.1 0.8 0.5 48.9 2.9
extracts
Fosetyl 19.0 19.3 10.5 4.3 3.9 1.4 < 0.5 - 14.8 -
Ethanol 19.1 4.4 6.2 1.8 0.5 0.2 < 0.2 - 30.4 -
Aqueous phase after 21.2 20.2 11.0 3.7 3.2 1.3 0.4 0.3 17.5 2.0
partitioning with DCM
Lipid fraction 1 after 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 < 0.05 1.0 0.2
partitioning with DCM
Acetone extract 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.0 1.9 3.1 2.2 0.15 8.4 0.5
Lipid fraction 2 after 1.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.2 - 3.4 -
acetone extraction
Methanol/HCl extract 0.4 3.0 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.5 1.0 0.15 4.2 0.9
Post extraction solids 0.6 3.2 4.5 3.9 5.2 5.8 6.3 1.1 8.8 3.2
Total radioactivity 45.4 34.0 27.5 14.8 14.4 13.5 10.3 1.9 70.3 7.5
(whole / aerial plant)

Roots
Acetone extract - - - 2.2 0.5 0.1 < 0.05 2.0 - 0.9
Methanol/HCl extract - - - - - - - 0.8 - 1.2
Post extraction solids, PES - - - 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4 4.0 3.4
1418 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Radioactive residues (µCi)

Nature of treatment Dip treatment Dip + spray
treatment
Treatment-sampling 0 7 14 28 56 119-120 316-342 471-480 365 487
interval (days)
Total radioactivity - - - 3.6 2.1 1.4 1.4 6.8 - 5.5
(extracts + PES in roots)
DCM = dichloromethane
Since an application of an unknown amount of non-labelled fosetyl-Al was made prior to application of the defined
amount of radiolabelled fosetyl-Al the specific radioactivity of the resulting blended radiolabelled test substance on the
plant cannot be calculated
a
At days 0, 7 and 14, samples were whole plants. On days 28, 56 and 119 samples were aerial parts and roots

Table 14 Distribution of radioactivity in pineapple plant fractions at harvest after application of

100 µCi (dipping) or 100 µCi (dipping) + 100 µCi (spraying) 14C-fosetyl-Al
Radioactive residues (µCi)
Type of treatment Dipping (day 480) Dipping + spraying (day 487)
Plant part fruit crown leaves roots fruit crown leaves roots
Acidified water/acetonitrile extracts 0.26 0.02 0.21 - 0.93 0.25 1.67 -
Aqueous phase after DCM partitioning 0.16 0.02 0.15 - 0.79 0.23 0.99 -
Lipid fraction 1 after DCM partitioning < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 - 0.003 0.01 0.16 -
Acetone extract 0.02 0.02 0.10 1.96 0.07 0.03 0.44 0.89
Lipid fraction 2 after acetone extraction - - - - - - - -
Methanol/HCl extract 0.03 < 0.005 0.14 0.81 0.18 0.05 0.66 1.24
Post extraction solids 0.07 0.04 1.02 3.96 0.99 0.48 1.76 3.36
Total radioactivity 0.38 0.05 1.47 6.8 2.17 0.81 4.53 5.5
DCM = dichloromethane

The metabolism of 14C-fosetyl-Al in/on pineapples was very rapid and proceeded through the
formation of 14C-ethanol, which was subsequently incorporated into natural lipids or evaporated.
Components of these lipids were identified as long-chain aliphatic acids, e.g. oleic acid and palmitic
acid, and as long-chain primary alcohols, e.g. the homologous 1-docosanol and 1-tetracosanol. Other
radiolabelled components were characterised as long-chain aliphatic acids or esters.

Tomato –foliar applications (fosetyl-Al)

In a study reported by Stewart & Xiao, 1991 [Ref: R000030; M-157723-01-1], two applications of
14
C-fosetyl-Al were made 14 days apart to fruit, leaves and stems of outdoor, sheltered tomato plants
at a rate equivalent to 4.5 kg ai/ha, and samples of fruit were taken 2 hours and 14 hours after the first
treatment and then 14 days (28 DAT-1) and 42 days (56 DAT-1) after the second treatment.
Fruit were washed, blended, and separated into juice and solids prior to freezing. All tomato
wash and tomato liquid samples were centrifuged, filtered, and analysed directly by HPLC without
solvent extraction. The tomato solid fractions were mixed with 0.1N sodium acetate, adjusted to pH
4.9 with HCl, enzymatically hydrolysed using -glucosidase and then refluxed with CH3CN/HCl. In
addition, the solid fractions from the 56 DAT-1 samples were subjected to more extensive extraction
techniques, involving triple acetone and HCl extractions; acid hydrolysis with 3.5N H2SO4; enzymatic
hydrolysis with cellulase (at pH 5) and then amylase (pH 6.8); enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase (at
pH 5) and then -glucosidase (pH 5); and refluxing with ethanol/water and ethanol/0.5N H2SO4.
In addition, tomato solids from the 56 DAT-1 samples were subjected to a range of solvent
and reflux extractions to separate the 14C-radioactivity into a lignin, cellulose and starch fractions.
Total radioactivity in the tomato wash and liquid fractions was determined by LSC and in the
solid fractions by combustion followed by LSC. Selected tomato wash, tomato liquid and tomato solid
fraction extractions were analysed directly by HPLC and by LSC. Retention times were compared to
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1419

radiolabelled 14C-standards. The identities of fosetyl-Al and its metabolites were confirmed using an
alternative HPLC method or by derivatisation and GC-FPD analysis (fosetyl-Al only).
During the course of this study, all tomato fruit were washed and processed immediately after
harvest (within 8 hours). The tomato wash, liquid, and solid fractions were stored in a freezer at
approximately -20 °C. HPLC separation of the 2 hours tomato wash at the beginning and end of the
analytical work resulted in similar portions of 14C-fosetyl-Al (approx. 93 to 94%) and 14C-ethanol
(approx. 6%) and demonstrated a sufficient stability of the major residue components over at least
10 weeks at -20 °C for the entire course the study.
The 14C-fosetyl-Al radioactive residue the fruit decreased from 1.51 mg ai eq/kg at 2 hours to
1.08 mg ai eq/kg after 14 days. Following the second treatment, TRR in fruit after 14 days
(28 DAT-1) were 4.88 mg ai eq/kg, decreasing to 2.84 mg ai eq/kg after 28 days (56 DAT-1).
The amount of 14C-residue in the tomato juice after the first application increased from
0.05 mg ai eq/kg at 2 hours to 0.27 mg ai eq/kg at 14 days but decreased after the second application,
with TRR in the solid fraction steadily increasing over the study period.
14
Table 15 Distribution of radioactive residues of C-fosetyl-Al residues in tomatoes after surface
washing and maceration
Sampling interval TRR in total Tomato fruit washing Tomato fruit liquid Tomato fruit solid
tomato fruit
mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg
2 hours (0 DAT-1) 1.5101 93.3 1.41 3.2 0.05 3.6 0.05
14 days (14 DAT-1) 1.0797 49.1 0.53 24.8 0.27 26.1 0.28
28 days (14 DAT-2) 4.8813 47.0 2.29 25.8 1.26 27.2 1.33
56 days (42 DAT-2) 2.8402 12.2 0.34 37.6 1.07 50.2 1.43

The major portion of the total 14C-residue at each sampling was the parent substance 14C-
fosetyl-Al and recovery decreased over time from 80% of TRR at 2 hours to 18% at 56 days. The
majority of the 14C-fosetyl-Al was recovered from the tomato wash with lower amounts recovered
from the tomato liquid fraction and minimal amounts (< 0.2 mg ai eq/kg) recovered from the tomato
solid fraction.
A major metabolite was 14C-ethanol, making up 14.6% TRR after 2 hours and then decreasing
to about 11.7% TRR after 14 days and in the later sampling intervals, found mostly in tomato solids
fractions.
14
C-glucose was identified as a second major conversion product occurring in samples after
the second application, making up 9.5% TRR in the 28-day samples and increasing to 16.4% TRR in
56-day samples.
Table 16 Identification of radioactive residues of fosetyl-Al and its metabolites in whole tomato fruit
Sampling interval mg ai eq/kg % TRR
Fosetyl-Al Ethanol D-glucose
2 hours (0 DAT-1) 1.3136 80.2 14.6 0
14 days (14 DAT-1) 1.1732 57.5 11.7 0
28 days (14 DAT-2) 5.0519 54.3 13.7 9.5
56 days (42 DAT-2) 2.8271 18.3 6.6 16.4

Table 17 Radioactive residues in wash and juice of tomatoes treated with 14C-fosetyl-Al
Fraction 2 hours (0 DAT-1) 14 days (14 DAT-1) 28 days (14 DAT-2) 56 days (42 DAT-2)
% TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg
Tomato wash 87.87 1.1543 52.51 0.6160 39.23 1.9819 10.42 0.2946
1420 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Fraction 2 hours (0 DAT-1) 14 days (14 DAT-1) 28 days (14 DAT-2) 56 days (42 DAT-2)
% TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg % TRR mg ai eq/kg
Fosetyl-Al 77.22 1.0144 43.68 0.5125 34.70 1.7528 8.28 0.2340
Ethanol 4.95 0.0650 3.15 0.0369 2.63 0.1330 1.33 0.0377
Glucose 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.98 0.0493 0.25 0.0070
Unknown - - - - 0.62 0.0315 0.28 0.0078
Unaccounted 5.70 0.0749 5.68 0.0666 0.30 0.0151 0.29 0.0081
Tomato juice (a) 6.90 0.0906 23.81 0.2793 30.55 1.5434 31.27 0.8840
Fosetyl-Al 2.97 0.0390 13.77 0.1615 15.70 0.7933 7.85 0.2220
Ethanol 1.43 0.0188 2.05 0.0241 0.77 0.0389 0.40 0.0112
Glucose 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 6.25 0.3159 9.48 0.2679
Unknown - - - - 0.72 0.0363 1.12 0.0316
Unaccounted 2.50 0.0328 7.98 0.0936 7.11 0.3590 12.43 0.3514
Tomato solid 5.23 0.0687 23.69 0.2779 30.21 1.5262 58.31 1.6485
Enzymatic hydrolysis 17.48 0.2296 37.92 0.4449 33.47 1.6910 49.45 1.3979
with glucosidase
Aqueous 9.01 0.1183 18.40 0.2159 16.96 0.8568 23.47 0.6635
Fosetyl-Al 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 3.91 0.1974 2.20 0.0623
Ethanol 3.35 0.0440 6.50 0.0763 6.44 0.3252 4.82 0.1363
Glucose 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 2.24 0.1134 6.70 0.1893
Unaccounted 5.66 0.0743 11.90 0.1396 4.37 0.2208 9.76 0.2758
Unextracted 8.47 0.1112 19.52 0.2290 16.51 0.8342 25.98 0.7344
CH3CN/HCl reflux 22.41 0.2629 20.13 1.0168 17.75 0.5019
Aqueous 6.78 0.0890 11.74 0.1377 7.62 0.3849 8.23 0.2327
Fosetyl-Al 0.00 0.000 NA NA 0.00 0.0000 NA NA
Ethanol 4.89 0.0643 NA NA 3.83 0.1933 NA NA
Glucose 0.00 0.0000 NA NA 0.00 0.0000 NA NA
Unaccounted 1.88 0.0247 NA NA 3.79 0.1916 NA NA
Unextracted 3.04 0.0399 10.67 0.1252 12.51 0.6319 9.52 0.2692
a
Juice following surface wash, maceration and separation from tomato solids

In the tomato solids fraction from the 42 DAT-2 treatment, 14C-cellulose was the major
component accounting for 6.19% of TRR (0.175 mg ai eq/kg), while 14C-lignin made up 1.72% TRR
(0.049 mg ai eq/kg) and 14C-starch accounted for 0.39% TRR (0.011 mg ai eq/kg). The amount of
14
C-cellulose, 14C-lignin and 14C-starch recovered represented 10.61, 2.95, and 0.66% of the
l4
C-residue in the tomato solid fraction.
Table 18 Distribution of radioactive residues in the solid fraction of fruit from tomatoes treated with
14
C-fosetyl-Al
Extract 56 days (42 DAT-2)
% TRR mg ai eq/kg
Total 34.55 0.9769
MeOH 10.81 0.3056
MeOH/HCl 3.60 0.1019
HCl 6.12 0.1731
Remainder 14.02 0.3963
DMSO 4.58 0.1294
Remainder (unextracted) 9.08 0.2568
Starch 0.39 0.0109
DMSO/Ethanol 4.11 0.1162
Total 13.58 0.3839
NaOH 8.45 0.2389
Cellulose 6.19 0.1750
Lignin 1.72 0.0486
Aqueous 6.39 0.1806
Total 14.30 0.4042

The metabolism of 14C-fosetyl-Al in tomato involves the hydrolytic cleavage of the ethyl ester
moiety yielding 14C-ethanol and phosphonic acid. This metabolic step starts immediately after
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1421

application at the surface of tomatoes as 14C-ethanol could be detected in the surface wash already two
hours after application. The further fate of 14C-ethanol proceeds via integration into the glyoxylate
cycle of plants resulting in radiolabelled natural plant constitutes, such as D-glucose, cellulose, lignin
and starch.

Fosetyl-Al
Fosetyl anion

dissociation
*
* Al3+
Al 3+ 3

hydrolysis
D-glucose
lipids
Ethanol Phosphonic acid
*
evaporation
(monobasic form)

natural plant products

(starch, cellulose, lignin,
bound residues)

(dibasic form)

* denotes 14C-label
Figure 1 Proposed metabolic pathway of fosetyl-Al in tomatoes

Tomato - supplementary study (fosetyl-Al)

In a study reported by Luttringer & de Cormis, 1985 [Ref: R003858; M-165516-01-1], the absorption,
degradation and migration of unlabelled fosetyl-Al was investigated in tomato following soil
watering, petiole absorption and partial foliar treatments and analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic
acid by GC-NPD after acetone/acetic acid extraction and derivatisation with diazomethane (LOQ
0.2 mg/kg).
In the soil watering experiment, Fosetyl-Al was applied to tomato plants at 0.16 or
0.32 g/plant by soil watering and samples leaves and stems/petioles were taken at different time
intervals (1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours as well as 7 and 14 days) for analysis.
Residues of fosetyl-Al were < 0.2 mg/kg in the stem/petioles from the plants treated with
0.16 g ai/plant and were 0.8 mg/kg in the samples taken 1 and 2 hours after soil treatment with
0.32 g ai/plant. In leaves, fosetyl-Al residues above the LOQ were only found in the 1 hour and 2 hour
samples (1.4–3.6 mg ai/kg), with no apparent dose relationship.
Residues of phosphonic acid increased rapidly, being found in leaves and stems/petioles
within 1 hour of watering, reaching a plateau in stems/petioles after 7 days and continuing to increase
in leaves at the end of the 14-day study period.
1422 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 19 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in tomato plants after soil watering treatment
with fosetyl-Al (results in mg/kg fresh weight)
Sampling 0.16 g/plant 0.32 g/plant
interval Stem and petioles Leaves Stem and petioles Leaves
Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic
acid acid acid acid
1 hour < 0.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.8 2.2 3.5 1.5
2 hours < 0.2 3.0 3.6 2.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.4
4 hours < 0.2 2.9 < 0.2 1.8 < 0.2 2.7 < 0.2 2.5
8 hours < 0.2 7.8 < 0.2 6.7 < 0.2 11.9 < 0.2 8.5
24 hours < 0.2 19.0 < 0.2 7.1 < 0.2 24.1 < 0.2 9.1
48 hours < 0.2 27.6 < 0.2 18.2 < 0.2 30.1 < 0.2 16.3
7 days < 0.2 101.0 < 0.2 43.2 < 0.2 156.2 < 0.2 51.7
14 days < 0.2 100.0 < 0.2 93.0 < 0.2 149.1 < 0.2 132.8

In the petiole absorption experiment, tomato plants were treated with 7200 µg fosetyl-Al or
5000 µg phosphonic acid per plant on the 5th petiole and samples of stem, petiole and leaves from the
central plant part as well as from the upper plant part were taken 8 and 15 days after treatment for
analysis.
In the fosetyl-Al treated plants, residues of parent remained in stem and petiole as well as in
leaves of lower and upper plant part by Day 8 and 15, with no trend of degradation. Residues of both
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were similar in both the lower and upper plant parts.
In contrast, in the phosphonic acid treated plants, higher residues were found in upper plant
parts (in stem, petioles and leaves) as well as in the lower leaves, indicating translocation in both
directions, but preferentially migration towards the apex (acropetal).
Table 20 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in various parts of tomato plants eight and
fifteen days after petiole treatment with fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid
Treatment Analyte Residues (mg/kg fresh weight) Residues (mg/kg fresh weight)
Lower plant part Upper plant part
Stem and petioles Leaves Stem and petioles Leaves
8 days 15 days 8 days 15 days 8 days 15 days 8 days 15 days
Fosetyl-Al Fosetyl-Al 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.3
(7200 µg/plant) Phosphonic acid 3.8 4.8 3.1 3.4 3.4 4.5 3.4 3.3
Phosphonic acid Phosphonic acid 3.2 3.8 10.2 5.4 10.8 5.4 12.9 9.0
(5000 µg/plant)

In the foliar treatment experiment, tomato plants were treated with solution of 0.4 g ai/litre,
spraying on the upper plant part, or the central plant part (with the untreated plant parts being covered
with a plastic bag). Samples of stem and petiole as well as leaves were taken at 4, 8 and 24 hours after
treatment.
Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were similar the lower and the upper plant parts
(stem and petioles as well as leaves) but there was a high increase in residues of phosphonic acid after
8 hours in leaves from both the upper and lower parts of the plant, these decreasing after 24 hours.
Table 21 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid after partial spray treatment of tomato plants
with a solution containing 0.4 g/L fosetyl-Al (results in mg/kg fresh weight)
Sampling Treatment (0.4 g ai/L)of the upper plant part Treatment (0.4 g ai/L) of the lower plant part
interval Recovered residues in the lower plant parts Recovered residues in the upper plant parts
Stem and petioles Leaves Stem and petioles Leaves
Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl- Phosphonic Fosetyl- Phosphonic
acid acid Al acid Al acid
4 Hours 1.4 4.8 3.3 3.1 1.6 3.6 3.2 3.3
8 Hours 1.1 2.8 2.7 9.8 1.2 5.4 2.8 6.3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1423

Sampling Treatment (0.4 g ai/L)of the upper plant part Treatment (0.4 g ai/L) of the lower plant part
interval Recovered residues in the lower plant parts Recovered residues in the upper plant parts
Stem and petioles Leaves Stem and petioles Leaves
Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic Fosetyl- Phosphonic Fosetyl- Phosphonic
acid acid Al acid Al acid
24 Hours 1.0 2.9 1.6 3.1 1.4 3.1 1.9 5.6

Tomato – root absorbtion (fosetyl-Al)

In a study reported by Leconte et al, 1988 [Ref: R001125; M-159938-01-1], hydroponically grown
tomato plants (with 5 mature leaves) were treated by dipping the root systems in solution of 2.26 mM
fosetyl-Al for either 1 hour or 3 hours. Samples of roots, mature leaves, mature internodes, young
leaves and buds, and young internodes were taken at the end of the 1-hour dipping period and 3, 24
and 72 hours after the start of the 3-hour dipping period for analysis of fosetyl and phosphonic acid
using gas chromatography (after derivatisation with diazomethane).
Fosetyl-Al uptake by the root system of tomato plants was accompanied by rapid hydrolytic
split of ethanol to form phosphonic acid. Further hydrolysis occurred more slowly since minor
amounts of fosetyl-Al could still be detected in roots after 24 hours.
Three days after the root absorption period the level of phosphonic acid in the roots and aerial
organs was nearly equal, indicating migration of phosphonic acid to the growing organs (young leaves
and buds as well as young internodes). Both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were shown to be
systemic as both compounds were transported into all parts of the plant shortly after beginning of the
experiment.
Table 22 Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid (nmol/g fresh weight) at different time intervals
after incubation of tomato plants in a hydroponic solution of fosetyl-Al
Dip exposure 1 hour 3 hours 3 hours 3 hours
to fosetyl-Al (2.26 mM) (2.26 mM) (2.26 mM) (2.26 mM)
Sampling time 1 hour 3 hours 24 hours 72 hours
Analyte Fosetyl Phosphonic Fosetyl Phosphonic Fosetyl Phosphonic Fosetyl Phosphonic
acid acid acid acid
Young leaves 19.3±5.3 35.4±13.4 30.3±6.4 63.4±12.2 10.1±1.8 107.3±12.2 ND 163.4±28.1
and buds
Young traces 45.1±9.8 101.8±75.2 125.6±28.5 ND 120.7±17.1 ND 101.2±12.2
internodes
Mature leaves 7.7±1.6 14.6±4.9 11.0±1.8 39.0±6.1 4.6±0.9 58.5±15.9 traces 50.0±11.0
Mature 6.4±0.9 26.8±8.5 12.8±3.7 43.9±8.5 6.4±0.9 108.5±20.7 traces 131.7±42.7
internodes
Roots 89.9±22.0 156.1±18.3 174.3±33.9 410.9±78.1 100.0±32.1 224.4±17.1 30.3±6.4 201.2±26.8
ND = not detected

Phosphonic acid
A summary review of published papers on the behaviour of phosphonic acid in plants was provided in
a paper by Morgan et al, 2005 [Ref AWR 04/01]. General conclusions from this review are:
 Potassium phosphonates readily penetrates both bark and cuticle of Betula pendula trees
(Garrec & Barrios, 1992).
 Phosphonates are absorbed rapidly by the plant leaves or roots and are translocated in both the
xylem and phloem (Luttringer and Cormis 1985, Guest and Grant 1991).
 Phosphonate applied to the tomato roots was translocated to the leaves within a few minutes
of treatment. Once in the leaf, the fungicide becomes phloem mobile and moves to sinks with
the greatest demand for photoassimilate (D’Arcy-Lameta and Bompeix, 1991).
1424 Fosetyl-Aluminium

 Following trunk injection (avocados), phosphonate was first detected in the leaves 24 hours
after application, and then detected in the bark and roots a few days later, supporting the
notion of downward phloem transport of phosphonate from the leaves (Whiley et al., 1995).
 Following foliar application, phosphonate is detected in plant roots, confirming the mobility
of phosphonate in the plant phloem (Ouimette & Coffey, 1989, 1990).
 In avocado seedlings, soil applications of potassium phosphonate led to higher residues of
phosphonate in all tissues compared to foliar application. Residues in roots were relatively
constant while residues in leaves and stems increased initially and then declined significantly
by the end of the study period (Ouimette & Coffey, 1989).
 Distribution of phosphonate to both roots and leaves is more rapid after foliar application than
after trunk injection (Schutte et al., 1991).
 Phosphonate can be actively taken up into the symplast of castor bean plants and sugar beet
leaf discs, and transported through the phloem. The involvement of an active transport system
is evidenced by the effect of metabolic inhibitors (Ouimette & Coffey, 1990).

Environmental fate
The Meeting received information on the environmental fate and behaviour of fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid, including hydrolytic stability, photochemical degradation in soils and aerobic
metabolism studies.

Hydrolysis – fosetyl-Al

Study 1
In a study reported by Buys et al., 1981 [Ref: R000987, M-159693-01-1], aqueous test solutions of
200 mg ai fosetyl-Al/litre were prepared using aqueous 0.1 N sulfuric acid (pH 1.2), 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide (pH 13) citrate buffers (pH 3, 5, 6) and borate buffers (pH 8, 9) and were incubated in the
dark at 70 ± 1 °C or at 22 ± 3 °C for intervals up to 33 days (48 hours for the pH 1, 2 and 13 samples).
A further series of test solutions of 10 g ai/litre at pH 3, 6 and 9 were also incubated in the dark for
intervals up to 32 days. Samples were analysed for both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid by GC-FPD.
Table 23 Recovery of fosetyl-Al after incubation in aqueous test solutions at pH 1.2 and 13 at 70 °C
and 22 °C in the dark
pH 70 °C 22 °C
Incubation time (hours) Incubation time (days)
0 2 4 6 8 24 48 0 1 2 7 14 21 30
1.2 106 82 65 50 38.5 <2 <2 106 97.5 100.5 85 69.5 55 43.5
13 103.5 93.5 79.5 73 63 19.5 < 2 103.5 101.5 93.5 72 49.5 33 23
Results are reported as percentage of nominal initial concentration of 200 mg/L

Table 24 Recovery of fosetyl-Al after incubation at 70° C and 22° C in aqueous buffer solutions at pH
3, 5, 6, 8 and 9 in the dark
pH Incubation time (days)
0 5 8 20 33
70° C 22° C 70° C 22° C 70° C 22° C 70° C 22° C 70° C 22° C
3 91.5 103.5 59 - 38.5 97.5 5.5 104 <2 101
5 98 96.5 96 - 91 87.5 95.5 89 81.5 84.5
6 100.5 98.5 101 - 94 93 106 99.5 101.5 94
8 108 103.5 106 - 102 99 116 108 107 106
9 108 105 103.5 - 100.5 98.5 111.5 106.5 102 104.5
Results are reported as percentage of nominal initial concentration of 200 mg/L
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1425

Table 25 Recovery of fosetyl-Al after incubation at 70 °C in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 3, 6 and 9

in the dark
pH Incubation time (days)
0 2 4 7-8 14-16 28-32
70 °C 22 °C 70 °C 22 °C 70 °C 22 °C 70 °C 22 °C 70 °C 22 °C 70 °C 22 °C
3 100 100 59 - 46 - 12.5 42.5 <2 12 <2 <2
6 113 113 104 - 103 - 100 112 103 101 100 92
9 100 100 94.5 - 107 - 103 85 107 110 103 125
Results are reported as percentage of nominal initial concentration of 10 mg/litre

Fosetyl-Al was found to be stable to hydrolysis in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 5, 6, 8 and 9

following 33 days of incubation at 70 or 22 °C but was degraded hydrolytically under conditions not
representative for the environment in terms of pH and temperature. Phosphonic acid was the major
transformation product.

Study 2
In a further study reported by Crowe, 2001 [Ref: C012596, M-203000-01-1], aqueous test solutions of
100 mg ai fosetyl-Al/litre were prepared using potassium biphthalate (pH 4) or boric acid (pH 7, 9)
and incubated in the dark at 50 °C for 5 days. Samples were taken after 0, 2 and 5 days for analysis of
fosetyl-Al, phosphonic acid and phosphoric acid by direct injection into an ion chromatographic
system and conductimetric detection. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3 mg/litre each for
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. The LOQ for phosphoric acid was 8 mg/litre.
Table 26 Recovery of fosetyl-Al after incubation in sterile aqueous buffer solutions at pH 4, 7 and 9 at
50 °C in the dark
pH Incubation time (days)
0 2 5
(mg/L) (%) (mg/L) (%) (mg/L) (%)
4 82.4 100 83.7 101.6 83.7 101.6
7 100.3 100 102.1 101.8 102.0 101.7
9 88.5 100 90.0 101.7 90.9 102.7

Fosetyl-Al was found to be stable to hydrolysis in aqueous buffer solutions at pH 4, 7 and 9

following 5 days of incubation at 50 °C.

Hydrolysis – phosphonic acid

Study 1
In a study reported by Shepler, 1997 [Ref: R009302, M-179049-01-1], aqueous solutions of 200 mg ai
phosphonic acid/litre were prepared using citrate (pH 4), acetate (pH 5), TRIS (pH 7) or borate (pH 9)
buffers and were incubated in the dark at 25 °C for intervals up to 31 days. Samples were analysed for
phosphonic acid and its potential transformation product phosphoric acid by anion exchange HPLC
and by comparison with authentic reference material. The identity of phosphonic acid was confirmed
by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using a 31Phosphorus probe.
Table 27 Recovery of phosphonic acid after incubation in sterile aqueous buffer solutions at pH 4, 5, 7
and 9 at 25 °C in the dark
pH Compound Incubation time (days)
0 3 7 12 20 31
4 Phosphonic acid 94.9 92.4 94.2 91.8 98.6 99.2
Phosphoric acid 2.1 2.9 3.8 5.5 4.4 3.1
Total 97.0 95.3 98.0 97.3 103.0 102.3
1426 Fosetyl-Aluminium

pH Compound Incubation time (days)

0 3 7 12 20 31
5 Phosphonic acid 94.7 94.5 99.9 93.2 98.3 98.3
Phosphoric acid 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Total 94.7 97.1 99.9 93.2 98.3 99.4
7 Phosphonic acid 99.9 95.0 99.2 99.4 100.6 102.2
Phosphoric acid 2.3 1.4 1.4 2.8 3.5 3.1
Total 102.2 96.4 100.6 102.2 104.1 105.3
9 Phosphonic acid 95.7 92.0 94.8 93.4 98.5 97.1
Phosphoric acid 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.2
Total 97.4 92.0 94.8 93.4 99.8 98.3
Results are reported as percentage of nominal initial concentration of 200 mg ai/litre

Phosphonic acid was found to be stable under conditions of sterile aqueous buffer hydrolysis
at pH 4, 5, 7 and 9 following 31 days of incubation at 25 °C. Phosphoric acid levels ranged from 0–
5.5% with no clear trend with time.

Study 2
A study on the potential of phosphonic acid to undergo oxidation in sterile aqueous buffer solutions
was reported by Corgier et al., 2000 [Ref: R014225, M-189210-01-1]. Aqueous buffer solutions of 1 g
ai phosphonic acid/litre were prepared using citric acid (pH 4), imidazole (pH 7) or boric acid (pH 9)
buffers and incubated under sterilised air or nitrogen (control) flow-through conditions for up to 30
days at 22 °C. Samples were analysed by 31Phosphorus-NMR.
Values for phosphate were low to very low for all samples, with phosphate detected in one of
the two pH 4 samples, present at 1.4% of the phosphonic acid concentration in the day-16 sample and
1.2% in the day 30 sample. No transformation was observed for samples of pH 7 and 9.

Photochemical degradation in soil – phosphonic acid

Study 1
A study on the photolytic transformation of phosphonic acid in soil was reported by Corgier, 2000
[Ref: R009319, M-179065-01-1]. An aqueous solution of phosphonic acid was applied drop-wise to
the soil surface to achieve a concentration of 4 mg ai phosphonic acid/kg and the soils were exposed
to simulating natural sunlight (602 W/m2) at 30 °C for intervals up to 21 days.
Soil samples were extracted with aqueous ammonia buffer solution and then twice with
isopropanol and the combined extracts were derivatised with trimethylsilyl diazomethane and
analysed for the phosphonic acid dimethyl ester derivative by GC-FPD.
Table 28 Photo-transformation of phosphonic acid on soil
Compound Treatment Phosphonic acid residues in soil (mg/kg)
0 DAT 1 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT 15 DAT 21 DAT
Phosphonic irradiated 4.6 3.9 3.6 3.5 2.6 2.2
acid dark 4.6 - 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.3

Extractable residues of phosphonic acid (phosphonate) decreased slowly in both the irradiated
and non-irradiated samples, from 4.6 mg/kg to 2.2 mg.kg (irradiated samples) and 3.3 mg/kg (dark
controls) by day 21.

Study 2
A further phototransformation study conducted at a lower test temperature (22 °C) and prolonged time
of irradiation (45 days) was reported by Cavaille, 2001 [Ref: C011841, M-201629-01-1]. An aqueous
solution of phosphonic acid was applied drop-wise to the surface of a loam soil (pH 6.6, 9.9% OM,
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1427

6.4 meq/100g CEC) to achieve a concentration of 4 mg ai phosphonic acid/kg and the soils were
exposed to simulating natural sunlight (490 W/m2) at 22 °C for intervals up to 45 days.
Soil samples were extracted with aqueous ammonia buffer solution and then twice with
isopropanol and the combined extracts were derivatised with trimethylsilyl diazomethane and
analysed for the phosphonic acid dimethyl ester derivative by GC-FPD. The LOQ of the method was
01 mg phosphonic acid/kg.
Table 29 Photo-transformation of phosphonic acid on soil
Compound Treatment Phosphonic acid residues in soil (mg/kg)
0 DAT 7 DAT 15 DAT 21 DAT 30 DAT 45 DAT
Phosphonic acid irradiated 4.7 3.4 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.0
dark 4.7 3.9 3.6 2.7 2.1 2.6

Extractable residues of phosphonic acid (phosphonate) decreased slowly in both the irradiated
and non-irradiated samples, from 4.7 mg/kg to 1.0 mg.kg (irradiated samples) and 2.6 mg/kg (dark
controls) by day 45.
In summary, following irradiation at soil surfaces, residues of phosphonate extractable from
soil were found to decrease with time, possibly a result of a general decrease of extractability from
soil, the influence of irradiation and/or possible microbial transformation. Overall, phosphonic acid
could be subject to slow photo-degradation at soil surfaces caused by indirect photolytic processes
influenced by soil components.
While photo-transformation in soil is a potential degradation mechanism, this is likely to be
limited because of the slow photolysis process and the migration of residues to deeper soil layers after
rainfall under field conditions.
Since the potential for direct absorption of light by phosphonic acid or the active substance
fosetyl-Al is very limited (i.e. no significant absorption at wavelengths of more than 290 nm), the
actual degradation observed is explained by indirect photolytic effects, i.e. the reaction of singlet
oxygen, hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals as oxidative species formed in the top 2 mm of soil
from irradiation.

Aerobic soil metabolism – fosetyl-Al

Study 1
A study investigating the biotransformation of fosetyl-Al in aerobic soils was reported by Hascoet et
al. 1978 [Ref: R002963, M-163672-01-1]. Aqueous solutions of [1-ethyl-14C]-fosetyl-Al or [32P]-
fosetyl-Al were applied drop-wise onto the soil surface to achieve a treatment rate of about 500 mg/kg
dry weight of soil (equivalent to 80 kg ai/ha). Soil samples were incubated at 20 °C under aerobic
conditions in the dark for intervals up to 32 days or at 12 °C for intervals up to 64 days.
Table 30 Characteristics of the soils used in the aerobic soil metabolism study
Parameter Soil
Soil Designation Versailles (‘A’) German 2.2 (‘B’) German 2.3 (‘C’)
Sand [> 200 µm] (%) 2.7 55.0 40.8
Fine Sand[20 – 200 µm] (%) 55.2 28.4 37.6
Silt[2 – 20 µm] (%) 21.1 10.0 12.4
Clay[< 2 µm] (%) 20.5 6.6 9.2
pH 6.4 6.9 6.1
Organic Matter (%) 1.94 4.71 1.72
Organic carbon (%) (a) 1.13 4.17 1.00
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100 g) 10.0 13.2 5.0
Calculated by dividing organic matter content by 1.72
1428 Fosetyl-Aluminium

The tests were performed in flow through systems consisting of glass flasks each containing
50 g soil and attached to a trap for volatile radioactivity (mixture of methanol and phenethylamine,
2:1, v/v), i.e. 14C-carbon dioxide. Soil moisture was maintained during incubation by passing
humidified air through the samples.
Soil samples were triple-extracted with distilled water and radioactivity measured by liquid
scintillation counting (LSC). Radioactivity present as 32P in extracts was measured and confirmed by
applying the Cherenkov effect. Soil extracts were concentrated and analysed by TLC/radio-detection
and the identity of test item and degradation products (i.e. phosphonic acid) was confirmed by TLC
co-chromatography with reference items. Volatile radioactivity in traps (methanol/phenethylamine
mixture) was determined by LSC and the identity of 14C-carbon dioxide formed and trapped as
volatile radioactivity was confirmed by co-precipitation with aqueous barium chloride solution (barite
water). Unextracted residues were determined by combustion/LSC and selected samples were subject
to an additional harsh extraction step using aqueous hydrochloric acid.
Material balances reported for the samples incubated at 20 °C, these ranging from 93 to
110% AR except for the day-4 German 2.2 soil (118% AR) and the day-1 and day-2 German 2.3 soil
2.3 (81% and 85% AR, respectively).
Following incubation at 20 °C the total extractable radioactivity decreased from 48.1% AR to
1.3% AR (soil Versailles at day 4), from 11.3% AR to 0.5% AR (German 2.2 soil at day 16) and from
53% AR to 2.9% AR (German 2.3 soil at day 2).
Following incubation at 12 °C the total extractable radioactivity decreased from 82.9% AR to
0.5% AR (soil Versailles at day 32), from 64.9% AR to 0.4% AR (German 2.2 soil at day 32) and
from 75.1% AR to 0.7% AR (German 2.3 soil at day 16).
No values for extractability of residues at the various time points were reported for samples
following application of [32P]-fosetyl-Al.
Degradation of 14C-fosetyl-Al was predominantly by rapid formation of carbon dioxide,
reaching a maximum of 72–83% of the applied radioactivity at the end of the study periods (32 days
for the 20 °C incubations and 64 days for the 12 °C incubations). For 32P-fosetyl-Al no volatile
radioactivity was observed.
For samples incubated at 20 °C unextracted residues decreased from 28.4% AR by day one to
23.9% AR by day 32 (soil Versailles) and from 50.2% AR by day one to 20.4% AR by day 32
(German soil 2.2). Values of NER increased for German soil 2.3 from 14.1% AR by day one to
20.8% AR by day 32.
No values for unextracted residues at the various time points were reported for samples
following application of [32P]-fosetyl-Al at 20 °C and for samples incubated with 14C-fosetyl-Al at
12 °C.
Table 31 Aerobic degradation of 14C-fosetyl-Al at 20 °C in three European soils under aerobic
conditions
Component % Applied radioactivity (rounded)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 Day 8 Day 16 Day 32
Soil A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Ambient 1st 42 44 3.0 2.9 1.3 - -
extract 2nd 6.2 9.1 1.1 - - - -
Total in ambient 48 11 53 4.1 2.5 2.9 1.3 1.6 - 0.5 0.5 -
extracts
Harsh extracts 1st 1.3 6.1 1.1 4.2 1.0 4.5 4.3 1.6 1.6 -
(aqueous HCl) 2nd 0.5 4.4 3.4 4.7 3.9 - -
Total in harsh 1.8 11 1.1 7.6 1.0 9.2 8.2 1.6 1.6 -
extracts
Unextracted from 27 40 39 41 38 37 30 27 27 22 24 20
combustion
Total unextracted 28 50 14 40 49 23 40 46 34 30 35 27 27 23 21 24 20 21
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1429

Component % Applied radioactivity (rounded)

Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 Day 8 Day 16 Day 32
Soil A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Volatiles (14C- 19 39 14 55 59 59 67 71 73 68 70 77 70 71 78 75 78 83
Carbon dioxide)
Total radioactivity 95 100 81 99 110 85 107 118 106 97 105 104 97 94 99 99 98 93
Total unextracted includes radioactivity in harsh extracts and radioactivity determined after combustion

Table 32 Aerobic degradation of 14C-fosetyl-Al at 12 °C in three European soils under aerobic

conditions
ss % Applied radioactivity (rounded)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 Day 8 Day 16 Day 32
Soil A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
st
Ambient 1 69 48 64 51 37 58 5.2 5.2 7.5 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4
extract 2nd 12 17 11 5 6.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.0
3rd 1.3 0.9
Total extracted 83 65 75 51 42 65 5.2 5.9 7.5 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4
Total unextracted na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na
Volatiles (14C- 5 5.3 5.9 16 17 17 59 59 58 68 61 66 69 65 71 75 69 75
Carbon dioxide)
Total radioactivity 90 70 81 67 59 81 64 65 65 68 62 67 70 66 72 75 69 75
na Unextracted radioactivity not determined
Volatiles (14C-Carbon dioxide) measured on day 64 at 75% AR, 72% AR and 84% AR in the three soils

14C-fosetyl-Al was the only 14C-containing compound detected by TLC/14C-radiodetection

in soil extracts of samples incubated up to four days after application. A volatile component observed
in traps of the rotary evaporator after concentration of soil extracts was presumed to be 14C-ethanol.
Analysis of soil extracts was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) starting on day
two. Besides the presence of 32P-fosetyl-Al, analysis revealed the formation of one 32P-containing
degradation product, i.e. phosphonate, formed from biotically induced hydrolysis of 32P-fosetyl-Al.
In summary, following application of 32P- or 14C-labelled fosetyl-Al to soil, residues were
readily degraded to form 32P-phosphonate (phosphonic acid), 14C-carbon dioxide and ethanol as
degradation products of fosetyl-Al in aerobic soil.

Study 2
A further study on the biotransformation of fosetyl-Al and ethanol in four aerobic soils was reported
by Buys & Bertrand, 1982 [Ref: R000825, M-159391-01-1]. Aqueous solutions of [1-ethyl-14C]-
fosetyl-Al or [1-14C]-ethanol were applied drop-wise onto the soil surface to achieve a fosetyl-Al
treatment rate of about 100 mg/kg dry weight of soil (equivalent to 80 kg ai/ha mixed to a depth of
6 cm) and an ethanol treatment rate of 39 mg/kg. Soil samples were incubated at 20 °C under aerobic
conditions in the dark for intervals up to 16 hours.
Table 33 Characteristics of the soils used in the aerobic soil metabolism study
Parameter Soil
Soil Designation Sandy loam Clay loam Loamy sand Silt loam
Sand[50 – 2000 µm] (%) 62.3 34.0 81.2 15.2
Silt[2 – 20 µm] (%) 20.2 27.6 13.8 55.3
Clay[< 2 µm] (%) 13.6 37.5 3.1 23.0
pH 5.3 7.6 6.6 6.6
Organic Matter (%) 3.6 2.6 1.3 2.3
Organic carbon (%) (a) 2.1 1.5 0.8 1.3
1430 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Parameter Soil
Soil Designation Sandy loam Clay loam Loamy sand Silt loam
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100 g) 13 21 5 14
Calculated by dividing organic matter content by 1.72

The tests were performed in flow-through systems consisting of glass flasks each containing
2.5 g of soil and attached to two successive traps for volatile radioactivity (0.1N aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution). For the two soils Sandy loam and Clay loam and late sampling intervals of seven
hours and 15 hours, an additional trap containing concentrated sulfuric acid was also included. Soil
moisture during incubation was maintained by passing humidified air through the test samples.
Volatile radioactivity collected in traps was determined by liquid scintillation counting (LSC)
and following precipitation as barium carbonate, 14C-carbon dioxide was quantified by determination
of the difference between total radioactivity and the radioactivity that remained in solution. The
radioactivity remaining in solution after precipitation was ethanol (confirmed by reversed phase
HPLC analysis combined with 14C-radio-detection).
Soil samples were sequentially extracted with aqueous sulphuric acid, ammonium hydroxide,
methanol and ethyl acetate. Maximum radioactivity in organic solvent extracts was below 1–3% AR
and were not considered further. Total radioactivity in soil extracts was determined by LSC.
Dependent on total radioactivity, extracts were analysed by HPLC combined with 14C-radio-detection
and unextracted residues were quantitated by combustion followed by LSC.
Material balances reported for the radio-labelled fosetyl-Al samples ranged from 95.1% to
99.5% AR and ranged from 96.4% to 106.3% AR for the radiolabelled ethanol samples.
Following application of fosetyl-Al, initial extraction efficiency ranged from 98.5 to
99.5% AR, decreasing to 10.9 to 12.6% AR after incubation for 15 to 16 hours (with unextracted
residues increasing to 37–47% AR at the end of the incubation period.
Following application of ethanol, initial extraction efficiency ranged from 96.5 to 99.5% AR,
decreasing to 7.8 to 10.6% AR after 15 to 16 hours incubation (when unextracted residues were 33.6
to 35.3% AR).
Volatile residues recovered from the soils treated with 14C-fosetyl-Al were 37–46% AR after
15 and 16 hours of incubation, with ethanol accounting for 17.6–36.6% AR and carbon dioxide
making up 9.4%–19.6% AR.
Following application of 14C-ethanol, 54% AR was recovered in traps after 15–16 hours in
two soils, with ethanol accounting for 40–47% AR and carbon dioxide making up 7.7–14% AR.
Table 34 Degradation of [14C]-fosetyl-Al at 20 °C in four soils under aerobic conditions
Component % Applied radioactivity
Soil 0 hours 0.75-1 hour 1.5 hours 3 hours 7 hours 15-16 hours
Fosetyl-Al sandy loam 97 17 1.2 n.d. n.d. -
clay loam 95 64 21 4 -
loamy sand 97 63 41 17
silt loam 98 60 36 5
Ethanol (extracted) sandy loam <1 73 78 48 5 -
clay loam 1 27 43 6 -
loamy sand nd 30 39 44
silt loam nd 25 44 46
Ethanol (volatile) sandy loam - 2.4 6.7 27.9 36.5 36.6
clay loam - 1.8 12.9 29.3 17.6
loamy sand - na na na
silt loam - na na na
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1431

Component % Applied radioactivity

Soil 0 hours 0.75-1 hour 1.5 hours 3 hours 7 hours 15-16 hours
Total ethanol sandy loam <1 75.4 84.7 75.9 41.5 36.6
clay loam 1 28.8 55.9 29.3 17.6
loamy sand - - - -
silt loam - - - -
Unknown RRT 0.65 (alkaline extract) sandy loam 2.2a 1.8a 2.5a 3.4a 5 5
clay loam - - traceb -
loamy sand - - - -
silt loam - - - -
Others (alkaline extract) sandy loam n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 3.9 4.5
clay loam 1.7 1.8 2.6 6.3 5
loamy sand - - - -
silt loam - - - -
14
C-Carbon dioxide sandy loam - 0.4 1 2.2 6.3 9.4
clay loam - 0.7 3.2 12.1 19.6
loamy sand - - - -
silt loam - - - -
Total extracted sandy loam 99.5 91.8 81 51.8 15.3 12.6
clay loam 96.5 91.7 67.2 20.1 10.9
loamy sand 98.8 92.9 81.7 64.8
silt loam 98.5 89.7 95.8 96.8
Unextracted sandy loam 0.1 3.7 7.8 14.8 38.4 37
clay loam 0.1 3.5 17.4 40 47
loamy sand 0.7 1.8 3.1 5.2
silt loam 1.5 5.1 6.5 21.4
Total volatile radioactivity sandy loam - 2.8 7.7 30.1 42.8 46
(CO2 + ethanol) clay loam - 2.5 16.1 35.4 37.2
loamy sand - 4 12 26.7
silt loam - 2.9 8 23.1
Total radioactivity sandy loam 99.6 98.3 96.5 96.6 96.5 95.6
clay loam 96.6 97.7 98 95.5 95.1
loamy sand 99.5 98.7 96.8 96.7
silt loam 100 97.7 95.8 96.8
n.d. = not detected
na = not determined
RRT = relative retention time derived from HPLC analysis
a
Includes other compounds in alkaline extract (ammonium hydroxide extract). Attributed to microbial degradation of
ethanol
b
Presence of Unknown RRT reported in extract, but not quantified

Table 35 Degradation of [14C]-ethanol at 20 °C in two soils under aerobic conditions

Component % Applied radioactivity
Soil 0 hours 0.75-1 hour 1.5 hours 3 hours 7 hours 15-16 hours
Ethanol (extracted) sandy loam 99.1 81 67 44 2 1.4
clay loam 96 72 38 2.9 1.8
Ethanol (volatile) sandy loam - 10 17.5 29.4 44.6 46.7
clay loam - 16.2 32.8 41.7 40.2
Total ethanol sandy loam 99.1 91 84.5 73.4 46.6 48.1
clay loam 96 88.2 70.8 44.6 42
Unknown RRT 0.65 (alkaline extract) sandy loam 0.4a 1.2a 2.4a 3.5a 5 5
clay loam - - - trace -
Others (alkaline extract) sandy loam - - - - 2.4 3.3
clay loam 0.5 1.2 2.4 4.4 3.8
14
C-Carbon dioxide sandy loam - 1 1.8 2.9 6.8 7.7
clay loam - 1.3 3.5 10.5 14.1
Total extracted sandy loam 99.5 80.9 69.9 48.6 10.5 10.6
clay loam 96.5 73.4 42.2 9.4 7.8
Unextracted sandy loam 0.1 3.5 9.8 16.1 32.5 33.6
clay loam 0.2 5.2 17.7 34.4 35.3
1432 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Component % Applied radioactivity

Soil 0 hours 0.75-1 hour 1.5 hours 3 hours 7 hours 15-16 hours
Total volatile radioactivity sandy loam - 11 19.2 32.3 51.4 54.4
(CO2 + ethanol) clay loam - 17.5 36.3 52.2 54.3
Total radioactivity sandy loam 99.6 96.4 100.7 99.9 101.2 106.3
clay loam 96.7 97.4 99.7 106.5 111.5
na = not determined
RRT = relative retention time derived from HPLC analysis
a
Includes other compounds in alkaline extract (ammonium hydroxide extract). Attributed to microbial degradation of
ethanol

In summary, following application of 14C-fosetyl-Al to aerobic soil, the active substance was
extensively and rapidly transformed to ethanol (max 85% AR after 1.5 hours), unextracted (bound)
residues (max 47% AR after 16 hours) which were not converted further during the short runtime of
the study and attributed to soil biological activity, and mineralisation to carbon dioxide (max 20% AR
after 16 hours). Estimated half-lives for fosetyl-Al were 0.33–1.5 hours and 2.5 hours for ethanol.

Study 3
The degradation of fosetyl-Al in three UK soils was reported by Mackie & Phillips, 1999 [Ref:
R011664, M-184329-01-1]. Aqueous solutions of [1-ethyl-14C]-fosetyl-Al were applied drop-wise
onto the soil surface to achieve a fosetyl-Al treatment rate of about 19 mg/kg dry weight of soil
(equivalent to 20 kg ai/ha mixed to a depth of 6 cm). Soil samples were incubated at 20 °C under
aerobic conditions in the dark for intervals up to 120 days.
Table 36 Characteristics of the soils used in the aerobic soil metabolism study
Parameter
Soil Designation Clay loam Sand/Loamy sand Sandy loam
Sand [63–2000 µm] (%) 34.3 86.8 65.4
Silt [2 – 63 µm] (%) 35 7 22.5
Clay [< 2 µm] (%) 30.7 6.2 12.1
pH (water) 6.9 5.4 6.6
Organic Matter (%) 4.3 2.8 3.1
Organic carbon (%) (a) 2.5 1.6 1.8
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100 g) 20.6 9.3 18.1
Calculated by dividing organic matter content by 1.72

The tests were performed in flow-through systems consisting of glass flasks each containing
50 g of soil and attached to two successive traps for volatile radioactivity (ethanediol for non-specific
volatiles and ethanolamine for carbon dioxide). Soil moisture during incubation was maintained by
passing humidified air through the test samples.
Soil samples were extracted twice with aqueous formic acid, Radioactivity was determined by
LSC and extracts were analysed by HPLC combined with 14C-radio-detection and identified by
comparison with authentic reference material. For determination of phosphonic acid/phosphonates,
extracted soil samples were further extracted twice with ammonia buffer and following a
derivatisation step (diazomethane) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC). Volatile radioactivity
was collected in traps but not investigated further.
Initial extraction efficiency ranged from 98.5–99.5% AR, decreasing to 6.8–10.2% after 1 day
and to 1.5–4.2% AR after incubation for 120 days.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1433

Table 37 Degradation of [14C]-fosetyl-Al at 20 °C in four soils under aerobic conditions

Component % Applied radioactivity
Soil 0 0.25 hours 0.5 hours 1 2 hours 4 hours 8 1 2 7 14 120
hours hour hours day days days days days
Fosetyl-Al clay loam 28.9 15 10 6.3 2 0.5
sand/loamy sand 36.2 9.2 13.2 10.6 11 n.d.
sandy loam 39.7 15.4 7 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Ethanol clay loam 59.4 60.3 57.5 51.3 20.1 1.7
sand/loamy sand 54.3 75.8 70.1 68.6 67.7 62.4
sandy loam 51.4 65 69.8 69.1 53.6 21.9
Unknown 2 clay loam 7.1 7.6 7.3 5.1 2.9 1.1
sand/loamy sand 8.6 11.7 11.6 12.8 11.5 6.3
sandy loam 9.7 17.2 16.1 14.6 15.3 3.3
Unknown 5 clay loam n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 4.2 7.1
sand/loamy sand n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
sandy loam n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 6.1
Total other unknowna clay loam 3.8 4.5 3.5 6.9 7.8 7.6
sand/loamy sand n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
sandy loam n.d.- n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Total extracted clay loam 99.2 87.4 78.3 69.7 37.1 17.8 13.9 10.2 10.4 7.5 6.8 4.2
sand/loamy sand 99.1 96.7 94.8 92 84.7 68.8 50.2 10 11.6 2.7 4 1.5
sandy loam 100.8 97.6 92.9 83.6 68.9 31.3 12.4 6.8 7.5 4.9 4.6 2.4
n.d. = not detected
a
Three unknown components, each less than 5% AR

Degradation of fosetyl-Al in soil was rapid, decreasing from 29–40% AR to 0.5% AR or less
within 4 hours, with ethanol extracted from soil peaking at 58–76% AR after 15-30 minutes.
A total of five unknown components were observed in soil extracts in the course of
incubation. Three components (reported as Unknowns 1, 3 and 4) showed a maximum occurrence
below 5% AR for all soils at any sampling interval in the course of the tests.
Unknown 5 was detected in two soils at up to 7.1 and 6.1% AR and Unknown 2 was detected
at maximum levels of 13–17% AR after 15-60 minutes, declining to less than 6% AR after 4 hours.
Analysis of extracted soils for phosphonic acid/phosphonates by GC did not result in a clear
trend for values determined with time but did demonstrate that the degradation of fosetyl-Al had
resulted in the presence of substantial amounts of phosphonic acid/phosphonates.
Degradation rates of fosetyl-Al in aerobic soil were calculated using the Timme-Frehse
approach, the software KIM and linear regression analysis. Depending on method of calculation, the
DT50 values ranged from 1 to 60 minutes.
Table 38 Rate of degradation of fosetyl-Al in three soils under aerobic conditions
Method DT50 DT90 Kinetic model
Soil (minutes) (minutes)
Clay loam TF 29 96 SFO
KIM 17 104 SFO
Linear 37 122 SFO
Sand/Sandy loam TF 21 69 SFO
KIM 5 369 SFO
Linear 60 200 SFO
Sandy loam TF 1 13 SFO
KIM 11 37 SFO
Linear 12 40 SFO
TFM: Timme-Frehse approach
KIM: software Kinetic Modelling (Thomae)
Linear: Linear regression analysis
1434 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Al3+

Fosetyl-Al

'Al2O3'

Ethanol
Phosphonic acid

Non-extractable Residues+
Carbon dioxide
Figure 2 Fosetyl-Al degradation pathway in aerobic soil

Aerobic soil metabolism – phosphonic acid

Study 1
The soil degradation pathway of phosphonic acid was investigated under aerobic conditions of the
laboratory in a clay loam by Adams & Conrad, 1953 [Ref: C034353, M-234773-01-1]. Soils were
treated with 100 mg disodium phosphonate (pentahydrate)/kg soil (dry weight), and 400 g samples
incubated in the dark at 28 °C and soil moisture at field capacity for intervals up to 16 weeks. The
influence of toluene (as a fumigating-type agent) on microbial activity in soil was investigated in
parallel.
Soil samples (25 g) were extracted by boiling gently with 2 N hydrochloric acid and passed
through an ion exchange column. Analysis for phosphonate (phosphite) was performed indirectly by
measuring the amount of phosphate in soil extracts prior to and the total phosphate after oxidation of
phosphonates by iodine for the same soil sample using a modification of the method of Deniges (i.e.
colorimetric method). Oxidation of phosphonates was performed by adding saturated aqueous sodium
hydrogen carbonate. Aqueous 0.01 N iodine solution was added, and following acidification (2 N
sulphuric acid), the excess of iodine was back-titrated with aqueous sodium thiosulfate (disappearance
of brown iodine colour). Residues of phosphonates in soil were reported as phosphorus trioxide
(P2O3) equivalents recovered/25 g subsample of soil in order to allow a comparison of the results.
Phosphonic acid residues (expressed as phosphorous trioxide equivalents/25 g soil) decreased
from 1.95 mg at week 4 to 0.97 mg at week 16 while phosphate residues (also expressed as
phosphorous trioxide equivalents/25 g soil) increased from 9.5 mg at week 4 to 10.4 mg at week 16.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1435

In soils containing toluene, phosphonic acid and phosphate residues both remained constant
over the study period suggesting that phosphonate transformation to phosphate in soil was related to
microbial activity.
Table 39 Dissipation of disodium phosphonate and determination of phosphate in soil incubated at
28 °C under aerobic conditions
Treatment Component Residues (P2O3 equivalents/25 g soil)
4 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks 16 weeks
Na2HPO3 Phosphonate 1.95 1.51 1.15 0.97
Na2HPO3 Phosphate 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.4

Na2HPO3 / toluene Phosphonate 1.95 2.04 1.95 1.95

Na2HPO3 / toluene Phosphate 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.4
Values given as mg ‘phosphorus trioxide’ (P2O3) eq/25 g subsample of soil treated with 2.04 mg Na2HPO3 (nominal)
Results are mean values from four 25 g subsamples

Study 2
The degradation of phosphonic acid in two UK soils was reported by Lowden & Oddy, 1999 [Ref:
R011658, M-184316-01-1]. Aqueous solutions of [33P]-phosphonic acid were applied drop-wise onto
the soil surface to achieve a treatment rate of 15 mg/kg dry weight of soil. Soil samples were
incubated at 20 °C under aerobic conditions in the dark for intervals up to 117 days.
Table 40 Characteristics of the soils used in the aerobic soil metabolism study
Parameter
Soil Designation Loam Sandy loam
Sand [63 – 2000 µm] (%) 24 57
Silt [2 – 63 µm] (%) 52 36
Clay [< 2 µm] (%) 24 7
pH (water) 7.3 6.0
Organic Matter (%) 3.6 2.2
Organic carbon (%)a 2.1 1.3
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100 g) 13.8 4.4
Biomass, initial (µg C /g soil) 566 377
Biomass, study end (µg C /g soil) 199 201
a
Calculated by dividing organic matter content by 1.72

Soil samples were extracted four times with aqueous ammonia buffer (pH 9.3) with the day
zero samples also being extracted with aqueous tartaric acid solution (pH 1.9). Radioactivity was
determined by LSC and extracts were analysed by HPLC combined with 14C-radio-detection and
identified by comparison with authentic reference material.
Mean material balances (after correction for isotope half-life of 25.34 days) ranged from 91–
107% AR except in the day 3 samples where material balances were 87–88% AR.
Total extracted radioactivity decreased from 62–77% AR to 31–47% AR after incubation for
117 days with unextracted residues increasing from 19–34% AR to 49–68% AR at the end of the
study period and extracted radioactivity attributed to phosphonic acid decreased from 62–77% AR to
26–31% AR after 117 days incubation.
Table 41 Degradation of [33P]-phosphonic acid at 20 °C in two soils under aerobic conditions
Component % Applied radioactivity
Soil 0 days 3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 87 days 117 days
Phosphonic acid loam 62.1 39.4 26.5 35.3 41.3 40.6 28.8 25.7
sandy loam 77.2 55.4 55.9 54.8 55.1 54.1 37.9 30.9
1436 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Component % Applied radioactivity

Soil 0 days 3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 87 days 117 days
a
Unknowns loam 4.2 5.5
sandy loam 12.1 15.7
Total extracted loam 62.1 39.4 26.5 35.3 41.3 40.6 33.1 31.3
sandy loam 77.2 55.5 56 54.8 55.1 54.1 49.8 46.6
Unextracted loam 34.4 47.6 64.3 62.9 56.6 56 74.2 68.5
sandy loam 19.3 33.1 38.6 41.7 42.9 38.5 44.8 49.4
Total radioactivity loam 96.5 86.9 90.8 98.2 97.8 96.6 107.2 99.8
sandy loam 96.4 88.4 94.8 96.4 98 92.6 94.6 96
Values given as percentage of total applied radioactivity, corrected for isotope half-life of 25.34 days
a
Sum of up to 8 unknown components/regions with relative retention times of 0.45, 0.5, 0.64, 0.74, 0.87, 1.45, 1.75, 1.96,
each less than 10% AR

Degradation rates of phosphonic acid in aerobic soil were calculated using the Timme-Frehse
approach, the software KIM and linear regression analysis. Because of the initial rapid decline of
phosphonic acid and the slower decline at later sampling intervals, calculated half-lives ranged from
109 to 137 days when calculations were based on the data from the late sampling intervals.
Table 42 Rate of degradation of phosphonic acid in two soils under aerobic conditions
Soil Approach DT50 (days) Quality of fita Kinetic model
UK clay loam Excel/all sampling intervals 120.9 0.327 SFO
KIM/all sampling intervals 8.7 0.906 SFO
Timme Frehse/all sampling intervals 89.2 0.388 SFO
Excel/late sampling intervals 116.8 0.906 SFO
KIM/late sampling intervals 108.5 0.996 SFO
Timme Frehse/ late sampling intervals 116.8 0.880 SFO
US sandy loam Excel/all sampling intervals 102.8 0.730 SFO
KIM/all sampling intervals 70.6 0.960 SFO
Timme Frehse/all sampling intervals 37.4 0.759 SFO
Excel/late sampling intervals 136.5 0.864 SFO
KIM/late sampling intervals 133.3 0.985 SFO
Timme Frehse/late sampling intervals 124.7 0.617 SFO
a
r squared for Excel, 'modified r squared’ for Timme-Frehse and 'fit criterion' (modification of r squared) for KIM (kinetic
modelling).

Study 3
The degradation rate of phosphonic acid was investigated in four European soils under aerobic
conditions at 20 °C and moisture of 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the dark (Voelkel,
2015 [Ref: 20140225, M-53231-01-1].
Soil samples (100 g dry weight) were treated with 1.5 mg phosphonic acid/kg soil (equivalent
to a field rate of 11.25 kg ai/ha. Following application, the samples were attached to ‘flow through’
systems and incubated at 20 °C and a moisture content of 50% of MWHC in the dark for intervals up
to 117 days.
Duplicate samples were extracted four times successively with aqueous ammonium hydrogen
carbonate (pH 9.2), concentrated to dryness, re-constituted in 0.1 M aqueous tartaric acid solution (pH
2) and analysed for phosphonic acid by HPLC-MS/MS.
Table 43 Characteristics of the soils used in the aerobic soil degradation study
Soil
Soil description Hoefchen Dollendorf II Wurmwiese Laacher Hof
Am Hohenseh 4a AXXa
Textural classa silt loam clay loam sandy loam sandy loam
Sand (%) 25 29 53 77
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1437

Soil
Soil description Hoefchen Dollendorf II Wurmwiese Laacher Hof
Am Hohenseh 4a AXXa
Silt (%) 61 39 31 15
Clay (%) 14 32 16 8
pH (water) 6.4 7.3 5.3 6.5
Organic matter [%]b 2.8 7.4 2.8 2.1
Organic carbon [%] 1.6 4.3 1.6 1.2
Microbial biomass (mg C / 100 g soil)
DAT-0 450 1250 537 382
DAT-117 497 892 436 405
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) 10.3 17.5 9.1 7.1
a
USDA classification
b
% organic matter = % organic carbon × 1.724

Mean values of recoveries of phosphonic acid in soil extracts at day zero ranged from 94–
99% of the applied doses in three of the soil types but were 64% of the applied dose in the clay loam
soil (attributed to the higher calcareous content and the potential for phosphonic acid to form, in
contact with soil, insoluble residues spontaneously). Concurrent recoveries from fresh spiked soil
samples ranged from 79% to 102%.
Phosphonic acid residues declined to 50% (silt loam), 7.2% (clay loam), 66% (sandy loam)
and 2% (sandy loam–Laacher Hof AXXa) of the applied doses after 117 days of incubation.
Table 44 Degradation of phosphonic acid in four European soils under aerobic conditions
Soil type Phosphonic acid residues (% of the applied dose)
0 days 3 days 7 days 14 days 30 days 61 days 90 days 117 days
Hoefchen am Hohenseh 4a silt loam 99.4 100.9 93.9 82.6 79.7 66.2 58.0 49.6
Dollendorf II clay loam 63.5 56.0 48.5 40.4 32.1 23.4 13.3 7.2
Wurmwiese sandy loam 96.0 84.3 90.0 79.4 73.9 64.0 67.3 66.4
Laacher Hof AXXa sandy loam 93.6 81.1 86.6 82.2 48.7 13.8 3.3 2.0

Residues of phosphonic acid in aerobic soil were found to degrade with SFO fit half-lives
ranging from 27.5 to 219 days under the conditions of the laboratory. The corresponding DT90-values
ranged from 91.4 to 726 days.
Table 45 Half-lives and DT90-values of phosphonic acid in aerobic soil according to SFO kinetics
Soil Kinetic Model DT50 (days) DT90 (days) Chi² error (%) r2
Hoefchen (silt loam) SFO 114 380 3.34 0.9497
Dollendorf II (clay loam) SFO 38.9 129 7.17 0.9628
Wurmwiese (sandy loam) SFO 219 726 5.75 0.7240
Laacher Hof AXXa (sandy loam) SFO 27.5 91.4 11.3 0.9551

Published information suggests that there is some oxidation of phosphonate into phosphate
through biologically induced process by soil microbes.

Rotational crop studies

Fosetyl-aluminium (fosetyl-Al) degrades very rapidly in soil with a half-life of ≤ 1 day, with the only
relevant metabolite in soil being phosphonic acid. Due to the difficulties in radio-labelling of this
metabolite and the short nuclear half-lives of suitable radiolabelled P (32P: t1/2 = 14.3 days; 33P: t1/2 =
25.3 days) no confined rotational crop studies were conducted.
The Meeting received information on the metabolism of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in a
range of representative field crops grown in treated soil.
1438 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Field rotational crop studies – fosetyl

In four field trials conducted in Europe and reported by Melrose & Portet, 2009, 2010 [Refs: 08-2504
(M-349882-02-1); 08-2505 (M-349137-02-1); 08-2506 (M-361470-01-1) and 08-2507 (M-349147-
02-1)], lettuce plants were treated with three foliar sprays of 0.71–0.775 kg ai fosetyl/ha (SL
formulation) at 7–13 day intervals, a total of 2.26–2.33 kg ai/ha. The lettuce plants were harvested 7
days after the last application and lettuce, carrots and winter wheat or barley crops were planted as
follow-crops 26–46 days later and sampled at maturity.
Samples were stored frozen for up to 444 days before analysis. Freezer storage stability
studies indicate that the fosetyl-Al residues are not stable in high water content commodities after
frozen storage above 12 months and not stable in high starch content after frozen storage for 5
months. Therefore the results for fosetyl in the rotational crop studies cannot be considered accurate.
However the total residues which take into account the degradation of fosetyl to phosphonic acid
during sample storage have been shown to be stable for at least 24 and 25 months in high water
content and high starch content commodities, respectively.
Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid were measured using the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001. Overall mean recovery values for fosetyl in all matrices ranged from 75–104% in
samples spiked with 0.01–0.5 mg/kg. Except for carrot leafs, the overall mean recovery rates for
phosphonic acid ranged from 70–104% in samples spiked with 0.1–5 mg/kg. In carrot leafs, overall
mean recovery rates for phosphonic acid were 57, 64, 78 and 157%. The LOQs for fosetyl were
0.0093 mg/kg (0.047 mg/kg in wheat/barley forage and straw) and for phosphonic acid, were
0.1 mg/kg (0.5 mg/kg in wheat/barley forage and straw).
Fosetyl residues were < 0.0093 mg/kg in lettuce (head), carrots (root and leaf) and cereal
(grain) and < 0.047 mg/kg in wheat/barley forage and straw. Residues of phosphonic acid were
< 0.5 mg/kg in wheat forage and straw and were < 0.1 mg/kg in lettuce (head), carrots (root and leaf)
and cereal grain (except at one site where residues of 0.21 mg/kg phosphonic acid were reported in
the grain sample.
Table 46 Residues of fosetyl (expressed as fosetyl-Al) and phosphonic acid in carrots, lettuce and
cereals grown as rotational crops in Europe following 3 applications of 0.71–0.775 kg ai fosetyl/ha to
lettuce (total 2.3 kg ai/ha)
Crop commodity PBI DALT Residue Individual results from 4 sites Average
(days) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Carrot, root 27–38 103–212 Fosetyl < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093 < 0.0093
Phosphonic acid < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10 < 0.1
Total residue < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11 < 0.11
(as phosphonic acid)
Carrot, leaf 27–38 103–212 Fosetyl < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093 < 0.0093
Phosphonic acid < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10 < 0.1
Total residue < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11 < 0.11
(as phosphonic acid)
Lettuce head 26–46 54–141 Fosetyl < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093 < 0.0093
Phosphonic acid < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10, < 0.10 < 0.1
Total residue < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11, < 0.11 < 0.11
(as phosphonic acid)
Wheat/barley 30–38 106–309 Fosetyl < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093, < 0.0093 < 0.0093
(grain) Phosphonic acid < 0.10, < 0.10, 0.21, < 0.10 0.1
Total residue < 0.11, < 0.11, 0.22, < 0.11 0.11
(as phosphonic acid)
Wheat/barley 30–38 106–309 Fosetyl < 0.047, < 0.047, < 0.047, < 0.047 < 0.047
(forage) Phosphonic acid < 0.50, < 0.50, < 0.50, < 0.50 < 0.5
Total residue < 0.54, < 0.54, < 0.54, < 0.54 < 0.54
(as phosphonic acid)
Wheat/barley 30–38 106–309 Fosetyl < 0.047, < 0.047, < 0.047, < 0.047 < 0.047
(straw) Phosphonic acid < 0.50, < 0.50, < 0.50, < 0.50 < 0.5
Total residue < 0.54, < 0.54, < 0.54, < 0.54 < 0.54
(as phosphonic acid)
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1439

DALT: Days after last treatment

PBI: Interval between the last application on the primary crop (lettuce) and the sowing/planting of the secondary crop
(carrot/lettuce/winter barley)

Field rotational crop studies – Phosphonic acid

In a rotational crop study reported by Diot et al., 2001 [Ref: C012853; M-203498-01-1], a root crop
(radish), a leafy crop (lettuce) and a cereal/grain crop (barley) were grown in soil treated with
phosphonic acid at a target concentration of 4.9 mg/kg (equivalent to the concentration in a 15 cm soil
layer resulting from the application of 10 kg ai phosphonic acid/ha).
A loamy sand soil (pH 6.5, organic matter 1.9%) was sprayed with phosphonic
acid/potassium hydroxide, mixed and distributed in 20-cm pots. The potted soils were aged outdoors
(sheltered from rain) for 32 days before being planted with barley and radish seeds and lettuce
seedlings, with a further sowing of radish in pots aged for 182 days. The pots were maintained under a
plastic tunnel (or in a greenhouse for barley towards the end of the growth period).
Samples of mature plants were analysed for phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD method AR
154–97 (LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg) with average recovery rates of 64% (radish leaves), 93% (radish roots),
91% (lettuce leaves), 93% (barley grain) and 71% (barley straw) in samples fortified with 0.1–
2.0 mg/kg phosphonic acid.
Soil samples taken immediately after treatment and when the crops were planted and
harvested were analysed for phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD method AR 214-99 (LOQs of 0.1–
0.2 mg/kg), with an average recovery rate of 102% in samples fortified with 0.1–4.0 mg/kg
phosphonic acid.
In the soil, no appreciable decline of phosphonic acid was observed during the 32-day ageing
period but significant degradation (or irreversible binding) was observed afterwards, with depletion
occurring faster in cropped soil, possibly a result of increased microbial activity.
In radish (roots and leaves) and in lettuce (leaves) sown/planted one month after treatment,
residues of up to 1.0 mg/kg phosphonic acid were observed, while in barley (grain and straw) sown
one month after treatment, and for radish (roots and leaves) sown 6 months after treatment of the soil,
noting the relatively high LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg, differences between treated and untreated samples were
not significant, all below the LOQ.
Table 47 Phosphonic acid residues in soil treated with the equivalent of 10 kg ai phosphonic acid/ha
and in radish, lettuce and barley grown as rotational crops
Crop commodity PBI Harvest DALT Phosphonic acid ((mg/kg)
(days) (days after Individual values Mean
planting)
Radish, roots 32 40 69 0.58, 1.1, 0.69, 0.8 0.8
c=0.1 c=0.1
182 40 222 < 0.10(0.04), < 0.10(0.02) < 0.10(0.03)
c= n.a. c= n.a.
Radish, leaves 32 40 69 0.45, 0.3, 0.34, 0.31 0.35
c=< 0.10(0.04) c=< 0.10(0.04)
182 40 222 0.13, < 0.10(0.05) < 0.10(0.09)
c=n.a. c=n.a.
Lettuce, leaves 32 37 69 0.67, 0.92, 1.0, 0.45 0.76
c=< 0.10(0.04) c=< 0.10(0.04)
Barley, grain 32 150 182 0.11, 0.24, 0.1, 0.12 0.14
c=0.10 c=0.10
Barley, straw 32 150 182 0.80, 0.48, < 0.25(0.18), < 0.25(0.23) 0.42
c=< 0.25(0.19) c=< 0.25(0.19)
Bare soil
At treatment 0 3.4, 3.7, 3.5
At sowing 32 3.7, 4.1 3.9
1440 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Crop commodity PBI Harvest DALT Phosphonic acid ((mg/kg)

(days) (days after Individual values Mean
planting)
At harvest (radish, lettuce) 69 1.89, 0.62 1.25
At harvest (barley) 182 0.13, < 0.01 < 0.01
Cropped soil
Radish soil 69 0.12, 0.1, < 0.01, < 0.01, < 0.01 < 0.01
Lettuce soil 69 0.34, 0.18, 0.6, 0.27 0.35
Barley soil 189 < 0.01, < 0.01, < 0.01, < 0.01 < 0.01
PBI = plant back interval (interval between soil treatment and sowing/planting of the succeeding crop)
n.a. : not available
c: control sample
Values in brackets are estimated (below LOQ).

Animal metabolism
The Meeting received animal metabolism studies on rats and lactating goats where animals were
dosed with fosetyl-Al radiolabelled in the 1-C position.

Fosetyl-aluminium

Rats
The metabolism of fosetyl-Al in rats was reviewed in the framework of the toxicological evaluation
by the WHO Core Assessment Group of the 2017 JMPR.
Following oral administration, 14C-fosetyl-Al was almost completely absorbed and almost
completely eliminated in exhaled air, urine, and faeces within 24 hours. Fosetyl-Al undergoes
extensive hydrolysis in vivo to give ethanol and phosphonate. The phosphonate is excreted
predominately in the urine (equivalent to 73% of the administered compound) together with
unchanged material (26–28% of the administered compound).

Lactating goats

Study 1
In a study reported by Predmore & Stumpner, 1987 [Ref: R001413; M-160479-01-1], two lactating
goats (#29 and #31) were dosed orally by capsule for 7 consecutive days with 14C-fosetyl-Al at doses
equivalent to 10.5 ppm in the diet (21 mg/goat/day based on an average feed consumption of 2 kg/day
and body weights of 49–50 kg). In a separate experiment an additional goat (#30) was also dosed for
three days with 10.5 ppm in the diet and used in the CO2 trapping chamber.
The goats were milked twice daily and urine and faeces from each goat were also collected
each morning. In the CO2 trapping experiment, expired CO2 was drawn through a valve in a plexiglass
chamber fitted over the head and neck of the goat and the upper corner and passed through an aqueous
2.5N potassium hydroxide trapping solution. All goats were sacrificed 24 hours after the 7th daily dose
and various tissue samples were taken for analysis (blood (heparinized), fat, muscle, kidney, liver,
heart and gall bladder contents).
Individual muscle, fat, kidney, liver and heart samples were homogenised and radioassayed
by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) with quench control. Liquid samples (urine and homogenised
milk) were directly measured after addition to a scintillation cocktail. Faeces and tissue samples were
combusted in a sample oxidizer. Trapping solutions for exhaled CO2 were mixed with water and
scintillation cocktail before LSC analysis. Average LOQs for the different sample types were
0.0014 mg ai eq/kg in milk and 0.0026 to 0.0032 mg ai eq/kg in all tissues.
The majority of the dose was excreted with urine (12 and 14% of the total dose) and faeces
(5.4 and 4.8% of the total dose). In expired air,14CO2 was not detected within the first 30 minutes but
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1441

increased over the 3-day study period to 24% of the daily dose and in total, made up 17.5% of the
administered dose.
In milk, residues reached a plateau after 3 days and in total made up 17% of the administered
radioactivity.
Table 48 Radioactive residues (mg ai eq/kg) in milk of goats following daily dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al
Day of collection Goat #29 Goat #31 Goat #30
7 daily doses of 10.5 ppm 7 daily doses of 10.5 ppm 3 daily doses of 10.5 ppm
-1 - - -
1 0.39 0.25
2 2.2 1.4
3 2.2 1.6
4 2.2 1.6
5 2.2 1.6
6 2.2 1.6
7 2.2 1.7
13a 0.44
14a 1.4
15a 1.7
Values are means of duplicate analyses
a
mean residues for Day 1 to 3 of a separate goat for determination of exhaled 14CO2

In tissues, less than 1.0% of the administered dose was found in liver and kidney, up to 2.2%
AD in fat and up to 1% AD in muscle. Highest concentrations of radioactive residues were in liver
(0.49–0.57 mg ai eq/kg), kidney (0.28–0.32 mg ai eq/kg), heart (0.2–0.23 mg ai eq/kg) and muscle
(0.11–0.15 mg ai eq/kg). Radioactive residues in fat were 0.086–0.096 mg ai eq/kg in one animal and
0.24–0.61 mg ai eq/kg in the second goat.
Table 49 Radioactive residues in tissues of lactating goats following 7 consecutive daily doses of
10.5 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al in the diet
Matrix Goat #29 Goat #31
7 daily doses of 10.5 ppm 7 daily doses of 10.5 ppm
[mg ai eq/kg] [mg ai eq/kg]
Muscle
Triceps 0.13 0.14
Semimembranosus 0.11 0.11
Longissimus dorsi 0.11 0.15
Fat
Perirenal 0.086 0.61
Omental 0.096 0.24
Kidney 0.28 0.32
Heart 0.20 0.23
Liver 0.49 0.57
Gall bladder contents 0.52 0.30
Blood 0.11 0.12
Results are mean values of duplicate analyses
Total administered dose was 147 mg 14C-fosetyl-Al/animal

Table 50 Radioactive residues in expired air (14CO2) from goats following 3 consecutive daily doses
of 10.5 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al in the diet (daily dose of 21 mg ai/animal)
Hours after administration Collection Day 1 Collection Day 2 Collection Day 3
mg ai equiv. % daily dose mg ai equiv. % daily dose mg ai equiv. % daily dose
0.0 - - - - - -
0.5 - - 0.00868 0.0413 0.0110 0.0524
1.0 0.0150 0.0714 0.0245 0.117 0.0386 0.184
1442 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Hours after administration Collection Day 1 Collection Day 2 Collection Day 3

mg ai equiv. % daily dose mg ai equiv. % daily dose mg ai equiv. % daily dose
2.0 0.183 0.871 0.122 0.581 0.210 1.00
4.0 0.486 2.31 0.598 2.85 1.04 4.95
8.0 1.28 6.10 1.78 8.48 2.96 14.1
12.0 1.96 9.33 2.43 11.6 3.54 16.9
16.0 2.30 11.0 2.86 13.6 4.27 20.3
24.0 2.53 12.0 3.42 16.3 5.05 24.0

Table 51 Distribution of radioactive residues following 7 consecutive daily doses of 10.5 ppm
14
C-fosetyl-Al in the diet (Total administered dose of 140 mg ai/animal)
Matrix Goat #29 Goat #31 Goat #30
% of total administered dose
Milk 17 11 5.0
Excreta
Urine 12 14 10
Faeces 5.4 4.8 8.4
CO2 (AD = 63 mg ai) 17
Tissues
Fat <1.0 2.2 -
Muscle <1.0 1.0 -
Liver <1.0 <1.0 -
Kidney <1.0 <1.0 -
Heart <1.0 <1.0 -
Gall bladder contents <1.0 <1.0 -
Blood <1.0 <1.0 -

Residues in milk were characterised in a supplementary study reported by Shaffer, 1987 [Ref:
R003992; M-165774-01-1], where duplicate milk samples (containing 2.2 mg ai eq/kg fosetyl-Al)
were taken from goat #29 on day 7, mixed with methanol to precipitate casein (milk proteins) and the
methanolic suspensions containing precipitated casein were extracted with petroleum ether and
separated in three fractions: 1) petroleum ether, 2) aqueous and 3) protein.
Radioactive residues in the petroleum ether fraction were 82% TRR with 10% TRR in the
aqueous fraction and 9.3% in the protein fraction, and chromatographic analysis, although limited,
was sufficient to conclude that the radioactivity in the milk does not represent the parent fosetyl-Al.

Study 2
A supplementary study to further investigate metabolic fate of 14C-fosetyl-Al in lactating goats
following oral administration, especially the formation of exhaled 14CO2 was reported by Stumpner &
Predmore, 1987 [Ref: R003993; M-160479-01-1].
One lactating goat was dosed orally by capsule for 7 consecutive days with 14C-fosetyl-Al at
rate equivalent to 10 ppm in the diet (20 mg/goat/day, equivalent to 0.513 mg ai/kg bw/day based on
an average feed consumption of 2 kg/day and a body weight of 39 kg).
The goat was milked twice daily and urine and faeces from each goat were also collected each
morning. Respired air was collected by using a mask which covered the goat’s mouth and nostrils,
with three minute collections taken every 30 minutes for the first 8 hours after dosing, then at 9, 10,
11, 12, 16 and 24 hours after dosing. Expired CO2 was trapped in a 2 N potassium hydroxide trapping
solution.
Milk and excreta samples were radioassayed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) with
quench control. Liquid samples (urine and homogenised milk) were directly measured after addition
to a scintillation cocktail. Trapping solutions for exhaled CO2 were mixed with water and scintillation
cocktail before LSC analysis. Average LOQs for the different sample types were 0.0018 mg ai eq/kg
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1443

in milk and 0.0024 mg ai eq/kg in urine, 0.0036 mg ai eq/kg in faeces and 0.0025–0.0043 mg ai eq/kg
in CO2 trapping solutions.
Table 52 Distribution of radioactive residues following 7 consecutive daily doses of 10 ppm
14
C-fosetyl-Al in the diet (0.513 mg/kg bw/day)
Matrix % of administered dose (140 mg 14C-fosetyl-Al)
Milk 2.06
Excreta
Urine 7.09
Faeces 71.3
Air 5.71
Total 86.2

In milk, there was a gradual increase in residue levels, reaching a plateau after 3 days (0.27–
0.3 mg ai eq/kg) with total residues making up about 2% of the administered dose.
Exhaled 14CO2 was not detected during the first 30 minutes of the study, but were measured at
all other sampling times, reaching a maximum between 1.5 and 2 hours after each dosing (mean
values over all 7 days) and slowly declined to near background by 24 hours after each dosing. Over
the 7-day study period, 14CO2 residues peaked on Day 4, with total residues being about 5.7% of the
administered dose.
Table 53 Radioactive residues (mg ai eq/kg) in milk of a goat following daily dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al
at 10 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days (0.513 mg ai/kg bw/day)
Day of collection mg ai eq/kg
-1 < 0.0018
1 0.1050
2 0.2447
3 0.2546
4 0.2703
5 0.2485
6 0.2688
7 0.3009
Results are mean values of duplicate analyses
Total administered dose was 140 mg 14C-fosetyl-Al/animal

Table 54 Radioactive residues recovered in expired air of a goat—measured in 30 minutes

increments—following daily dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al at a level 10 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive
days (0.513 mg/kg bw/day)
14
Time period after administration (hours) CO2 residues (µg ai eq)a
24.0-0.5b 35.12
0.5-1.0 71.95
1.0-1.5 99.13
1.5-2.0 109.1
2.0-2.5 97.94
2.5-3.0 76.95
3.0-3.5 69.41
3.5-4.0 55.00
4.0-4.5 48.48
4.5-5.0 43.14
5.0-5.5 34.14
5.5-6.0 27.14
6.0-6.5 28.82
6.5-7.0 26.08
7.0-7.5 23.14
7.5-8.0 23.89
8.0-9.0 45.97
1444 Fosetyl-Aluminium

14
Time period after administration (hours) CO2 residues (µg ai eq)a
9.0-10.0 33.79
10.0-11.0 26.32
11.0-12.0 20.24
12.0-16.0 59.40
16.0-24.0 73.84
Total to 9 hours 915.4
Total for 24 hours period 1129.0
a
Means of all seven days (exception 24.0-0.5 and 0.5 to 1.0 hours: mean of 6 days only)
b
24 sample for the previous day, for day 1 it would be 0.0

Table 55 Daily amounts of radioactive residues recovered in expired air of a goat following daily
dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al at a level 10 ppm in the diet for 7 consecutive days (0.513 mg/kg bw/day)
Study day mg ai equivalent.
1 0.8035
2 0.9857
3 1.346
4 1.860
5 1.252
6 1.013
7 0.7372
Total 7.997 (5.71% Administered dose)

Study 3
In a further study reported by Norris et al, 1992 [Ref: C012432; M-202696-01-1], two lactating goats
(#10 and #13) were dosed orally by capsule, morning and evening for 7 consecutive days with 14C-
fosetyl-Al at doses equivalent to 27.8 ppm and 30 ppm in the diet (1.46–1.5 mg/kg bw/day based on
an average feed consumptions of 2.63 and 2.43 kg/day and body weights of 48.5–50 kg). After the
first dose on the sixth day, each goat was placed in a respiration chamber for 10 hours to monitor for
expired 14CO2.
The goats were milked twice daily and urine and faeces from each goat were also collected
each evening and in the morning before slaughter. Exhaled 14CO2 was collected in a trapping solution.
The total radioactive volatiles (14CO2) expired during the whole treatment period were calculated
based on the dpm/hour values and the length of the total treatment period (approx. 171 hours). All
goats were sacrificed 14–16 hours after the 7th daily dose and various tissue samples were taken for
analysis. All samples were frozen immediately after slaughter and stored at about -20 °C for 8 days
before extraction and analysis.
Tissue samples (liver, kidney, muscle) were homogenized and extracted initially with
HCl/acetonitrile and partitioning three times into chloroform. The remainder and the supernatant
layers were centrifuged and the supernatants were taken and diluted in HCl/acetonitrile (1/1). The
chloroform extracts from liver and kidney were partitioned between acetonitrile and hexane.
Glycogen was extracted from liver by mixing with 10% NaOH and precipitated by adding ethanol to
the supernatant. Fat was extracted three times with hexane. Milk and blood were extracted twice with
acetonitrile and centrifuged to separate the lipids and proteins. The combined supernatant and the
remaining pellet were extracted separately with hexane to extract the lipids.
All samples were radioassayed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) with automatic quench
control. Volatiles collection solutions were radioassayed directly and faeces, tissue samples, gut
contents and fat were combusted in a sample oxidizer. The trapped 14CO2 was quantitated by LSC.
Sample extracts were analysed by HPLC/UV (254 nm) using different separation systems to
analyse ethanol, fosetyl-Al, sugars, amino acids and other fractions. Thin layer chromatography was
used to analyse fatty acids, esters and triglycerides and ion-exchange chromatography was used to
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1445

fractionate aqueous samples into neutrals, acids, weak bases, ampholytes and bases. GC-FPD analysis
was used for analysis of the parent substance fosetyl-Al (after methylation with diazomethane).
The majority of the administered dose was excreted with urine (10.4–12.4%) and faeces (5.5–
8.4%). In milk, there was a gradual increase of the radioactivity levels, reaching a plateau after 3 days,
with total residues making up about 14–16% of the total administered dose. In tissues and gut
contents, radioactive residues were <5% of the administered dose, measured in liver at about
2.4 mg ai eq/kg and in kidney at 1.0–1.43 mg ai eq/kg. In fat radioactive residues were 0.76–
1.47 mg ai eq/kg and in muscle were 0.45-0.53 mg ai eq/kg. The total recovery of radioactive residues
in expired air (CO2) during a 10-hour collection starting just after the morning dose on the 6th day
resulted in a calculated percent of total dose of 15.0% (goat #10) and 14.1% (goat #13).
Table 56 Radioactive residues in milk of goats following daily dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al in the diet for
7 consecutive days (1.46 to 1.50 mg/kg bw/day)
Day of collection (a.m./p.m.) Goat #10 (27.8 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al) Goat #13 (30 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al)
mg ai eq/kg % admin. dose mg ai eq/kg % admin. dose
1 (p.m.) 1.67 0.62 1.10 0.27
2 (a.m.) 2.58 0.96 3.99 0.98
2 (p.m.) 2.98 1.07 4.28 1.02
3 (a.m.) 3.97 1.52 4.73 1.15
3 (p.m.) 3.52 1.28 4.77 1.10
4 (a.m.) 2.93 0.93 3.97 0.97
4 (p.m.) 3.24 1.03 4.16 0.94
5 (a.m.) 3.62 1.34 4.78 1.12
5 (p.m.) 4.12 1.37 5.36 1.04
6 (a.m.) 3.53 1.32 4.61 0.99
6 (p.m.) 3.73 1.29 5.43 1.07
7 (a.m.) 3.44 1.12 4.96 1.23
7 (p.m.) 3.73 1.28 5.37 1.11
8 (a.m.) 3.29 1.22 5.25 1.04
Total 16.3 14.0

14
Table 57 Distribution of radioactive residues after administration of C-fosetyl-Al following daily
dosing of 14C-fosetyl-Al for 7 consecutive days
Matrix Goat #10 (27.8 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al) Goat #13 (30 ppm 14C-fosetyl-Al)
mg ai eq/kg % admin. dose mg ai eq/kg % admin. dose
Excreta
Urine 10.4 12.4
Faeces 8.41 5.54
Milk 16.3 14.0
CO2 15.0a 14.1a
Tissues
Fat 1.47 0.37b 0.76 0.18b
Muscle 0.45 1.79b 0.53 2.02b
Liver 2.38 0.45 2.37 0.37
Kidney 1.04 0.03 1.43 0.05
Blood 0.35 0.28b 0.35 0.27b
Stomach contents 0.55 0.93 0.61 0.59
Small Intestine (contents) 1.06 0.22 1.22 0.20
Large Intestine 3.06 0.84 3.48 0.97
Total tissues 4.91 4.65
Total 55.0 50.7
a
Recalculated from the 10-hour CO2 collection period (CO2/hour) and adjusted to the total dosing period
b
For tissues not collected completely, body weight percentages used were: blood 8%, muscle 40%, and fat 2.5%
Total administered dose: 510.3 mg 14C-fosetyl-Al
1446 Fosetyl-Aluminium

The radioactivity released from liver was assigned to 14C-glucose and 14C-glycogen,
14
C-amino acids and saponifiable fatty acids (e.g. 14C-oleic and 14C-palmitic acid) and lipids.
Radioactivity in kidney was assigned to saponifiable fatty acids and lipids.
Radioactivity in muscle was assigned to the ampholyte fraction (representing amino acids)
with minor fractions being “neutral” (representing carbohydrates) and “weak bases” (representing
urea).
The majority of radioactivity in milk was assigned to saponifiable fatty acids (e.g. 14C-
palmitic acid 26.0% of TRR and 14C-myristic acid 16.2% of TRR) and lipids as well as 14C-lactose
(10.6% of TRR) and amino acids, small peptides and urea. The radioactivity in fat was assigned
predominantly to saponifiable fatty acids and lipids.
14
C-fosetyl-Al residues and 14C-ethanol were found in the urine and stomach contents only. In
milk and edible tissues all 14C-residues were characterised as natural products (carbohydrates and
carboxylic acids, glycogen, saponifiable fatty acids and lipids, as well as amino acids and peptides).
Table 58 Extraction profiles of radioactive residues in liver, kidney and muscle
Fraction Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Milk
% TRR mg ai % TRR mg ai % TRR mg ai % TRR mg ai % TRR mg ai
eq/kg eq/kg eq/kg eq/kg eq/kg
Chloroform 23.5 0.56 13.9 0.17 7.4 0.04
Hexane 14.8 0.35 10.9 0.14 - - 85.3 0.95 67.2
Acetonitrile 8.2 0.19 3.0 0.04 - - 10.6
Aqueous extract 25.3 0.60 26.5 0.33 18.1 0.09
Neutrals 3.1 0.02
Acids 1.9 0.01
Weak bases 3.5 0.02
Ampholytes 7.0 0.03
Bases 0.1 0.00
Exhaustive extraction of the remainder
Pronase E 34.6 0.82 44.3 0.55 49.2 0.24 6.2
Neutrals
1.4 0.03 3.3 0.04 3.5 0.02 0.8 0.03
Acids
Weak bases 3.2 0.08 4.0 0.05 11 0.05
4.3 0.18
Ampholytes 20.2 0.48 28.7 0.35 29.7 0.15
Bases 0.6 0.01 1.0 0.01 0.8 0.00 0.4 0.02
1N HCl 0.8 0.02 2.1 0.03 2.4 0.01
6N HCl 8.8 0.21 6.3 0.08 - -
Remainder - - - - 6.9 0.03 14.7
Total 93.0 2.21 93.1 1.16 84.0 0.41 100 84
Neutrals: fraction which composes carbohydrates, such as glucose, lactose and other sugars
Acids: fraction which composes carboxylic acids, such as fumaric, succinic, glycolic, citric and acetic acid
Weak bases: fraction which composes compounds such as urea
Ampholytes: fraction which composes amino acids (alanine, serine, methionine, leucine, glycine etc.)
Bases: fraction which composes primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as triethylamine

In summary, when 14C-fosetyl-Al is administered orally to goats, radioactivity is rapidly

absorbed, extensively metabolized and rapidly eliminated via the expired air (14CO2), urine and
faeces.
Radioactive residues in edible tissues accounted for less than 5% of the administered dose
(AD), with up to 14% eliminated in urine, up to 71% in faeces, up to 17.5% in expired air (14CO2) and
11–17% AD in milk. Residues in milk reached a plateau after about 3 days. No fosetyl-Al or related
metabolites were found in the edible tissues or in milk, with radioactivity being incorporated into
endogenous fats, carbohydrates and proteins.. However fosetyl and ethanol were identified in stomach
contents and fosetyl was the major component (over 90%) of the radioactivity in urine.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1447

The proposed metabolic pathway involves dissociation and conversion of fosetyl-Al via O-
ethyl phosphonic acid to ethanol and phosphonic acid. The ethanol is oxidized to acetic acid, which is
then incorporated into natural products or exhaled as CO2.

Figure 3 Proposed metabolic pathway of fosetyl-Al in the goat

Phosphonic acid
No information was available on the metabolism of phosphonic acid in animals, but the
Meeting noted that inorganic phosphites are generally considered to be biologically inert in animals
and are rapidly excreted. In a rat study using 32P-phosphonate, around 30% of labelled material was
excreted in faeces in the form of phosphonate or phosphate. Overall, conversion of phosphonate to
phosphate was around 10% of the administered dose.

METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS

Analytical methods
The meeting received analytical method descriptions and validation data for fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid in plant and animal matrices. These methods can be divided into those involving GC
analysis after derivatisation step (methylation to form the methyl ethylphosphonate and the
dimethylphosphonate) and those involving HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The commonly used methods are
summarised below:
Table 59 Summary of analytical methods for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid, developed for plant and
animal matrices
Method No. Matrix Analyte LOQ Method principle Referencesa
(mg/kg)
Plant matrices
DFG 522 strawberries Fosetyl-Al 0.10 to 1.0 Sulphuric acid extraction R009308
hops Phosph acid Centrifugation/Filtration (M-163761-01-2)
lettuce Dilution with isopropanol
grapes, wine Derivatization with diazomethane
water GC-FPD analysis
1448 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Method No. Matrix Analyte LOQ Method principle Referencesa

(mg/kg)
AR155-97 citrus Fosetyl-Al 0.2 Sulphuric acid extraction AR155-97
grapes (fresh & processed) Phosph acid 0.2 Filtration (M-165822-01-1)
strawberries, jam Dilution with isopropanol C024254
cucumber/courgette Derivatization with diazomethane (M-216569-01-1)
melons GC-FPD analysis RA-2711/03
peppers (M-255122-01-1)
lettuce
potato
tobacco
apple
hops, beer
green beans
20003024/02- cucumber Fosetyl-Al 0.2 Sulphuric acid extraction C011966
RVP lettuce Phosph acid 0.2 Filtration (M-201858-01-1)
melons Dilution with isopropanol 20003024/02-RVP
tomato Derivatization with diazomethane (M-201858-01-1)
sweet pepper GC-NPD analysis

RE 21.82 pineapple Fosetyl-Al 0.1 Water extraction R000843

Phosph acid 0.1 Centrifugation/Filtration (M-159422-01-1)
Dilution with isopropanol R000844
Derivatization with diazomethane (M-159423-01-1)
GC-FPD analysis
AR/1345 hops, beer Fosetyl-Al 5.0 Water extraction R011668
Phosph acid 5.0 Centrifugation/Filtration (M-184338-01-1)
Dilution with isopropanol
Derivatization with diazomethane
GC-phosphorus specific flame-
thermionic detector analysis
MP-RE-03-78 hops, beer Fosetyl-Al 4.0 Water extraction C041516
RE 12-79 Phosph acid Centrifugation/Filtration (M-230875-01-2)
Dilution with isopropanol R009283
Derivatization with diazomethane (M-231761-01-2)
GC-FPD analysis
45205 oranges Fosetyl-Al 0.1 Water extraction B004224
grapefruit Centrifugation/Filtration (M-241182-01-1)
lemons Addition of sulphuric acid and
isopropanol
Filtration
Derivatization with diazomethane
GC-FPD analysis
RPAC 44788 grapes Fosetyl-Al 0.1 Sulphuric acid extraction R002649
Filtration (M-163082-01-1)
Dilution with isopropanol R000070
Derivatization with TMSD (M-157829-01-1)
GC-FPD analysis
AR154-97 grapes Fosetyl-Al 0.5 Water/ACN extraction R003461
oranges Phosph acid 0.5 Octadecyl cartridge clean-up (M-164749-01-1)
bananas Derivatization with TMSD in R004565
avocados isopropanol+sulphuric acid (M-166296-01-1)
hops Fosetyl-Al 2.0 GC-FPD analysis
Phosph acid 20
lettuce Fosetyl-Al 0.2
Phosph acid 0.2
AR 171-98 wine Fosetyl-Al 0.5 Water/ACN extraction R004559
orange juice Phosph acid 0.5 (Octadecyl cartridge clean-up) (M-166292-01-1)
beer Derivatization with TMSD in R014226
apple juice isopropanol+sulphuric acid (M-189211-01-1)
GC-FPD analysis
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1449

Method No. Matrix Analyte LOQ Method principle Referencesa

(mg/kg)
163 grapefruit, juice Fosetyl-Al 0.05 Hydrochloric acid and ACN C013813
oranges, juice extraction (M-205315-01-1)
Alumina Column Chromatography
clean-up
Derivatization with diazomethane
in acetic acid
GC-FPD analysis
SOP-90113 avocados Fosetyl-Al 0.05 Hydrochloric acid and ACN C039814
pineapples extraction (M-227242-01-1)
Alumina Column Chromatography
clean-up
Derivatization with diazomethane
GC-FPD analysis
00861/M001 grapes Fosetyl-Al 0.01 Water/ACN extraction 00861/M001
oranges Phosph acid 0.1 Centrifugation (M-247699-01-1)
lettuce Dilution RA-2524/05
cucumbers HPLC-MS/MS analysis (M-280250-01-1)
avocados Fosetyl-Al: 08-2092
wheat grain m/z 10981 and 10963 (M-349106-01-1)
apples Fosetyl-Al 0.01 Phosphonic acid: 10-2061
pears Phosph acid 0.2 m/z 8163 and 8179 (M-414163-01-1)
strawberries VR-097/14
courgettes (M-519340-01-1)
melons VR-020/15
tomatoes (fresh & processed) (M-559769-01-1)
sweet peppers MR-174/04
non-bell peppers (M-252812-02-1)
spinach
pineapple Fosetyl-Al 0.05
Phosph acid 0.5
hops Fosetyl-Al 1.0
Phosph acid 20
apple Fosetyl-Al 0.01
grape Phosph acid 0.1
coffee
QuPPe lettuce (head) Fosetyl-Al 0.01 Water/methanol (acidified) MR-15/054
(Method 01501) bean (dried seed) Phosph acid 0.1 extraction (M-523992-01-1)
barley (grain) Centrifugation IR4-10687
grapes (berries) Dilution TRC15-138
avocado (fruit) Fosetyl-Al 0.01 HPLC-MS/MS analysis TRC15-139
cumin (seeds) Phosph acid 0.5 Fosetyl-Al: IR4-11529
orange Phosph acid 1.0 m/z 10981 and 10963 IR4-11530
tree nuts 0.5 Phosphonic acid: IR4-11504
m/z 8163 and 8179
TRC09 orange Phosph acid 0.186 Sulphuric acid extraction TRC09-02
mandarin Filtration
Dilution with isopropanol
grape Phosph acid 1.0 Derivatization with diazomethane
HPLC-MS/MS analysis
m/z 11179 and 11147
AATM-R-127 grape Phosph acid 1.0 Water/ACN extraction NUF1104
Centrifugation
Mix with ion pairing reagent
(tetrabutylammonium acetate)
Filtration
UPLC-MS/MS analysis
m/z 8163 and 8179
Animal matrices
Rhone-Poulenc bovine meat Fosetyl-Al 0.05 Hydrochloric acid and ACN R000918
Analytical bovine kidney extraction (M-159551-01-1)
Method No. 171 bovine liver (milk: C-18 Sep-Pak® clean-up,
bovine heart aluminium sulphate precipitation
bovine fat and propanol-2 precipitation)
1450 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Method No. Matrix Analyte LOQ Method principle Referencesa

(mg/kg)
milk Fosetyl-Al 0.02 mg/L Alumina Column Chromatography
clean-up
Derivatization with diazomethane
in acetic acid
GC-FPD analysis
AR 172-98 milk Fosetyl-Al 0.1 mg/L Water/ACN extraction R004563
Phosph acid 0.1 mg/L Octadecyl cartridge clean-up (M-166294-01-1)
bovine meat Fosetyl-Al 0.5 Derivatization with TMSD in C044136
bovine kidney Phosph acid 0.5 isopropanol+sulphuric acid (M-235827-01-1)
bovine liver GC-FPD analysis (GC-NPD and C016012
egg GC-PFPD in the method (M-201568-01-1)
hen muscle modification)
hen liver
hen fat
01005/M001 milk Fosetyl-Al 0.01 Water/ACN extraction MR-06/212
Phosph acid 0.01 Centrifugation (M-286555-01-1)
bovine meat Fosetyl-Al 0.05 Dilution 2011/0058/01
bovine kidney Phosph acid 0.05 HPLC-MS/MS analysis (M-412199-01-1)
bovine liver Fosetyl-Al:
egg m/z 10981 and 10963
poultry muscle Phosphonic acid:
m/z 8179 and 8163
a
References are to the original method development study and subsequent validation studies discussed below

Data collection methods

Methods DFG 522, AR 155-97 - fresh and processed plant matrices

The DFG 522 gas chromatography method was the initial method used to measure residues of fosetyl-
Al and phosphonic acid in plant matrices, with minor modifications in method AR155-97 and method
20003024/02-RVP.
In this method, residues were extracted from crop samples by macerating with diluted
sulphuric acid solution (except water and wine which were extracted with concentrated sulphuric
acid). After centrifugation and filtration (except wine and water), the extract was diluted with
isopropanol, residues methylated with diazomethane resulting in the formation of the methyl ethyl
phosphonate (from fosetyl) and the dimethylphosphonate (from phosphonic acid). The final extract
was measured by Gas Chromatography with a flame photometric detector (FPD) or NPD detector in
the case of method 20003024/02-RVP. The quantification was carried out by external standardisation.
Specificity is assured by the sample preparation (derivatization step with diazomethane) and
the possibility of using a second detector for confirmation (FDP or NPD for high water content
commodities).
Good linearity was observed in the range of 10 to 2000 μg/L using an FPD detector (10–
500 μg/L using an NPD detector). Correlation coefficients of 1/× weighted linear regression were
calculated and were found above 0.99 for standards in solvent.
For most plant matrices tested, the method LOQ for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid is
0.20 mg/kg. For some matrices the lowest fortification level was 0.5 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid and in hops, the lowest fortification levels were 1.0 and 10 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al as
well as 20 and 40 mg/kg for phosphonic acid in green cones and dry cones, respectively.
Repeatability of the method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for each
individual fortification level per sample material and overall mean RSDs per commodity being less
than 20% for fosetyl-Al and for phosphonic acid. The overall mean RSDs per sample material and
validation set were also below 20%, except for phosphonic acid in lettuce head (in one validation set
the overall RSD was 21.5%).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1451

Method validation studies were conducted prior to the analysis of the field trial samples, with
untreated samples were fortified with fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid at the LOQ and at 5-10 time the
LOQ, with mean recovery rates for both analytes in each sample material calculated per fortification
level were in the range of 70 to 110%, except for one mean recovery for fosetyl-Al in grape wine
(FL 1.0 mg/kg 111%) and for phosphonic acid in single cases (in two validation sets for grape fruit, in
one set for grape juice, in one for grape wine and in one validation set for cucumber the mean
recovery was up to 123%). The overall mean recoveries per sample material and validation set were in
the range of 70 to 110%, except for two phosphonic acid validation sets in grape fruit, one in grape
juice and one in grape wine (up to 123%). The overall mean recoveries per commodity were all in the
range of 70 to 110% for both analytes, except for phosphonic acid in grape juice (115%).
Residue field trial concurrent recovery rates where this method was used are summarised in
the discussions on the individual crop field trials. These concurrent recoveries produced similar
results to the fortification data obtained during method validation. The average recoveries ranged
from 70–120%, with a standard deviation of 20%. Therefore, the recovery of this method is adequate
for the purposes of residue data collection.
Table 60 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (method AR 155-97)
Sample Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
material Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]

Orange, 0.2–5.0 18 72–109 88 12.6 0.2–5.0 18 73–108 92 12.7

mandarin
Orange, 0.2–5.0 8 72–86 80 5.7 0.2–5.0 8 89–108 98 6.4
mandarin pulp
Orange, 0.2–5.0 8 72–107 89 15.5 0.2–5.0 8 75–108 93 13.7
mandarin peel
Orange 0.2–2.0 10 70–90 76 8.4 0.2–2.0 10 69–94 76 12
pomace
Apple 0.2–2.0 6 87–98 92 4.8 0.2–2.0 6 78–94 85 6.8
Grape 0.2–2.0 16 71–108 88 13.7 0.2–5.0 15 84–125 106 12.6
Grape juice 0.20 2 88–100 94 - 0.2 2 114–116 115 -
Grape wine 0.2–2.0 21 70–113 93 11.4 0.2–5.0 21 88–123 95 12.4
Grape must 0.2–2.0 4 73–105 93 14.9 0.2–5.0 4 89–110 99 11.2
Grape lees 0.2–2.0 5 78–104 92 12.4 0.5–5.0 5 72–96 81 13.1
Grape pomace 0.2–2.0 2 78–81 77 - 0.5–5.0 2 86–109 98 -
Strawberry 0.2–2.0 14 70–90 82 6.9 0.2–2.0 14 71–109 88 11.9
Strawberry jam 0.2–2.0 6 72–82 76 5.2 0.2–2.0 6 78–109 91 13.9
Strawberry, 0.2–2.0 6 70–88 77 8.9 0.2–2.0 6 87–108 96 9.4
canned
Cucumber, 0.2–2.0 29 70–110 86 14.7 0.2–2.0 29 72–129 93 16.2
courgette
Melon 0.2–2.0 14 70–101 82 13.0 0.2–2.0 14 75–120 97 14.5
Melon pulp 0.2–2.0 10 78–92 86 7.9 0.2–2.0 10 80–109 102 10.8
Melon peel 0.2–2.0 10 70–108 82 14.3 0.2–2.0 10 83–110 97 9.7
Pepper 0.2–2.0 6 89–94 88 8.8 0.2–2.0 6 89–109 102 7.1
Lettuce 0.2–2.0 18 71–105 86 12.4 0.2–2.0 18 70–117 91 18.3
Potato 0.2–2.0 4 83–100 89 8.9 0.2–2.0 4 75–111 103 18.2
Tobacco 0.2–2.0 4 70–97 83 13.4 0.2–2.0 4 72–116 97 19
Hops green 1.0 1 100 - - 20 1 105
Hops dry 10.0 1 87 - - 40 1 72
Beer 0.2-1.0 6 71-109 88 18.7 0.2-10 6 80-108 91 10.8
Green bean 0.2-2.0 6 71-83 76 6.0 0.2-2.0 6 70-90 78 10.9

Table 61 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (method 20003024/02-RVP)
Sample Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
material Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
1452 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Sample Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid

material Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Cucumber 0.2–2.0 10 69–102 88 12.7 0.2–2.0 11 64–107 88 15.9
Lettuce 0.2–10 8 71–101 87 13 0.2–10 8 68–105 84 18
Melon 0.2–2.0 8 70–94 83 9.2 0.2–2.0 8 70–98 81 12
Melon pulp 0.2–2.0 6 77–99 87 10.3 0.2–2.0 6 80–104 91 13
Melon peel 0.2–2.0 6 69–92 83 12.2 0.2–2.0 6 70–108 87 17
Sweet pepper 0.2–3.0 20 72–99 87 8.4 0.2–3.0 13 69–115 92 13.4
Tomato 0.2–2.0 11 71–105 90 12.9 0.2–2.0 11 72–113 94 14.2

Methods RE 21.82, AR 1345, 45205 – pineapple, hops and citrus

In method RE 21.82, the original DFG 522 method was modified (and validated) for the analysis of
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in pineapple, using water extraction instead of diluted sulphuric acid
and propionic acid was added before derivatization and detection was by AFID (LOQ in pineapple of
0.1 mg/kg for both analytes).
Modifications in method AR/1345 were that isopropanol was added after homogenization, a
slightly different methylation procedure was used and a phosphorous specific flame-thermionic
detector was used (LOQ in hops of 5.0 mg/kg for both analytes). In methods MP-RE-03-78 and RE
12–79, modifications to method RE 21.82 were that extracts were diluted with methylglycol and
acetonitrile (rather than isopropanol) before methylation (LOQ in hops of 4.0 mg/kg for both
analytes).
In method 45205, a modification of AR/1345, citrus fruit samples were extracted in water and
then acidified with sulfuric acid (instead of propionic acid) before dilution with isopropanol and
methylation. In this method, only fosetyl-Al residues were measured (LOQ in citrus fruit of
0.1 mg/kg).
For method RE 21.82, the overall mean recovery rates in pineapple were 110% for fosetyl-Al
and 101% for phosphonic acid. In hops, the mean overall recovery rates for method AR/1345 were
75% (fosetyl-Al) and 64% (phosphonic acid).
Table 62 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (methods RE 21.82, AR/1345, 45205)
Sample Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
material Fortified n % Recoveries – Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries – Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Pineapple 0.1–1.0 n.r 99–120 110 n.r 0.1–1.0 n.r 88–112 101 n.r
(RE 21.82)
Hops 5.0–80 4 66–81 75 8.6 5.0–500 4 55–70 64 10.2
(AR/1345)
Orange 0.1–0.5 8 66–83 73 7.7
(45205)
Grapefruit 0.1–0.5 4 78–99 89 10.2
(45205)
Lemon 0.1–0.5 4 74–86 78 6.9
(45205)
n.r = only the range of recoveries was given in the report.

Method RPAC File No. 44788

Residues of fosetyl-aluminium (fosetyl-Al) are extracted from sample material by macerating the
chopped fruit with 1% aqueous sulfuric acid. After the mixture is centrifuged and filtered, an aliquot
of the extract is diluted to a specified volume with isopropanol, and the diluted extract is filtered.
A small portion of the filtrate is treated with diazomethane, converting fosetyl-Al to methyl ethyl
phosphonate. The methyl ethyl phosphonate is determined by GC with phosphorus-specific flame
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1453

phototmetric detection. The quantification was done using external standardization with fosetyl-Me
standards, expressed as fosetyl-Al.
The calibration curve for derivatized fosetyl-Al standards showed a good linearity (correlation
coefficient was ≥ 0.99) within the range of 0.005 to 0.10 µg/mL (calculated as fosetyl-Al equivalent).
The LOQ for fosetyl-Al in grapes was 0.10 mg/kg. Method LOQ for fosetyl-Al was
0.10 mg/kg. The mean recovery rates (per fortification level and overall) for fosetyl-Al in grapes were
in the range of 70 to 110%, RSDs were always below 20%.
Table 63 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (method RPAC File No. 44788)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al
Fortified n % Recoveries–range Mean [%] RSD [%]
[mg/kg]
Grape 0.10–50 12 84–118 95 10.3

Methods AR154-97, AR 171-98 – fresh and processed plant matrices

Methods AR154-97 and AR 171-98, were developed to replace diazomethane as the derivatising agent
and were validated for a range of fruits, for lettuce and hops and also for liquid processed
commodities (AR 171-98).
Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were extracted by macerating with a mixture of
water and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v). The extracts were cleaned up using an octadecyl (C18) cartridge.
After dilution with isopropanol acidified with 1% sulphuric acid, the extracts were derivatized with
trimethylsilyldiazomethane reagent (TMSD). Quantification was by gas chromatography on a
semicapillary column, using a flame photometric detector (phosphorus mode). Quantification was
carried out by external standardization using derivatized solutions of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid.
Specificity is assured by the sample preparation (derivatization step with TMSD) and the
analysis (specific column (DB WAX) column and detector (flame photometric detector).
Linear correlation between injected amount and detector response was obtained in the range
of 20 to 2000 μg/L at five different concentrations (0.02–2.0 μg/L in liquid matrices for method AR
171–98). Correlation coefficients of 1/× weighted linear regression were calculated and were found
above 0.99 for standards in solvent.
Method LOQs ranged from 0.5 mg/kg for grapes, oranges, avocados and bananas, 0.2 mg/kg
for lettuce for both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid, while for hops (dried cones) the LOQs were
2.0 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al and 20 mg/kg for phosphonic acid.
Repeatability of the method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) per
fortification level and overall being below 20%, except for phosphonic acid in avocado peel (22.5%)
and the mean recovery rates per fortification level and overall for both analytes in each matrix were in
the range of 70 to 110% except for one mean recovery rate of 112% (at 0.5 mg/kg) for fosetyl-Al in
wine.
Table 64 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (methods AR154-97, AR 171-98)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Grape 0.5–5.0 9 75–95 84 9.4 0.5–50 9 71–99 85 11.9
Grapea 0.5–5.0 7 89–122 103 12.9 0.5–5.0 7 70–104 85 15.6
Grapeb 0.5–5.0 10 66–97 83 13,4 0.5–50 10 76–102 91 8.4
Wine 0.5–5.0 10 95–118 105 7.9 0.5–5.0 10 71–102 87 13.7
Wine 0.5–5.0 10 66–96 83 14 0.5–5.0 10 72–109 91 16
Orange 0.5–5.0 9 75–86 79 4.9 0.5–50 9 75–93 84 7.3
Orange juice 0.52–5.2 10 90–101 96 4.6 0.52–5.2 10 74–94 84 8.1
1454 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Sample material Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid

Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%] FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
a,b
Orange juice 0.52–5.2 10 62–99 82 16 0.52–5.2 10 61–97 79 13
0.5–5.0 6 79–91 84 7.1 0.5–5.0 6 81–102 92 11.8
4 75–87 84 6.9 4 76–84 79 4.3
Banana 0.5–2.0 9 71–83 79 4.9 0.5–20 9 74–82 79 3.5
Bananab 0.5–5.0 10 79–99 87 7.6 0.5–50 10 71–110 87 18.1
Avocadoa 0.5–5.0 7 76–104 91 11 0.5–5.0 4 100–108 103 3.5
3 76–102 85 17
Avocado pulpa 0.5–5.0 3 83–109 97 13.5 0.5–5.0 3 76–107 91 17.1
Avocado peela 0.5–5.0 3 76–90 83 8.4 0.5–5.0 3 75–101 81 22.5
Lettucea 0.2–2.0 6 80–105 92 11.9 0.2–2.0 6 105–109 107 1.7
Lettuceb 0.2–5.0 13 75–112 91 16.4 0.2–50 13 71–110 85 14.3
Hops (dry cone) 2.0–100 9 81–104 94 8.6 20–1000 9 66–101 85 14.8
Hops (dry cone)b 2.0–120 11 87–118 101 11.1 20–1000 11 73–95 85 10.4
Beer 0.5–5.0 10 82–114 104 9.5 0.5–5.0 10 75–117 98 12.9
Beerb 0.5–5.0 10 75–104 89 11 0.5–5.0 10 76–99 88 9
Apple juice 0.5–5.0 4 82–96 89 6.7 0.5–5.0 4 81–94 89 7.8
a
Recovery rates in the method validation studies
b
Recovery rates in the Independent Laboratory Validation study

Methods 163, SOP-90113 – avocado, pineapple, citrus fruit and juice

Methods based on DFG 522 were developed for measuring only fosetyl-Al residues in avocado,
pineapple, citrus fruit and citrus juices. In these methods, residues were extracted using a 50:50
mixture of 0.1N HCl and acetonitrile (instead of sulfuric acid) and cleaned-up by alumina column
chromatography (rather than centrifugation and filtration) before dilution with acetic acid and
methylation with diazomethane to obtain methyl ethyl phosphonate. In method SOP-90113, the acetic
acid dilution step was omitted. Measurement was by GC-FPD and gas chromatography using external
derivatised fosetyl-Al standard.
The calibration curve for methyl ethyl phosphonate showed good linearity within the range of
0.05 to 1.0 μg/L (calculated as fosetyl-Al), and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg. Repeatability of the method
was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) per fortification level and overall being below
20% and the mean recovery rates per fortification level and overall for both analytes in each matrix
were in the range of 70 to 110%.
Table 65 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (methods 163, SOP-90113)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al
Fortification levels n % Recoveries - range Mean [%] RSD [%]
[mg/kg]
Orange, grapefruit 0.05–8.0 13 84–97 90 5.0
Orange, grapefruit peel 0.05–80 9 80–96 90 6.4
Orange, grapefruit juice 0.05–8.0 10 77–98 90 8.6
Avocado 0.05–1.0 13 64–106 89 15.4
Pineapplea 0.05–0.1 8 85–100 91 6.5
a
Recovery rates in the method validation studies

Method 00861/M001 –plant matrices

This method, developed to replace AR 154-97, uses a simpler extraction procedure and LC-MS/MS
analysis and has been validated for a range of fruit and vegetable fresh and processed matrices, hops
and wheat grain. Residues of fosetyl-Al and its metabolite phosphonic acid were extracted from the
plant matrices with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (50/50). After centrifugation and dilution of the
extracts, the residues were quantified by HPLC using PGC or C18 columns and tandem mass
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1455

spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray ionisation. The quantification was carried out by external
standardisation using matrix matched standards. The monitored mass transitions are:
Analyte Quantitation Confirmation
Fosetyl-Al 10981 10963
Phosphonic acid 8163 81→79

Apparent residues for all control samples in the validation studies were below 30% of the
LOQ for each analyte except in one study where residues of phosphonic acid were 40% LOQ in one
control lettuce sample.
Linear correlation between the injected amount of both standards prepared in solvent or
matrix matched standards and the detector responses of HPLC/MS/MS was observed within the range
of 0.1–5 μg/L (0.31–8.3 μg/L for wheat) for fosetyl-Al and 1–50 μg/L (3.1 83 μg/L for wheat) for
phosphonic acid, with correlation coefficients of the 1/× weighted linear regression of between 0.9942
to 1.0000.
For all the tested sample materials, a matrix effect was observed for phosphonic acid and
therefore the quantitation of both compounds was established using matrix matched standards.
Fosetyl-Al limits of quantification were 0.01 mg/kg except for pineapple (0.05 mg/kg) and
hops (1.0 mg/kg) and the phosphonic acid LOQ s were 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg except for pineapple
(0.5 mg/kg) and hops (20 mg/kg).
Repeatability of the method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) per
fortification level and overall being below 20% and the mean recovery rates per fortification level and
overall for both analytes in each matrix were in the range of 70 to 110% except for phosphonic acid in
apple (mean recovery of 112% at 100xLOQ), non-bell pepper (111% at 100xLOQ) and dry hop cones
(118% at the LOQ).
Table 66 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (method 00861/M001)
Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 10981 2nd MRM: m/z 10963
Fortified N % Recoveries Mean RSD [%] Fortified n % Recoveries Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] – range [%] [mg/kg] – range [%]
Grape 0.01–0.1 10 95–102 101 2.1 0.1–1.0 10 85–107 99 6.7
Grapea 0.01–10 15 88–98 93 3.2 0.01–10 15 82–103 94 7.7
Orange 0.01–0.1 10 86–102 95 5.6 0.1–1.0 10 85–121 102 12.2
Orange (pulp)c 0.01–0.1 10 85–94 90 3.3
Lettuce 0.01–0.1 10 98–114 106 4.5 0.1–1.0 10 87–113 97 7.4
Cucumber 0.01–0.1 10 95–106 99 3.4 0.1–1.0 10 98–117 105 6.6
Cucumberc 0.01–0.1 10 86–94 92 2.4
Avocado 0.01–0.1 10 85–104 91 6.2 0.1–1.0 10 84–97 89 5.4
Wheat 0.01–0.1 10 69–93 80 10.9 0.1–1.0 9 72–98 81 10.8
Wheat (grain)c 0.01–0.1 10 76–93 86 7.6
Applea 0.01–10 15 71–96 85 10.3 0.01–10 15 77–120 93 12.5
Coffee beana 0.01–1.0 10 71–90 79 7.7 0.01–1.0 10 71–98 83 11.5
Appleb 0.01–0.1 6 98–112 107 4.7
Pearb 0.01–0.1 6 90–108 98 7.2
Strawberryb 0.01–0.1 6 82–108 93 11.1
Pineappleb 0.05–0.5 13 84–97 92 4.5
Pineapple peelb 0.05 7 89–95 93 2.5
Pineapple pulp b 0.05 7 75–91 83 6.8
Courgetteb 0.01–0.1 6 89–104 94 5.6
Melonb 0.01–0.1 6 83–124 100 14.8
Melon peelb 0.01–0.1 6 84–107 95 9.2
Melon pulpb 0.01–0.1 6 97–106 103 3.4
Tomatob 0.01–0.1 6 88–100 95 4.9
Tomato (cherry)b 0.01–0.1 6 96–113 104 6.0
Tomato juiceb 0.01–0.1 6 94–101 97 3.2
Tomato pureeb 0.01–0.1 6 95–100 97 1.7
1456 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 10981 2nd MRM: m/z 10963
Fortified N % Recoveries Mean RSD [%] Fortified n % Recoveries Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] – range [%] [mg/kg] – range [%]
Tomato peelb 0.01–0.1 6 85–92 88 3.3
Pepper, sweetb 0.01–0.1 6 82–100 92 8.7
Non-bell pepperb 0.01–1.0 10 78–103 93 9.2
Spinachb 0.01–0.1 6 87–107 99 6.8
Hops, greenb 1.0–10 11 81–95 86 4.4
Hops, dryb 1.0–10 11 72–79 76 3.8
a
Recovery rates in the method validation studies
b
Recovery rates from method validation in the supervised residue field trials
c
Recovery rates in the Independent Laboratory Validation study

Table 67 Recovery results for phosphonic acid (method 00861/M001)

Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 8163 2nd MRM: m/z 8179
Fortified N % Recoveries – Mean RSD [%] Fortified n % Recoveries – Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Grape 0.1–1.0 10 92–113 101 6.0 0.1–1.0 10 86–119 98 9.6
Grapea 0.1–100 15 80–116 91 10.9 0.1–100 15 77–117 87 12.0
Orange 0.1–1.0 10 65–101 87 17.3 0.1–1.0 10 68–108 89 19.8
Orange (pulp)c 0.1–1.0 10 89–108 98 6.1
Lettuce 0.1–1.0 10 74–108 93 14.7 0.1–1.0 10 69–105 91 14.9
Cucumber 0.1–1.0 10 82–102 93 8.9 0.1–1.0 10 77–101 93 9.8
Cucumberc 0.1–1.0 10 98–119 105 7.0
Avocado 0.1–1.0 10 68–110 87 17.8 0.1–1.0 10 70–113 90 17.5
Wheat 0.1–1.0 10 77–103 89 12.2 0.1–1.0 10 71–83 77 5.1
Wheat (grain)c 0.1–1.0 10 80–90 83 5.3
Applea 0.1–100 15 74–118 99 15.6 0.1–100 15 82–109 95 9.1
Coffee beana 0.1–10 10 77–108 93 10 0.1–10 10 79–102 91 8.2
Appleb 0.2–2.0 6 98–116 107 5.6
Pearb 0.2–2.0 6 93–121 100 10.5
Strawberryb 0.2–2.0 6 82–90 88 4.2
Pineappleb 0.5–5.0 10 98–105 102 1.9
Pineapple peelb 0.5 7 103–115 106 4.0
Pineapple pulpb 0.5 7 87–103 96 6.7
Courgetteb 0.2–2.0 6 88–96 91 3.4
Melonb 0.2–2.0 6 83–104 95 10.2
Melon peelb 0.2–2.0 6 95–122 103 9.4
Melon pulpb 0.2–2.0 6 101–109 105 3.4
Tomatob 0.2–2.0 6 96–116 103 12.1
Tomato (cherry)b 0.2–2.0 6 102–111 106 3.1
Tomato juiceb 0.2–2.0 6 91–98 95 3.3
Tomato pureeb 0.2–2.0 6 94–98 96 1.8
Tomato peelb 0.2–2.0 6 87–94 92 2.9
Pepper, sweetb 0.2–2.0 6 83–96 88 5.5
Non-bell pepperb 0.1–10 10 86–114 100 8.9
Spinachb 0.2–2.0 6 88–99 93 4.9
Hops, greenb 20–200 11 97–114 106 4.1
Hops, dryb 20–200 11 98–126 113 7.7
a
Recovery rates in the method validation studies
b
Recovery rates from method validation in the supervised residue field trials
c
Recovery rates in the Independent Laboratory Validation study

Method TRC09 – citrus

Martos, 2011 [Ref TRC09-02] has reported a method using the extraction technique described in
method DFG 522 and analysis by LC-MS/MS to measure residues of phosphonic acid in citrus.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1457

Residues were extracted from crop samples by macerating with diluted sulphuric acid solution. After
centrifugation and filtration, the extract was diluted with isopropanol and residues were methylated
with diazomethane to form dimethylphosphonate. Residues were quantified by HPLC using tandem
mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray ionisation. The quantification was carried out by
external standardisation using matrix matched standards. The monitored mass transitions were m/z
11179 (quantification) and m/z 11147 (confirmation).
Linear correlation between the matrix matched standards and the detector responses of
HPLC/MS/MS was observed within the range of 0.5–100 ng/ml, with correlation coefficients >0.99
and the LOQ was 0.186 mg/kg.
Repeatability of the method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) per
fortification level and overall being below 20% and the mean recovery rates per fortification level and
overall for both analytes in each matrix were in the range of 71 to 113%.
Table 68 Recovery results for phosphonic acid (method TRC09)
Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 11179 2nd MRM: m/z 11147
Fortified N % Recoveries Mean RSD [%] Fortified n % Recoveries Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] – range [%] [mg/kg] – range [%]
Mandarin (fruit) 0.19–37 10 79–113 95 9 0.19–37 11 80–111 94 9
Mandarin (flesh) 0.19–15 3 84–100 91 8 0.19–15 3 85–100 90 6
Mandarin (peel) 0.19–45 10 73–103 87 11 0.19–192 10 71–104 87 12
Orange (fruit) 0.19–194 9 62–103 85 19 0.19–194 9 62–101 85 15
Orange (flesh) 0.19–194 3 76–100 91 11 0.19–194 3 73–101 91 12
Orange (peel) 0.19–37 10 70–95 80 11 0.19–37 10 64–94 79 11

Method AR 172-98 – eggs, milk, animal tissues

A modification of method AR 171-98 was developed (and validated) for measuring residues of
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in animal matrices. Residues are extracted twice from the samples by
macerating with a 50/50 water/acetonitrile mixture (20/80 for milk). An aliquot of the extract is then
purified using an octadecyl (C18) cartridge (not for milk). After the addition of acidified isopropanol
(1% sulphuric acid), the extracts are derivatized with the trimethylsilyldiazomethane reagent (TMSD)
and residues analysed by GC-FPD. In the poultry feeding study, GC-NPD was used to detect residues
in eggs and GC-PFPD was used for analysis of hen tissues. Quantification was done using external
standardization with methylated fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid standards.
In the method development study, residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were found
above the LOQ at the higher fortification levels, but all control samples in the validation studies were
below 30% of the LOQ for each analyte.
The calibration curve for derivatized fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid standards showed a good
linearity (correlation coefficient was ≥ 0.99, n=7) within the range of 0.01–2.0 µg/mL in the original
method. The response of the GC-NPD system to fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid was shown to have a
quadratic relationship with concentration over the range from 0.01 μg/mL to 2.0 μg/mL. Coefficients
of determination (r2) for the derived calibration lines were >0.980 in all cases. In practice the
quadratic equations approximate closely to a linear relationship for all concentration values below 0.5
μg/mL. The response of the GC-PFPD system in the method modification to fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid was shown to be linear over the concentration range from 10 μg/L to 500 μg/L.
Coefficients of determination (r2) for the derived calibration lines were >0.990 in all cases.
Limits of quantification for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were 0.5 mg/kg in all matrices
except milk, where the LOQs were both 0.1 mg/kg.
Repeatability of the method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) per
fortification level and overall being below 20% and the mean recovery rates per fortification level and
overall for both analytes in each matrix were in the range of 70 to 110%.
1458 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 69 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (method AR 172-98)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
Fortified n % Recoveries– Mean RSD FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Milk 0.1–1.0 11 79–93 87 5.7 0.1–1.0 11 71–110 87 15.7
Milkb 0.1–1.0 10 88–122 101 11 0.1–1.0 10 71–99 82 13
Bovine muscle 0.5–5.0 10 94–112 104 5.6 0.5–5.0 10 74–101 85 9.8
Bovine muscleb 0.5–5.0 10 68–96 77 11 0.5–5.0 10 71–111 85 14
Bovine kidney 0.5–5.0 10 71–84 79 5.5 0.5–5.0 10 77–113 99 10.8
Bovine kidneyb 0.5–5.0 10 66–103 83 12 0.5–5.0 10 76–104 86 12
Bovine liver 0.5–5.0 10 86–107 97 8.1 0.5–5.0 10 73–101 86 10.9
Bovine liverb 0.5–5.0 10 67–108 85 16 0.5–5.0 10 71–111 90 16
Egg 0.05–5.0 10 80–110 95 10.3 0.5–5.0 10 71–104 83 14.2
Egga 0.5–2.5 10 73–94 85 8.6 0.5–2.5 10 84–120 98 12.6
Eggb 0.5–5.0 10 71–101 82 12 0.5–5.0 10 77–100 87 11
Hen musclea 0.5–2.5 10 88–120 102 9.1 0.5–2.5 10 78–111 90 12.4
Hen livera 0.5–2.5 10 81–106 93 7.4 0.5–2.5 10 67–101 83 11.7
Hen fata 0.5–2.5 10 89–102 93 4.7 0.5–2.5 10 77–117 93 15.4
a Recovery rates in the method validation studies
b Recovery rates in the Independent Laboratory Validation study

Method 171 –milk, bovine tissues

A modification of method 163, with more extensive clean-up procedures was developed for
measuring residues of fosetyl-Al in animal matrices. In this method, fosetyl-Al residues were
extracted from the bovine tissues using 25% 0.02N hydrochloric acid in acetonitrile. The extract was
cleaned up by alumina column chromatography. The eluate was evaporated and acetic acid added. The
liberated O-ethyl phosphonic acid was esterified with diazomethane to obtain the corresponding
methyl ester which was detected by phosphorus specific flame photometric gas chromatography. Milk
samples were first passed through a C-18 column to remove fats. An aluminum sulfate precipitation
step was used to remove proteins and a propanol-2 precipitation step to remove sugars. Additional
clean-up was obtained by Alumina column chromatography. The eluate was esterified in the same
manner as for the tissues. Quantification was based on the GC/FPD detection of the methyl ester
derivative of fosetyl-Al.
The calibration curve for derivatized fosetyl-Al showed a good linearity within the range of
0.05–0.5 µg/mL and the LOQs were 0.05 mg/kg in tissues and 0.02 mg/L in milk. Repeatability of the
method was shown by the relative standard deviations (RSDs) being below 20% and the mean
recovery rates were in the range of 70 to 110%.
Table 70 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (method 171)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al
Fortification levels n % Recoveries - range Mean [%] RSD [%]
[mg/kg or mg/L]
Bovine kidney 0.05–0.5 5 75–93 84 8.0
Bovine liver 0.05–2.0 7 79–96 86 8.7
Bovine muscle 0.05–0.5 6 70–93 82 13.7
Bovine fat 0.05–0.5 6 79–93 88 6.5
Bovine heart 0.05–0.5 5 71–80 76 4.5
Milk 0.02–0.4 10 72–98 84 8.1

Method 01005/M001 –milk, bovine tissues

The plant method 00861/M001 was adapted for animal matrices. Residues of fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid were extracted with a 50:50 mixture of acetonitrile/water and after centrifugation and
dilution (except for milk samples), residues were quantified by HPLC (tandem mass spectrometry
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1459

with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode) without further clean-up and using external
matrixmatched standards (since a matrix effect was observed for fosetyl-Al). Two MRM transitions
were monitored for fosetyl-Al (m/z 10981 and 10963) and phosphonic acid (m/z 81→79 and
8163).
Residues above 30% of the LOQ were found only in the phosphonic acid confirmation
transition in meat, and the recoveries at the LOQ and 10xLOQ were corrected for interferences.
Linear correlations were all >0.99 over the range of 0.5 to 50 µg/L (for both mass transitions) and
LOQs for both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were 0.01 mg/kg (milk) and 0.05 mg/kg (other
matrices).
Table 71 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (method 01005/M001)
Sample material Fosetyl-Al (1st MRM m/z 109>81) Fosetyl-Al (2nd MRM m/z 109>63)
Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Milk 0.01–0.1 10 83-95 89 4.6 0.01-0.1 10 87-95 91 2.8
Milka 0.01–0.1 10 77-100 87 10.2 0.01-0.1 10 78-100 87 10
Bovine muscle 0.05–0.5 10 73-89 83 6.5 0.05-0.5 10 69-88 80 9.0
Bovine musclea 0.05–0.5 10 93-103 97 3.3 0.05-0.5 10 93-101 97 3
Bovine kidney 0.05–0.5 10 85-94 90 3.1 0.05-0.5 10 86-97 91 3.7
Bovine kidneya 0.05–0.5 10 71-101 86 13.8 0.05-0.5 10 70-98 84 13
Bovine liver 0.05–0.5 10 75-92 84 7.3 0.05-0.5 10 73-93 84 8.0
Bovine livera 0.05–0.5 10 89-107 97 6.2 0.05-0.5 10 87-107 97 7
Egg 0.05–0.5 10 91-99 94 3.0 0.05-0.5 10 89-98 93 4.0
Egga 0.05–0.5 10 83-100 91 7.2 0.05-0.5 10 79-86 84 3
Hen muscle 0.05–0.5 10 93-100 95 2.5 0.05-0.5 10 92-97 94 1.9
Hen musclea 0.05–0.5 10 87-92 90 2.3 0.05-0.5 9 87-92 90 2
a
Recovery rates in the independent method validation study

Table 72 Recovery results for phosphonic acid (method 01005/M001)

Sample material Phosphonic acid (1st MRM m/z 81>79) Phosphonic acid (2nd MRM m/z 81>63)
Fortified n % Recoveries - Mean RSD FL n % Recoveries - Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range [%] [%] [mg/kg] range [%]
Milk 0.01–0.1 10 80–100 88 7.1 0.01–0.1 10 78–99 88 7.1
Milka 0.01–0.1 10 78–95 88 6.6 0.01–0.1 10 79–96 88 8
Bovine muscle 0.05–0.5 10 87–95 92 2.9 0.05–0.5 10 63–103b 84 13.8
Bovine musclea 0.05–0.5 10 71–88 80 8.4 0.05–0.5 10 77–92 87 5
Bovine kidney 0.05–0.5 10 66–91 79 11.0 0.05–0.5 10 77–91 83 5.3
Bovine kidneya 0.05–0.5 10 84–106 96 7.6 0.05–0.5 10 86–105 96 7
Bovine liver 0.05–0.5 10 76–93 87 6.1 0.05–0.5 10 82–95 91 4.9
Bovine livera 0.05–0.5 10 69–94 80 9.9 0.05–0.5 10 71–88 80 8
Egg 0.05–0.5 10 71–93 80 7.2 0.05–0.5 10 72–89 79 6.4
Egga 0.05–0.5 10 72–76 74 2.1 0.05–0.5 10 71–75 73 2
Hen muscle 0.05–0.5 10 87–93 90 2.1 0.05–0.5 10 86–97 91 3.6
Hen musclea 0.05–0.5 10 78–90 85 4.6 0.05–0.5 10 77–99 86 8
a
Recovery rates in the independent method validation study
b
Due to the presence of an interfering peak in the control sample, the quantification was established using standards
prepared in solvents; recoveries are corrected by subtraction of the interfering peak concentration found in the control
sample

Enforcement methods

Method 00861/M001 (01005/M001)

This LC-MS/MS method, validated for a range of plant and animal commodities and used for data
generation is suitable as an enforcement method for fosetyl-Al, with an LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg for plant
commodities and milk and with an LOQ of 0.05 mg/kg for other animal commodities. The methods
1460 Fosetyl-Aluminium

are also suitable for phosphonic acid, with an LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg for milk, 0.1 mg/kg for plant
commodities and 0.05 mg/kg for other animal matrices.

Multi-residue QuPPe Method (version 7.1)

This multi-residue method, developed for the analysis of highly polar pesticides in foods of plant
origin, using simultaneous extraction with methanol and HPLC-MS/MS determination has been
validated by a number of analytical laboratories, and reported in the EURL database (www.eurl-
pesticides-datapool.eu).
In the QuPPe (quick polar pesticide) method, residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were
extracted from the plant material following water adjustment and the addition of acidified (formic
acid) methanol. After centrifugation and dilution, extracts were subjected to HPLC-MS/MS analysis
and the residues were quantified using matrix matched standards. Two MRM transitions were
monitored for fosetyl-Al (m/z 10981 and 10963) and phosphonic acid (m/z 8163 and 81→79).
Based on the published EURL data, method QuPPe has been shown to be suitable for the
determination of fosetyl-aluminium (fosetyl-Al) and phosphonic acid in commodities with high water
content and high acid content and also for the determination of fosetyl-Al in dry commodities with
high starch content.
Table 73 Representative validation data for fosetyl-Al in different crop groups from routine on-going
validation of the QuPPe (quick polar pesticide) method (EURL Datapool)
Matrix type n Fortification levels Recoveries (%) RSD % of recoveries in the No of labs
(mg/kg) [%] range of 70-120% involved
Min Max Median Mean
High water 27 0.01 0.30 99 100 7 100 2
High acid 13 0.05 0.10 96 96 6 100 2
Dry (high starch) 10 0.02 0.10 106 107 5 100 1
Overall 50 0.01 0.30 100 100 7 100 2

Table 74 Representative validation data for phosphonic acid in different crop groups from routine on-
going validation of the QuPPe (quick polar pesticide) method (EURL Datapool)
Matrix type n Fortification levels Recoveries (%) RSD % of recoveries in the No of labs
(mg/kg) [%] range of 70-120% involved
Min Max Median Mean
High water 43 0.10 33 110 107 9 95 1
High acid 34 0.10 40 105 104 9 100 1
Dry (high starch) 3 2.0 4.0 99 97 12 100 1
Dry (high fat) 1 19 19 - 109 - 100 1
Other 4 0.1 0.5 105 103 10 100 1
High sugar 1 4.0 4.0 - 92 - 100 1
High water (extract rich) 2 1 300 - 100 1 100 1
Overall 88 0.10 300 108 105 9 98 1

A validation study reported by Meklat & Venet, 2015 [Ref: MR-15/054] was conducted using
a range of representative commodities from the crop categories. Modifications to the original method
included the use of matrix matched standards (since instability was observed when using isotopically
labelled internal standards) and the addition of a further formic acid/methanol adjustment after
centrifugation. For oily matrices (avocado), improved recovery rates were obtained by using a double
extraction procedure.
For each sample material tested, and both MRM transitions used, apparent residues in control
samples were found to be below 30% of the LOQ. The lower margin of the linearity test was below
30% of the LOQ and the higher margin was 20% above the highest fortification level. The correlation
between the injected amount of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid, for their both MRM transitions and
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1461

the detector response in matrix matched standards were always above 0.99. The linearity range
depended on compound, matrix and MRM transition, at least 0.006–0.4 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al and at
least 0.06–12.5 mg/kg, except for cumin (0.1–50 mg/kg) for phosphonic acid.
The LOQ for fosetyl-Al was validated at 0.01 mg/kg in all matrices and calculated detection
limits (LOD) ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0053 mg/kg. The LOQ for phosphonic acid was validated at
0.1 mg/kg in all matrices except in avocado and cumin (0.5 mg/kg) and calculated LODs ranged from
0.0218 to 0.111 mg/kg.
The RSD values per fortification level and across all validated sample materials were well
below 20% for both MRM transitions at all fortification levels and mean recoveries for each
fortification level and the overall mean recovery were within the 70 to 110% range for fosetyl-Al and
its metabolite phosphonic acid for all tested matrices and for both MRM transitions used except for
fosetyl-Al in cumin at LOQ level (112%) and in dried bean seed at 10xLOQ level (115%).
Table 75 Recovery results for fosetyl-Al (QuPPe method - BCS 01501)
Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 10980.9 2nd MRM: m/z 10963
Fortified N % Recoveries Mean [%] RSD [%] % Recoveries – Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] – range range [%]
Lettuce (high water) 0.01–1.0 15 71–105 89 9.3 64–102 88 9.9
Avocado (high oil) 0.01–1.0 15 89–96 93 2.2 85–96 92 2.7
Dry bean (high protein) 0.01–0.1 10 79–111 95 13 81–122 102 14.7
Barley (high starch) 0.01–0.1 10 83–104 97 8.5 78–113 96 11.5
Grape (high acid) 0.01–10 15 80–87 83 2.3 77–91 85 5.3
Cumin (other)a 0.01–5.0 15 79–120 93 15.8 84–93 87 3.2
a
Considered difficult to analyse

Table 76 Recovery results for phosphonic acid (QuPPe method - BCS 01501)
Sample material 1st MRM: m/z 80.962.9 2nd MRM: m/z 8179
Fortified N % Recoveries– Mean [%] RSD [%] % Recoveries– Mean RSD [%]
[mg/kg] range range [%]
Lettuce (high water) 0.1–100 15 72–94 81 7.0 72–102 86 8.3
Avocado (high oil) 0.5–20 15 88–95 91 2.5 88–98 92 2.9
Dry bean (high protein) 0.1–1.0 10 79–103 94 9.0 79–105 96 9.5
Barley (high starch) 0.1–1.0 10 89–107 96 6.8 90–106 98 4.8
Grape (high acid) 0.1–50 15 77–95 85 7.2 79–98 86 7.6
Cumin (other)a 0.5–250 15 83–94 89 3.2 87–96 92 2.8
a
Considered difficult to analyse

Extraction efficiency
A cross-validation study to compare the extraction efficiencies of the LC-MS/MS methods (method
00861/M001 and the QuPPe-method) with the initial GC-MS method AR 155-97/DFG 522 was
reported by Meklat, 2016 [Ref: MR-14-18]. In this study, incurred residues in samples of lettuce,
strawberry and zucchini from supervised field trials were analysed five times using the extraction
procedures for each of the three analytical methods. Extraction efficiency was calculated as the ratio
(expressed as percentage) between the average residues measured using the extraction procedures
from method 00861/M001 or method 01501 and the average residues measured using the extraction
procedure of the method DFG 522.
Residues in control samples were all below 30% of the LOQ (0.01 mg/kg) for fosetyl-Al, with
phosphonic acid residues in control samples measured at up to 38% of LOQ (0.2 mg/kg). The RSD
values were < 20% for fosetyl-Al, but occasionally above 20% for phosphonic acid.
1462 Fosetyl-Aluminium

In strawberry and zucchini, extraction efficiency ratio of the LC-MS/MS methods were
between 70% and 130% (fosetyl-Al) and 68–113% (phosphonic acid) of the efficiency of the GC-MS
methods.
Table 77 A comparison of residue levels determined by Method DFG 522, Method 00861/M001 and
the QuPPe-Method
Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
Sample material Method used Mean valuea RSD (%) Ratiob (%) Mean valuea RSD (%) Ratiob (%)
(mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Lettuce-1 DFG 522 0.056 6.2 - 13 7.3 -
00861/M001 0.033 22.5 59 24 1.5 185
QuPPe 0.019 21.0 34 19 6.1 146
Lettuce-2 DFG 522 0.20 9.0 - 10 5.0 -
00861/M001 0.12 4.6 60 21 1.9 210
QuPPe 0.08 4.1 40 17 5.0 170
Strawberry-1 DFG 522 2.1 5.4 - 35 7.4 -
00861/M001 2.7 14.0 129 41 8.8 117
QuPPe 1.9 16.5 90 27 19.5 77
Strawberry-2 DFG 522 0.23 3.8 - 31 2.7 -
00861/M001 0.30 5.2 130 34 5.3 110
QuPPe 0.20 6.4 87 21 8.7 68
Zucchini-1 DFG 522 0.054 11.6 - 9.9 8.0 -
00861/M001 0.059 3.3 109 11 2.5 111
QuPPe 0.052 7.5 96 9.5 3.3 96
Zucchini-2 DFG 522 0.052 3.3 - 16 3.4 -
00861/M001 0.061 6.7 117 18 3.4 113
QuPPe 0.054 3.5 104 15 3.8 94
a
Mean value of 5 independent analyses of each treated sample.
b
Ratio (percentage) between the average residues measured using these extraction procedures and the average residues
measured using the extraction procedure of the method DFG 522.

A follow-up study comparing the two LC-MS/MS methods (Method 00861/M001 and the
QuPPe-Method) was reported by Meklat & Meilland-Berthier, 2015 [Ref: MR-15/055]. In this study,
lettuce, strawberry and zucchini field trial samples were analysed in parallel using the two methods.
In this study, residues in control samples were all < 30% LOQ, the linearity correlation
coefficients were above 0.99 over the range 0.05–20 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 0.5–200 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid) and the individual concurrent recovery rates were 75–101% for fosetyl-Al and 70–
99% for phosphonic acid (RSDs < 5%).
The method 00861/M001 used as data generation method and the multi-residue QuPPe-
Method version 7.1 showed similar results on lettuce and zucchini for phosphonic acid. For
strawberry the method 00861/M001 showed higher results for phosphonic acid with higher concurrent
recoveries.
For fosetyl-Al, method 00861/M001 showed higher residues than the QuPPe method (ratio
≤ 75%) for lettuce, strawberry and zucchini except for one result (zucchini ratio: 115%).
The RSD obtained for each triplicate analysis was < 10% demonstrating the good
repeatability for both methods. Highest RSDs were for strawberry (QuPPE method) with RSDs of
14% for fosetyl-Al and 13% for phosphonic acid.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1463

Table 78 Comparison of residue levels obtained with the two LC-MS/MS analytical methods for
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid
Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid
a b
Sample material Method used Range (mg/kg) Mean RSD Ratio Range (mg/kg) Meana RSD Ratiob
(mg/kg) (%) (mg/kg) (%)
Lettuce-1 00861/M001 0.62–0.68 0.65 4.6 69% 44–45 44 1.3 109%
QuPPe (01501) 0.44–0.46 0.45 2.5 47–49 48 2.1
Lettuce-2 00861/M001 1.1–1.2 1.1 5.1 70% 67–78 73 7.8 100%
QuPPe (01501) 0.72–0.82 0.77 6.5 70–75 73 3.9
Strawberry-1 00861/M001 0.39–0.41 0.40 2.5 58% 31–33 32 3.1 69%
QuPPe (01501) 0.21–0.27 0.23 13.8 19–24 22 12.9
Strawberry-2 00861/M001 8.7, 8,7 8.7 - 75% 25–28 27 5.7 70%
QuPPe (01501) 6.2–6.8 6.5 4.7 19–20 19 3.0
Zucchini-1 00861/M001 0.57–0.62 0.59 4.2 115% 15–16 16 3.7 113%
QuPPe (01501) 0.64–0.72 0.68 5.9 18–18 18 0.0
Zucchini-2 00861/M001 0.12–0.13 0.13 4.6 64% 16–19 18 8.6 94%
QuPPe (01501) 0.082–0.086 0.083 2.8 16–18 17 5.9
a
Mean value of 3 independent analyses of each sample
b
The ratio (percentage) between the average residues of fosetyl-AL and phosphonic acid measured using the method
QuPPe (01501) and the residues measured using the method 00861/M001

Analytical (concurrent) recoveries in supervised crop trials

Analytical recovery rates were measured in all the supervised crop field trials, with control samples
being fortified with fosetyl-Al, fosetyl or phosphonic acid (as appropriate) at the LOQs of the
methods and at higher levels that generally reflected the range of expected residues in the
commodities tested. For each study, average recoveries per fortification level generally fell within the
70–120% range, with a relative standard deviation of 20% or less. Mean recovery rates for each
analyte are reported in the individual crop residue supervised trials evaluations.

Stability of residues in stored analytical samples

The Meeting received information on the stability of residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in a
range of representative commodities.

Fosetyl-Al residue stability

In storage stability studies conducted in Europe, the stability of residues of fosetyl-Al and its
metabolite phosphonic acid in frozen stored samples was investigated in vegetables (cucumber,
cabbage, potato, tomato, lettuce), dry beans and in fruit (grapes, avocado, orange, pineapple) stored
for up to 12 or 24 months. Diot & Kieken, 2001 [Ref: C013256 (M-204268-01-1)], Rosati & Venet,
2007 [Ref: MR-07/364 (M-296649-01-1)], Meklat, 2016 [Ref: 13-02 (M-529397-02-1)] and Anon,
1979 [Ref: R003861 (M-165522-01-1)]. Results of these studies are summarised below.
Table 79 Residue stability of fosetyl-Al and produced phosphonic acid in a range of plant matrices
spiked at 2.0 mg/kg fosetyl-Al and stored at -18 °C to -20 °C for up to 24 months
Matrix Storage Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid (as fosetyl-Al) Total (as fosetyl-Al)
period Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues
(days) remaining remaining Recovery remaining remaining recovery remaining remaining
(mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) %
C013256 (M-204268-01-1)
Grape 0 1.9, 2.2 103 - 0.6, 0.5 28 - 2.8, 2.4 130
105 1.4, 1.5 73 123 0.4, 0.4 20 77 1.9, 1.8 93
180 1.4, 1.4 70 118 0.4, 0.4 20 98 1.8, 1.8 90
270 1.4, 1.6 75 100 0.4, 0.4 20 100 1.8, 2.0 95
365 1.5, 1.3 70 106 0.4, 0.4 20 72 1.9, 1.7 90
Cucumber 0 1.5, 1.5 75 - 0.5, 0.5 25 - 2.0, 2.0 100
1464 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Matrix Storage Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid (as fosetyl-Al) Total (as fosetyl-Al)
period Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues
(days) remaining remaining Recovery remaining remaining recovery remaining remaining
(mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) %
105 1.1, 0.9 50 109 0.5, 0.3 20 100 1.6, 1.2 70
180 1.0, 1.0 50 85 0.4, 0.7 28 93 1.4, 1.7 78
270 0.9, 1.0 48 101 0.7, 0.7 35 97 1.6, 1.7 83
365 0.6, 0.7 33 108 1.0, 0.8 45 105 1.6, 1.5 78
Potato 0 1.7, 1.7 85 - 0.5, 0.6 28 - 2.2, 2.3 113
120 0.5, 0.6 28 77 0.9, 1.3 55 88 1.4, 1.9 83
180 0.3, 0.4 18 105 1.8, 1.5 83 106 2.1, 1.9 100
Lettuce 0 1.5, 1.5 75 - 0.5, 0.5 25 - 2.0, 2.0 100
105 0.9, 0.9 45 95 0.8, 0.8 40 78 1.7, 1.7 85
180 0.4, 0.6 25 106 1.2, 1.1 58 107 1.6, 1.7 83
MR-07/364 (M-296649-01-1)
Cucumber 0 2.04, 2.03 102 106 0.18, 0.16 9 104 2.22, 2.19 110
64 1.68, 1.74 86 95 0.35, 0.30 16 112 2.03, 2.04 102
162 1.65, 1.64 82 99 0.38, 0.39 19 108 2.03, 2.03 102
244 1.50, 1.46 74 94 0.43, 0.47 23 101 1.93, 1.93 97
371 1.26, 1.48 69 90 0.75, 0.54 32 94 2.01, 2.02 101
587 1.47, 1.39 72 92 0.62, 0.62 31 100 2.09, 2.01 102
761 1.18, 1.31 62 93 0.93, 0.82 44 102 2.11, 2.13 106
Cabbage 0 2.10, 2.12 106 103 0.06, 0.09 4 100 2.16, 2.21 109
25 1.70, 1.69 85 91 0.17, 0.21 9 110 1.87, 1.90 94
125 1.33, 1.32 66 101 0.66, 0.69 34 83 1.99, 2.01 100
202 1.41, 1.35, 1.4 69 98 0.58, 0.73, 0.65 33 103 1.99, 2.08, 102
2.1
330 1.02, 1.02 51 88 1.02, 0.99 50 89 2.04, 2.01 101
550 0.85, 0.81 42 83 1.11, 1.14 56 92 1.96, 1.95 98
734 0.67, 0.63 32 92 1.29, 1.34 66 100 1.96, 1.97 98
Potato 0 2.06, 2.06 103 112 0.14, 0.14 7 105 2.20, 2.20 110
65 1.45, 1.54 75 92 0.58, 0.47 26 96 2.03, 2.01 101
164 1.48, 1.54 76 108 0.55, 0.60 29 120 2.03, 2.14 104
241 1.50, 1.24 69 109 0.66, 0.72 34 104 2.16, 1.96 103
371 1.35, 1.40 69 90 0.74, 0.81 39 89 2.09, 2.21 108
589 0.90, 1.05 49 99 1.19, 1.06 56 99 2.09, 2.11 105
758 1.03, 0.91 48 98 1.07, 1.16 56 102 2.10, 2.07 104
Grapes 0 2.04, 2.08 103 101 0.16, 0.15 8 103 2.20, 2.23 111
63 1.93, 1.92 96 97 0.19, 0.16 9 104 2.12, 2.08 105
162 1.89, 1.92 95 103 0.28, 0.22 13 105 2.17, 2.14 108
244 1.89, 1.92 95 101 0.23, 0.25 12 105 2.12, 2.17 107
371 1.83, 1.83 92 93 0.24, 0.24 12 92 2.07, 2.07 104
587 1.94, 1.87 95 99 0.24, 0.25 12 101 2.18, 2.12 107
761 1.91, 1.90 95 94 0.26, 0.27 13 99 2.17, 2.17 109
13-02 (M-529397-02-1)
Lettuce 0 1.8, 1.8, 1.7 88 102 0.15, 0.15, 0.15 11 100 1.96, 1.9, 99
1.86
70 0.04, 0.05, 2 90 1.46, 1.3, 1.3 98 97 1.5, 1.36, 100
0.03 1.35
148 0.00, 0.00, 0 95 1.36, 1.4, 1.45 101 102 1.96, 2.0, 101
0.00 2.09
Tomato 0 1.8, 1.9, 1.8 91 95 0.11, 0.17, 0.13 7 101 1.9, 2.05, 98
1.92
78 1.2, 1.2, 1.2 61 90 0.75, 0.79, 0.75 38 101 1.99, 2.0, 99
1.94
162 0.98, 1.1, 0.96 50 100 1.0, 0.99, 0.97 50 100 2.0, 2.06, 100
1.93
261 0.25, 0.32, 15 98 1.77, 1.76, 1.67 87 100 2.0, 2.08, 102
0.35 2.02
Avocado 0 1.7, 1.7, 1.7 85 94 0.24, 0.25, 0.24 12 97 1.9, 1.95, 97
1.95
67 0.58, 0.8, 0.56 32 87 1.25, 1.06, 1.3 60 94 1.8, 1.86, 92
1.86
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1465

Matrix Storage Fosetyl-Al Phosphonic acid (as fosetyl-Al) Total (as fosetyl-Al)
period Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues Procedural Residues Residues
(days) remaining remaining Recovery remaining remaining recovery remaining remaining
(mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) % % (mg/kg) %
151 0.63, 0.58, 27 93 1.27, 1.4, 1.4 67 95 1.9, 1.97, 95
0.42 1.81
251 0.23, 0.23, 14 93 1.67, 1.61, 1.5 80 95 1.9, 1.84, 93
0.36 1.87
876 0.08, 0.12, 4 100 1.76, 1.8, 1.77 89 98 1.84, 1.93, , 93,
0.06 1.8
Dry bean 0 1.6, 1.6, 1.6 81 81 0.17, 0.17, 0.17 9 76 1.73, 1.8, 1.8 89
(seed) 81 1.4, 1.3, 1.4 68 82 0.40, 0.32, 0.40 19 84 1.8, 1.65, 87
1.78
169 1.5, 1.5, 1.5 73 94 0.37, 0.39, 0.40 19 85 1.8, 1.86, 92
1.85
271 1.5, 1.5, 1.5 75 93 0.48, 0.46, 0.51 24 92 1.98, 1.9, 99
1.98
343 1.4, 1.4, 1.4 69 95 0.47, 0.43, 0.44 22 87 1.83, 1.8, 91
1.83
447 1.3, 1.3, 1.3 66 85 0.4, 0.41, 0.42 21 81 1.74, 1.74, 86
1.7
587 1.5, 1.5, 1.5 76 106 0.37, 0.42, 0.33 19 88 1.9, 1.89, 94
1.85
748 1.3, 1.2, 1.3 63 93 0.46, 0.45, 0.45 23 82 1.7, 1.69, 86
1.73
Orange 0 1.8, 1.75, 1.7 88 90 0.1, 0.12, 0.1 5 95 1.87, 1.87, 93
1.8
78 1.7, 1.5, 1.5 77 95 0.33, 0.33, 0.32 16 95 2.0, 1.82, 93
1.78
175 1.35, 1.3, 1.4 68 94 0.64, 0.7, 0.53 31 98 2.0, 1.98, 99
1.97
266 1.1, 1.15, 1.15 56 99 0.90, 0.85, 0.86 44 94 1.96, 2.0, 99
2.01
343 0.75, 0.97, 1.0 46 95 1.08, 0.97, 0.83 48 95 1.8, 1.94, 94
1.85
442 0.85, 0.83, 0.6 38 95 0.95, 0.99, 1.22 53 92 1.8, 1.82, 91
1.82
582 0.67, 0.73, 34 115 1.51, 1.30, 1.39 70 113 2.18, 2.03, 104
0.61 2.0
745 0.48, 0.3, 0.38 19 94 1.43, 1.63, 1.51 76 96 1.91, 1.93, 95
1.9
R003861 (M-165522-01-1)
Pineapple 0 1.78 89 0.25 13 2.03 102
45 1.74 87 < 0.20 - 1.74 87
75 1.10 55 0.80 40 1.90 95
135 1.26 63 0.62 31 1.88 94
240 < 0.20 - 1.05 53 1.05 53
Pineapple 0 17.7 89 0.85 4.3 18.6 93
(20 mg/kg) 45 14.9 75 3.20 16 18.1 91
75 11.0 55 2.70 14 13.7 69
135 11.2 56 3.19 16 14.4 72
240 10.1 51 6.0 30 16.1 81

In studies conducted in USA, the stability of fosetyl-Al residues in frozen stored samples was
investigated in peas (pods and seeds) avocado, dry ginseng root, pineapple and citrus for intervals up
to 8 months. In addition, in supervised field trials conducted on lettuce, tomato, summer squash, apple
(processing study), grape, strawberry and raspberry, the stability of fosetyl-Al residues in frozen
stored samples was also investigated during storage intervals up to 12 months. Results of these studies
are summarised below.
1466 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 80 Residue stability of fosetyl-Al in a range of plant matrices fortified with fosetyl-Al and
stored at -18 °C to -20 °C for up to 12 months
Matrix Fortification Storage period Residues remaining %Residues Procedural Reference
(mg/kg) (days) (mg/kg) remaining %Recovery
Succulent peas 0.5 0 0.43, 0.40 83 - B004134
30 0.32, 0.34 66 82 M-241104-01-1
59 0.32, 0.31 63 102
90 0.25, 0.22 47 79
Pea pod 0.5 0 0.38, 0.35 73 -
30 n.d., n.d. 0 93
59 n.d., n.d. 0 72
Avocado 1.0 0 0.71, 0.78 75 76 R000027
14 0.83, 0.78 81 95 M-157712-01-1
30 0.46, 0.45 46 101
60 0.28, 0.34 31 106
Dried ginseng root 1.0 14 0.82, 0.78 80 86 R000005
28 0.82, 0.91 87 85 M-157663-01-1
56 0.85, 0.85 85 100
84 1.02, 1.02 102 103
154 0.84, 0.85 85 108
Pineapple-1 1.0 0 1.0, 0.8 90 - B004623
30 < 0.1, < 0.1 <10 - M-240106-01-2
60 < 0.1, < 0.1 <10 -
Pineapple-2 1.0 0 0.72, 0.9 81 -
60 0.17, 0.32 23 72
Pineapple, canned 1.0 0 0.84, 0.96, 1.07 96 -
30 0.85, 0.97 91 103
60 1.01, 1.08 105 98
90 0.88, 0.9 89 89
120 0.84, 0.85 85 62
Orange 1.0 0 0.98, 0.76, 0.75 83 83 B004624
30 0.76, 0.73 75 97 M-240107-01-2
60 0.93, 0.69 81 115
90 0.62, 0.51 57 88
120 0.51, 0.44 48 61
Orange 1.0 0 0.787, 0.779 79 78 B004225
60 0.665, 0.726 70 71 M-241183-01-1
120 0.631, 0.649 64 66
180 0.714, 0.674 69 67
300 0.641, 0.529 59 68
365 0.546, 0.538 55 73
Lettuce 1.0 9 0.52 52 55 R009240
14 0.86 86 90 M-178971-01-1
35 0.59 59 84
70 0.51, 0.54 53 95
133 0.89, 0.89 89 92
189 0.92, 0.92 92 102
Tomato 1.0 14 0.63 63 76 C016048
30 0.81 81 107 M-201634-02-1
60 0.76 76 95
120 0.66, 0.66 66 89
Squash 1.0 14 0.99 99 100 R000018
30 0.41, 0.46 44 73 M-157686-01-1
45 0.86 86 96
120 0.57, 0.55 56 90
180 0.68, 0.54 61 97
Strawberry 1.0 7 1.00, 0.90 95 96 R000021
14 0.96, 0.99 98 91 M-157696-01-1
30 0.85, 0.89 87 90
60 0.96, 1.02 99 99
90 0.97, 0.98 98 96
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1467

Matrix Fortification Storage period Residues remaining %Residues Procedural Reference

(mg/kg) (days) (mg/kg) remaining %Recovery
120 0.81, 0.69 75 86
Raspberry 1.0 7 1.28 128 - 781R10
14 0.93 93 - M-157664-01-2
28 0.73 73 -
70 0.99, 0.61 80 103
Apple whole fruit incurreda 0 0.27, 0.22, 0.29 - - R009270
192 0.31, 0.18, 0.16 96 - M-179019-01-1
Apple wet pomace 0 0.06, < 0.05, < 0.05 - -
192 0.16, 0.14 250 -
Apple dry pomace 0 0.14 (mean) 79 -
192 0.11, 0.11 -
Apple juice 0 0.39, 0.26 - -
192 0.51, 0.51 159
Grape Incurredb 0 6.8, 13.2, 7.54 - R000049
365 10.5, 14.5, 9.49 125 M-157771-01-1
Grape Incurredc 0 150, 69, 166 - R000047
365 121, 74, 177 97 M-157764-01-1
a
First analysis for storage stability investigation using samples already stored frozen for 109 days.
b
First analysis for storage stability investigation using samples already stored frozen for 15 days.
c
First analysis for storage stability investigation using samples already stored frozen for 25 days.

In two short-term residue stability studies reported by Lakaschus & Gizler, 2013 [Ref: S13-
02757, M-474379-01-1] and Schoening & Billian, 2010 [Ref: MR-10/009, M-388450-02-1], residue
stability of fosetyl-Al was investigated in lettuce samples stored for 5 days at -5 °C and tomato
samples stored for 4 hours at 1°C and then 7 days at -11°C. Results of these studies are summarised
below.
Table 81 Residue stability of fosetyl-Al in lettuce and tomato matrices fortified with fosetyl-Al and
cold-stored for 5–7 days
Matrix Fortification Storage period Residues remaining %Residues Procedural Reference
(mg/kg) (days) (mg/kg) remaining %Recovery
Tomato 1.0 0 0.85, 0.94, 0.94, 0.94, 0.87 91 - S13-02757
4 hrs @ 1°C+ 0.82, 0.81, 0.81, 0.83, 0.78 81 82 M-474379-01-1
7 days @ -11°C
Lettuce 0.439 0 0.46, 0.49, 0.46, 0.43, 0.37 100 - MR-10/009
5 days @ -5 °C 0.28, 0.35, 0.36, 0.27, 0.31 72 99 M-388450-02-1

In summary, a rapid degradation of fosetyl-Al was often observed in high water content
commodities, in some cases within weeks but in most cases the degradation started after 1–2 months.
Longer stability was reported in one cucumber study (8 months) and apple matrices (at least 6
months). In green peas, significant degradation occurred within 1 month (50% remaining after 3
months storage
A rapid degradation was also observed in high oil content commodities, with less than 50% of
initial fosetyl-Al residues remaining after 2–8 weeks. In high starch matrices, fosetyl-Al were stable
for up to about 5 months.
In high acid matrices, residue stability was variable, fosetyl-Al being stable for at least 2
months in raspberries, at least 4 months strawberries and canned pineapple and up to 1–2 years in
grapes. However in fresh pineapple, fosetyl-Al residues were more rapidly degraded (after about 6
weeks, attributed to enzymatic degradation. In orange, residue stability was not more than about 6
months.
1468 Fosetyl-Aluminium

In general, fosetyl-Al residues were not stable (with residues hydrolysing to phosphonic acid)
in high water content and high oil commodities and residue stability was variable in high acid
commodities. For the commodities tested, residues of fosetyl-Al were stable (i.e. more than 70% of
residues remaining) for the following storage intervals:
Table 82 Summary of storage stability of fosetyl-Al in plant matrices
Category Commodity group Commodity Stability period
High water content Pome fruit Apple, juice at least 27 weeks
Fruiting vegetables Tomato up to 9 weeksa
Cucumber up to 35 weeks
Summer squash up to 6 weeksb
Brassica vegetables Cabbage up to 4 weeks
Leafy vegetables Lettuce up to 2 weeksc
Legume vegetables Succulent pea seed less than 4 weeks
Fresh pea pod
High acid/high water content Citrus Orange up to 25 weeks
Small fruit and berries Grape at least 109 weeks
Strawberries at least 17 weeks
Raspberry up to 10 weeks
Other fruit Pineapple up to 6 weeks
High oil/intermediate water content Oily fruit Avocado up to 2 weeks
High starch/protein content Pulses Dry bean seed up to 39 weeks
Root and tuber vegetables Potato up to 23 weeks
Others Ginseng (dried) at least 22 weeks
a
A significant residue decline (more than 30%) was observed after 2 weeks and 4 months of storage, but not after 1 and
2 months storage.
b
Residue decline was already observed after 1 month storage, but there was no decline after 2.5 months storage. Residue
decline was again observed after 4 and 6 months storage.
c
A significant residue decline (more than 30%) was observed after 9 days, 5 and 10 weeks, but not after 2, 19 and
27 weeks.

Phosphonic acid residue stability

In the studies conducted in Europe on the stability of residues of fosetyl-Al in frozen stored samples,
separate samples cucumber, cabbage, potato, tomato, lettuce, dry beans, grapes, avocado, orange, and
pineapple were fortified with 2.0 mg/kg phosphonic acid and residue stability was investigated at
intervals up to 12 months. Results of these studies are summarised below.
In addition, the stability of phosphonic acid residues in tree nuts was investigated in parallel
with supervised field trials in USA. Control samples were spiked with 1 mg/kg phosphonic acid soon
after arrival at the laboratory, held in freezer storage and analysed at the same time as the field trial
samples. The results of these studies are included in the following Table.
Table 83 Residue stability of phosphonic acid in a range of plant matrices spiked at 2.0 mg/kg
phosphonic acid and stored at -18 °C to -20 °C for up to 24 months
Matrix Storage period Phosphonic acid Reference
(days) Residues remaining (mg/kg) Residues remaining % Procedural
Recovery %
Grape 0 2.3, 2.0 108 104 C013256
105 1.8, 1.8 90 77 M-204268-01-1
180 1.9, 2.0 98 98
270 2.1, 2.0 103 100
365 2.1, 2.1 105 72
Cucumber 0 2.1, 1.7 95 114
105 1.6, 1.8 85 100
180 1.6, 1.6 80 93
270 2.1, 2.0 103 97
365 2.0, 1.9 98 105
Potato 0 2.0, 2.0 100 90
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1469

Matrix Storage period Phosphonic acid Reference

(days) Residues remaining (mg/kg) Residues remaining % Procedural
Recovery %
120 1.7, 2.2 98 88
180 2.5, 1.7 105 106
270 1.7, 1.8 88 93
365 2.0, 2.0 100 103
Lettuce 0 1.9, 1.8 93 101
105 1.8, 1.7 88 78
180 1.8, 1.5 83 107
270 1.6, 1.7 83 100
365 2.2, 2.1 108 103
Cucumber 0 1.89, 1.93 96 104 MR-07/364
64 2.10, 1.68 95 112 M-296649-01-1
162 2.10, 2.24 109 108
244 2.00, 2.04 101 101
371 2.07, 2.04 103 95
587 1.94, 1.99 98 101
761 2.13, 2.15 107 102
Cabbage 0 1.94, 1.90 96 100
25 1.99, 1.98 99 111
125 2.07, 2.10 104 83
202 1.92, 1.94 97 104
330 2.00, 1.95 99 90
550 2.01, 1.96 99 100
734 1.97, 1.93 98 92
Potato 0 1.99, 2.07 102 106
65 2.05, 2.03 102 97
164 2.01, 1.96 99 120
241 2.14, 2.07 105 104
371 2.01, 2.01 101 90
589 2.06, 2.05 103 100
758 2.03, 2.06 102 103
Grapes 0 1.95, 1.85 95 103
63 2.08, 2.10 105 104
162 2.19, 2.19 110 105
244 2.09, 2.10 105 105
371 2.13, 2.09 106 92
587 2.03, 1.97 100 101
761 2.00, 2.05 101 99
Lettuce (head) 0 1.85, 1.90, 1.89 94 100 13-02
70 1.87, 2.03, 1.96 97 97 M-296649-01-1
148 1.97, 1.95, 1.96 98 102
256 1.87, 1.82, 1.81 91 98
326 1.89, 1.89, 1.94 96 103
424 1.73, 1.68, 1.86 88 96
567 1.89, 1.84, 1.84 93 109
729 1.79, 1.72, 1.76 88 96
Cherry tomato 0 1.93, 1.93, 1.96 97 101
(fruit) 78 1.92, 2.01, 1.95 98 101
162 1.87, 1.82, 1.92 93 100
261 1.86, 1.88, 1.90 94 100
342 1.85, 1.81, 1.81 91 98
435 1.84, 1.96, 2.06 98 107
576 1.78, 1.98, 2.13 98 106
741 1.80, 1.84, 1.78 90 94
Avocado (fruit) 0 2.05, 1.82, 1.76 94 97
67 1.80, 1.99, 1.98 96 94
151 1.87, 1.85, 1.82 93 95
251 1.81, 1.81, 1.81 90 95
328 1.79, 1.72, 1.82 89 97
421 1.52, 1.78, 1.52 80 98
1470 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Matrix Storage period Phosphonic acid Reference

(days) Residues remaining (mg/kg) Residues remaining % Procedural
Recovery %
567 1.79, 1.83, 1.81 90 103
732 1.78, 1.85, 1.76 90 92
White dry bean 0 1.47, 1.51, 1.52 75 76
(seed) 81 1.60, 1.62, 1.55 79 84
169 1.67, 1.56, 1.55 80 85
271 1.73, 1.71, 1.72 86 92
343 1.56, 1.54, 1.53 77 87
447 1.58, 1.60, 1.67 81 81
587 1.79, 1.60, 1.62 84 88
748 1.56, 1.50, 1.53 77 82
Orange (fruit) 0 1.79, 1.81, 1.79 90 95
78 1.76, 1.78, 1.75 88 95
175 1.87, 1.91, 1.88 94 98
266 1.80, 1.80, 1.78 90 94
343 1.70, 1.68, 1.70 85 95
442 1.89, 1.83, 1.67 90 92
582 1.94, 1.86, 1.84 94 113
745 1.79, 1.90, 1.88 93 96
Pistachio nutmeat 0 0.919, 0.893 91 - IR4-11530
(1.0 mg/kg) 221 0.809, 0.806, 0.858 83 90
Almond nutmeat 0 0.872, 0.92 90 - IR4-11529
(1.0 mg/kg) 218 0.705, 0.763, 0.737 74 87
Walnut nutmeat 0 0.781, 0.809, 0.849 81 - IR4-11504
(1.0 mg/kg) 146 0.691, 0.749, 0.749 73 87

In the two short-term fosetyl-Al residue stability studies reported by Lakaschus & Gizler,
2013 [Ref: S13-02757, M-474379-01-1] and Schoening & Billian, 2010 [Ref: MR-10/009, M-
388450-02-1], residue stability of phosphonic acid was also investigated in lettuce samples stored for
5 days at -5 °C and tomato samples stored for 4 hours at 1 °C and then 7 days at -11 °C. Results of
these studies are summarised below.
Table 84 Residue stability of phosphonic acid in lettuce and tomato matrices fortified with
phosphonic acid and cold-stored for 5–7 days
Matrix Fortification Storage period Residues remaining %Residues Procedural Reference
(mg/kg) (days) (mg/kg) remaining %Recovery
Tomato 1.0 0 0.89, 0.96, 1.05, 1.03, 0.92 96 - S13-02757
4 hrs @ 1°C+ 1.03, 1.02, 1.0, 0.99, 1.04 102 104 M-474379-01-1
7 days @ -11°C
Lettuce 0.776 0 0.73, 0.76, 0.76, 0.77, 0.81 100 - MR-10/009
5 days @ -5 °C 0.77, 0.58, 0.8, 0.83, 0.86 100 112 M-388450-02-1

In summary, residues of phosphonic acid residue in frozen stored analytical samples show no
significant degradation over the 12–25 month storage intervals. Similarly, total residues of fosetyl-Al
and phosphonic acid (calculated as fosetyl-Al) were also stable over the 12–25 month study periods.
Table 85 Summary of storage stability of phosphonic acid in plant matrices
Category Commodity Monthsa
High water Cucumber 12, 25
Cabbage 24
Lettuce 12, 24
Tomato 24
High oil Avocado 24
High protein Bean 25
High starch Potato 12, 25
High acid Grape 12, 25
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1471

Category Commodity Monthsa

Orange 25
a
Maximum investigated times

USE PATTERNS
Summary information on GAP for fosetyl-Al and fosetyl in over 90 countries and over 30 crops was
available, with authorised labels provided for representative countries in Europe and the Americas.
GAP information (and authorised labels) for phosphonic acid (as potassium salts) were also available
from Australia, Europe and USA.
The following tables summarise the representative critical GAPs for fosetyl-Al, fosetyl and
phosphonic acid for crops relevant to the available residue field trials.
Table 86 Representative registered uses of fosetyl-Al
Crop Country Application PHI (days) Remarks
type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Citrus fruits
Citrus Brazil F Foliar 4 0.2 1000 - 25
2000
Citrus Brazil N Foliar 3 0.2 Seedlings
Citrus Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 15
Citrus Costa Rica F Foliar 2 4.0 15
Citrus Cyprus F Foliar 4 0.2 5.6 14
Citrus Cyprus F PH dip 1 0.4 PH
Citrus France F Foliar 3 1000 2.0 15
Citrus Greece F Foliar 4 0.24 2000 - 9.6 3
4000
Citrus Nicaragua F Foliar 3.6 30
Citrus Spain F Foliar 3 0.24 7.2 14
Citrus Spain F Drip 2 8.0 14 20 g ai/tree
Citrus United States F Trunk 9.6 30
spray
Citrus United States F Foliar 4 0.096 4670 max 4.48 12 hours 18 kg ai/ha/year
Pome fruits
Apple Belgium F Foliar 3 1×3.0 28
2×2.0
Apple Brazil F Foliar 3 0.2 1000 min 35
Apple Cyprus F Foliar 4 0.2 4.0 14
Apple Greece F Foliar 4 0.2 1000–2000 4.0 3
Pear Belgium F Foliar 3 1×3.0 28
2×2.0
Pear Cyprus F Foliar 4 0.2 2.0 14
Pome fruit France F Foliar 4 2.0 28
Pome fruit France F Foliar 3 3.0 28
Pome fruit Hungary F Foliar 4 500–700 3.2 30
Pome fruit Spain F Foliar 3 0.24 28
Pome fruit United States F Foliar 0.096 4670 max 4.48 14 except persimmons
Berries and other small fruits
Grape Brazil F Foliar 0.2 1000 min 15
Grape Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Grape Cyprus F Foliar 0.2 14
Grape Czech Republic F Foliar 3 200–500 1.0 Pre-flower
Grape Czech Republic F Foliar 3 200–1000 2.0 21
Grape Denmark F Foliar 6 0.2 200–1000 2.0 35
Grape Greece F Foliar 4 0.2 500–1500 3.6 14
Grape United States F Foliar 7 93 min 4.48 15
Strawberry Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 15
Strawberry Costa Rica F Foliar 2.0 15
1472 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Crop Country Application PHI (days) Remarks

type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Strawberry Cyprus F,G Root dip 0.16 Pre-plant
Strawberry Cyprus F,G Foliar 0.32 14
Strawberry Denmark F,G Foliar 3 800–1000 3.2 14
Strawberry Denmark F,G Root dip 1 0.2 Pre-plant
Strawberry Finland F Foliar 3 800–1000 3.2
Strawberry Finland F,G Root dip 1 -0.24 Pre-plant
Strawberry France F,G Foliar 3 4.0 14
Strawberry Germany F Foliar 1 5 000 40 Late Sept
Strawberry Germany F Root dip 1 0.4 Pre-plant
Strawberry Greece F,G Foliar 1 0.32 500–700 2.24 Seedlings
Strawberry Greece F,G Foliar 4 0.32 500–700 2.24 14
Strawberry Netherlands F Root dip 1 0.2 Pre-plant
Strawberry Netherlands F Inter-row 3 0.6 1 000 6.0 14
Strawberry Spain F,G Foliar 3 0.24 2.4 14
Strawberry Sweden F,G Foliar 3 0.32 800–1000 3.2 42
Strawberry Sweden F,G Root dip 1 0.24 Pre-plant
Strawberry United States F Foliar 4.48 12 hours 27 kg ai/ha/season
Strawberry United States F Root dip 0.24 Pre-plant
Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit – inedible peel
Avocado Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 15
Avocado Cyprus F Foliar 0.3 7
Avocado Spain F Foliar 3 0.24 14
Avocado United States F Trunk 9.6 12 hours
spray
Avocado United States F Foliar 0.096 4670 max 4.48 12 hours 18 kg ai/ha/year
Pineapple Brazil F Foliar 3 0.2 60–1000 20
Pineapple Brazil F Seedling 1 0.08 Pre-plant
dip
Pineapple Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 2.4 90
Pineapple Costa Rica F Foliar 3.6 90
Pineapple France F Seedling 1 6.0 Pre-plant
dip
Pineapple Nicaragua F Foliar 3.6 90
Pineapple United States F Seedling 0.24 Pre-plant
dip
Pineapple United States F Foliar 6 0.36 3740 max 90
Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits
Cucurbits United States F Foliar 7 93 min 4.48 12 hours
Cucumber Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Cucumber Costa Rica F Foliar 7 4.24 30
Cucumber Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Cucumber Cyprus F Foliar 0.16 1
Cucumber Denmark F,G Foliar 4 1000 3.2 3
Cucumber Finland F Foliar 4 0.24 500–1000 2.4 3
Cucumber Germany F Foliar 4 600 2.4 3
Cucumber Germany G Foliar 3 0.4 600–1200 4.8 3
Cucumber Greece F,G Foliar 4 0.24 500–2000 4.8 1
Cucumber Hungary F,G Foliar 300–700 1.2 3
Cucumber Sweden F Foliar 4 800–1000 3.2 3
Cucumber Sweden G Foliar 4 0.32 1000 3.2 3
Melon Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 7
Melon Costa Rica F Foliar 7 4.24 7
Melon Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Melon Cyprus F Foliar 0.16 3
Melon Denmark F,G Foliar 2 1000 3.2 3
Melon France F,G Foliar 2 3.2 3
Melon Greece F,G Foliar 3 0.24 500–1000 4.8 3
Melon Nicaragua F Foliar 3.6 7
Pumpkin/squash Denmark F,G Foliar 2 1000 3.2 3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1473

Crop Country Application PHI (days) Remarks

type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha
kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Squash, summer Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Squash, summer Cyprus F,G Foliar 0.16 3
Squash, summer Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Squash, summer Denmark F,G Foliar 4 1000 3.2 3
Squash, summer Germany F Foliar 4 600 2.4 4
Squash, summer Greece F,G Foliar 4 0.24 500–2000 4.8 3
Squash, winter Cyprus F Foliar 0.16 3
Squash, winter Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Watermelon Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 7
Watermelon Costa Rica F Foliar 7 4.24 7
Watermelon Cyprus F Foliar 0.16 3
Watermelon Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Watermelon Greece F,G Foliar 3 0.24 500–1000 4.8 3
Watermelon Nicaragua F Foliar 3.6 7
Winter squash Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Winter squash Greece F,G Foliar 3 0.24 500–1000 4.8 3
Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits
Pepper, sweet Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Pepper, sweet Cyprus F Foliar 0.3 14
Tomato Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 3
Tomato Cyprus G Foliar 3.2 3
Tomato Cyprus F Foliar 2.4 3
Tomato Greece G Foliar 3 0.32 500–2000 6.4 3
Tomato Greece F Foliar 3 0.24 500–1000 2.4 3
Tomato Nicaragua F Foliar 3.6 3
Tomato United States F Foliar 93 min 4.48 14 18 kg ai/ha/season
Leafy vegetables
Leafy vegetables United States F Foliar 7 93 min 4.48 3
Lettuce Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Lettuce Costa Rica F Foliar 5 2.0 30
Lettuce Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Lettuce Cyprus F Foliar 0.3 3
Lettuce Finland F,G Foliar 400–600 2.4 14
Lettuce Germany F Foliar 3 600 2.4 14
Lettuce Germany G Foliar 2 1 000 2.4 14
Lettuce Greece F Drench 2 480 Seedlings
Lettuce Hungary F,G Foliar 0.12 600–1000 1.2 14
Lettuce Sweden F Foliar 4 400–600 2.4 14
Lettuce Sweden G Soil incorp 1 0.7 Pre-plant
kg/m3
Lettuce, leaf Germany F Foliar 3 600 2.4 14
Spinach Central Americas F Foliar 0.48 1.6 30
Spinach Cyprus F Drench 0.16 4.8 Seedlings
Spinach Cyprus F Foliar 0.3 3
Spinach Greece F,G Foliar 3 0.24 500–1000 2.4 15
Dried herbs
Hops Belgium F Foliar 3 2.24 14 for 3 m high rows
Hops France F Foliar 8 5 14
Hops Germany F Foliar 2 1 000 2 Seedlings
Hops Germany F Foliar 8 8.0 14
Hops Greece F Foliar 2 0.24 500–1000 2.4 3
Hops United States F Foliar 2.24 24 9 kg ai/ha/season
Note: Central American countries are Belize, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama.
F = field use, G = glasshouse/indoor use, N = nursery use/seedling treatments
1474 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 87 Representative registered uses of fosetyl (co-formulated with propamocarb)

Crop Country Application PHI (days) Remarks
type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits
Cucumber Belgium G Drip 4 0.93 3
Cucumber Denmark G Drench 2 20000–40000 0.001 Seedlings
Cucumber Denmark G Drip 4 0.93 3
Cucumber Denmark F Drip 2 0.93 3
Cucumber France G Drip 4 0.93 3
Cucumber France F Drip 2 0.93 3
Cucumber France N Drench 2 9.3 3
Cucumber Hungary G Drench 2 20 000 9.3 Seedlings
Cucumber Hungary G Drip 4 0.93 3
Cucumber Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Cucumber Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Cucumber Sweden G Drench 2 20000–40000 9.3 Seedlings
Cucumber Sweden G Drip 4 0.93 3
Melon France G Drip 4 0.93 3
Melon France F Drip 2 0.93 3
Melon France N Drench 2 9.3 3
Melon Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Melon Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Pumpkin/squash Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Pumpkin/squash Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Squash, summer Belgium G Drip 4 0.93 3
Squash, summer France N Drench 2 9.3 3
Squash, summer France G Drip 4 0.93 3
Squash, summer France F Drip 2 0.93 3
Squash, summer Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Squash, summer Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Watermelon Hungary G Drench 2 20 000 9.3 Seedlings
Watermelon Hungary G Drip 4 0.93 14
Watermelon Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Watermelon Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits
Eggplant Belgium G Drip 4 0.93 3
Eggplant France G Drip 4 0.93 3
Eggplant France F Drip 2 0.93 3
Eggplant France N Drench 2 9.3 3
Eggplant Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Eggplant Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Pepper, sweet Belgium G Drip 4 0.93 3
Pepper, sweet France G Drip 4 0.93 3
Pepper, sweet France N Drench 2 18.6, 9.3 Seedlings
F Drip 2 0.93 3
Peppers Hungary G Drench 2 20 000 18.6, 9.3 Seedlings
G Drip 4 0.31-0.93 3
Peppers Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Peppers Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
Tomato Belgium G Drip 4 0.93 3
Tomato Denmark G Drench 2 20000–40000 0.001 Seedlings
Drip 4 0.93 3
Tomato Denmark F Drip 2 0.93 3
Tomato France N Drench 2 0.93 Seedlings
G Drip 4 3
Tomato France N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
F Drip 2 0.93 3
Tomato Hungary N Drench 2 20 000 9.3 Seedlings
G Drip 4 0.93 3
Tomato Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Tomato Portugal F,G Drip 1 0.62-0.93 Seedlings
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1475

Crop Country Application PHI (days) Remarks

type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Tomato Sweden N Drench 2 20000–40000 9.3 Seedlings
G Drip 4 0.93 3
Leafy vegetables
Endive Belgium G Foliar 1 0.775 21
Lettuce Denmark F,G Drench 2 20000–40000 0.001 Seedlings
Lettuce Denmark F,G Foliar 2 250–1000 0.775 21
Lettuce France F Foliar 2 400–1000 0.775 14
Lettuce France G Foliar 2 0.775 21
Lettuce Hungary F Foliar 2 400–800 0.775 14
Lettuce Hungary G Drench 2 20000 9.3 seedlings
Lettuce Hungary G Foliar 4 400–800 0.775 14
Lettuce Portugal F Foliar 2 0.775 14
Lettuce Portugal N Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Lettuce Portugal G Foliar 2 0.775 21
Lettuce Sweden G Drench 2 9.3 Seedlings
Lettuce Sweden F,G Foliar 2 250–1000 0.775 21
Lettuce, head Belgium G Foliar 2 0.775 21
Lettuce, leaf Belgium G Foliar 2 0.775 21
Rucola Belgium G Foliar 1 0.775 21
Spinach Belgium F Foliar 1 0.775 14
Spinach Belgium G Foliar 1 0.775 21
Spinach Portugal F Foliar 1 0.775 14
F = field, G = glasshouse, N = nursery

Table 88 Representative registered uses of phosphonic acid (as mono- and di-potassium salts or a
mixture of mono- and di-ammonium, potassium and sodium salts)
Crop Country Applicationa PHI (days) Remarks
type method no kg ai/hL water L/ha kg ai/ha
(max) (max)
Citrus fruits
Citrus Australia F Foliar 2000–5000 8.0 Not required 32 g ai/12 L/tree
Citrus USA F Foliar 2–4 935–2300 6.76 Not required Apply in spring,
summer, autumn, 2-4
weeks before harvest
Citrus USA I Post-harvest 1.8 PH dip, drench, in-line
spray
Berries and other small fruit
Grapes Australia F Foliar 500–2000 2.4 Not required
Grapes USA F Foliar 6 470 min 1.9 7-10 day RTI
140 min (air)
Tree nuts
Tree nuts USA F Foliar 6 930 min 1.9 Not stated Chemigation: max 3.8
190 min (air) kg ai/ha
Tree nuts USA F Trunk 3 0.41
a
Application rates expressed as phosphorous acid equivalents.
Tree nuts: almond, beech nut, Brazil nut, butternut, cashew, chestnut, chinquapin, filbert, hazelnuts, hickory nut,
macadamia nut, pecan, pistachio, and walnut

RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS

The Meeting received information on supervised field trials involving soil or foliar treatments of
fosetyl, fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid to the following crops.

Group Crop Active ingredient Region/Country Table no

1476 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Group Crop Active ingredient Region/Country Table no

Citrus fruits Lemon Fosetyl-Al USA 89

Mandarin Fosetyl-Al Europe 90
Orange Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA, Brazil 91–93
Grapefruit Fosetyl-Al USA 94
Orange Phosphonic acid Europe 95
Mandarin Phosphonic acid Europe 96
Citrus (PH Dip) Phosphonic acid USA 97

Pome fruits Apple Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA, Brazil 98–100

Pear Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 101–102

Berries and other small fruits Grape Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA, Brazil 103–105
Grape Phosphonic acid Australia 106
Strawberry Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 107–109|

Assorted tropical and sub- Avocado Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 110–111

tropical fruits – Inedible peel Pineapple Fosetyl-Al Central America, Hawaii 112–113

Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits Cucumber Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 114–115

Summer squash Fosetyl-Al USA 116–117
Melons Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 118–120

Fruiting vegetables, other than Peppers Fosetyl Europe 121–122

Cucurbits Tomato Fosetyl Europe 123–124
Tomato Fosetyl-Al USA 125

Leafy vegetables Lettuce Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 126–128

Spinach Fosetyl Europe 129
Spinach Fosetyl-AL USA 130

Tree nuts Almond Phosphonic acid USA 131

Pistachio Phosphonic acid USA 132
Walnut Phosphonic acid USA 133

Dried herbs Hops Fosetyl-Al Europe, USA 134–135

The supervised trials were well documented with laboratory and field reports. Laboratory
reports included procedural recoveries with spiking at residue levels similar to those occurring in
samples from the supervised trials. Dates of analyses or duration of residue sample storage were also
provided. Although trials included control plots, no control data are recorded in the tables unless
residues in control samples exceeded the LOQ. In such cases, the residues found are noted as
“c=nn mg/kg” and where these are greater than 20% of the residue in the corresponding samples from
treated plots, the results are not considered suitable for estimating maximum residue levels. Residue
data are recorded unadjusted for recovery unless noted.
Results from replicated field plots are presented as individual values. Residues and
application rates have been reported as provided in the study reports except for finite values below the
LOQ, where these have been reported as <LOQ mg/kg. The results from trials used for the estimation
of maximum residue levels (underlined) have been rounded to two significant digits (or if close to the
LOQ, rounded to one significant digit) in the Appraisal.
When multiple applications were made to a crop, the application rate, spray concentration and
spray volume were not always identical from one application to the next. In most trials, the actual
treatment rates were within 10% of the listed ‘target’ application rates, but if not, the actual treatment
rates are listed.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1477

In this Evaluation, the term ‘Total residues’ is used to report the sum of the phosphonic acid
residues and the fosetyl/fosetyl-Al residues (expressed as phosphonic acid), using the following
formulae:
Total residue
(as phosphonic acid) = fosetyl-Al [mg/kg] x MW phosphonic acid × 3 + phosphonic acid [mg/kg]
[mg/kg] M fosetyl-Al
MW fosetyl-Al: Molecular weight of fosetyl-Al = 354.1 g/mol
MW phosphonic acid: Molecular weight of phosphonic acid = 82 g/mol

And
Total residue
(as phosphonic acid) = fosetyl [mg/kg] x MW phosphonic acid + phosphonic acid [mg/kg]
[mg/kg] MW fosetyl
MW phosphonic acid: Molecular weight of phosphonic acid = 82 g/mol
MW fosetyl: Molecular weight of fosetyl = 110 g/mol

The conversion factors are 0.695 (fosetyl-Al to phosphonic acid) and 0.745 (fosetyl to
phosphonic acid).

Citrus fruits

Lemons – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials from USA four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were applied to lemon trees
at 27 to 42 day intervals and duplicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for up to 194 days
(except for trials in trials 10379-22 and 10379-23, where samples were stored for longer intervals of
253–257 days) before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 45205 to measure residues of
fosetyl-Al. The overall mean concurrent recovery rate was 79% and the LOQ was 0.1 mg/kg.
Table 89 Residues in lemons from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-Al
(80 WDG formulations)
LEMON Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.5 1000–3000 0 Max 18 kg ai/ha/season
USA 1996 4 4.53–4.68 0.48 945–982 0 fruit 1.13, 1.01 1.1
Hendry, FL
(Bearss)

B004224
10379-12
USA, 1996 4 4.44–4.53 0.24 1852–1880 0 fruit 1.24, 1.5 1.4
Tulare, CA
(Lisbon)

B004224
10379-18
USA, 1996 4 4.47–4.52 0.24 1861–1880 0 fruit 1.63, 2.71 2.2
Tulare, CA
(Lisbon)

B004224
10379-19
1478 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LEMON Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1996 4 4.41–4.81 0.29– 1403–1571 0 fruit 1.25, 1.57 1.4
Yuma, AR 0.34
(Lisbon)

B004224
10379-22
USA, 1996 4 4.27–4.59 0.26– 1104–1749 0 fruit 1.24, 1.67 1.5
Calipatria, CA 0.39
(Lisbon 8A)

B004224
10379-23

Mandarin – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to
mandarin trees, the first between growth stages BBCH 19 and 72, the second about 30 days later and
the last applications were 35 and 15 days before harvest. Samples of whole fruit and sub-samples of
flesh and peel were stored frozen for up to 187 days before extraction and analysis using GC method
DFG 522 or AR 155-97 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. Average concurrent
recovery rates were 75–97% for fosetyl-Al and 81–109% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of
0.2–50 mg/kg) and LOQs were 0.2–0.5 mg/kg. In many of the 2000 trials, control samples were found
to contain residues of up to 0.72 mg/kg fosetyl-Al and up to 1.75 mg/kg phosphonic acid.
Table 90 Residues in mandarins from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
MANDARIN Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
GAP: USA 4 4.48 0
GAP: Cyprus 4 5.6 0.2 14
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.28 2500 0 fruit 9.2 28 34
Valencia c=0.52 c=1.8 c=2.1
(Clementina de Nules) 3 8.2 33 39
c=0.56 c=1.6 c=2
C013214 7 5.0 28 31
ESP0101 c=0.58 c=1.2 c=1.6
14 3.7 29 32
c=0.72 c=1.4 c=1.9

14 flesh < 0.5 29 29

c=1.6 c=1.9
14 peel 6.0 45 49
c=1.7 c=2.1
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.35 2000 0 fruit 5.9 8.1 12
Alicante 3 7.4 8.1 13
(Marisol) 7 6.5 9.7 14
16 1.4 9.1 10
C013214
ESP0102 16 flesh < 0.5 9.4 10
c=0.5 c=0.95 c=1.3
16 peel 6.1 27 31
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1479

MANDARIN Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.35 2000 0 fruit 9.7 32 39
Sevilla fruita c=0.58 c=1.2 c=0.85
(Clemenules) 15 < 0.5 34 34

C013214 15 flesh < 0.5 26 26

ESP0201 15 peel < 0.5 61 61
Greece, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 3.9 20 23
Shinohori-Argolida c=0.61 c=0.92
(Klimentines) 3 1.2 18 19
c=0.58 c=0.90
C013214 7 0.61 12 12
GRC0201 c=0.6 5 c=0.92
14 0.52 12 12
c=0.59 c=0.91

14 flesh < 0.5 5.9 6.2

14 peel < 0.5 13 13
Greece, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 1.1 20 21
Ireon-Argolida c=0.57 c=0.9
(Tirinthas) 14 fruita < 0.5 7.3 7.6

C013214 14 flesh < 0.5 7.5 7.8

GRC0202 14 peel < 0.5 7.0 7.3
Italy, 2000 4 7.0 0.466 1500 0 fruit 6.9 16 21
Marconia MT c=0.53 c=0.87
(Clementino comune) 3 4.6 18 21
c=0.5 c=0.85
C013214 6 4.5 18 21
ITA0201 c=0.53 c=0.87
14 3.0 19 21

14 flesh 0.96 10 11
14 peel 2.3 30 32
Italy, 2000 4 7.0 0.466 1500 0 fruit 4.6 25 28
Tursi MT 16 fruita < 0.5 24 24
(Clementino comune)
16 flesh < 0.5 19 19
C013214 16 peel < 0.5 33 33
ITA0202
Italy, 2001 4 7.0 0.7 1000 0 fruit 2.6 19 21
Marconia di Pisticci 15 fruita 0.4 19 19
(Clementino Comune)
15 flesh 0.23 15 15
C025700 15 peel 0.96 32 33
01R104-1
Greece, 2001 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 0.63 7.2 7.6
Sxinoxori - Argolidos 14 fruita < 0.2 7.7 7.8
(Climentines)
14 flesh < 0.2 4.4 4.5
C025700 14 peel 0.43 16 16
01R104-2
a
Calculated whole fruit residues [(peel weight × peel residues) + (flesh weight × flesh residues)] /total fruit weight

Orange – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to orange
trees, the first between BBCH 15 and 72, the second about 30 days later and the two last applications
35 and 15 days before harvest. Samples of whole fruit and sub-samples of flesh and peel were stored
frozen for up to 186 days before extraction and analysis using GC method AR 155-97 to measure
1480 Fosetyl-Aluminium

residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were 74–93% for
fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.2–5 mg/kg) and 74–102% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels
of 0.2–25 mg/kg) and the LOQs were 0.2 mg/kg.
Table 91 Residues in oranges from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WG formulations)
ORANGE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.48 0
GAP: Cyprus 4 5.6 0.2 14
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.28 2500 0 fruit 1.7 5.7 6.9
Valencia 3 1.2 8.1 8.9
(Navelina) 7 0.5 6.1 6.4
14 0.44 7.8 8.1
C013213
ESP0101 14 flesh 0.3 6.4 6.6
14 peel 1.6 6.8 7.9
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 1.6 5.2 6.3
Sevilla 14 fruita 0.24 6.7 6.9
(Newhall)
14 flesh < 0.2 6.7 6.8
C013213 14 peel 0.38 6.8 7.1
ESP0201 c=0.35 c=0.49
Spain, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 2.8 3.7 5.6
Cordoba 3 1.2 7.0 7.8
(Navelina) c=0.32 c=0.46
7 0.41 7.3 7.6
C013213 15 0.22 6.1 6.3
ESP0202
15 flesh < 0.2 7.7 7.8
15 peel 0.25 4.8 5.0
Greece, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 0.89 5.5 6.1
Shinohori-Argolida c=0.41 c=0.55
(Novelines) 3 0.36 7.2 7.5
7 0.61 5.4 5.8
C013213 14 < 0.2 1.7 1.8
GRC0201
14 flesh < 0.2 6.4 6.5
14 peel < 0.2 4.2 4.3
Greece, 2000 4 7.0 0.234 3000 0 fruit 0.23 1.5 1.7
Ireon-Argolida 14 fruita < 0.2 6.8 6.9
(San Loutsiana)
14 flesh < 0.2 7.9 8.0
C013213 14 peel < 0.2 4.8 4.9
GRC0202
Italy, 2000 4 7.0 0.466 1500 0 fruit 5.4 6.2 10
Marconia MT 3 4.1 7.4 10
(Navelina) 7 3.3 7.3 9.6
14 1.7 7.8 9.0
C013213
ITA0201 14 flesh 0.33 3.9 4.1
14 peel 0.76 7.7 8.2
Italy, 2000 4 7.0 0.466 1500 0 fruit 5.1 10 14
Tursi MT 16 fruita 0.3 7.6 7.8
(Navelina)
16 flesh 0.23 8.7 8.9
C013213 16 peel 0.44 5.5 5.8
ITA0202
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1481

ORANGE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Italy, 2001 4 7.0 0.7 1000 0 fruit 2.0 5.3 6.7
Marconia di Pisticci 15 fruit(a) 0.22 3.9 4.1
(Navelina V.C)
15 flesh < 0.2 3.1 3.2
C025616 15 peel 0.63 5.5 5.9
01R102-1
Greece, 2001 4 7.0 0.7 3000 0 fruit 0.6 5.2 5.6
Sxinoxori - Argolidos 14 fruita 0.21 3.3 3.4
(Merlin)
14 flesh < 0.2 3.6 3.7
C025616 14 peel 0.22 2.8 3.0
01R102-2
a
Calculated whole fruit residues [(peel weight × peel residues) + (flesh weight × flesh residues)] /total fruit weight

In supervised trials conducted in USA, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were
applied to orange trees at 28 to 44 day intervals. Replicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for
up to 185 days (except in trials 10379-07, 10397-08, 10397-09, 10397-10, 10397-21 and 10397-24
where samples were stored for longer intervals of 202-280 days) before extraction and analysis using
GC-FPD method 45205 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The overall mean concurrent recovery rate
was 84% and the LOQ was 0.1 mg/kg.
Table 1292 Residues in oranges from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WDG formulations)
ORANGE Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.48 1000–3000 0
USA 1996 4 4.48–4.58 0.2–0.26 1749–2264 0 fruit 1.14, 0.51 0.83
Seminole, FL
(Navel)

B004224
10379-01
USA 1996 4 4.49–4.57 0.25–0.33 1394–1805 0 fruit 2.33, 1.47 1.9
Seminole, FL
(Hamlin)

B004224
10379-02
USA 1996 4 4.36–4.5 0.27–0.36 1244–1628 0 fruit 1.64, 2.2 1.9
Seminole, FL
(Hamlin)

B004224
10379-03
USA 1996 4 4.45–4.63 0.24–0.31 1431–1880 0 fruit 0.9, 1.03 0.97
Brevard, FL
(Ambersweet)

B004224
10379-04
USA 1996 4 4.49–4.68 0.48 935–973 0 fruit 1.49, 0.89 1.2
Orange, FL
(Ambersweet)

B004224
10379-07
1482 Fosetyl-Aluminium

ORANGE Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1996 4 4.44–4.5 0.47–0.48 926–954 0 fruit 1.25, 1.06 1.2
Orange, FL
(Parson Brown)

B004224
10379-08
USA, 1996 4 4.41–4.57 0.48 926–954 0 fruit 0.48, 0.28 0.38
St Lucie, FL
(Pineapple)

B004224
10379-09
USA, 1996 4 4.49–4.76 0.48 935–991 0 fruit 1.36, 0.63 1.0
Indian River, FL
(Pineapple)

B004224
10379-10
USA, 1996 4 4.40–4.71 0.31–0.33 1384–1459 0 fruit 2.23, 1.36 1.8
Willacy, TX
(Everhard Navel)

B004224
10379-13
USA, 1996 4 4.47–4.50 0.24 1861–1880 0 fruit 0.86, 1.24 1.1
Tulare, CA
(Washington Navel)

B004224
10379-16
USA, 1996 4 4.15–5.51 0.14–0.2 2647–3367 0 fruit 1.23, 1.03 1.1
Hemet, CA
(Valencia)

B004224
10379-21
USA, 1996 4 4.41–4.49 0.24 1833–1880 0 fruit 1.86, 2.92 2.4
Kern, CA
(Olinda Valencia)

B004224
10379-24
Value in square brackets is the mean residue of two duplicate samples

In supervised trials conducted in Brazil, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP) were applied to
orange trees between BBCH 72 and 85 at about 60-day intervals. Samples of whole fruit were stored
frozen for between 179 and 223 days before fosetyl-Al analysis and up to 252 days before phosphonic
acid analysis. The analytical method was the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 with LOQs of
0.01 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 0.1 mg/kg (phosphonic acid). Overall average concurrent recovery rates
were 102% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.1–10 mg/kg) and 96% for phosphonic acid
(fortification levels of 0.1–100 mg/kg).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1483

Table 93 Residues in oranges from supervised trials in Brazil involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (800 WP formulations)
ORANGE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Brazil 4 0.2 2000 25
Brazil, 2014 4 4.0 0.2 2000 0 fruit 1.6 6.1 7.2
Holambra c=1.5 c=1.5
(Folha Murcha) 14 0.14 5.7 5.8
c=1.5 c=1.5
F13-058/F15-015 24 0.094 7.3 7.4
F13-058-01 c=1.8 c=1.8
34 0.076 8.3 8.3
c=4.9 c=4.9
42 0.099 8.9 9.0
c=2.6 c=2.6
Brazil, 2014 4 4.0 0.2 2000 0 fruit 1.2 11 11
Piracicaba 4.1 c=0.40 c=0.41
(Folha Murcha) 14 0.27 8.7 8.9
c=0.53 c=0.54
F13-058/F15-015 24 0.31 11 12
F13-058-02 c=0.63 c=0.64
34 0.18 10 11
c=0.49 c=0.50
42 0.12 12 12
c=0.59 c=0.60
Brazil, 2014 4 4.0 0.2 2000 0 fruit 1.7 9.2 10
Aguai c=1.8 c=1.8
(Valencia) 15 0.053 11 11
c=2.1 c=2.1
F13-058/F15-015 25 0.054 12 12
F13-058-03 c=1.8 c=1.8
35 0.033 11 11
c=2.2 c=2.2
43 0.032 12 12
c=2.1 c=2.1
Brazil, 2014 4 4.0 0.2 2000 25 fruit 0.073 4.0 4.1
Arthur Nogueira
(Valencia)

F13-058/F15-015
F13-058-04
Brazil, 2014 4 4.0 0.2 2000 25 fruit 0.048 7.8 7.8
Aguai Mogi Mirim
(Valencia)

F13-058/F15-015
F13-058-05

Grapefruit – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in USA, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were applied to
grapefruit trees at 28 to 46 day intervals. Replicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for up to
190 days (except in trials 10379-11 and 10397-20 where samples were stored for longer intervals of
204–274 days) before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 45205 to measure residues of
fosetyl-Al. The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 76% and the LOQ was 0.1 mg/kg.
1484 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 94 Residues in grapefruit from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WDG formulations)
GRAPEFRUIT Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.5 1000-3000 0
USA, 1996 4 4.50–4.61 0.2–0.27 1721–2264 0 fruit 0.57, 0.69 0.63
Seminole, FL
(Flame)

B004224
10379-05
USA, 1996 4 4.62–4.75 0.2–0.28 1656–2338 0 fruit 0.7, 1.31 1.0
Brevard, FL
(Flame)

B004224
10379-06
USA, 1996 4 4.44–4.52 0.48 926–945 0 fruit 1.66, 1.46 1.6
Lake, FL
(Ruby Red)

B004224
10379-11
USA, 1996 4 4.36–4.69 0.31–0.32 1384–1450 0 fruit 1.12, 1.03 1.1
Willacy, TX
(Ruby Red)

B004224
10379-14
USA, 1996 4 4.45–4.49 0.24 1852–1871 0 fruit 0.72, 0.85 0.79
Tulare, CA
(Mellogold)

B004224
10379-17
USA, 1996 4 4.40–5.68 0.13–0.19 2993–3601 0 fruit 0.59, 0.26 0.43
Hemet, CA
(Marsh Ruby)

B004224
10379-20

Orange, Mandarin – phosphonic acid

In supervised trials on mandarins and oranges conducted in Europe, foliar sprays of phosphonic acid
(as the mono- and di-potassium salts) were applied before flowering, early ripening and at maturity.
Samples of whole fruit, and in some trials peel and flesh were stored frozen for up to 237 days before
extraction based on method AR155-97 (sulphuric acid extraction, isopropanol dilution and
diazomethane methylation, but residues were analysed by LC-MS/MS (as described in method
00861/M001). The LOQ of the method was 0.186 mg/kg (the lowest fortification level) and average
concurrent recovery rates were 79–86% in fruit, flesh and peel fortified at 0.186–22 mg/kg.
In a further set of trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of phosphonic acid (as the
mono- and di-potassium salts) were applied at about 30 day intervals from about BBCH 72–74 and
samples taken for subsequent analysis and also for post-harvest drench or in-line spray treatments
with phosphonic acid. Unwashed fruit were either drenched continuously (in crates) for 30 seconds
before being air-dried or were subjected to an in-line treatment of dry brushing, spraying with a 1 kg
ai/hL solution of phosphonic acid (approx. 0.5 kg ai/tonne for fruit) and passing through a drying
tunnel. The treated fruit were cool-stored for intervals up to 28 days before being sub-sampled and
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1485

stored frozen for up to 128 days before analysis using the multi-residue QuPPe method to measure
residues of phosphonic acid. The LOQ of the method was 1.0 mg/kg and average concurrent recovery
rates were 90–97% in fruit, flesh and peel fortified at 1–20 mg/kg.
Table 95 Residues in oranges from supervised trials in Europe involving post-harvest and/or
preharvest foliar applications of phosphonic acid (SL formulations of the mono- and di-potassium
salts)
ORANGE Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water whole fruit flesh peel
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP:
Spain, 2010 3 5.75– 0.29–0.3 1942–2042 0 14.0
Denia, Alicante 6.03 3 12.0
(Navel Lane Late) 7 11.0
14 15.0
TRC09-03R1 21 7.0
Spain, 2010 3 5.82– 0.3 1971–2117 0 8.6
Turis, Valencia 6.27 3 9.2
(Navelate) 7 7.1
14 10.0
TRC09-03R2 21 7.8
Spain, 2010 3 5.82– 0.29 1992–2125 0 14
Villareal, Castellón 6.15 3 7.3
(Valencia, Late) 7 8.0
14 9.0 8.2 11.0
TRC09-03R3 21 7.1
Spain, 2009 3 5.64– 0.29–0.3 1905–2019 0 20.0
Alberic, Valencia 5.98 3 15.0
(Navelina) 7 15.0
14 26.0 27.0 21.0
TRC09-03R4 21 15.0
Spain, 2010 3 5.87– 0.29 2025–2182 0 10.0
Pobla Llarga, Valencia 6.33 14 8.4
(Navelina)

TRC09-03R5
Spain, 2010 3 5.83– 0.29 2011–2055 0 16.0
Montesa, Valencia 5.96 14 21.0
(Lane Late)

TRC09-03R6
Spain, 2010 3 5.41– 0.29 1866–2003 0 20.0
Benifaio, Valencia 5.81 14 22.0 20.0 28.0
(Navel Powell)

TRC09-03R7
Spin, 2010 3 5.33– 0.29 1840–2058 0 22.0
Albalat de la Ribera, 5.97 14 22.0 23.0 17.0
Valencia
(Lane Late)

TRC09-03R8
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 -0 10.0
Torrent, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 0 28.7 13.4 72
(Navelina) 5 23.8
14 31.6
TRC15-138 R1 28 28 17.5 54.5
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 1980–2010 -0 10.0
Torrent, Valencia 1 in-line 1.0 0 13.6 8.3 29.1
(Navelina) spray 5 20.6
14 17.8
TRC15-138 R1 28 15.0 10.7 26.3
1486 Fosetyl-Aluminium

ORANGE Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water whole fruit flesh peel
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 3.9–4.0 0.2 2000 -0 12.6
Tortosa, Tarragona 1 drench 0.5 0 33.0 16.3 88
(Washington Navel) 5 38.6
14 38.2
TRC15-138 R2 28 33.3 17.5 76
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 3.9–4.0 0.2 1950–1990 -0 12.6
Tortosa, Tarragona 1 in-line 1.0 0 23.3 19.4 33
(Washington Navel) spray 5 28.4
14 21.4
TRC15-138 R2 28 20.5 15.5 36.3
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0–4.1 0.2 2000 -0 8.2
Benicarlo, Castellon, Spain 1 drench 0.5 0 23.2 10.3 66
(Newhall) 5 17.5
14 20.6
TRC15-138 R3 28 20.1 9.8 51
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0–4.1 0.2 200–2030 -0 8.2
Benicarlo, Castellon 1 in-line 1.0 0 18.4 11.2 43
(Newhall) spray 5 12.5
14 16.5
TRC15-138 R3 28 15.9 9.6 32.5
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 -0 16.8
Algemesi, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 0 34.7 24.9 68
(Navelina) 5 31.0
14 26.7
TRC15-138 R4 28 30.8 20.6 59
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 -0 16.8
Algemesi, Valencia 1 in-line 1.0 0 25.3 20.0 42.5
(Navelina) spray 5 17.8
14 20.6
TRC15-138 R4 28 22.7 16.6 38.7

Table 96 Residues in mandarins from supervised trials in Europe involving post-harvest and/or pre-
harvest foliar applications of phosphonic acid (SL formulations of the mono- and di-potassium salts)
MANDARIN Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water whole fruit flesh peel
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP:
Spain, 2010 3 6.02– 0.29–0.3 2058–2083 0 13
Denia, Alicante 6.17 3 11
(Ortanique) 7 12
14 8.6
TRC09-02-02R1 21 10
Spain, 2009 3 5.76– 0.29–0.3 1971–1999 0 28
Alberic, Valencia 5.92 3 38
(Orogrande) 7 32
14 15
TRC09-02-02R2 21 26
Spain,2009 3 5.72– 0.29 1967–2042 0 7.8
Almarossa, Castellón 5.97 3 17
(Clemenules) 7 13
14 11 9.7 14
TRC09-02-02R3 21 10
Spain, 2009 3 5.73– 0.29 1958–2083 0 17
Villareal, Castellón 5.92 3 24
(Mioro) 7 18
14 18 18 18
TRC09-02R4 21 21
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1487

MANDARIN Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water whole fruit flesh peel
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain, 2009 3 5.79– 0.29 1981–2032 0 34
Pobla Llarga, Valencia 5.93 14 39
(Afourer)

TRC09-02R5
Spain, 2010 3 5.34–5.9 0.29 1827–2022 0 33
Benissanó, Valencia 14 33
(Clemenules)

TRC09-02R6
Spain, 2010 3 5.37– 0.29 1839–2001 0 31
Moncofar, Castellón 5.84 14 27 23 39
(Clementina tomatera)

TRC09-02R7
Spain, 2010 3 5.69– 0.29 1950–2038 0 29
Montesa, Valencia 5.95 14 23 25 17
(Clemenvilla)

TRC09-02R8

Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 -0 18.6

Chella, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 0 20.7 10.2 54.5
(Marisol) 5 35.0
14 23.6
TRC15-139 R1 28 27.8 10.7 87
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 200–2020 -0 18.6
Chella, Valencia 1 in-line spray 1.0 0 33.9 20.4 75
(Marisol) 5 35.2
14 43.3
TRC15-139 R1 28 43.4 29.9 93
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 1990–2010 -0 19.8
Tortosa, Tarragona 1 drench 0.5 0 27.9 14.2 73
(Clemenpons 5 26.6
14 40.4
TRC15-139 R2 28 35.6 18.3 99
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 -0 19.8
Tortosa, Tarragona, 1 in-line spray 1.0 0 27.7 18.3 54
Spain 5 33.0
(Clemenpons) 14 28.3
28 29.7 20.3 63
TRC15-139 R2
TRC15-139 3 foliar+ 3.8–4.1 0.2 1930–2030 -0 17.4
Torrent, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 0 30.1 20.8 57
(Marisol) 5 29.5
14 26.1
TRC15-139 R3 28 36 27.7 64
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 3.9–4.1 0.2 1930–2030 -0 17.4
Torrent, Valencia 1 in-line spray 1.0 0 24.3 15.7 50
(Marisol) 5 26.5
14 24.8
TRC15-139 R3 28 35.9 27.8 63
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 1990–2020 -0 11.7
Algemesi, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 0 19.4 15.9 30.2
(Satsuma) 5 32.2
14 25.5
TRC15-139 R4 28 25.8 14.5 70
1488 Fosetyl-Aluminium

MANDARIN Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water whole fruit flesh peel
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 1990–2020 -0 11.7
Algemesi, Valencia 1 in-line spray 1.0 0 24.3 17.9 44.9
(Satsuma) 5 25.1
14 21.9
TRC15-139 R4 28 28 19.4 59

Citrus (post harvest) – phosphonic acid

In post-harvest trials conducted in USA with oranges, mandarins, lemons and grapefruit, mature
washed fruit were treated with phosphonic acid (potassium salts) as a dip, drench or an in-line spray.
In the dip treatments, fruit were placed in crates and dipped in the treatment solution for 30 seconds.
Drench treatments were applied by rolling the fruit over PVC pipes while the test solution was poured
through holes in the drench tank. The in-line sprays were applied using a single flat fan nozzle to
spray the fruit while rolling over PVC pipes. The treated fruit was allowed to dry and then samples
were taken and stored frozen for up to 397 days before analysis for phosphonic acid using the multi-
residue QuPPe method. The LOQ of the method was 1.0 mg/kg (the lowest level of method
validation) and average concurrent recovery rates were 53–80% in fruit fortified at 1–20 mg/kg.
Table 97 Residues in citrus from supervised trials in USA involving post-harvest dip, drench or in-
line spray applications of phosphonic acid (as the mono- and di-potassium salts)
CITRUS Application DALA matrix Phosphonic Notes
Country, year method kg ai/hL acid residues
Location (variety) (mg/kg)
References
GAP: USA Dip, drench, 1.8 -
in-line
Orange
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 8.8 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Cutter) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 7.4 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 3.0 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
12-CA84
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 7.0 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Old Line) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 6.1 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 1.9 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
11-CA125
Mandarin
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 14 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Pixie) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 12 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 2.9 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
12-CA85
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 12 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(W Murcott) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 7.6 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 3.4 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
11-CA126
Lemon
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 14 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Allen Eureka) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 9.7 Drench with drencher treater
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1489

CITRUS Application DALA matrix Phosphonic Notes

Country, year method kg ai/hL acid residues
Location (variety) (mg/kg)
References
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 3.4 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
12-CA83
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 18 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Lisbon) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 16 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 5.2 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
11-CA127
Grapefruit
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 7.1 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Melogold) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 3.6 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 2.8 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
12-CA82
USA, 2012 Dip 0.6 0 Whole fruit 8.9 Dip with drencher reservoir tank
Parlier, CA and plastic fruit crate
(Rio Red) Drench 0.6 0 Whole fruit 7.1 Drench with drencher treater
In-line spray 0.6 0 Whole fruit 3.5 Packing line spray, PVC rollers,
IR4-10687 High Volume Applicator
11-CA128

Pome fruits

Apples – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to apple
trees between BBCH 75 and 85 with a retreatment interval of about 10 days. Samples of whole fruit
were stored frozen for 383 to 475 days before extraction and analysis using the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001to measure residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery
rates were 88–91% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01–2.0 mg/kg) and 86–99% for phosphonic
acid (fortification levels of 0.2–21 mg/kg) and the LOQs were 0.1 (fosetyl-Al) and 0.2 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid).
Table 98 Residues in apples from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WG formulations)
APPLES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: France 3 3.0 28
Germany.2010 3 3.6 0.72 500 -0 fruit 0.68 6.8 7.3
Zaschwitz 0 0.12 6.5 6.6
(Jonagold) 7 0.14 8.8 8.9
14 0.11 9.5 9.6
10-2058 28 0.03 7.6 7.6
10-2058-01
France (N), 2010 3 3.6 0.24 1500 -0 fruit 0.09 14 14
Lignières de Touraine c=4.9 c=4.9
(Golden) 0 0.61 14 14
7 0.28 15 15
10-2058 14 0.14 14 14
10-2058-02 28 0.06 16 16
c=3.8 c=3.8
1490 Fosetyl-Aluminium

APPLES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Belgium, 2010 3 3.6 0.29 1250 -0 fruit 0.02 6.3 6.3
Fleurus 0 0.52 10 10
(Reinettes de Flandres) 7 0.02 9.7 9.7
14 0.02 12 12
10-2058 28 < 0.01 11 11
10-2058-03
UK, 2010 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit < 0.01 3.6 3.6
Royston 0 0.15 5.9 6.0
(Jonathan) 8 0.03 11 11
15 0.03 8.8 8.8
10-2058 28 < 0.01 8.2 8.2
10-2058-04
Spain, 2010 3 3.6 0.26 1400 -0 fruit 0.77 7.5 8.0
Bellmunt d'Urgell 0 2.1 8.2 9.7
(Golden) 6 1.3 13 14
15 0.78 15 16
10-2064 28 0.33 17 17
10-2064-01
Italy, 2010 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.03 13 13
Dodici Morelli 0 1.4 14 15
(Golden Delicious) 7 0.73 17 18
14 0.72 19 20
10-2064 28 0.01 22 22
10-2064-02 c=4.1 c=4.1
France (S), 2010 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.30 9.6 9.8
Reynies 0 2.1 9.9 11
(Gala) 7 0.39 12 12
14 0.28 12 12
10-2064 28 0.03 12 12
10-2064-03
Portugal, 2010 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.69 9.2 9.7
Cadaval 0 1.7 11 12
(Mondial Gala) 7 1.4 17 18
14 0.88 17 18
10-2064 28 0.89 15 16
10-2064-04

In supervised trials conducted in USA, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were
applied to apple trees at 27 to 72 day intervals. Duplicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for
up to 109 days before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 163 to measure residues of
fosetyl-Al. The average concurrent recovery rate was 89% fosetyl-Al in samples fortified with 0.5–
10 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 1399 Residues in apples from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WDG formulations)
APPLES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.5 1000–3000 14
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.12 3742 14 fruit < 0.05
Wooster, OH
(Red Delicious)

R009270
253486-023-T3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1491

APPLES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.12 3742 14 fruit 0.05
Wavseon, OH
(Viking)

R009270
253486-049-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 1.1 421–991 14 fruit 2.9
Geneva, NY 0.6
(Golden Delicious) 0.5
0.45
R009270
453186-116-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 1.1 421–991 14 fruit 4.3
Geneva, NY 0.68
(Red Delicious) 049
0.45
R009270
453186-124-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.72 627–1702 14 fruit 0.14
Biglerville, PA 0.48
(Various) 0.26
0.26
R009270
453786-115-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.19 2338 14 fruit 2.3
Philo, CA
(Jonathan)

R009270
530486-119-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.24 1871–2806 14 fruit < 0.05
Moravian Falls, NC 0.16
(Golden Delicious)

R009270
903286-100-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.24 1871–2806 14 fruit 0.12
Boomer, NC 0.16
(Red Delicious)

R009270
903286-101-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.32 1403 14 fruit 1.9
Harrisonburg, VA
(Rome Beauty)

R009270
904586-104-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.32 1403 14 fruit 0.18
Berkley Springs, WV c=0.08
(Various)

R009270
904786-102-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935 14 fruit 0.94
Mattawa, WA
(Red Delicious)

R009270
984686-104-T3
1492 Fosetyl-Aluminium

APPLES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935 14 fruit 0.26
Moxee, WA
(Granspur)

R009270
984686-112-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.27 1684 14 fruit 0.07
Paw Paw, MI
(Jonathan)

R009270
992186-014-T3

In supervised trials conducted in Brazil, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP) were applied to
apple trees between BBCH 61 and 81 with a retreatment interval of 64 days. Samples of whole fruit
were stored frozen for up to 180 days before analysis for fosetyl-Al analysis and up to 398 days
before analysis for phosphonic acid. The analytical method was the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001
with LOQs of 0.01 (fosetyl-Al) and 0.1 mg/kg (phosphonic acid). Average concurrent recovery rates
were 89% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.1–10 mg/kg) and 84% for phosphonic acid
(fortification levels of 0.1–10 mg/kg).
Table 100 Residues in apples from supervised trials in Brazil involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (800 WP formulations)
APPLE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
GAP: Brazil 3 2.0 1000 35
Brazil, 2013 3 2.1 0.2 1014–1060 0 fruit 2.8 1.5 3.4
Antonio Prado c=0.20 c=0.21
(Fuji) 14 < 0.01 4.4 4.4
28 < 0.01 4.0 4.0
F13-034/F15-015 c=0.23 c=0.24
F13-034-01 35 < 0.01 9.2 9.2
c=0.43 c=0.44
42 < 0.01 3.6 3.6
Brazil, 2013 3 2.1–2.2 0.1 1029–2093 0 fruit 0.76 3.6 4.1
Flores da Cunha 0.2 c=6.9 c=6.9
(Fuji) 0.2 14 < 0.01 16 16
c=5.1 c=5.1
F13-034/F15-015 28 < 0.01 3.1 3.1
F13-034-02 35 < 0.01 20 20
c=13 c=13
42 < 0.01 3.6 3.6
c=9.2 c=9.2
Brazil, 2013 3 2.0–2.1 0.2 1022–1062 0 fruit 0.93 12 13
Farroupilha c=13 c=13
(Fuji) 14 < 0.01 25 25
28 < 0.01 24 24
F13-034/F15-015 c=24 c=24
F13-034-03 35 < 0.01 19 19
c=18 c=18
42 < 0.01 21 21
c=21 c=21
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1493

APPLE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
Brazil, 2013 3 2.0–2.1 0.2 1015–1072 0 fruit 0.5 0.69 1.0
Bento Goncalves 14 < 0.01 4.1 4.1
(Fuji) c=22 c=22
28 < 0.01 4.1 4.1
F13-034/F15-015 35 < 0.01 5.0 5.0
F13-034-04 42 < 0.01 4.2 4.2

Pears
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to pear
trees between BBCH 74 and 85 with a retreatment interval of about 10 days. Samples of whole fruit
were stored frozen for 330 to 413 days before extraction and analysis using the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery
rates were 87–94% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01–2.0 mg/kg) and 98–99% for phosphonic
acid (fortification levels of 0.2–21 mg/kg) and the LOQs were 0.1 (fosetyl-Al) and 0.2 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid).
Table 101 Residues in pears from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (80 WG formulations)
PEARS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: France 3 3.0 28
France, 2009 3 3.6 0.36 1000– -0 fruit 0.03 9.5 9.5
Ecquevilly 0.24 1500 0 1.4 13 14
(Beurré hardy) 0.36 7 0.24 13 13
14 0.21 12 12
09-2039 28 0.06 12 12
09-2039-01
Germany. 2009 3 3.6 0.72 500 -0 fruit 0.01 21 21
Burscheid 0 0.62 18 18
(Williams Christ) 7 0.04 17 17
14 0.02 17 17
09-2039 28 0.01 15 15
09-2039-02
Belgium, 2009 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.03 11 11
Nodebais c=1.1 c=1.1
(Conference) 0 1.1 16 17
7 0.25 20 20
09-2039 14 0.05 19 19
09-2039-03 28 0.01 17 17
c=0.88 c=0.89
Netherlands, 2009 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.10 15 15
Blokker 0 1.7 17 18
(Conference) 7 0.08 20 20
14 0.01 14 14
09-2039 28 0.01 14 14
09-2039-04
France (S), 2009 3 3.6 0.24 1500 -0 fruit 0.02 17 17
Reynies 0 0.61 17 17
(Williams) 7 0.01 20 20
14 < 0.01 20 20
09-2252 28 < 0.01 15 15
09-2252-01
1494 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PEARS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
France, 2009 3 3.6 0.36 1000 -0 fruit 0.1 12 12
Les Cheres c=0.03 c=3.1 c=3.1
(William) 0 1.5 19 20
7 0.09 27 27
09-2252 14 0.03 18 18
09-2252-02
Spain, 2009 3 3.6 0.24 1500 -0 fruit 0.01 9.4 9.4
Lleida 0 1.5 10 11
(Conference) 6 0.91 17 18
14 0.78 16 17
09-2252 28 < 0.01 17 17
09-2252-03
Italy, 2009 3 3.6 0.24 1500 -0 fruit 0.01 19 19
Ostellato (Ferrara) c=1.8 c=1.8
(William) 0 1.4 20 21
7 < 0.01 21 21
09-2252 14 < 0.01 21 21
09-2252-04 28 < 0.01 15 15
c=1.4 c=1.4
Spain, 2009 3 3.6 0.28 1300– -0 fruit 0.01 9.7 9.7
Bellmunt d´Urgell 0.26 1500 0 1.5 12 13
(Leida) 0.24 6 0.67 14 14
(Conference) 14 0.42 13 13
28 < 0.01 13 13
09-2252
09-2252-05

In supervised trials conducted in USA, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were
applied to pear trees at 27 to 75 day intervals. Duplicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for up
to 103 days before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 163 to measure residues of fosetyl-
Al. The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 86% fosetyl-Al in samples fortified with 0.5–
5 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg. Results were corrected for recovery.
Table 102 Residues in pears from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-Al
(80 WDG formulations)
PEARS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.5 14
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935 14 fruit 6.5
Cornvallis, OR
(Bartlett)

R009270
353686-103-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935 14 fruit 9.5
Hood River, OR
(Anjou)

R009270
353686-104-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.22 2039–2554 14 fruit 0.2
North Rose, NY 0.18
(Clapps Favorite) 0.18
0.18
R009270
353686-118-T3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1495

PEARS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.22 2039–2554 15 fruit 0.1
North Rose, NY 0.18
(Bartlett) 0.18
0.18
R009270
353686-119-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.19 2338 14 fruit 1.1
Ukiah, CA
(Bartlett)

R009270
530486-120-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.14 3274 14 fruit 0.52
Templeton, CA
(Bartlett)

R009270
353686-121-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935–1871 14 fruit 1.9
Mattawa, WA 0.24
(Bartlett) 0.24
0.24
R009270
353686-105-T3
USA, 1986 4 4.5 0.48 935–1871 14 fruit 1.2
Zillah, WA 0.24
(Bartlett) 0.24
0.24
R009270
353686-125-T3

Berries and other small fruit

Grapes – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (as a WG co-formulated
with fluopicolide) were applied to grape vines between BBCH 75 and 83 at either 6-8 day intervals
(2007/2008 trials) or 13–15 day intervals. Samples of grapes (bunches) were stored frozen for up to
679 days before extraction and analysis using either the GC-FPD methods AR 155-97 or AR 154-97
or in the more recent trials, the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al
and phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were 77–102% for fosetyl-Al (fortification
levels of 0.01–10 mg/kg) and 80-107% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–40 mg/kg) and
the LOQs were 0.2–0.5 mg/kg in the early studies and 0.01 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 0.2 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid) in the more recent trials.
1496 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 103 Residues in grapes from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (WG formulations)
GRAPE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
GAP: Czech Republic 3 2.0 200-1000 21
Germany, 2001 3 1.878 0.376 500 0 grape 5.2 13 17
Neustadt Mußbach bunch c=0.48 c=10 c=10
(Riesling) 7 3.2 11 13
c=0.39 c=9.2 c=10
01R284-1 14 2.2 19 21
c=0.43 c=12 c=12
21 1.6 15 16
c=0.29 c=12 c=12
29 3.1 23 25
c=0.32 c=11 c=11
Germany, 2001 3 1.878 0.376 500 0 grape 4.3 13 16
Ihringen 7 bunch 5.2 18 22
(Silvaner) 14 3.4 21 23
21 1.3 21 22
01R284-2 29 2.2 22 24
France, 2001 3 1.878 0.754 250 0 grape 2.1 9.4 11
Doue la Fontaine bunch c=2.1 c=2.2
(Cabernet Franc) 7 1.5 12 13
c=2.3 c=2.4
01R284-3 14 1.3 11 12
c=2.4 c=2.5
21a 0.70 13 14
c=3.3 c=3.4
28 0.39 16 16
c=3.4 c=3.5
France, 2001 3 1.878 0.854 220 0 grape 1.5 7.7 8.7
Vernou Sur Brenne 7 bunch 1.3 12 13
(Chenin) 14 0.93 9.7 10
21 0.85 14 15
01R284-4 28 0.62 16 16
France, 2001 3 1.878 0.188 1000 0 grape 2.0 7.1 8.5
Brouillet bunch c=0.29 c=0.43
(Pinot Meunier) 7 0.62 9.6 10
c=0.29 c=0.43
01R284-5 14 0.47 12 12
c=0.36 c=0.50
21 0.25 11 11
c=0.40 c=0.54
28 < 0.20 11 11
c=0.49 c=0.63
France, 2001 3 1.878 1.25 150 0 grape 3.9 20 23
Mazeres bunch c=6.8 c=6.9
(Cabernet Sauvignon) 7 3.8 28 31
c=5.1 c=5.2
01R285-1 12 3.8 27 30
c=5.8 c=5.9
21 1.4 21 22
c=5.3 c=5.4
28 1.1 31 32
c=6.1 c=6.2
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1497

GRAPE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
France, 2001 3 1.878– 0.94 200–222 0 grape 1.7 6.6 7.8
Chazay D'Azergues 2.078 bunch c=1.1 c=1.2
(Chardonnay) 7 1.0 8.6 9.3
c=1.2 c=1.3
01R285-2 14 0.93 8.6 9.2
c=1.3 c=1.4
21 0.97 8.6 9.3
c=1.1 c=1.2
28 0.94 11 12
c=1.3 c=1.4
Italy, 2001 3 1.878 0.188 1000 0 grape 5.2 7.0 11
San Prospero bunch c=0.38 c=0.52
(Lambrusco Di Sorbara) 7 2.7 6.4 8.3
c=0.27 c=0.41
01R285-3 14 0.81 11 12
c=0.37 c=0.51
20 0.42 7.7 8.0
c=0.39 c=0.53
28 0.23 7.7 7.9
c=0.40 c=0.54
Spain, 2001 3 1.878 0.188 1000 0 grape 1.6 11 12
Godelleta bunch c=0.63 c=0.77
(Moscatel, table) 7 1.3 11 12
c=0.85 c=0.99
01R285-4 14 1.2 13 14
c=0.88 c=1.0
22 grape 0.20 12 12
bunch c=0.94 c=1.1
28 0.28 12 12
c=0.58 c=0.72
Greece, 2001 3 1.878 0.235 800 0 grape 2.3 2.2 3.8
Goumenisa – Kilkis 7 bunch 2.8 4.7 6.7
(Xinomavro) 14 1.4 4.2 5.2
22 < 0.20 3.1 3.2
01R285-5 28 < 0.20 4.6 4.7
Germany, 2002 3 1.878 0.235 500 0 grape 2.2 8.4 9.9
Neustadt-Mußbach bunch c=0.93 c=1.3
(Müller-Thurgau) 21 1.9 13 14
c=1.8 c=2.1
02R288-1
Germany, 2002 3 1.878 0.235 500 0 grape 9.5 24 31
Mühlhausen 21 bunch 4.3 37 40
(Spätburgunder)

02R288-2
France, 2002 3 1.878– 0.376 500–556 0 grape 3.8 13 16
Gueux 2.086 bunch c=0.79 c=1.1
(Pinot Meunier) 21 1.2 14 15
c=0.61 c=0.96
02R288-3
France, 2002 3 1.878 0.235 500 0 grape 4.3 14 17
Epernay bunch c=0.57 c=5.0 c=5.4
(Chardonnay) 21 < 0.50 19 19
c=2.3 c=2.7
02R288-4
France, 2002 3 1.878 0.626 300 0 grape 2.2 36 38
Chazay D'Azergues bunch c=1.8 c=2.2
(Gamay) 21 8.1 26 32
c=1.0 c=1.4
022R289-1
1498 Fosetyl-Aluminium

GRAPE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
France, 2002 3 1.878 0.626 300 0 grape 2.5 22 24
Graveson bunch c=0.86 c=1.2
(Carignan) 21 0.97 23 24

02R289-2
Italy, 2002 3 1.878 0.188 1000 0 grape 10 11 18
Andria 21 bunch 1.4 11 12
(Malvasia Leccese) c=1.5 c=5.5 c=6.5

02R289-3
Spain, 2002 3 1.878 0.25 750 0 grape 1.1 12 13
Campo Arcís-Requena 21 bunch < 0.50 12 12
(Macabeo)

02R289-4
France, 2007 3 2.00 1.0 200 -0 berries 6.0 11 15
Graveson c=0.01 c=1.8 c=1.8
(Carignan) 0 9.8 10 17
21 7.1 29 34
RA-2671/07 28 6.4 33 37
R 2007 0816/5 c=2.5 c=2.5
Spain, 2007 3 2.00 0.2 1000 -0 berries 6.5 8.6 13
La Fortesa 0 12 6.5 15
(Maccabeo) 21 0.84 13 14
28 0.56 10 10
RA-2671/07
R 2007 0817/3
Italy, 2007 3 2.00 0.2 1000 -0 berries 5.4 7.7 12
Barletta 0 8.7 8.8 15
(Sangiovese) 21 1.8 11 12
28 1.6 12 13
RA-2671/07
R 2007 0818/1
France, 2008 3 2.0 1.0 200 -0 grape 1.8 4.1 5.4
Athee sur Cher bunch c=1.7 c=1.7
(Cot) 0 6.6 4.6 9.2
21 1.4 9.2 10
08-2040 28 1.5 8.5 9.5
08-2040-01 c=2.0 c=2.0
France, 2008 3 2.0 1.0 200 -0 grape 3.9 10 13
St Nicolas de Bourgueil bunch c=2.6 c=2.6
(Cabernet franc) 0 7.7 9.9 15
21 1.9 26 27
08-2040 28 1.8 24 25
08-2040-02 c=2.5 c=2.5
Germany, 2008 3 2.0 0.25 800 -0 grape 4.9 12 15
Maikammer bunch c=0.35 c=0.36
(Dornfelder) 0 12 13 21
21 5.2 24 28
08-2040 28 4.5 24 27
08-2040-03 c=0.36 c=0.37
Germany, 2008 3 2.0 0.27 750 -0 grape 1.8 13 14
Kressbronn bunch c=7.4 c=7.4
(Mueller-Thurgau) 0 5.2 11 15
22 1.8 19 20
08-2040 28 2.2 21 23
08-2040-04 c=7.5 c=7.5
a
A potential mislabelling of untreated sample and treated sample. Highest values have been selected for treated sample
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1499

In supervised trials conducted in USA, seven foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WDG or WP) were
applied to grape vines at 7 to 28 day intervals. Samples of grape bunches (2 or 3 replicates) were
stored frozen for up to 115 days before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method SOP-90113 or
AR 155-97 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The average concurrent recovery rates were 75–95%
fosetyl-Al in samples fortified with 0.5–5 mg/kg and the LOQs were 0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in the
1996 trials.
Table 104 Residues in grapes from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-Al
(WDG or WP formulations)
GRAPES Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 7 4.5 15
USA, 1992 7 4.37–4.93 0.39–0.73 679– 1151 15 grape 6.81, 13.2, 7.54 9.2
Stanislaus Cty, CA bunch
(Carrignane)

R000049
92-102
USA, 1992 7 4.5 0.96 468 15 grape 0.52, < 0.50, 0.69 0.57
Allegan Cty, MI bunch
(Concord)

R000049
92-103
USA, 1992 7 4.5 0.47–0.48 925–963 15 grape 0.52, 0.71, 0.64 0.62
Ontario Cty, NY bunch
(Catawba)

R000049
92-104
USA, 1992 7 4.5 0.48 935 14 grape 2.74, 1.74, 2.34 2.3
Grant County, WA bunch
(Concord)

R000049
92-105
USA, 1992 7 4.38–4.5 1.0–1.1 421 16 grape 10.6, 10.6, 8.34 9.8]
Monterey Cty, CA bunch
(Pinot Noir/ Chardonay)

R000049
92-106
USA, 1992 7 4.22–4.78 0.9–1.0 449–468 15 grape 5.82, 5.6, 7.1 6.2
Yolo County, CA bunch
(Symphony)

R000049
92-107
USA, 1992 7 4.08–6.10 0.19–0.24 2020–2544 15 grape 13.9, 16.2, 17.8 16
Fresno County, CA bunch
(Thompson)

R000049
92-109
USA, 1996 7 4.48–4.52 0.58–0.62 734– 772 15 grape 1.18, 1.38 1.3
Orefield, PA bunch
(Concord)

R000070
11733-01
1500 Fosetyl-Aluminium

GRAPES Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix values mean
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1996 7 4.44–4.71 0.8 555–588 14 grape 2.45, 2.41 2.3
Dundee, NY bunch
(DeChaunac)

R000070
11733-02
Value in square brackets is the mean residue of two or three replicate samples

In supervised trials conducted in Brazil, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP) were applied to
grape vines between BBCH 75 and 81 at about 15-day intervals. Samples of grapes (bunches) were
stored frozen for up to 449 days before analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. The analytical
method was the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 with LOQs of 0.01 (fosetyl-Al) and 0.1 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid). Average concurrent recovery rates were 102% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of
0.1–10 mg/kg) and 98% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.1–10 mg/kg).
Table 105 Residues in grapes from supervised trials in Brazil involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (WP formulations)
GRAPES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residue
References
GAP: Brazil 3 0.2 15
Brazil, 2013 3 2.0–2.1 0.2 1027–1061 0 grape 6.9 35 40
Santa Cruz do Sul 7 bunch 5.7 45 49
(Bordô) 15 2.6 39 41
21 1.7 38 39
F13-035-01/F15-015 28 0.90 24 24
Brazil, 2013 3 2.1 0.2 1038–1052 0 grape 4.7 16 19
Passo do Sobrado bunch c=0.42 c=0.43
(Francesa) 7 3.3 30 32
c=0.66 c=0.67
F13-035-02/F15-015 15 0.72 24 24
c=0.83 c=0.84
21 0.22 18 18
c=0.41 c=0.42
28 1.5 55 56
c=0.58 c=0.59
Brazil, 2013 3 2.0–2.1 0.2 1019–1039 0 grape 4.5 67 70
Fazenda Vilanova bunch c=77 c=77
(Moscato) 7 2.5 52 54
c=94 c=94
F13-035-03/F15-015 15 0.44 87 88
c=57 c=57
21 0.60 82 83
c=52 c=52
28 0.31 90 91
c=71 c=71
Brazil, 2013 3 2.1 0.2 1042–1052 15 grape 3.2 15 17
Vera Cruz bunch
(Bordô)

F13-035-04/F15-015
Brazil, 2013 3 2.1 0.2 1042–1050 15 grape 1.2 45 46
Antonio Prado bunch c=35 c=35
(Bordô)

F13-035-05/F15-015
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1501

Grapes – phosphonic acid

In supervised wine grape trials conducted in Australia, up to six foliar applications of phosphonic acid
(as potassium salts) were applied at various stages of growth, from flowering through to pre-bunch
closure and pre-harvest. In one study, grapes from commercial vineyards known to have applied
phosphonic acid were sampled at maturity for analysis. In the 2004 trials, samples of grapes from the
2005 vintage (1 year after treatment) were also analysed to estimate the potential carry-over of
residues from season to season.
In a number of these trials, treated grapes were also processed into wine, using a
microvinification process that involved crushing and destemming the bunches, the addition of sulphur
dioxide and pH adjustment, fermentation (with skins), the addition of diammonium phosphate (DAP),
pressing and further fermentation prior to racking (settling and decanting to remove lees) and bottling.
Samples of grapes (berries) were stored frozen for up to about 180 days before analysis for
phosphonic acid. The analytical methods used in the 2004 and 2005 trials was based on the GC-FPD
method AR155-97 (LOQ of 1.0 mg/kg) and an LC-MS/MS method based on method 00861/M001
was used for the 2011 grower samples (LOQ 0.1 mg/kg). In the 2013 trials, a modification of method
00861/M001 was used (i.e. the addition of an ion-pairing reagent tetrabutylammonium acetate prior to
filtration and analysis). The LOQ, at the lowest fortification level, was 1.0 mg/kg and concurrent
recoveries were 101–106% (fortification levels of 1.0–52 mg/kg).
In a study reported by Odell et al, 2010 [Ref: AWRI-2010], phosphonic acid residues were
measured in wines that had been treated during the wine-making process with 300 mg/litre
diammonium phosphate (DAP) containing levels of phosphonic acid up to 3.9 g/kg. Residues of
phosphonic acid in the treated wine were up to about 1.0 mg/kg.
Table 106 Residues in grapes from supervised trials in Australia involving foliar applications of
phosphonic acid (as mono- and di-potassium salts)
GRAPES Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water total kg Grape Wine
Location (variety) (L/ha) ai/ha
References
GAP: Australia 2.4 not
required
Australia 2004 1 2.4 0.5 475 2.4 8+ 6.6 4.5
Riverland, SA 1 year <1.0
(Cabernet Sauvignon) 3 2.4 0.5 475 7.2 73 31.5 21
+ 1 year <1.0
AWR 04/01 4 2.4 0.5 475 9.6 8 46.5 41
+ 1 year 2.0
6 2.4 0.5 475 14.4 8 45.5 87
+ 1 year 2.5
Australia 2005 1 2.4 0.54 443 2.4 44 7.1 21.0
Riverland, SA 1 2.4 0.54 443 2.4 98 2.3 3.4
(Cabernet Sauvignon) 1 1.2 0.27 443 1.2 119 <1.0 1.5
2 2.4 0.54 443 4.8 51 5.8 12.0
AWR 04/01 2 1.2–1.8 0.27–0.41 443 3.0 113 2.6 3.9
3 2.4 0.54 443 7.2 44 6.8 16.0
3 1.2–2.4 0.27–0.54 443 5.4 98 4.1 9.7
4 1.2–2.4 0.27–54 443 7.8 51 9.2 12.0
5 1.2–2.4 0.27– 443 10.2 44 13.0 18.0
Australia, 2011 2 1.4–1.6 3.0 55 11 10
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Verdelho)

AC77220
AWRI 2016
1502 Fosetyl-Aluminium

GRAPES Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water total kg Grape Wine
Location (variety) (L/ha) ai/ha
References
Australia, 2011 2 1.6–1.8 3.4 60 19 16
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Chardonnay)

AC77222
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 1.4–1.8 3.2 57 14
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Semillion)

AC77219
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 1.4–1.8 3.2 57 16
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Chardonnay)

AC77221
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 1.4–1.8 3.2 65 26
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Shiraz)

AC77225
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 1.4–1.8 3.2 65 21
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Shiraz)

AC77226
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 3 2.4 7.2 85 33 32
Hunter Valley, NSW
(Tempranillo)

AC77224
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 2.4 4.8 114 25 21
Eden Valley, SA
(Shiraz)

AC77210
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 2 2.4 4.8 114 22
Eden Valley, SA
(Cabernet Sauvignon)

AC77209
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 3 2.4–3.0 8.4 78 32 30
Barossa Valley, SA
(Cabernet Sauvignon)

AC77229
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 3 2.4–3.0 8.4 63 52
Barossa Valley, SA
(Shiraz)

AC77227
AWRI 2016
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1503

GRAPES Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water total kg Grape Wine
Location (variety) (L/ha) ai/ha
References
Australia, 2011 3 2.4–3.0 8.4 42 9.0
Barossa Valley, SA
(Semillion)

AC77228
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 3 2.4–3.0 8.4 29 27
Barossa Valley, SA
(Sauvignon Blanc)

AC77230
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 27 77 42
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Riesling)

AC77217
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 6 102
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Chardonnay)

AC77213
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 8 67
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Chardonnay)

AC77214
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 14 88
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Pinot Noir)

AC77215
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 5 67
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Pinot Noir)

AC77216
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 48 106
Adelaide Hills, SA
(Merlot)

AC77217
AWRI 2016
Australia, 2013 3 0.97–1.0 675-690 3.0 61 19
Tamar Valley, TAS 3 2.0 690 6.0 61 39
Sauvignon Blanc)

NUF-1104 S1
Australia, 2013 3 0.88–1.1 1880-2010 2.9 49 16
Yarra Valley, VIC 3 2.0 2140-2180 3.0 49 26
(Shiraz)

NUF-1104 S2
Australia, 2013 3 0.92–1.2 730-939 3.1 89 27
1504 Fosetyl-Aluminium

GRAPES Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water total kg Grape Wine
Location (variety) (L/ha) ai/ha
References
McLaren Vale, SA 3 2.0–2.3 800-900 6.4 89 75
(Chardonnay)

NUF-1104 S3
Australia, 2013 3 0.98–1.0 580-690 3.0 84 9.9
Barossa Valley, SA 3 2.0 590-690 6.0 84 27
(Shiraz)

NUF-1104 S4
Australia 2004 values mean values mean
Griffith, NSW 1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 35 7.7, 2.6 5.2 23, 15 19
(Chardonnay) 1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 93 1.9, 1.6 1.8 25, 6.5 15.8
1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 124 <1.0, <1.0 <1.0 <1.0, 1.2 1.1
AWR 04/01 2 2.4 0.48 500 4.8 50 7.2, 4.7 6.0 22, 14 18
2 1.2 0.24 500 2.4 113 1.0, 1.7 1.4 2.3, 4.0 3.2
3 2.4 0.48 500 7.2 35 24, 9.5 16.8 44, 48 46
26, 24 25a
3 1.2–1.8 0.24–0.36 500 4.2 111 4.0, 1.4 2.7 7.2, 6.0 6.6
4 1.2–2.4 0.24–0.48 500 6.6 93 17, 6.0 11.5 13, 17 15
21, 12 16.5a
5 1.2–2.4 0.24–0.48 500 9.0 50 14, 9.2 11.6 35, 43 39
40, 33 36.5a
6 1.2–2.4 0.24–0.48 500 11.4 35 12, 11 11.5 43, 46 44.5
48, 38 43a
a
Wine fermentation was ‘off-skin’

Strawberries - fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to
indoor and outdoor strawberries between BBCH 49 and 87 with a retreatment interval of about 20
days. In the 2000 and 2001 trials, samples of whole fruit were stored frozen for up to 383 days before
extraction and analysis using the GC-FPD or GC-NPD methods DFG 522 or AR 155-97 to measure
residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg for each analyte). In the 2013 trials,
the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 was used, with LOQs of 0.01 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 0.2 mg/kg
(phosphonic acid). Average concurrent recovery rates were 75–117% for fosetyl-Al (fortification
levels of 0.2–10 mg/kg) and 77–114% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–100 mg/kg).
Table 107 Residues in protected strawberries from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
GAP: France 3 4.0 14
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 14 fruit 0.59 9.1 9.5
Pernes les Fontaines
(Pajero)

C012378
00-539-AV1-A
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 7 fruit 0.52 10 10
Pernes les Fontaines
(Pajero)

C012378
00-539-AV1-B
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1505

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 4 fruit 0.70 14 14
Pernes les Fontaines
(Pajero)

C012378
00-539-AV1-C
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 -0 fruit < 0.20 7.0 7.1
Pernes les Fontaines 0 1.4 7.4 8.4
(Pajero)

C012378
00-539-AV1-D
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 14 fruit 0.96 10 11
Janze
(Elsanta)

C012378
00-539-RN1-A
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 7 fruit 1.4 16 17
Janze
(Elsanta)

C012378
00-539-RN1-B
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 3 fruit 1.1 11 12
Janze
(Elsanta)

C012378
00539RN1-C
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 -0 fruit 0.64 6.8 7.2
Janze 0 2.2 8.9 10
(Elsanta)

C012378
00-539-RN1-D
France, 2000 3 3.975 1000 12 fruit 1.4 33 34
Pernes les Fontaines
(Pajero)

C012376
00-540-AV1
France, 2000 3 3.617– 909- 16 fruit 1.1 25 26
Saint Meloir des Ondes 3.983 1000
(Garriguette)

C012376
00540RN1
France, 2001 3 4.0 250 0 fruit 4.7 5.1 8.4
Allonnes 5 2.3 7.9 9.5
(Diamante) 9 2.0 11 12
14 1.4 8.5 9.5
C023520 19 0.44 6.9 7.2
01R110-1
France, 2001 3 4.0 250 0 fruit 3.5 7.9 10
Port Foucault Fondettes 4 1.5 8.0 9.0
(Mara Des Bois) 10 0.83 11 12
14 0.46 18 18
C023520 18 0.44 16 16
01R110-2
1506 Fosetyl-Aluminium

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
France, 2001 3 4.0 250 0 fruit 2.5 11 13
Cremery 5 1.3 9.3 10
(Darselect) 10 1.4 8.9 9.9
14 0.90 9.6 10
C023520 20 0.75 9.4 9.9
01R110-3
France, 2001 3 4.0 250 0 fruit 0.99 11 12
Mondescourt 7 0.58 9.1 9.5
(Elsanta) 10 0.49 7.2 7.5
14 0.26 7.0 7.2
C023520 23 0.65 10 10
01R110-4

Table 108 Residues in outdoor strawberries from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
GAP: France 3 4.0 14
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 13 fruit < 0.20 4.2 4.3
Pernes les Fontaines
(Pajero)

C012374
00-538-AV1
France, 2000 3 4.0 1000 14 fruit < 0.20 11 11
Coutens
(Majoral)

C012374
00-538-TL1
Germany, 2000 3 6.0 600 0 fruit 1.4 5.4 6.4
Meckenheim 14 < 0.20 7.2 7.3
(Elsanta)

C017215
DEU0201
Germany, 2000 3 6.0 600 0 fruit 2.4 6.4 8.1
Wurzen -Roitzsch 14 < 0.20 4.9 5.0
(Korona)

C017215
DEU0601
UK, 2000 3 6.0 600 0 fruit 10 14 21
Norwich 14 < 0.20 11 11
(Elsanta)

C017215
GBR0101-P2
UK, 2000 3 6.0 600 0 fruit 11 13 21
Norwich 21 0.24 12 12
(Elsanta)

C017215
GBR0101-P3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1507

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
UK, 2000 3 6.0 600 0 fruit 4.6 9.3 12
Norwich 7 4.0 16 19
(Elsanta)

C017215
GBR0101-P4
UK, 2000 3 5.3-6.0 530-600 0 fruit 4.1 8.2 11
Norwich
(Elsanta)

C017215
GBR0101-P5
UK, 2000 3 6.0 695 0 fruit 0.28 5.3 5.5
Fulbourn 14 < 0.20 9.3 9.4
(Symphony)

C017215
GBR0103-P2
UK, 2000 3 6.0 695 0 fruit 0.60 8.1 8.5
Fulbourn 21 < 0.20 18 18
(Symphony)

C017215
GBR0103-P3
UK, 2000 3 6.0 695 0 fruit 1.2 9.8 11
Fulbourn 8 0.33 14 14
(Symphony)

C017215
GBR0103-P4
UK, 2000 3 6.0 695 0 fruit 0.94 15 16
Fulbourn c=3.6 c=3.7
(Symphony)

C017215
GBR0103-P5
Spain, 2000 3 4.0 300–500 0 fruit 1.7 1.8 3.0
Paterna (Huelva 20 < 0.20 11 11
(Tudla)

C017306
ESP0201-P2
Spain, 2000 3 4.0 300–500 0 fruit 1.5 0.75 1.8
Paterna (Huelva) 13 < 0.20 6.6 6.7
(Tudla)

C017306
ESP0201-P3
Spain, 2000 3 4.0 300–500 0 fruit 1.5 3.3 4.3
Paterna (Huelva) 7 < 0.20 1.9 2.0
(Tudla)

C017306
ESP0201-P4
Spain, 2000 3 4.0 300–500 0 fruit 1.8 5.3 6.6
Paterna (Huelva)
(Tudla)

C017306
ESP0201-P5
1508 Fosetyl-Aluminium

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 0.93 1.8 2.4
San Martino (Ferrara) 20 < 0.20 2.9 3.0
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0101-P2
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 0.83 7.4 8.0
San Martino (Ferrara) 14 < 0.20 5.0 5.1
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0101-P3
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 4.7 4.5 7.8
San Martino (Ferrara) 7 0.37 6.9 7.2
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0101-P4
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 0.65 4.4 4.9
San Martino (Ferrara)
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0101-P5
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 3.0 8.2 10
Sala (FO) 21 0.26 4.9 5.1
(Marmolada)

C017306
DR-00-EUS154
ITA0102-P2
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 5.1 14 18
Sala (FO) 14 < 0.20 44 44
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0102-P3
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 4.1 7.8 11
Sala (FO) 7 0.28 18 18
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0102-P4
Italy, 2000 3 4.0 600 0 fruit 4.3 2.9 5.9
Sala (FO)
(Marmolada)

C017306
ITA0102-P5
France, 2001 3 6.0 250 0 fruit 5.9 12 16
Soings En Sologne 5 < 0.20 8.7 8.8
(Valeta) 9 < 0.20 8.0 8.1
14 < 0.20 8.1 8.2
C023522 20 < 0.20 7.6 7.7
01R113-1
France, 2001 3 6.0 250 0 fruit 0.79 2.0 2.5
Cremery 5 1.0* 9.8* 10
(Elsanta) 10 0.31 11 11
15 0.23 10 10
C023522 21 < 0.20 7.8 7.9
01R113-2
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1509

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
Location (variety) (L/ha) residues
References
UK, 2001 3 6.0 250 0 fruit 3.6 18 21
Tunstead c=0.35 c=0.49
(Elsanta) 5 0.43 23 23
c=0.56 c=0.70
C023522 10 0.26 22 22
01R113-3 14 0.24 19 19
c=0.36 c=0.50
21 < 0.20 11 11
c=0.20 c=0.34
UK, 2001 3 6.0 250 0 fruit 1.2 21 22
Cambridge 4 2.0 29 30
(Bolero) 9 1.7 28 29
15 1.4 43 44
C023522 21 1.3 38 39
01R113-4
France, 2013 3 4.0 1000 -0 fruit < 0.01 4.8 4.8
Carpentras 0 0.78 4.5 5.0
(Clery) 7 0.44 11 11
14 0.51 11 11
13-2038-01 21 0.16 9.3 9.4
Spain, 2013 3 4.0 400 -0 fruit 0.045 26 26
Gava 0 9.6 21 28
(Albion) 6 1.9 26 27
14 0.22 24 24
13-2038-02 21 0.018 18 18
Italy, 2013 3 4.0 500–700 -0 fruit 0.44 39 39
Maletto (CT) c=7.8 c=7.8
(Elsinore) 0 5.0 37 40
7 2.0 44 45
13-2038-03 c=6.1 c=6.1
14 0.69 36 36
c=4.5 c=4.5
21 0.21 26 26
c=3.6 c=3.6

In supervised trials conducted in USA, combination treatments of a pre-plant root dip and six
foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP) applied about 7 days apart in the subsequent spring/summer, 360–389
days after the root dip treatment and planting. In two trials, the foliar sprays were applied the same
season, 44–113 days after the root dip treatment. Samples of strawberry fruit (2 or 3 replicates) were
stored frozen for up to 138 days before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 163 or SOP-
90113 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The overall mean concurrent recovery rate was 88% fosetyl-
Al in samples fortified with 1–20 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 109 Residues in strawberries from supervised trials in USA involving pre-plant root dip and
foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
STRAWBERRIES Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI Fosetyl-Al
References (L/ha) (days)
GAP: USA 1 dip + 0.24 0
6 foliar 4.5
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 75 0 fruit 4.0
Watsonville, CA 6 foliar 4.5 1403 7
(Silva)

R000021
530487-101
1510 Fosetyl-Aluminium

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI Fosetyl-Al
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 75 0 fruit 9.3
Salinas, CA 6 foliar 4.5 1403 7
(Silva)

R000021
530487-102
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 44 0 fruit 5.9
Dover, FL 6 foliar 4.5 935 6–8
(Dover)

R000021
560987-115
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 93 0 fruit 7.2
Dover, FL 6 foliar 4.5 935 7 c=0.19
(Dover) 7 4.0
14 5.0
R000021 21 3.1
560987-136 28 4.1
35 8.3
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 113 0 fruit 39
Irvine, CA 6 foliar 4.5 935 7-10 c=0.1
(Douglas "Mac 10 0.08
Doel") 17 22
24 19
R000021/B004619 31 72
920487-110 38 38
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 52 0 fruit 2.0
Quincy, FL 6 foliar 4.5 500-561 6-8 8 0.71
(Silva) 15 4.3
21 0.5
R000021
960987-162
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 49 0 fruit 7.4
Quincy, FL 6 foliar 4.5 234 7 7 11
(Silva) 14 7.1

R000021
960987-163
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 378 0 fruit 3.5
Vermillion, OH 6 foliar 4.5 935 5–9
(Guardian)

R000021
JEM88-045
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 356 0 fruit 10
Onondaga, MI 6 foliar 4.5 935 6–7 c=0.05
(Red Chief)

R000021
JOJ88-105
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 389 0 fruit 6.6
Ephrata, WA 6 foliar 4.5 935 6-7 7 6.1
(Shuckson)

R000021
JRM 89-155
USA, 1987 9 foliar 4.5 941 6-8 0 fruit 18
Moses Lake, WA 7 19
(Strawberry)

R000021
JRM88-131
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1511

STRAWBERRIES Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI Fosetyl-Al
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 372 0 fruit 11
Sublimity, OR 6 foliar 4.5 767 7 c=0.05
(Benton) 7 5.8
14 6.2
R000021
RJB88-001
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 360 0 fruit 12
Sublimity, OR 6 foliar 4.5 767 7 7 8.4
(Hood) 14 4.0

R000021
RJB88-002
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 365 0 fruit 1.0
Clifty, IN 6 foliar 4.5 935 7
(Earliglow)

R000021
TRS88-001
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 365 0 fruit 3.2
Owen, IN 6 foliar 4.5 935 7
(Earliglow)

R000021
TRS88-248
USA, 1987 1 dip + 0.48 kg ai/hL - 380 0 fruit 4.1
Iola, WI 6 foliar 4.5 935 7 7 16
(Dunlap)

R000021
VHL88-034

Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – inedible peel

Avocado – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG formulations) were
applied to avocado trees, the first at BBCH 61-67 and then at 14 days intervals. Samples of whole
fruit were separated into peel and flesh and stored frozen for 108–237 days before extraction and
analysis using the GC-FPD method AR 155-97 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic
acid. Average concurrent recovery rates in flesh were 84% (fosetyl-Al) and 95% (phosphonic acid)
and in peel were 88% and 71% respectively. Fortification levels were 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg and also
50 mg/kg in peel (phosphonic acid). LOQs were 0.5 mg/kg for both analytes.
Table 110 Residues in avocado from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (WG formulations)
AVOCADO Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Spain 3 0.24 14
Spain, 2000 3 4.8 0.24 2000 0 fruit < 0.50 3.6 3.9
Coin (Malaga) 3 < 0.50 3.7 4.0
(Fuerte) 7 < 0.50 3.7 4.0
14 fruita < 0.50 2.9 3.2
C015422
ESP0201 14 flesh < 0.50 3.1 3.4
14 peel < 0.50 4.1 4.4
1512 Fosetyl-Aluminium

AVOCADO Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain, 2000 3 4.8 0.4 1200– 0 fruit < 0.50 5.4 5.7
Almuñecar 0.34 1400 13 fruita < 0.50 3.5 3.8
(Hass) 0.34
13 flesh < 0.50 2.5 2.8
C015422 13 peel 0.58 7.2 7.6
ESP0301
Spain, 2000 3 4.8 0.4 1200– 0 fruit 0.63 5.5 5.9
Bayeniza-Velez 0.34 1400 3 0.56 5.0 5.4
(Hass) 0.34 7 < 0.50 3.8 4.1
13 fruita 0.72 4.3 4.8
C015422
ESP0302 13 flesh < 0.50 3.7 4.0
13 peel 1.4 7.0 8.0
Spain, 2001 3 4.8 0.46 1050 0 fruit 2.2 48 49
Andújar (Jaén) 14 fruita < 0.50 20 20
(Hass)
14 flesh < 0.50 35 35
C024339 14 peel < 0.50 14 14
01R109-1
Spain, 2001 3 4.8 0.32 1500– 0 fruit < 0.50 3.3 3.6
Velez Málaga 0.31 1550 14 fruita < 0.50 3.2 3.5
(Fuerte) 0.31
14 flesh < 0.50 7.5 7.8
C024339 14 peel < 0.50 2.3 2.6
01R109-2
a
Calculated whole fruit residues [(peel weight × peel residues) + (flesh weight × flesh residues)] /total fruit weight

In supervised trials from USA four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (80 WDG) were applied to
avocado trees at 26 to 127 day intervals and duplicate whole fruit samples were stored frozen for up to
51 days before extraction and analysis using GC-FPD method 163 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al.
The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 78% and the LOQ was 0.0.05 mg/kg.
Table 111 Residues in avocados from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (80 WDG formulations)
AVOCADO Application DALA Residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 4 4.5 1000-3000 0
USA, 1984 4 4.5 0.24 1871 0 fruit 7.1
Goleta, CA
(Hass/Duke 7)

R003869
0920484-111-A
USA, 1984 4 4.5 0.48 935 0 fruit 1.4
Homestead, FL
(Lisa)

R003869
0930984-105-A
USA, 1984 4 4.5 0.086 5238 0 fruit 1.5
Fallbrook, CA
(Hass/Topa Topa)

R003869
0920485-108-A
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1513

AVOCADO Application DALA Residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1984 4 4.5 0.48 935 0 fruit 0.72
Homestead, FL
(Miguel)

R003869
0930984-118-A
USA, 1985 4 4.5 0.086 5238 0 fruit 2.6
Fallbrook, CA
(Hass/Topa Topa)

R003869
0920485-127-A

Pineapple – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Central America and Hawaii, pineapple slips or suckers (ratoons)
were dipped in solutions of 2.4–6.2 g ai/litre fosetyl-Al (WDG formulations immediately before
planting and treated with 3–10 foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) from the 9-leaf, root hair formation,
start of flowering or fruit formation.
In the central American trials, samples of fruit (without crowns) and sub-samples of flesh and
peel were stored frozen for 170–333 days before extraction and analysis and in the Hawaiian trials
conducted in 1982 and 1983, samples of fruit, leaves and bran (animal feed) were stored for up to 50
days between extraction and analysis. No information was available on the frozen storage intervals in
the 1990 Hawaiian trials.
Analytical methods used in these trials were the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 (Central
American trials) and the GC-FPD method RE 21.82 (Hawaii 1980–83 trials) to measure residues of
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid and the GC-FPD method SOP-90113 was used in the Hawaii 1990
trials to measure residues of fosetyl-Al. Average concurrent recovery rates were 68–111% for fosetyl-
Al (fortification levels of 0.05–1.5 mg/kg) and 68–140% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of
0.05–25 mg/kg) and LOQs were 0.05 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 0.5 mg/kg (phosphonic acid).
Table 112 Residues in pineapples from supervised trials in Central America and Hawaii involving
pre-plant dip and foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WDG formulations)
PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)
Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
GAP: USA 1 dip 0.24 90
6 foliar 0.36
Costa Rica, 2005 1 dip+ 0.24 - 139 84 flesh < 0.05 < 0.5 < 0.53
Del Monte-Pindeco 3 foliar 0.13 2732–2745 121 peel < 0.05 1.6 1.6
(MD2) 78

RAFYX078
FY001-04H-TRTD1
Costa Rica, 2005 1 dip+ 0.24 - 189 30 fruit < 0.05 2.5 2.5
Guacimo, Limon 3 foliar 0.13-0.14 2700–2736 70 60 fruit < 0.05 1.9 1.9
(MD2) 76 92 fruit < 0.05 2.4 2.4
120 fruit < 0.05 2.8 2.8
RAFYX078
FY002-04D-TRTD1 92 flesh < 0.05 2.0 2.0

92 peel < 0.05 2.8 2.8

1514 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
Guadeloupe, 2005 1 dip + 0.3 - 166 84 flesh < 0.05 3.1 3.1
Sainte Marie 3 foliar 0.14 2500–2546 171 peel < 0.05 5.8 5.8
(Cayenne) 48

RAFYX078
FY005-04H-TRTD1
Martinique, 2005 1 dip + 0.3 - 167 27 fruit < 0.05 3.2 3.2
Basse Pointe 3 foliar 0.06 2494–6294 181 55 fruit < 0.05 4.7 4.7
(Cayenne) 0.06 65 88 fruit < 0.05 1.0 1.0
0.14 111 fruit < 0.05 3.8 3.8
RAFYX078
FY008-04D-TRTD1 88 flesh < 0.05 4.2 4.2
peel < 0.05 7.0 7.0
Costa Rica, 2014 1 dip + 0.24 - 125 90 fruit < 0.05 2.2 2.2
La Virgen de 3 foliar 0.14 2501–2503 148
Sarapiquí Heredia 90 90 flesh < 0.05 1.7 1.7
(MD-2) peel < 0.05 2.6 2.6

RAFYN023
FY001-13HA-TRTD1
Costa Rica 1 dip + 0.24 - 128 30 fruit < 0.05 1.7 1.7
Puerto Viejo Heredia 3 foliar 0.14 2501–2503 138 60 fruit < 0.05 2.8 2.8
America, Middle 118 89 fruit < 0.05 3.6 3.6
2014
Pineapple MD-2 89 flesh < 0.05 2.7 2.7
(Golden) peel < 0.05 2.6 2.6

RAFYN023
FY002-13DA-TRTD1
Costa Rica 1 dip + 0.24 - 118 30 fruit < 0.05 9.5 9.5
Muelle Alajuela 3 foliar 0.14 2501–2511 100 60 fruit < 0.05 5.7 5.7
America, Middle 88 84 fruit < 0.05 5.9 5.9
2014 c=2.8 c=2.8
Pineapple MD-2 120 fruit < 0.05 6.9 6.9
(Golden)
84 flesh < 0.05 3.9 3.9
RAFYN023 c=2.1 c=2.1
FY003-13DA-TRTD1 84 peel < 0.05 7.0 7.0
c=3.9 c=3.9
Guatemala 1 dip + 0.24 - 170 89 fruit < 0.05 6.4 6.4
Bolivar Tiquisate 3 foliar 0.13 2867–4455 152 c=4.6 c=4.6
America, Middle 47
2014 89 flesh < 0.05 4.5 4.5
Pineapple MD-2 c=2.4 c=2.4
(Golden) 89 peel < 0.05 2.6 2.6
c=5.1 c=5.1
RAFYN023
FY004-13HA-TRTD1

USA, 1980 1 dip 0.24 - harvest fruit < 0.05 0.17 0.20
Honolua Plantation, c=0.17 c=0.20
Hawaii
(unspecified) harvest leaf < 0.05 0.22 0.25
c=0.15 c=0.18
R000990
185080-001-B1 harvest dry bran < 0.10 0.42 0.49
c=0.57 c=0.64
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1515

PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
USA, 1980 4 foliar 0.08 2806 harvest fruit < 0.05 1.0 1.1
Honolua Plantation, c=0.17 c=0.20
Hawaii
(unspecified) harvest leaf < 0.05 0.64 0.67
c=0.18 c=0.21
R000990
185080-001-B3 harvest dry bran < 0.10 3.0 3.1
c=0.57 c=0.64
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.48 - harvest fruit < 0.05 0.16 0.19
Honolua Plantation, c=0.17 c=0.20
Hawaii
(unspecified) harvest leaf < 0.05 0.41 0.44
c=0.15 c=0.18
R000990
185080-001-C1 harvest dry bran < 0.10 0.42 0.49
c=0.57 c=0.64
USA, 1980 4 foliar 0.16 2806 harvest fruit < 0.05 1.8 1.8
Honolua Plantation, c=0.20 c=0.23
Hawaii
(unspecified) harvest leaf < 0.05 0.99 1.0
c=0.15 c=0.18
R000990
185080-001-C3 harvest dry bran < 0.10 5.7 5.8
c=0.57 c=0.64
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.24 - 559 fruit < 0.05 0.22 0.25
Dole Lanai c=0.09 c=0.12
Plantation
(unspecified) 559 leaf < 0.05 0.20 0.23
c=0.16 c=0.19
R000990
185080-002-M 559 dry bran < 0.10 1.5 1.6
c=0.42 c=0.49
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.48 - 559 fruit < 0.05 0.26 0.29
Dole Lanai c=0.09 c=0.12
Plantation
(unspecified) 559 leaf < 0.05 0.16 0.19
c=0.16 c=0.19
R000990
185080-002-N 559 dry bran < 0.10 2.5 2.6
c=0.42 c=0.49
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.24 - 60 438 fruit < 0.05 0.32 0.35
Dole Lanai 2 foliar 0.08 2806 61 c=0.09 c=0.12
Plantation
(unspecified) 438 leaf < 0.05 0.25 0.28
c=0.16 c=0.19
R000990
185080-002-PC 438 dry bran < 0.10 1.8 1.9
c=0.42 c=0.49
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.31 - 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.33 0.36
Kunia Plantation
(unspecified) 9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.31 0.34

R000990 9 mo dry bran < 0.10 0.91 0.97

185080-003-B c=0.55 c=0.62
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.62 - 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.83 0.86
Kunia Plantation
(unspecified) 9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.28 0.31

R000990 9 mo dry bran < 0.10 1.7 1.8

185080-003-C c=0.55 c=0.62
1516 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.31 - 92 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.56 0.59
Kunia Plantation 1 foliar 0.1 2806
(unspecified) 9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.44 0.47

R000990 9 mo dry bran < 0.10 1.7 1.7

185080-003-E2 c=0.55 c=0.62
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.62 - 92 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.98 1.0
Kunia Plantation 1 foliar 0.21 2806
(unspecified) 9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.50 0.53

R000990 9 mo dry bran < 0.10 2.6 2.7

185080-003-F2 c=0.62
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.24 - 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.13 0.16
Kunia Plantation c=0.14
(unspecified)
9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.14 0.17
R000990 c=0.14 c=0.17
185080-004-B1
9 mo dry bran < 0.10 0.56 0.63
c=0.39 c=0.46
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.24 - 88 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.43 0.46
Kunia Plantation 4 foliar 0.24 2806 108 c=0.14
(unspecified) 51
91 9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.52 0.55
R000990 c=0.14 c=0.17
185080-004-B3
9 mo dry bran < 0.10 5.0 5.1
c=0.39 c=0.46
USA, 1980 1 dip 0.48 - 9 mo fruit < 0.05 0.20 0.23
Kunia Plantation c=0.14
(unspecified)
9 mo leaf < 0.05 0.26 0.29
R000990 c=0.17 c=0.20
185080-004-C1
9 mo dry bran < 0.10 1.4 1.5
c=0.31 c=0.38
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.48 - 88 9 mo fruit < 0.05 1.1 1.1
Kunia Plantation 4 foliar 0.48 2806 108 c=0.14
(unspecified) 51
91 9 mo leaf < 0.05 1.4 1.4
R000990 c=0.17 c=0.20
185080-004-C3
9 mo dry bran < 0.10 6.6 6.7
c=0.31 c=0.38
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.24 - 91 90 fruit < 0.05 3.1 3.1
Haliimaile Plantation 6 foliar 0.24 2806 90–92
Hawai 90 leaf < 0.05 1.6 1.6
(unspecified)
90 dry bran < 0.10 12 12
R001845 c=1.7 c=1.8
185080-005-B3
USA, 1980 1 dip + 0.48 - 91 90 fruit < 0.05 5.3 5.3
Haliimaile Plantation 6 foliar 0.48 2806 90–92
Hawai 90 leaf < 0.05 3.0 3.0
(unspecified)
90 dry bran < 0.05 15 15
R001845 c=1.7 c=1.8
185080-005-C3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1517

PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
USA, 1982 1 dip 0.24 - 634 fruit < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.085
Honolua Plantation
Hawai 634 leaf < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.085
(unspecified) c=0.078 c=0.11

R003880 634 dry bran < 0.05 0.18 0.21

UH8.3P37-3-A c=0.11 c=0.14

634 peel < 0.05 0.081 0.12

c=0.15 c=0.18
USA, 1982 1 dip + 0.24 - 96 90 fruit < 0.05 0.71 0.74
Honolua Plantation 6 foliar 0.12 2806 78–97
Hawai 90 leaf < 0.05 0.11 0.15
(unspecified) c=0.078 c=0.11

R003880 90 dry bran < 0.05 2.2 2.2

UH8.3P37-3-D c=0.14

90 peel < 0.05 0.51 0.54

c=0.15 c=0.18
USA, 1982 1 dip + 0.24 - 95 90 fruit < 0.05 1.0 1.0
Honolua Plantation 6 foliar 0.24 2806 78–97
Hawai 90 leaf < 0.05 0.16 0.19
(unspecified) c=0.078 c=0.11

R003880 90 dry bran < 0.05 3.2 3.2

UH8.3P37-3-E c=0.11 c=0.14

90 peel < 0.05 1.2 1.2

c=0.15 c=0.18
USA, 1983 1 dip 0.24 - 602 fruit < 0.05 0.067 0.10
Kunia Plantation
Hawai 602 leaf < 0.05 0.067 0.10
(unspecified)
602 dry bran < 0.05 0.084 0.12
R003880
UH8.3P37-4-A 602 peel < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.085
USA, 1983 1 dip + 0.24 - 90 82 fruit < 0.05 4.1 4.1
Kunia Plantation 6 foliar 0.12 2806 84–93
Hawai 64 82 leaf < 0.05 3.1 3.1
(unspecified)
82 dry bran < 0.05 15 15
R003880
UH8.3P37-4-D 82 peel < 0.05 2.8 2.8
USA, 1983 1 dip + 0.24 - 90 82 fruit < 0.05 8.2 8.2
Kunia Plantation 6 foliar 0.24 2806 84–93
Hawai 64 82 leaf < 0.05 7.8 7.8
(unspecified)
82 dry bran < 0.05 26 26
R003880
UH8.3P37-4-E 82 peel < 0.05 6.5 6.5
USA, 1983 1 dip + 0.24 - 90 92 fruit < 0.05 4.0 4.0
Kunia Plantation 10 foliar 0.12 2806 84– c=0.05 c=0.085
Hawai 122
(unspecified) 86 92 leaf < 0.05 2.2 2.2
c=0.14 c=0.17
R003881
UH8.3P37-4-D 92 dry bran < 0.05 8.8 8.8
c=0.38 c=0.42

92 peel < 0.05 3.5 3.5

c=0.13 c=0.16
1518 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PINEAPPLE Application DALA matrix mean residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/hL Water RTI Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total
References (L/ha) (days) residues
USA, 1983 1 dip + 0.24 - 90 92 fruit < 0.05 5.0 5.0
Kunia Plantation 10 foliar 0.24 2806 84– c=0.05 c=0.085
Hawai 122
(unspecified) 86 92 leaf < 0.05 4.1 4.1
c=0.14 c=0.17
R003881
UH8.3P37-4-E 92 dry bran < 0.05 12 12
c=0.38 c=0.42

92 peel < 0.05 5.6 5.7

c=0.13 c=0.16
USA, 1990 1 dip + 0.24 - 74 88 fruit < 0.05 n.a.
Poamoho, Hawai 6 foliar 0.18 1871 74–76
(Smooth cayenne)

B003960
90-155
USA, 1990 1 dip + 0.24 - 91 89 fruit < 0.05 n.a.
Makawao, Hawai 6 foliar 0.18 1871 87–92
(Smooth cayenne)

B003960
90-156

In supervised trials conducted in Brazil, three foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
were applied to pineapples at 15 day intervals between BBCH73 and BBCH 85. Whole fruit samples
(without crowns) were stored frozen for 131–277 days up to 51 days before extraction and analysis
using the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al (LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg)
and phosphonic acid (LOQ of 0.1 mg/kg). The overall average concurrent recovery rates were 83–
85% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg) and were 88–106% for
phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0. 1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg).
Table 113 Residues in pineapples from supervised trials in Brazil involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
PINEAPPLE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acida Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Brazil 1 0.08 kg ai/hL dip 20
3 0.2 kg ai/hL foliar
Brazil, 2014 3 2.00–2.06 1004–1031 0 fruit 0.24 4.0 4.1
Colombia c=0.43 c=0.44
(Pérola) 7 0.13 5.6 5.7
c=0.62 c=0.63
F14-023-01/F15-150 14 0.084 5.8 5.9
c=0.59 c=0.60
20 0.06 7.0 7.0
c=0.57 c=0.58
28 0.043 5.5 5.5
Brazil, 2014 3 1.96–1.99 979–997 0 fruit 0.34 4.8 5.0
Fronteira(Pérola) 7 0.34 4.5 4.7
13 0.040 3.8 3.8
F14-023-02/F15-150 19 < 0.01 4.9 4.9
28 < 0.01 4.3 4.3
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1519

PINEAPPLE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acida Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Brazil, 2014 3 2.02–2.1 1007–1051 0 fruit 0.038 10 10
Frutal c=3.3 c=3.3
(Pérola) 7 < 0.01 11 11
c=3.9 c=3.9
F14-023-03/F15-150 14 < 0.01 9.9 9.9
c=3.7 c=3.7
20 < 0.01 8.8 8.8
c=3.3 c=3.3
27 < 0.01 12 12
c=2.7 c=2.7
Brazil, 2014 3 2.06–2.10 1034–1053 19 fruit 0.035 5.3 5.3
Araraquara
(Pérola)

F14-023-04/F15-150
Brazil, 2014 3 1.99–2.12 996–1055 20 fruit 0.013 3.6 3.6
Motuca c=2.4 c=2.4
(Pérola)

F14-023-05/F15-150
a
Mean of two residues values

Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits

The Meeting received trials with fosetyl-Al on cucumber, courgette (summer squash), winter squash
and melon (cantaloupe) for Europe and North America.

Cucumber – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in Europe, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied to
greenhouse cucumbers at 8–14 day intervals. Samples of whole fruit were stored frozen for up to 118
days (except for trials DR 00 EUI 162 and 02R340, where the samples were stored for up to 205–
284 days. Extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD methods DFG 522 or AR 155-97, measuring
residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg for each analyte). Overall average
concurrent recovery rates were 87–96% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.2–10 mg/kg) and 71–
92% for phosphonic acid.
Table 114 Residues in protected cucumbers from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
CUCUMBER Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Greece 4 4.8 1
France, 1996 4 3.2 0.48–0.34 667–933 3 fruit 0.52 8.4 8.7
Lucenay
(Pyralis)

R002924
96-517-LY1
France, 1996 4 2.8–3.1 0.72–0.4 394–742 3 fruit 1.2 11 12
Ouvrouer les champs
(Serami)

R002924
96-517-OR1
1520 Fosetyl-Aluminium

CUCUMBER Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
France, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 0 fruit 1.0 11 12
Ouvrouer les champs 1 1.1 12 13
(Avalon) 3 1.2 11 12
7 < 0.20 11 11
C012372
00-541-OR1
France, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 3 fruit 0.87 12 12
Jargeau
(Avalon)

C011722
00-542-OR1
Spain, 2000 4 3.63–4.2 0.32 1000– 0 fruit 0.21 12 12
Los Palacios (Sevilla) 1300 3 0.44 13 13
(Darina) 7 0.34 14 14

C012595
DR 00 EUI 162-
ESP0201
Spain, 2000 4 3.2 0.38–0.32 850– 0 fruit 1.6 25 26
El Alquián- Almería 1000 3 3.5 25 27
(Crispina)

C012595
DR 00 EUI 162-
ESP0301
Italy, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 0 fruit 0.77 19 20
Pontegradella (Fe) 3 0.94 32 33
(Jazzer) 7 0.38 26 26

C012595
DR 00 EUI 162-
ITA0101
Italy, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 0 fruit 1.3 10 11
Molfetta Puglia 3 1.4 14 15
(Locale di Polignano)

C012595
DR 00 EUI 162-
ITA0201
Germany, 2000 4 4.5 0.75 600 0 fruit 0.77 5.5 6.0
Haidlfing Bayern c=0.46 c=1.9 c=2.2
(Melody) 4 0.29 7.3 7.5
c=2.2 c=2.3
C012409 8 < 0.20 4.3 4.4
DR 00 EUN 161- c=1.3 c=1.4
DEU0301
Germany, 2000 4 4.5 0.75 600 0 fruit 0.79 6.1 6.6
Mettenhausen c=2.8 c=2.9
(Melody) 4 0.28 11 11
c=3.4 c=3.5
C012409 8 < 0.20 11 11
DR 00 EUN 161- c=1.1 c=1.2
DEU0302
Germany, 2000 1+ 4.5+ 1.5 300 0 fruit 0.34 2.9 3.1
Erftstadt - Friesheim 3 4.5 0.75 600 4 0.21 13 13
(Otello)

C012409
DR 00 EUN 161-
DEU0501
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1521

CUCUMBER Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Germany, 2002 4 4.5 1.5 300 0 fruit < 0.20 9.2 9.3
Brandis Sachsen 4 0.25 9.9 10
(Eva) 7 0.35 11 11

C033448
02R340-1
Germany, 2002 4 4.5 300 0 fruit < 0.20 4.3 4.4
Düren – Echtz 4 0.68 30 30
(Kapra) c=0.35 c=0.49
7 0.95 37 38
C033448 c=0.24 c=0.38
02R340-2
Germany, 2002 4 4.5 300 0 fruit 0.21 6.9 7.0
Haidlfing 4 0.32 6.6 6.8
(Carine) 7 < 0.20 4.8 4.9

C033448
02R340-3
Germany, 2002 4 4.5 300 0 fruit 0.43 17 17
Neusling(Adam) 4 0.20 21 21
7 < 0.20 12 12
C033448
02R340-4
Germany, 2002 4 4.5 300 0 fruit 0.98 11 12
Mettenhausen 4 0.41 14 14
(Melody) 7 0.33 9.3 9.5

C033448
02R340-5

In supervised trials conducted in USA, fosetyl-Al was applied to cucumbers as a pre-plant soil
incorporation, a subsequent foliar spray of seedlings prior to transplanting and 5–6 foliar sprays in the
field, with retreatment intervals ranging from 3 to 97 days. Samples of whole fruit (2 or 3 replicates)
were stored frozen for up to 92 days, except in trials GGB88-65, -66 and -67, where samples were
stored for up to 244 to 251 days. Extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD method SOP-90113 to
measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 87% fosetyl-Al in
samples fortified with 0.5–5 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 115 Residues in cucumbers from supervised trials in USA involving pre-plant soil incorporation
and foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
CUCUMBER Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) – corrected
Country, year for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
GAP: USA 7 foliar 2.2-5.6 0
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 22 0 fruit 1.9, 1.8, 1.5 1.7
0.95 kg ai/m
Belle Glade, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 24, 7–5 c=0.08
(Market More)

R000018
560988-113
USA, 1988 6 foliar 4.5 49 3–5 0 fruit 0.13, 0.17 0.15
Quincy FL
(XPN 1473)

R000018
960987-165
1522 Fosetyl-Aluminium

CUCUMBER Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) – corrected

Country, year for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 5 0 fruit 0.50, 0.36, < 0.05 0.3
0.95 kg ai/m
El Centro, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 37, 7–8
(SMR 58 Ferry
Morse)

R000018
BDD88-008
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 7 0 fruit 0.40, 0.22, 0.23 0.28
0.95 kg ai/m
Columbus, OH 7 foliar 4.5 99 19, 7–8 c=0.07
(Marketmore 76)

R000018
DPV88-039
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 7 0 fruit 1.5, 0.52, 0.49 0.84
0.95 kg ai/m
Columbus, OH 7 foliar 4.5 99 19, 7–8 c=0.05
Cucumber (Pickles)
Calypso)

R000018
DPV88-040
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 7 0 fruit 0.22, 0.41, 0.24 0.29
0.95 kg ai/m
Erie County OH 7 foliar 4.5 99 19, 7–7 c=0.07
(Marketmore 76)

R000018
DPV88-041
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 12 0 fruit 0.21, 0.22, 0.16 0.2
0.95 kg ai/m
Danevang, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 28, 3–7
(Improved Long
Green)

R000018
GGB88-065
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 13 0 fruit 1.1, 2.1, 0.46 1.2
0.95 kg ai/m
Danevang, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 35, 3–7
(Poinsett)

R000018
GGB88-066
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 8 0 fruit 0.23, 0.21, 0.24 0.23
0.95 kg ai/m
Danevang, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 32, 3–7
(Chicago Pickling)

R000018
GGB88-067
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 14 0 fruit 0.70, 0.27, 0.11 0.36
0.95 kg ai/m
Florida 7 foliar 4.5 - 21, 6–11
Cucumber)

R000018
HSY88-073
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 18 0 fruit 1.7, 2.9, 1.1 1.9
0.95 kg ai/m
Anderson County, 7 foliar 4.5 93 24, 7–8
SC
(Poinsett 76)

R000018
JDH88-081
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1523

CUCUMBER Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) – corrected

Country, year for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 1.4, 1.3, 1.4 1.4
0.95 kg ai/m
Williamsburg 7 foliar 4.5 93 24, 6–7 c=0.05
County, SC
(Scab Mosaic
Resistant 58)

R000018
JDH88-082
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 2.5, 1.2, 1.9 1.9
0.95 kg ai/m
Ingham County, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 21, 6–7
(Marketmore 76)

R000018
JOJ88-089
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 24 0 fruit 0.47, 1.2, 1.5 1.1
0.95 kg ai/m
Clinton County MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 12, 2–6
(Marketmore 76)

R000018
JOJ88-091
USA, 1988 7 foliar 4.5 - 22 0 fruit 1.6, 1.9, 2.0 1.8
Phelps, NY 37, 7–8
(Wisconsin)

R000018
JPC88-108
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 0 fruit 5.0, 3.7, 2.9 3.9
0.95 kg ai/m
Salinas, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 c=0.13
(Raider)

R000018
KWD88-142
USA, 1988 7 foliar 4.5 - 50, 2–7, 1, 0 fruit 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 1.4
Apex, Wake County, 1
NC
(Early)

R000018
LCM88-152
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 1.0, 3.7, 1.2 2.0
0.95 kg ai/m
Lubbock County TX 7 foliar 4.5 80 30, 1-7
(Straight Eight)

R000018
MLC88-194
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 15 0 fruit 0.38, 0.87, 0.91 0.72
0.95 kg ai/m
Porterville, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 30, 3-7
(Burpless)

R000018
RLD88-226

Summer squash – fosetyl-Al

In supervised trials conducted in Europe, three or four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WG) were applied
to outdoor courgettes/zucchini at 9–13 day intervals. Samples of whole fruit were stored frozen for up
to 247 days (except for trials 01R326 and 01R327, where the samples were stored for up to 245–
318 days. In the trials conducted in 2000 and 2001, extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD, methods
DFG 522 or AR 155–97, measuring residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg
1524 Fosetyl-Aluminium

for each analyte). Average concurrent recovery rates were 72–96% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels
of 0.01–1.0 mg/kg) and 83–94% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–20 mg/kg). In the
more recent studies (2013), the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 was used, with a lower LOQ of
0.01 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al.
Table 116 Residues in summer squash from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications
of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
SUMMER SQUASH Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Greece 4 4.8 3
France, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 0.08 fruit 0.32 7.8 8.0
Noves 1 0.34 13 13
(Cora) 3 0.54 19 19
7 1.4 12 13
C012331 c=0.31 c=0.45
00-544A-V1
France, 2000 4 3.2 0.32 1000 0.08 fruit 0.38 4.9 5.2
Mauremount 1 0.54 3.9 4.3
(Tosca) 3 0.67 7.6 8.1
7 0.37 4.0 4.3
C012331 c=0.49 c=0.63
00-544-TL1
Italy, 2001 4 3.2 0.64 500 0 fruit < 0.20 10 10
Boara (FE) 7 < 0.20 13 13
(Storr'S Green F1)

C025407
01-R326-1
Spain, 2001 4 3.2 0.64 500 0 fruit 0.26 10 10
Brenes (Sevilla) 7 < 0.20 14 14
(Clarita)

C025407
01R326-2
Portugal, 2001 4 3.2 1.0 300 0 fruit 0.59 5.0 5.4
Salvaterra de Magos 7 < 0.20 6.0 6.1
(Cora)

C025407
01R326-3
Spain, 2001 4 3.2 0.42 750 0 fruit < 0.20 3.9 4.0
Alginet (Valencia) 3 < 0.20 11 11
(Lola F-1) 4 < 0.20 11 11
7 < 0.20 5.7 5.8
C025568 10 < 0.20 6.2 6.3
01R327-1
Greece, 2001 4 3.2 0.64 500 0 fruit < 0.20 13 13
Valtohori Chalkidonas 3 < 0.20 15 15
(John Jendida) 5 < 0.20 15 15
7 < 0.20 16 16
C025568 10 < 0.20 12 12
01R327-2
Spain, 2013 4 3.2 0.21-0.32 1000- -0 fruit < 0.01 9.2 9.2
Alginet 1500 0 0.16 11 11
(Diamand) 3 0.035 18 18
7 < 0.01 14 14
13-2037-01 14 < 0.01 6.9 6.9
Italy, 2013 4 3.2 0.32 1000 -0 fruit < 0.01 9.8 9.8
Bitonto 0 0.20 12 12
(President) 3 0.12 18 18
7 0.029 19 19
13-2037-02 14 < 0.01. 11 11
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1525

In supervised trials conducted in USA, fosetyl-Al was applied to summer squash as a pre-
plant soil incorporation, a subsequent foliar spray of seedlings prior to transplanting and/or 6–7 foliar
sprays in the field, with retreatment intervals ranging from 3 to 33 days. Samples of whole fruit (3
replicates) were stored frozen for up to 89 days, except in trials 960987-169 and RLD88-227, where
samples were stored for up to 97–114 days. Extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD method SOP-
90113 to measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 92%
fosetyl-Al in samples fortified with 0.05–5 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 117 Residues in summer squash from supervised trials in USA involving pre-plant soil
incorporation and foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
SUMMER SQUASH Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
GAP: USA 7 foliar 2.2-5.6 0
USA, 1987 1 soil + 3 - 7 0 fruit 0.68, 0.84, 0.68 0.73
0.95 kg ai/m
El Campo, TX 7 foliar 4.5 47 25, 7–7
(Pavo)

R000018
434287-116
USA, 1987 1 soil + 3 47 7 0 fruit 0.83, 0.47, 0.33 0.54
0.95 kg ai/m
El Campo, TX 7 foliar 4.5 25, 7–7 c=0.06
(Senator)

R000018
434287-117
USA, 1987 1 soil + 3 - 22 0 fruit 0.32, 0.31, 0.43 0.35
0.95 kg ai/m
Belle Glade, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 24, 5–7
(Zucchini Elite)

R000018
560988-114
USA, 1987 6 foliar 4.5 49 3–5 0 fruit < 0.05, < 0.05 < 0.05
Quincy,FL
(Dixie)

R000018
960987-165
USA, 1987 1 soil + 3 - 11 0 fruit 0.08, < 0.05, < 0.05 0.06
0.95 kg ai/m
Quincy, FL 7 foliar 4.5 49 16, 5-9
(Dixie - Yellow Crook
Neck)

R000018
960987-169
1 soil + 3 - 24 0 fruit 1.5, 3.3, 2.5 2.4
0.95 kg ai/m
El Centro, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 33, 6–9 c=0.05
(Squash, summer)

R000018
BDD88-009
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 21 0 fruit 0.49, 0.34, 0.33 0.39
0.95 kg ai/m
Florida 7 foliar 4.5 49 25, 5–7
(Dixie)

R000018
HSY88-010
1526 Fosetyl-Aluminium

SUMMER SQUASH Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 28 0 fruit 1.4, 1.6, 1.6 1.5
0.95 kg ai/m
Haslett, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 3–12
(Elite Hybrid)

R000018
JOJ88-092
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 28 0 fruit 2.5, 2.6, 2.4 2.5
0.95 kg ai/m
Charlotte, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 9, 3–12
(Elite Hybrid)

R000018
JOJ88-093
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 28 0 fruit 0.68, 0.59, 0.89 0.72
0.95 kg ai/m
Grand Ledge, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 9, 6–12
(Elite Hybrid)

R000018
JOJ88-094
USA, 1988 7 foliar 4.5 94 24, 2–6 0 fruit 0.66, 0.78, 1.2 0.88
Ontario County, NY c=0.05
(Sundance president)

R000018
JPC88-109
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 22 0 fruit 3.5, 6.9, 7.8 6.1
0.95 kg ai/m
Salinas, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 31, 4–4 c=0.17
(Zuccini)

R000018
KWD88-143
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 21 0 fruit 0.31, 0.31, 0.55 0.39
0.95 kg ai/m
Clackamas Cty, OR 7 foliar 4.5 n.a. 33, 5–7
(Summer Crookneck)

R000018
RJB88-010
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 21 0 fruit 0.69, 0.78, 0.75 0.74
0.95 kg ai/m
Benton County, OR 7 foliar 4.5 n.a. 33, 6–7
( Black Beauty)

R000018
RJB88-011
USA, 1988 1 soil + 4.5 - 21 0 fruit 0.49, 0.64, 0.41 0.51
Benton County, OR 7 foliar n.a. 33, 6–7
(Bennings Greentint)

R000018
RJB88-012
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 15 0 fruit 0.07, 0.05, 0.19 0.1
0.95 kg ai/m
Porterville, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 30, 3–7
(Italian Zuccini)

R000018
RLD88-227
USA, 1987 1 soil + 4.5 - n.a. 0 fruit 1.2, 0.7, 0.54 0.81
Lubbock County, TX 7 foliar n.a.
(Straightneck Early)

R000018
MLC88-195
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1527

Melons – fosetyl-Al
In supervised outdoor and greenhouse trials conducted in Europe, two or three foliar sprays of fosetyl-
Al (WG) were applied to melons at 7–13 day intervals. Melon samples were stored frozen for up to
195 days (except for trials 02R384, 08-2105 and 11-2005, where the samples were stored for up to
173–533 days. In the trials conducted before 2003, extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD methods
DFG 522 or AR 155-97 (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg) and in the more recent studies the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001, measuring residues of fosetyl-Al (LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg) and phosphonic acid (LOQ of
0.2 mg/kg). Average concurrent recovery rates were 85–118% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of
0.01–4.1 mg/kg) and 79–105% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–40 mg/kg).
Table 118 Residues in protected melons from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications
of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
MELONS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)a
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Greece 4 4.8 3
GAP: France 2 3.2 3
France, 2001 2 3.2 1.3 250 0 fruit 0.86 14 15
Virazeil 3 0.26 5.6 5.8
(Cyrano) c=0.29 c=0.43

C022016 3 flesh 0.92 20 21

01R383-1 3 peel 1.5 11 12
France, 2001 2 3.2 1.3 250 0 fruit < 0.20 21 21
Isle Sur La Sorgue 3 0.41 21 21
(Lunastar)
3 flesh 0.59 12 12
C022016 3 peel < 0.20 22 22
01R383-2
France, 2001 2 3.2 1.3 250 0 fruit 0.52 8.9 9.3
47200 Virazeil c=2.6 c=2.7
(Cyrano) 1 0.46 9.1 9.4
2 0.44 9.4 9.7
C021275 3 1.2 27 28
01R384-1
3 flesh 0.63 18 18
3 peel 1.9 13 14
France, 2001 2 3.2 1.3 250 0 fruit 0.33 6.0 6.2
Pernes les Fontaines 1 0.40 5.3 5.6
(Luna Star) 2 0.42 11 11
3 0.81 18 19
C021275
01R384-2 3 flesh 0.50 11 11
3 peel 1.1 14 15
Spain, 2002 2 3.2 0.27 1200 0 fruit 0.68 9.0 9.5
Puebla de Vicar 1 2.3 13 15
(Vulcano) 2 2.1 12 14
3 2.2 15 17
C031635
02R384-1 3 flesh 2.4 17 19
3 peel 1.2 11 12
Spain, 2002 2 3.2 0.29 1100 0 fruit 0.77 7.3 7.8
Almeria 1 1.7 7.8 9.0
(Vulcano) 2 3.0 7.9 10
3 3.1 10 12
C031635
02R384-2 3 flesh 5.4 14 18
3 peel 1.1 4.8 5.6
1528 Fosetyl-Aluminium

MELONS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)a

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Italy, 2002 2 3.2 0.4 800 0 fruit 0.48 10 10
Terlizzi (Bari) c=0.25 c=0.39
(Proteo) 1 1.2 6.6 7.4
c=0.38 c=0.52
C031635 2 0.38 8.8 9.1
02R384-4 c=0.25 c=0.39
3 0.53 14 14
c=0.29 c=0.43

3 flesh 0.38 14 14
c=0.26 c=0.4
3 peel < 0.20 7.8 7.9
c=0.28 c=0.42
Italy, 2002 2 3.2 0.32 1000 0 fruit 1.2 5.3 6.1
Giovinazzo (Bari) c=0.22 c=0.36
(Proteo) 1 0.67 15 16
c=0.21 c=0.35
C031635 2 < 0.20 16 16
02R384-5 c=0.29 c=0.43
3 0.34 14 14
c=0.28 c=0.42

3 flesh 0.27 14 14
c=0.24 c=0.38
3 peel < 0.20 10 10
c=0.22 c=0.36
a
Mean of two residues values for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid

Table 119 Residues in outdoor melons from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications
of fosetyl-Al (80 WG formulations)
MELONS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)a
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Greece 4 4.8 3
GAP: France 2 3.2 3
France, 1995 3 3.2 1.2 260 0 fruit 0.21 11 11
Sainte Lheurine c=0.46 c=0.6
(Fiesta) 2 0.27 20 20
c=0.38 c=0.52
R011709 5 0.32 17 18
95-668BX1a c=0.28 c=0.42
9 0.26 21 21
c=0.35 c=0.49
France, 1995 3 3.2 1.1-1.2 270-290 0 fruit 0.29 15 15
Robion c=0.22 c=0.36
(Manta) 2 0.44 16 17
4 0.49 19 19
R011709 c=0.47 c=0.61
95-668AV1a 7 0.38 23 23
c=0.22 c=0.36
France, 2008 2 3.2 0.53 600 -0 fruit 0.55 14 14
Monteux 0 0.70 12 12
(Maltese) 1 1.3 16 17
2 1.3 21 22
08-2105-01 3 0.89 28 29

3 flesh 0.60 24 24
3 peel 1.2 26 27
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1529

MELONS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)a

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain, 2008 2 3.2 0.32 1000 -0 fruit 0.19 13 13
Gavä c=3.6 c=3.6
(Sancho) 0 0.26 13 13
1 0.52 20 20
08-2105-02 2 0.51 20 20
3 0.52 17 17
c=4.2 c=4.2

3 flesh 0.58 19 19
c=5.0 c=5.0
3 peel 0.28 14 19
c=3.3 c=3.3
Italy, 2008 2 3.2 0.4 800 -0 fruit 0.09 7.4 7.5
Palgonia (CT) 0 0.27 8.3 8.5
(Helios) 1 0.21 7.0 7.2
2 0.31 11 11
08-2105-03 3 0.28 12 12

3 flesh 0.17 9.1 9.2

3 peel 0.34 11 11
France, 2008 2 3.2 0.64 500 -0 fruit 0.09 3.4 3.5
Scorbe- Clairvaux 0 0.33 4.5 4.7
(Hugo) 1 0.57 5.1 5.5
2 0.87 5.8 6.4
08-2105-04 3 1.3 11 12

3 flesh 1.1 11 12
3 peel 1.1 12 13
Greece, 2011 2 3.2 0.64 500 -8 fruit < 0.01 0.39 0.40
Aron as, Katerini -0 0.22 11 11
(Lavigal) c=1.5 c=1.5
0 1.1 9.6 10
11-2005-01 1 0.74 10 11
2 0.68 11 11
3 0.42 10 10
c=2.1 c=2.1
7 0.63 14 14
14 0.080 14 14

3 flesh 0.16 13 13
c=3.3 c=3.3
3 peel 0.68 7.8 8.3
c=1.8 c=1.8
Spain, 2011 2 3.0 0.32 800-944 -8 fruit < 0.01 < 0.20 < 0.21
Vilanova i la Geltru 3.2 0.4 -0 0.29 9.6 9.8
(Sancho Piel de sapo) 0 0.63 10 10
1 0.77 11 12
11-2005-02 2 0.66 11 11
3 0.61 14 14
7 0.36 22 22
14 0.21 14 14

3 flesh 0.60 14 14
3 peel 0.62 11 11
1530 Fosetyl-Aluminium

MELONS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)a

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Portugal, 2011 2 3.2 0.64 500 -7 fruit < 0.01 < 0.20 < 0.21
Vilafranca de Xira -0 0.84 5.9 6.5
(Leusiada) 0 1.1 5.8 6.6
1 1.7 7.6 8.8
11-2005-03 2 1.6 8.3 9.4
3 1.3 10 11
7 0.92 14 15
13 0.53 20 20

3 flesh 0.69 9.2 9.7

3 peel 1.7 9.8 11
France, 2011 2 3.2 0.53 600 -8 fruit < 0.01 < 0.20 < 0.21
Monteux -0 0.11 9.6 9.7
(Arapaho) 0 0.19 9.4 9.5
1 1.0 12 13
11-2005-04 2 0.79 13 14
3 0.44 17 17
7 0.35 19 19
14 0.20 25 25

3 flesh 0.30 16 16
3 peel 0.89 16 17
a
Mean of two residues values for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid

In supervised trials conducted in USA, fosetyl-Al was applied to cantaloupes (melons) as a

pre-plant soil incorporation, a subsequent foliar spray of seedlings prior to transplanting and 5–6 foliar
sprays in the field, with retreatment intervals ranging from 2 to 77 days. Samples of fruit (3 replicates)
were stored frozen for up to 96 days, except in trials 434287-133 and 960987-166, where samples
were stored for up to 293–414 days. Extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD method SOP-90113 to
measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The overall average concurrent recovery rate was 95% fosetyl-Al in
samples fortified with 0.1–10 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 120 Residues in cantaloupes from supervised trials in USA involving pre-plant soil
incorporation and foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
MELONS Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
GAP: USA 7 foliar 5.6 0
USA, 1987 6 foliar 4.5 47 7–8 0 fruit 1.0, 0.64, 1.2 0.95
Donna, TX
(Perlita)

R000018
434287-133
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 22 0 fruit 0.48, 0.45, 0.43 0.45
0.95 kg ai/m
Belle Glade, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 51, 4–6
(Magnum 45)

R000018
560988-129
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 5 0 fruit 0.61, 1.3, 0.6 0.84
0.95 kg ai/m
El Centro, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 37, 7–7
(Easy Rider)

R000018
BDD88-007
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1531

MELONS Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 12 0 fruit 0.40, 0.27, 0.3 0.32
0.95 kg ai/m
Danevang, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 35, 3–11
(Magnum 45)

R000018
GGB88-069
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 21 0 fruit 6.1, 11, 4.5 7.2
0.95 kg ai/m
Quincy, FL 7 foliar 4.5 49 56, 2–7 c=0.06
(Nova)

R000018
HSY88-071
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 28 0 fruit 1.4, 5.6, 5.2 4.1
0.95 kg ai/m
Quincy, FL 6 foliar 4.5 49 77, 3–10
(Cantaloupe)

R000018
HSY88-072
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 15 0 fruit 2.7, 1.3, 2.5 2.2
0.95 kg ai/m
Williamsburg Cty, SC 7 foliar 4.5 93 17, 48–7
(Hales Best Jumbo)

R000018
JDH88-080
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 1.3, 1.9, 2.8 2.0
0.95 kg ai/m
Haslett, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 76, 3–4
(Summet WGP 100)

R000018
JOJ88-086
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 4.3, 4.7, 5.8 4.9
0.95 kg ai/m
Charlotte, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 76, 3–4
(Summet WGP 100)

R000018
JOJ88-087
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 16 0 fruit 3.3, 2.6, 2.0 2.6
0.95 kg ai/m
Grand Ledge, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 76, 3–4
(Summet WGP 100)

R000018
JOJ88-088
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 22 0 fruit 3.8, 5.7, 3.8 4.4
0.95 kg ai/m
Salinas, CA 7 foliar 4.5 n.a. 44, 7–7 c=0.06
(All Star)

R000018
KWD88-141
USA, 1988 1 soil + 3 - 19 0 fruit 3.6, 3.8, 5.7 4.4
0.95 kg ai/m
Porterville, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47 56, 7–7
(Imperial)

R000018
RLD88-225
USA, 1988 6 4.5 n.a. 7 0 fruit 0.88, 0.24, 0.49 0.54
Wayne, Owen County,
IN
(Cantaloupe)

R000018
TRS88-245
1532 Fosetyl-Aluminium

MELONS Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 6 4.5 n.a. 7–14 0 fruit 1.6, 2.0, 2.4 2.0
Vincennes, IN
(All Star)

R000018
TRS88-246
USA, 1988 1 soil + 4.5 - 13 0 fruit < 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05
Lafayette, IN 7 foliar 538 7, 7–12 < 0.05
(All Star)

R000018
TRS88-247
USA, 1987 6 4.5 49 5–21 0 fruit 0.3 0.3
Quincy, FL
(Cantaloupe)

R000018
960987-166
USA, 1988 1 soil + 4.5 - n.a. 0 fruit 1.7, 1.4, 1.5 1.5
Lubbock County, TX 7 foliar n.a.
(Cantaloupe)

R000018
MLC88-193

Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits

The Meeting received trials with fosetyl on tomatoes and peppers from Europe and with fosetyl-Al on
tomatoes from North America.

Peppers – fosetyl
In supervised trials on peppers conducted in Europe, two drench applications of fosetyl (SL co-
formulated with propamocarb) were applied between seeding and transplanting. A further two
simulated drip irrigation treatments were applied to field peppers 0–2 days after transplanting and 3
days before harvest and a further four simulated drip irrigation or drench treatments were made to
greenhouse peppers directly after transplanting, 10–21 days later, 7–72 days later and 3 days before
harvest. Samples of fruit were stored frozen for 84–342 days. Extraction and analysis for fosetyl and
phosphonic acid was by GC-NPD method 20003024/02-RVP (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg for both analytes)
in the 2001 trials, by the GC-FPD method AR 155-97 in the 2003 trials (LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg for both
analytes) and in the later trials (2004–2014), the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 (LOQs of
0.01 mg/kg for fosetyl and 0.2 mg/kg for phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were
73–104% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01–5.0 mg/kg) and 71–107% for phosphonic acid
(fortification levels of 0.2–100 mg/kg).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1533

Table 121 Residues in protected peppers from supervised trials in Europe involving drench/drip
irrigation applications of fosetyl (SL formulations)
PEPPERS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Hungary 1+1 drench 18.6+9.3a 20000a 3
4 drip 0.93 -
Germany, 2001 1 drench 18.7 20058 0 fruit < 0.19 0.3 0.44
Hamburg 1 drench 9.19 19714 3 < 0.19 0.4 0.54
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.11-1.12 1786-1807
(Bell Boy F1)

C024482
01R013-1
Italy, 2001 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Imola 1 drench 9.32 20000 3 < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Emilia - Romagna 4 drip 1.88 3030
Pepper, sweet
(F1 Magnigold)

C024482
01R013-2
Germany, 2001 1 drench 18.7 20058 0 fruit < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Hamburg 1 drench 8.99 19286 3 < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.09-1.45 1741-1852
(Mazurka RZ)

C024482
01R013-3
Greece, 2001 1 drench 18.4 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.7 0.84
55102 Thessaloniki 1 drench 9.22 20000 3 < 0.19 2.0 2.1
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.94 3125
(Florina)

C024482
01R013-4
Greece, 2003 1 drench 9.3 5000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.54 0.68
Agia Marina 1 drench 9.3 10000 3 < 0.19 0.62 0.76
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1267
(Raiko RZ)

C048490
R 2003 0685 7
Italy, 2003 2 drench 9.3 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Andria (BA) 4 drip 0.93 - 3 < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Pepper, sweet
(Valdor)

C048490
R 2003 0683 0
Netherlands, 2003 1 drench 9.3 - 0 fruit < 0.19 0.23 0.37
Zwaagdijk Ost 1 drench 9.3 - 3 < 0.19 0.28 0.42
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 -
(Zerto)

C048490
R 2003 0650 4
Spain, 2003 2 drench 9.3 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.23 0.37
La Mojonera 4 drip 0.93 20000 3 < 0.19 0.28 0.42
Pepper, sweet
(Flamenco)

C048490
R 2003 0684 9
1534 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PEPPERS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Belgium, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 2.6 2.6
Saint Amand 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 2.5 2.5
(Rapido) 4 drip 0.93 250 (mL/plant) 3 < 0.0093 2.4 2.4

RA-2559/04
R 2004 0755 6
Netherlands, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 5.1 5.1
Zwaagdijk-Oost 1 drench 9.3 20000 c=0.20 c=0.21
(Festivo) 4 drip 0.93 250 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 4.3 4.3
c=0.20 c=0.21
RA-2559/04 3 < 0.0093 3.5 3.5
R 2004 0754 8
Italy, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Scanzano Jonico 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Adina) 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21

RA-2559/04
R 2004 0752 1
Spain, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 4.0 4.0
Roquetas de Mar 1 drench 9.3 20000 c=0.44 c=0.45
(Olmo) 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 3.4 3.4
c=0.35 c=0.36
RA-2559/04 3 < 0.0093 3.1 3.1
R 2004 0680 0 c=0.42 c=0.43
Netherlands, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.24 0.25
Zwaagdijk 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.26 0.27
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
(Maranello) 7 < 0.0093 0.23 0.24
14 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
12-2057
12-2057-01
Italy, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
Terlizzi 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.38 0.39
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1071 3 < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
(Nestor F1) 7 < 0.0093 0.35 0.36
14 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
12-2057
12-2057-02
Netherlands, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.38 0.39
Honselersdijk 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.34 0.35
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
(Maranello) 7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
12-2057
12-2057-03
Italy, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Palidoro Fiumicino 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 2000 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Lido) 7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
12-2057
12-2057-04
a
Drench rates equivalent to 1.86 g ai/square metre and 0.93 g ai/square metre, drip irrigation rate based on 15000
plants/ha
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1535

Table 122 Residues in outdoor peppers from supervised trials in Europe involving drench/drip
irrigation applications of fosetyl (SL formulations)
PEPPERS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: France 1+1 drench 18.6+9.3a 20000a 3
2 drip 0.93 -
Germany, 2001 1 drench 18.7 20058 0 fruit < 0.19 0.3 0.44
Hamburg 1 drench 9.19 19714 3 < 0.19 0.4 0.54
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.11–1.12 1786–1807
(Bell Boy F1)

C024482
01R013-1
Italy, 2001 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Imola 1 drench 9.32 20000 3 < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Emilia - Romagna 4 drip 1.88 3030
Pepper, sweet
(F1 Magnigold)

C024482
01R013-2
Germany, 2001 1 drench 18.7 20058 0 fruit < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Hamburg 1 drench 8.99 19286 3 < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.09–1.45 1741–1852
(Mazurka RZ)

C024482
01R013-3
Greece, 2001 1 drench 18.4 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.7 0.84
55102 Thessaloniki 1 drench 9.22 20000 3 < 0.19 2.0 2.1
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 1.94 3125
(Florina)

C024482
01R013-4
Greece, 2003 1 drench 9.3 5000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.54 0.68
Agia Marina 1 drench 9.3 10000 3 < 0.19 0.62 0.76
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1267
(Raiko RZ)

C048490
R 2003 0685 7
Italy, 2003 2 drench 9.3 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Andria (BA) 4 drip 0.93 - 3 < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
Pepper, sweet
(Valdor)

C048490
R 2003 0683 0
Netherlands, 2003 1 drench 9.3 - 0 fruit < 0.19 0.23 0.37
Zwaagdijk Ost 1 drench 9.3 - 3 < 0.19 0.28 0.42
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 -
(Zerto)

C048490
R 2003 0650 4
Spain, 2003 2 drench 9.3 20000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.23 0.37
La Mojonera 4 drip 0.93 20000 3 < 0.19 0.28 0.42
Pepper, sweet
(Flamenco)

C048490
R 2003 0684 9
1536 Fosetyl-Aluminium

PEPPERS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Belgium, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 2.6 2.6
Saint Amand 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 2.5 2.5
(Rapido) 4 drip 0.93 250 (mL/plant) 3 < 0.0093 2.4 2.4

RA-2559/04
R 2004 0755 6
Netherlands, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 5.1 5.1
Zwaagdijk-Oost 1 drench 9.3 20000 c=0.20 c=0.21
(Festivo) 4 drip 0.93 250 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 4.3 4.3
c=0.20 c=0.21
RA-2559/04 3 < 0.0093 3.5 3.5
R 2004 0754 8
Italy, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Scanzano Jonico 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Adina) 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21

RA-2559/04
R 2004 0752 1
Spain, 2004 1 drench 18.6 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 4.0 4.0
Roquetas de Mar 1 drench 9.3 20000 c=0.44 c=0.45
(Olmo) 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 3.4 3.4
c=0.35 c=0.36
RA-2559/04 3 < 0.0093 3.1 3.1
R 2004 0680 0 c=0.42 c=0.43
Netherlands, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.24 0.25
Zwaagdijk 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.26 0.27
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
(Maranello) 7 < 0.0093 0.23 0.24
14 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
12-2057
12-2057-01
Italy, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
Terlizzi 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.38 0.39
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1071 3 < 0.0093 0.30 0.31
(Nestor F1) 7 < 0.0093 0.35 0.36
14 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
12-2057
12-2057-02
Netherlands, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.38 0.39
Honselersdijk 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 0.34 0.35
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
(Maranello) 7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 0.21 0.22
12-2057
12-2057-03
Italy, 2012 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Palidoro Fiumicino 1 drench 9.3 20000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 4 drip 0.93 2000 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Lido) 7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
12-2057
12-2057-04
Spain, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Alginet 1 drench 9.30 20000 0 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Lipari) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2080 14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2080-01
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1537

PEPPERS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
France, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.78 0.79
Le Burgaud 1 drench 9.30 20000 3 < 0.0093 0.71 0.72
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000
(Lamuyo)

14-2080
14-2080-02
Italy, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Catania 1 drench 9.30 20000 0 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1500 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Macio) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2080 14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2080-03
Portugal, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Vila-Franca 1 drench 9.30 20000 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1500
(Torpedo)

14-2080
14-2080-04
France, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Mont Pouillan 1 drench 9.30 20000 0 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Bonnefon 2 drip 0.93 700 1 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
Pepper, sweet 3 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
(Mariner) 8 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2177
14-2177-01 (1)
Spain, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pedroche Cordoba 1 drench 9.30 20000 3 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000
(Heracles)

14-2177
14-2177-02
Spain, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Velez Malaga 1 drench 9.30 20000 0 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Alicum) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
8 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2177 15 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2177-03
Italy, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Moilno dei Giusi 1 drench 9.30 20000 3 < 0.0093 0.74 0.75
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000
(Quadrato giallo)

14-2177
14-2177-04
Italy, 2014 1 drench 18.6 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
Papiano Marsciano 1 drench 9.30 20000 0 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Pepper, sweet 2 drip 0.93 1000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Rosso Tosca F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.28 0.29
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2177 14 < 0.0093 0.22 0.23
14-2177-05
a
Drench rates equivalent to 1.86 g ai/square metre and 0.93 g ai/square metre, drip irrigation rate based on 15000
plants/ha
1538 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Tomato - fosetyl
In supervised trials on tomatoes conducted in Europe, two seedling drench applications of fosetyl (SL
co-formulated with propamocarb) were applied 0–40 days after seeding and again 7–54 days before
transplanting, a further two simulated drip irrigation treatments were applied to field tomatoes 0–2
days after transplanting and 3 days before harvest and a further four simulated drip irrigation
treatments were made to greenhouse tomatoes directly after transplanting, 10–23 days later, 12–50
days later and 3 days before harvest. Samples of fruit were stored frozen for 73–400 days. Extraction
and analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic acid was by GC-NPD method 20003024/02-RVP (LOQs of
0.2 mg/kg for both analytes) in the 2001 trials or LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 (LOQs of
0.01 mg/kg for fosetyl and 0.2 mg/kg for phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were
79–102% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01–5.0 mg/kg) and 82–104% for phosphonic acid
(fortification levels of 0.2–100 mg/kg).
Table 123 Residues in protected tomatoes from supervised trials in Europe involving drench/drip
irrigation applications of fosetyl (SL formulations)
TOMATOES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Hungary 2 drench 9.3a 2000–4000a 3
4 drip 0.93 3000
Spain, 2001 2 drench 9.3 20074 0 fruit < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Beniganim 4 drip 1.15–1.16 1875–2343 3 < 0.19 0.2 0.34
(Salvador)

C021852
01R015-1
Germany, 2001 2 drench 9.2–9.3 19876–20026 0 fruit < 0.19 0.2 0.34
Hamburg 4 drip 1.09–1.19 1763–1914 3 < 0.19 < 0.20 < 0.34
(Rougella RZ F1)

C021852
01R015-2
Netherlands, 2001 2 drench 9.20–9.23 19790–19860 0 fruit < 0.19 1.1 1.2
Zwaagdijk 4 drip 1.55–1.56 2499–2507 3 < 0.19 0.9 1.0
(Fergie F6197)

C021852
01R015-3
Netherlands, 2001 2 drench 9.14–9.30 19658–20000 0 fruit < 0.19 0.6 0.74
Zwaagdijk 4 drip 1.55–1.56 2502–2512 3 < 0.19 0.5 0.64
(Rapsodie)

C021852
01R015-4
Belgium , 2004 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 4.8 4.8
Saint Amand 4 drip 0.93 250 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 5.4 5.4
(Clotilde) 3 0.019 5.1 5.1
7 0.019 5.2 5.2
RA-2560/04 14 < 0.0093 4.1 4.1
0712-04
Germany, 2004 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 0.33 0.34
Moers-Kapellen 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 1 < 0.0093 0.39 0.40
(Culina F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.46 0.47
7 < 0.0093 0.42 0.43
RA-2560/04 14 < 0.0093 0.36 0.37
0681-04
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1539

TOMATOES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Italy, 2004 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Scanzano 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) 3 < 0.0093 0.20 0.21
(Conchita)

RA-2560/04
0682-04
Spain, 2004 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 1.4 1.4
Roquetas de Mar 4 drip 0.93 100 (mL/plant) c=0.48 c=0.49
(Pitenza) 3 < 0.0093 1.3 1.3
c=0.59 c=0.6
RA-2560/04
0713-04
Netherlands, 2011 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.24 0.25
Zwaagdijk 4 drip 0.93 2300 1 < 0.0093 0.25 0.26
(Favorita F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.23 0.24
(cherry)
11-2012-01
Spain, 2011 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.48 0.49
El Ejido, Gualchos 4 drip 0.93 2000 1 < 0.0093 0.35 0.36
(Guindo) 3 < 0.0093 0.35 0.36
(cherry)
11-2012-02
Germany, 2011 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Bornheim-Merten 4 drip 0.93 2000 1 0.025 0.26 0.28
(Super Sweet 100) 3 0.031 0.32 0.34
(cherry)
11-2012-03
a
Drench rates equivalent to 0.93 g ai/square metre, drip irrigation rate based on 15000 plants/ha

Table 124 Residues in outdoor tomatoes from supervised trials in Europe involving drench/drip
irrigation applications of fosetyl (SL formulations)
TOMATOES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: France 2 drench 9.3a 2000–4000a 3
2 drip 0.93 3000
France, 2009 2 drench 9.30 18700–20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.25 0.26
Chazay d' Azergues 2 drip 0.93 1225–1248 1 < 0.0093 0.24 0.25
(Roma) 3 < 0.0093 0.26 0.27
7 < 0.0093 0.23 0.24
09-2043-01 14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Spain, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Brenes, Sevilla 2 drip 0.93 2000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Juncal) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
09-2043-02 13 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Italy, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Andria 2 drip 0.93 2000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(NUN 6005 TP) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
09-2043-03 14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Portugal, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Vale de Cavalos 2 drip 0.93 1000–2000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Gades) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
09-2043-04 13 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
1540 Fosetyl-Aluminium

TOMATOES Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
France, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
St. Ouen L'Aumone 2 drip 0.93 2000 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Coeur de bœuf) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
09-2043-05 14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Germany, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.72 0.73
Leichlingen 2 drip 0.93 1000 1 < 0.0093 0.75 0.76
(Philona F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.95 1.0
7 < 0.0093 0.60 0.61
09-2043-07 14 < 0.0093 0.69 0.70
Belgium, 2009 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.60 0.61
Villers-Perwin 2 drip 0.93 1500 1 < 0.0093 0.53 0.54
(Brodena F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.39 0.40
7 < 0.0093 0.50 0.51
09-2043-08 14 < 0.0093 0.34 0.35
Poland, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 0.35 0.36
Mazowieckie 2 drip 0.93 2000 1 < 0.0093 0.49 0.50
(Polonais F1) 3 < 0.0093 0.43 0.44
7 < 0.0093 0.37 0.38
13-2043-01 14 < 0.0093 0.41 0.42
Hungary, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Kecskemet 2 drip 0.93 1500 1 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Mano H-X/2110) 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21

13-2043-03
Italy, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 0.70 0.71
Imperia 2 drip 0.93 2000 3 < 0.0093 1.0 1.0
(Marglobe)

13-2044-02
Spain, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Velez Malaga, 2 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Anairis)

13-2044-03
Spain, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Velez Malaga 2 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Birloque)

13-2044-05
Spain, 2013 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Torrox 2 drip 0.93 1500 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Birloque)

13-2044-06
Poland, 2014 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Plochocin 2 drip 0.93 1487–1522 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Kmicic)

14-2079-02
UK, 2014 2 drench 9.30 20000 0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Branbury 2 drip 0.93 1493 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Ferline) 7 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
14-2079-03
France, 2014 2 drench 9.30 20000 -0 fruit < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
Allonnes 2 drip 0.93 1194–1201 3 < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.21
(Pépite HF1)

14-2079-04
a
Drench rates equivalent to 0.93 g ai/square metre, drip irrigation rate based on 15000 plants/ha
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1541

Tomato – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials conducted in USA, four foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WDG formulations) were
applied to field tomatoes at about 14 day intervals and duplicate samples of whole fruit were stored
frozen for 26–123 days before analysis. Extraction and analysis was by GC-FPD method 163 to
measure residues of fosetyl-Al. The average concurrent recovery rate was 83% fosetyl-Al in samples
fortified with 0.2–12 mg/kg and the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg.
Table 125 Residues in tomatoes from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of fosetyl-
Al (WDG formulations)
TOMATO Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
GAP: USA 4 4.5 94 min 14
USA, 1986 4 4.5 94 7–9 14 fruit < 0.05 < 0.05
Perrysville, OH
(FM.6203)

C016048
253486-007
USA , 1986 4 4.5 94 6–15 14 fruit < 0.05 < 0.05
Ohio
(Heinz 7145)

C016048
253486-051
USA, 1986 4 4.5 702 14 12 fruit 0.1 0.1
King City, CA
(Peto 19)

C016048
550486-105
08022 Columbus 4 4.5 94 14 16 fruit 0.05 0.05
New Jersey
USA, 1986
Tomato Campbells)

C016048
575186-015
USA, 1986 4 4.5 468 14–15 14 fruit 1.9 1.9
El Centro, CA
(Superior F1 hybrid)

C016048
920486-103
USA, 1986 4 4.5 94 13–14 14 fruit < 0.05 < 0.05
Quincy, FL
(Sunny)

C016048
960986-107
USA, 1987 4 4.5 94 9–20 14 fruit 0.1 0.1
Marcellus, MI
(Pik Red)

C016048
992187-006
1542 Fosetyl-Aluminium

TOMATO Application DALA matrix Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha Water RTI values mean
References (L/ha) (days)
USA, 1988 4 4.5 99 14 14 fruit < 0.05, 0.08, 0.08 0.07
Columbus, OH
(OH 7870)

C016048
DPV 88-037
USA, 1988 4 4.5 99 14 14 fruit < 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05 < 0.05
Huron, OH
(Jet Star)

C016048
DPV 88-038
USA, 1988 4 4.5 94 14 14 fruit 0.19, 0.18, 0.3 0.22
Gadsden County, FL
(Sunny)

C016048
HSY 88-007
USA, 1989 4 2.7 187 14 14 fruit 1.5, 1.3, 1.7 1.5
Solano County, CA
(Diego 3075)

C016048
LWB 89-089
USA, 1989 4 4.5 187 14 14 fruit 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 1.3
Fresno County, CA
(UC 82)

C016048
RLD 89-019
USA, 1989 4 4.5 187 14 14 fruit 0.21, 0.26, 0.16 0.21
Fresno County, CA
(Castle Rock)

C016048
RLD 89-090
USA, 1988 4 4.5 94 14 14 fruit < 0.05, 0.06, < 0.05 0.06
Wayne, IN
(OH 7814)

C016048
TRS 88-243
USA, 1988 4 4.5 - 14 14 fruit 0.06, 0.05, 0.06 0.06
Wayne, IN
(OH 7814)

C016048
TRS 88-244

Leafy vegetables

Lettuce – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials on greenhouse and outdoor lettuce conducted in Europe, three or four foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al (WG formulations) between BBCH 12 and 48, at about 10 day intervals, up
to 14 days before harvest. Lettuce samples were stored frozen for 70–333 days. Extraction and
analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic acid was by the GC-FPD methods 522 or AR 155-97 (LOQs of
0.2 mg/kg for both analytes) in the earlier and the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 (LOQs of
0.01 mg/kg for fosetyl and 0.2 mg/kg for phosphonic acid) in the more recent trials. Average
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1543

concurrent recovery rates were 80–103% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.01–100 mg/kg) and
71–108% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–200 mg/kg).
Table 126 Residues in protected lettuce from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications
of fosetyl-Al (WG formulations)
LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Finland 2.4 400–600 14
Germany 2000 4 2.4 600 0 head 0.73 90 91
Weingarten
lettuce, head 0 head 0.49 86 86
(Sensai) 7 0.21 73 73
0 head 0.20 77 77
C015381 14 0.21 66 66
DEU0201 0 head 0.20 11 110
21 < 0.2 49 49
Germany, 2000 4 2.1–2.4 533–600 0 head 0.25 180 180
Bornheim
0 head 0.31 190 190
lettuce, head
7 0.38 180 180
(Lollo Bianca)
0 head < 0.20 110 110
14 < 0.20 41 41
C015381
DEU0501 0 head 0.2 20 200
21 < 0.2 24 24
United Kingdom, 2000 4 2.4 600 0 head 1.8 100 101
Algarkirk/ Boston 14 < 0.2 36 36
lettuce, head
(Beverley)

C015381
GBR0101
Germany, 2003 4 2.4 600 0 head 1.1 80 81
Bornheim Sechtem 3 0.38 70 70
lettuce, butterhead 7 0.29 59 59
(Roderick) c=0.41 c=0.55
14 0.72 56 57
RA-2607/03 21 0.6 56 56
0127-03
France, 2003 4 2.4 600 0 head 1.8 57 58
St. Jory 3 0.67 55 55
lettuce, butterhead 7 0.38 34 34
(Sensai) 14 0.27 19 19
21 < 0.2 14 14
RA-2607/03
1049-03
Netherlands, 2003 4 2.4 600 0 head 7.3 89 94
Wervershoof c=5.7 c=5.8
lettuce, butterhead 3 0.79 35 36
(Flandria) c=3.9 c=4.0
7 0.39 15 15
RA-2607/03 c=3.7 c=3.8
1047-03 14 < 0.2 9.0 9.1
c=2.0 c=2.1
21 < 0.2 6.1 6.2
c=2.4 c=2.5
Germany, 2004 4 2.4 600 0 head 0.66 75 75
Bornheim Sechtem 3 0.78 110 111
6 0.64 98 98
lettuce, butterhead 13 0.65 92 92
(Roderick) 20 0.45 120 120

RA 2518/04
0295-04
1544 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Germany, 2004 4 2.4 600 0 head 1.1 63 64
Langenfeld 3 0.06 21 21
lettuce, butterhead 7 < 0.010 17 17
(Alexandria) 14 < 0.010 12 12
20 < 0.010 8.7 8.7
RA 2518/04
R 2004 0296 1
France 2004 4 2.40 600 0 head 1.4 110 111
Montfavet c=0.02 c=14 c=14
lettuce, butterhead 3 0.20 49 49
(Arcadia) c=9.9 c=9.9
7 0.090 39 39
RA 2518/04 c=8.3 c=8.3
R 2004 0298 8 14 0.030 23 23
c=5.5 c=5.5
21 0.020 18 18
c=4.4 c=4.4
Germany, 2013 4 2.4 600 -0 leaves 0.82 15 16
Leichlingen 0 4.7 48 51
lettuce, leaf 7 2.6 19 21
(Kirinia RZ) 14 0.073 7.7 7.8
21 0.010 2.9 2.9
13-2039
13-2039-01
Greece, 2013 4 2.4 600 0 leaves 5.3 61 65
Aronas – Katerini 14 0.28 27 27
Lettuce, leaf
(Manchester)

13-2039
13-2039-02
France, 2013 4 2.4 800 -0 leaves 0.022 7.3 7.3
Toulouse 0 4.2 61 64
lettuce, leaf 7 0.12 14 14
( Fogo) 14 0.037 9.2 9.2
21 0.050 5.9 5.9
13-2039
13-2039-03
Belgium, 2013 4 2.4 600 -0 leaves < 0.010 12 12
Saint-Amand 0 0.079 36 36
lettuce, leaf 7 < 0.010 19 19
(Sansula) 14 < 0.010 13 13
21 < 0.010 9.1 9.1
13-2039
13-2039-04
Spain, 2013 4 2.4-2.69 500 -0 leaves 2.1 39 40
Bigues i Riells 0 4.6 63 66
lettuce, leaf 7 2.2 34 36
(Rouxaï RZ) 14 1.9 30 31
21 0.20 15 15
13-2039
13-2039-05
Portugal, 2013 4 2.4-2.56 320-500 0 leaves 4.1 37 40
Malaqueijo 14 0.048 15 15
lettuce, leaf
(Invicta)

13-2039
13-2039-06
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1545

LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Netherlands, 2013 4 2.2-2.78 275-347 0 leaves 9.5 97 104
DA Ridderkerk 14 0.024 7.7 7.7
lettuce, leaf
(Satine)

13-2039
13-2039-07
Italy, 2013 4 2.4 500-600 0 leaves 1.7 48 49
Acate (RG) 14 0.23 17 17
lettuce, leaf
(Nauplus canasta)

13-2039
13-2039-08

Table 127 Residues in outdoor lettuce from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (WG formulations)
LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Finland 4 2.4 14
Germany , 1995 3 2.3–2.5 300 0 leaves 61 72 114
Werl Westönnen 14 < 0.2 1.9 2.0
lettuce, leaf 21 < 0.2 2.5 2.6
(Ralf)

C024353
WTA 31-P3
Germany 1995 3 2.322– 300 0 leaves 21 102 117
Werl Oberbergstrasse 2.387 14 < 0.2 3.5 3.6
lettuce, leaf 21 < 0.2 0.75 0.89
(Ralf)

C024353
WTA 32-P3
Germany, 1995 3 2.36– 300 0 leaves 17 35 47
Fussgonheim 2.59 14 < 0.2 1.7 1.8
lettuce, leaf c=0.21 c=0.35
(Thirza) 21 < 0.2 0.81 0.95

C024353
WTA 50-P3
Germany, 1995 3 2.4–2.5 300 0 leaves 58 75 115
Werl Westönnen 14 < 0.2 2.3 2.4
lettuce, leaf 21 < 0.2 2.4 2.5
(Ralf)

C024353
WTA 31-P2
Germany, 1995 3 2.387– 300 0 leaves 16 119 130
Werl Oberbergstrasse 2.452 14 < 0.2 2.3 2.4
lettuce, leaf 21 < 0.2 2.2 2.3
(Ralf)

C024353
WTA 32-P2
1546 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Germany, 1995 3 2.19–2.7 300 0 leaves 13 23 32
Fussgonheim 14 < 0.2 1.4 1.5
lettuce, leaf c=0.21 c=0.35
(Thirza) 21 < 0.2 0.54 0.68

C024353
WTA 50-P2
Greece, 2000 4 2.4 500 0 leaves 9.2 19 25
Nea Chalkidona 0 leaves 1.2 14 15
lettuce, leaf 7 < 0.2 7.8 7.9
(Paris Island Cosh) 0 leaves 2.3 53 55
14 < 0.2 5.3 5.4
C016903 0 leaves 4.0 7 73
GRC0101 21 0.59 7.8 8.2
Greece, 2000 4 2.4 500 0 leaves 2.9 9 92
Korifi – Imathia 0 leaves 1.4 34 35
lettuce, leaf 7 0.3 43 43
(Atraxion) 0 leaves 0.55 26 26
14 < 0.2 16 16
C016903 0 leaves 1.2 23 24
GRC0102 21 < 0.2 7.1 7.2
Italy, 2000 4 2.4 500 0 leaves 0.49 37 38
Sala Di Cesenatico 14 0.42 4.5 4.8
lettuce, leaf
(Gentilina)

C016903
ITA0101
Italy, 2000 4 2.4 300 0 leaves 3.5 23 25
Bologna 14 < 0.2 6.8 6.9
lettuce, leaf
(Aramy)

C016903
ITA0102
Italy, 2000 4 2.4 600 0 leaves 3.0 30 32
Andria (Bari) 14 < 0.2 15 15
lettuce, leaf
(Calgary)

C016903
ITA0201
Portugal, 2000 4 2.4 350 0 leaves 4.3 19 22
Salvaterra de Magos 0 leaves 4.5 22 25
lettuce, leaf 7 < 0.2 5.9 6.0
(Sequeira) 0 leaves 3.4 30 32
14 0.2 8.9 9.0
C016903 0 leaves 2.8 22 24
PRT0101 21 < 0.2 3.3 3.4
Portugal, 2000 4 2.4 350 0 leaves 2.5 30 32
Caldas da Rainha 0 leaves 3.6 27 30
lettuce, leaf 7 0.63 20 20
(Vanity) 0 leaves 6.6 71 76
14 0.3 11 11
C016903 0 leaves 2.4 46 48
PRT0102 21 0.56 15 15
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1547

LETTUCE Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Netherlands, 2013 4 2.4 300 -0 leaves < 0.010 14 14
DA Ridderkerk 0 4.1 63 66
lettuce, leaf 7 0.12 13 13
(Satine) 14 0.051 8.1 8.1
21 0.011 6.6 6.6
13-2082
13-2082-01
Germany, 2013 4 2.4 600 -0 head < 0.010 1.2 1.2
Leichlingen 0 1.3 28 29
lettuce, butterhead 7 0.15 10 10
(Mafalda) 14 < 0.010 4.7 4.7
21 < 0.010 4.1 4.1
13-2082
13-2082-02
France, 2013 4 2.4 300 -0 leaves < 0.010 15 15
St Etienne du Gres 0 0.70 57 57
lettuce, leaf 8 < 0.010 13 13
(Kiribati, Lollo Rosso) 14 < 0.010 8.5 8.5
21 < 0.010 6.9 6.9
13-2040
13-2040-01
Italy, 2013 4 2.4 600 -0 leaves 0.018 13 13
Lusia Rovigo 0 8.7 43 49
lettuce, leaf 7 0.19 11 11
(Soupirai, Lollo rossa) 14 0.031 7.1 7.1
21 < 0.010 2.8 2.8
13-2040
13-2040-02

In supervised trials on leaf and head lettuce conducted in USA, two foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al
(WP formulations) were applied to seedlings just emergence and 5-9 days before transplanting into
soil that had been mixed with fosetyl-Al at a rate equivalent to 0.95 kg ai/m3 and a further 3–7 foliar
sprays were applied at 5–19 day intervals.
Samples of lettuce leaves or heads (without wrapper leaves) were stored frozen for up to 218
days. Extraction and analysis for fosetyl-Al was by GC-FPD method SPO-90113 with an LOQ of
0.05 mg/kg. Concurrent recovery rates were 71–122% at fortification levels of 0.05-30 mg/kg.
Table 128 Residues in lettuce from supervised trials in USA involving soil incorporated and foliar
applications fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
GAP: USA 7 foliar 4.48 94 (min) 3
USA, 1988 4 foliar 4.5 350 9, 15, 5 3 head 0.09, 0.05, < 0.05 0.063
Castroville, CA
Lettuce, head
(Salinas Ice Berg)

R009240
KWD88-049
1548 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 42, 14 3 head 3.2, 1.3, 2.6 2.4
Monterey, CA 7 foliar 4.5 - 7–7
Lettuce, head
(Salinas Harris
Moren)

R009240
KWD88-148
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 22, 24 3 head 1.4, 0.56, 1.4 1.1
Belle Glade, FL 4 foliar 4.5 94 7–7 c=0.05
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
560988-117
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 43, 24 3 head 1.9, 1.1, 1.1 1.4
Sorrento, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 12, 7–7
Lettuce, head
(Raleigh)

R009240
MLK88-202
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 26, 38 3 head 0.10, 0.23, 0.17 0.17
Zellwood, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 2–7
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
MLK88-203
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - - 3 head 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05 0.05
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94
Lettuce, head
(Fame)

R009240
CPH88-023
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 21, 21 3 head 0.14, 0.43, 0.56 0.38
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94 7–7
Lettuce, head
(Fame)

R009240
CPH88-024
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - - 3 head 0.63, 0.31, 0.85 0.6
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94
Lettuce, head
(Fame)

R009240
CPH88-025
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 14, 30 3 head 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05 0.05
Ingham, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 7–19
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
JOJ88-099
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1549

LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 14, 30 3 head < 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 0.05
Eaton, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 7–19
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
JOJ88-100
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 16, 28 3 head 0.14, 0.15 0.15
Clinton County, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 6–19
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
JOJ88-101
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 head 1.4, 1.3, 1.2 1.3
Wrightstown, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 94 7–18
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
MDP88-170
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 head 0.20, 0.10, 0.09 0.13
Wrightstown, NJ 8 foliar 4.5 94 7–18
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
MDP88-171
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 head 3.5, 4.6, 5.1 4.4
Pennsgrove, NJ 8 foliar 4.5 94 5–13
Lettuce, head
(Ithaca)

R009240
MDP88-172
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 12, 41 3 head 0.42, 0.06, < 0.05 0.18
El Campo, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 3–7 c=0.06
Lettuce, head
(Golden State)

R009240
GGB88-030
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 22, 31 3 head 0.15, 0.44, 0.3 0.3
Garwood, TX 7 foliar 4.5 94 3–8
Lettuce, head
(Great Lakes 6238)

R009240
GGB88-031
USA, 1987 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 25, 22 3 head 5.1, 4.9 5.0
Donna, TX 8 foliar 4.5 47 6–13 c=0.05
Lettuce, head
(Great Lakes 6238)

R009240
434287-139
1550 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
USA, 1988 3 foliar 4.5 - 7, 10 3 leaf 0.06, 0.06, 0.11 0.077
California
Lettuce, leaf
Gennecorp leafy
green)

R009240
KWD88-019
USA, 1988 4 foliar 4.5 350 19, 7, 3 3 leaf 1.8, 2.2, 2.1 2.0
California c=0.09
Lettuce, romaine
(Perris Cross)

R009240
KWD88-020
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 22, 24 3 leaf 6.6, 5.1, 2.1 4.6
Belle Glade, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 5–7 c=0.19
Lettuce, leaf
(Waldman's Green)

R009240
560988-118
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 45, 24 3 leaf 2.9, 4.9, 4.8 4.2
Florida 7 foliar 4.5 - 7–12
Lettuce, leaf
(1589 Slobolt Harris-
Moran)

R009240
MLK88-204
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 26, 38 3 leaf 0.49, 0.72, 1.0 0.74
Zellwood, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94 2–7 c=0.88
Lettuce, leaf
(Waldman`s Green)

R009240
MLK88-205
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 10, 43 3 leaf 0.95, 0.40, 0.42 0.59
El Campo, TX 7 foliar 4.5 47–94 3–7 c=0.06
Lettuce, leaf
(Waldmann`s Green
Mit)

R009240
GGB88-028
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 15, 32 3 leaf 2.7, 1.4, 2.6 2.2
Garwood, TX 7 foliar 4.5 47–94 3–7 c=0.07
Lettuce, leaf
(Red Sail)

R009240
GGB88-029
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 99, 7 3 leaf < 0.05, 0.49, < 0.05 0.2
Uvalde, TX 7 foliar 4.5 - 7–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
AMW88-004
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1551

LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 16, 28 3 leaf 17, 25, 14 19
Ingham County, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 5-7
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
JOJ88-102
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 16, 28 3 leaf 14, 15, 32 20
Eaton County, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 5–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
JOJ88-103
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 16, 28 3 leaf 0.47, 1.1, 0.77 0.78
Clinton County, MI 7 foliar 4.5 187 6–19
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
JOJ88-104
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 21, 14 3 leaf < 0.05, 0.07, < 0.05 0.057
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94 7–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Grand Rapids)

R009240
CPH88-026
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 21, 14 3 leaf 0.97, 1.4, 0.9 1.1
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94 7–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Grand Rapids)

R009240
CPH88-027
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 21, 14 3 leaf 0.29, 0.41, 0.55 0.42
Monte Vista, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94 7–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Grand Rapids)

R009240
CPH88-028
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 leaf 33, 12, 13 19
Wrightstown, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 94 5–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
MDP88-173
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 leaf 31, 28, 24 28
Wrightstown, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 94 5–7
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
MDP88-174
1552 Fosetyl-Aluminium

LETTUCE Application RTA DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg)

Country, year (days) corrected for recovery
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha water matrix values mean
References (L/ha)
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 13, 29 3 leaf 20, 22, 27 23
Pennsgrove, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 94 5–7 c=0.06
Lettuce, leaf
(Black Seeded
Simpson)

R009240
MDP88-175
USA, 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - n.a 0 leaf 104, 182, 69 118
California 7 foliar 4.5 - c=0.32
Lettuce, leaf 3 68, 22, 61
(unspecified) 50

B004617
BBD88

Spinach - fosetyl
In supervised trials on spinach conducted in Europe, one foliar application of fosetyl (SL
coformulations with propamocarb) was applied between BBCH 11 and 19 and leaf samples were
stored frozen for 46–76 days in trial 13-2019-04 and 146–338 days in the other trials. Extraction and
analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic acid was by the GC-FPD methods 522 or AR 155-97 (LOQs of
0.2 mg/kg for both analytes) in the earlier and the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 (LOQs of
0.01 mg/kg for fosetyl and 0.2 mg/kg for phosphonic acid). Average concurrent recovery rates were
86–102% for fosetyl (fortification levels of 0.01–1.0 mg/kg) and 103–110% for phosphonic acid
(fortification levels of 0.2–100 mg/kg).
Table 129 Residues in spinach from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of fosetyl
(SL formulations)
SPINACH Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Belgium 1 0.775 14
Netherlands, 2012 1 0.775 300 0 leaf 0.05 23 23
Wervershoof 3 < 0.0093 4.4 4.4
(Celesta) 7 < 0.0093 1.2 1.2
early baby leaf 14 < 0.0093 0.52 0.53
21 < 0.0093 0.32 0.33
12-2056
12-2056-01
Germany , 2012 1 0.775 300 0 leaf 0.67 57 57
Calveslage 2 0.084 18 18
(Ballet F1) 7 < 0.0093 5.1 5.1
summer variety 14 < 0.0093 2.4 2.4
21 < 0.0093 1.4 1.4
12-2056
12-2056-02
Italy, 2012 1 0.775 750 0 leaf 0.82 28 29
Manfredonia 3 0.025 7.0 7.0
(America - Royal Sluis) 7 < 0.0093 8.8 8.8
curly leaf 14 < 0.0093 5.3 5.3
21 < 0.0093 4.2 4.2
12-2056
12-2056-03
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1553

SPINACH Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Spain , 2012 1 0.775 300 0 leaf 0.16 35 35
Almodovar del Rio 3 0.13 16 16
(Solomon) 7 0.026 4.2 4.2
winter spinach 14 < 0.0093 4.2 4.2
22 < 0.0093 3.0 3.0
12-2056
12-2056-04
Netherlands , 2013 1 0.775 400 0 leaf 0.44 78 78
Wervershoof 3 0.011 10 10
(Monza) 7 < 0.0093 1.9 1.9
flat leaf, slow growing 14 < 0.0093 0.78 0.79
21 < 0.0093 0.42 0.43
13-2019
13-2019-01
Belgium , 2013 1 0.775 427 0 leaf 0.15 32 32
Saint-Amand 3 < 0.0093 12 12
(SV3523VC) 7 < 0.0093 5.4 5.4
hybrid spinach 14 < 0.0093 4.0 4.0
21 < 0.0093 2.4 2.4
13-2019
13-2019-02
Spain , 2013 1 0.775 400 0 leaf 0.93 47 48
La Albuera 4 0.014 19 19
(Novico) 7 0.012 18 18
13 < 0.0093 6.5 6.5
13-2019 21 < 0.0093 4.4 4.4
13-2019-03
Italy, 2013 1 0.775 800 0 leaf 0.68 25 25
Bitonto 3 0.014 26 26
(America - Royal Sluis) 7 < 0.0093 14 14
Curly leaf 14 < 0.0093 11 11
21 < 0.0093 9.7 9.7
13-2019
13-2019-04

Spinach – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials on spinach conducted in USA, two foliar sprays of fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
were applied to seedlings just emergence and 2–9 days before transplanting into soil that had been
mixed with fosetyl-Al at a rate equivalent to 0.95 kg ai/m3 and a further 6 foliar sprays were applied at
3–7 day intervals.
Samples of spinach leaves were stored frozen for up to 116–348 days. Extraction and analysis
for fosetyl-Al was by GC-FPD method SPO-90113 with an LOQ of 0.05 mg/kg. Average concurrent
recovery rates were 75–125% at fortification levels of 0.05–25 mg/kg.
1554 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 130 Residues in spinach from supervised trials in USA involving soil incorporated and foliar
applications fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
SPINACH no kg ai/ha water DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) – corrected for recovery
Country, year (L/ha) matrix values mean
Location (variety)
References
GAP: USA 7 foliar 4.48 94 (min) 3
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf < 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05 < 0.05
Porterville, CA 7 foliar 4.5 47
(Thick leaf)

R009240
RLD88-234
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.18, 0.17, 0.15 0.17
Salinas, CA 7 foliar 4.5 56 c=0.15
(Baker/Harris
Moran)

R009240
KWD88-150
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 0 leaf 0.08, 0.07, 0.06 0.07
Zellwood, FL 7 foliar 4.5 94
(America)

R009240
MLK88-207
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.43, 0.39, 0.41 0.41
Shoffner, AK 7 foliar 4.5 94
(Bloomsdale Long
Standing)

R009240
SDL88-241
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf < 0.05, < 0.05, < 0.05 < 0.05
Lonoke, AK 7 foliar 4.5 62
(Tyee)

R009240
SDL88-242
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 2 leaf 0.06, < 0.05, 0.2 0.1
Rio Grande, CO 7 foliar 4.5 94 c=0.5
(Melody)

R009240
CPH88-029
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf < 0.05, < 0.05, 0.3 0.13
Maryland 7 foliar 4.5 -
(Agway hybrid 30)

R009240
LJW88-176
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.09, < 0.05, < 0.05 0.06
Virginia 7 foliar 4.5 -
(Agway hybrid 30)

R009240
LJW88-154
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.81, 0.98, 0.93 0.91
Virginia 7 foliar 4.5 -
(Agway hybrid 30)

R009240
LJW88-155
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1555

SPINACH no kg ai/ha water DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) – corrected for recovery
Country, year (L/ha) matrix values mean
Location (variety)
References
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.54, 0.06, 0.54 0.38
New Jersey 7 foliar 4.5 - c=0.25
(Early hybrid 30)

R009240
MDP88-177
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.68, 0.24, 0.25 0.39
Wrightstown, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 - c=0.15
(Spinach)

R009240
MDP88-178
USA , 1988 1 soil inc 0.95 kg ai/m3 - 3 leaf 0.24, 0.29, 0.19 0.24
Penns Grove, NJ 7 foliar 4.5 -
New Jersey
(Spinach)

R009240
MDP88-179
Value in square brackets is the mean residue of two duplicate samples

Tree nuts

Almonds – phosphonic acid

In supervised trials on almonds conducted in USA, 5–6 foliar sprays of phosphorous acid (as the
mono- and di-potassium salts) were applied at 6–8 day intervals. Nuts were shaken from the trees,
allowed to dry on the ground (5–6 days) before duplicate samples were shelled and frozen for 238
days before extraction and analysis for phosphonic acid using the LC-MS/MS method QuPPE Version
7.1 (LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg for phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were 81–87% at
fortification levels of 0.5–200 mg/kg). Parallel method validation recoveries ranged from 75–89% at
fortification levels from 0.5–10 mg/kg.
Table 131 Residues in almonds from supervised trials in USA involving foliar sprays of phosphonic
acid (as the mono- and di-potassium salts - WP formulations)
ALMOND no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
GAP: USA 6 1.9 not stated
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1020–1060 11.3 2+ nutmeat < 0.5, 0.51 0.505
Hanford, CA 6 drying
(Nonpareil)

IR4-11529
CA117
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1540–1590 11.3 2+ nutmeat < 0.5,< 0.5 < 0.5
Parlier, CA 5 drying
(Padre)

IR4-11529
CA118
1556 Fosetyl-Aluminium

ALMOND no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
USA , 2015 5 1.9 925–1090 9.4 1+ nutmeat < 0.5,< 0.5 < 0.5
Arbuckle, CA 6 drying
(Nonpareil)

IR4-11529
CA119
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1310–1330 11.4 4+ nutmeat 91, 108 99.5
Winters, CA 6 drying
(Padre)

IR4-11529
CA120
USA, 2015 6 1.9 1170 11.4 3 nutmeat 6.0, 5.1 5.55
Hamilton City, CA
(Nonpareil)

IR4-11529
CA121

Pistachio – phosphonic acid

In supervised trials on pistachio conducted in USA, 6 foliar sprays of phosphorous acid (as the mono-
and di-potassium salts) were applied at 6–9 day intervals. Nuts were shaken onto sheets, collected and
duplicate samples were hulled, the shells were removed and the nutmeat samples were taken in the
field and frozen for 234 days before extraction and analysis for phosphonic acid using the LC-MS/MS
method QuPPE Version 7.1 (LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg for phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery
rates were 86–96% at fortification levels of 0.5–400 mg/kg). Parallel method validation recoveries
ranged from 74–97% at fortification levels from 0.5–10 mg/kg.
Table 132 Residues in pistachio from supervised trials in USA involving foliar sprays of phosphonic
acid (as the mono- and di-potassium salts - WP formulations)
PISTACHIO no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
GAP: USA 6 1.9 not stated
USA , 2015 6 1.9 940–1000 11.3 4 nutmeat 63, 66 64.5
Winters, CA
(Kerman)

IR4-11530
CA122
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1300–1340 11.3 4 nutmeat 151, 182 166.5
Hanford, CA
(Golden Hills)

IR4-11530
CA123
USA , 2015 5 1.9 940–970 11.4 3 nutmeat 186, 152 169
Parlier, CA
(Kerman)

IR4-11530
CA124
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1557

PISTACHIO no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1300–1330 11.5 3 nutmeat 218, 176 197
Arbuckle, CA
(Kerman)

IR4-11530
CA125
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1170 11.4 3 nutmeat 1.8, 1.8 1.8
Chico, CA
(Kerman)

IR4-11530
CA126

Walnut – phosphonic acid

In supervised trials on walnuts conducted in USA, 6–8 foliar sprays of phosphorous acid (as the
mono- and di-potassium salts) with added non-ionic surfactant were applied at 6–8 day intervals. Nuts
were shaken onto sheets, collected and duplicate samples were hulled, the shells were removed and
the nutmeat samples taken in the field and frozen for 154 days before extraction and analysis for
phosphonic acid using the LC-MS/MS method QuPPE Version 7.1 (LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg for phosphonic
acid. Average concurrent recovery rates were 80–119% at fortification levels of 0.5–200 mg/kg).
Parallel method validation recoveries ranged from 80–82% at fortification levels from 0.5–10 mg/kg.
Table 133 Residues in walnuts from supervised trials in USA involving foliar sprays of phosphonic
acid (as the mono- and di-potassium salts - WP formulations)
WALNUT no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
GAP: USA 6 1.9 not stated
USA , 2015 6 1.9 990–1080 11.4 3 nutmeat 58, 49 53.5
Arbuckle, CA
(Chandler)

IR4-11504
CA127
USA , 2015 7 1.9 1040–1080 15.1 3 nutmeat 37, 38 37.5
Hanford, CA
(Chandler)

IR4-11504
CA128
USA , 2015 5 1.9 1170 11.3 3+ nutmeat 4.2, 3.3 3.75
Hamilton City, CA 2 d drying
(Chandler)

IR4-11504
CA129
USA , 2015 6 1.9-2.0 1100–1160 11.4 3 nutmeat 169, 174 171.5
Arbuckle, CA
(Howard)

IR4-11504
CA130
1558 Fosetyl-Aluminium

WALNUT no kg ai/ha water total kg DALA matrix Phosphonic acid residues (mg/kg)
Country, year (L/ha) ai/ha values mean
Location (variety)
References
USA , 2015 6 1.9 1130–1330 11.5 4 nutmeat 65, 69 67
Woodland, CA
(Howard)

IR4-11504
CA131
[applications 1
month later than in
CA127]

Dried herbs

Hops – fosetyl-Al
In supervised trials on hops conducted in Europe, eight foliar applications of fosetyl-Al (WG
formulations) were applied between BBCH 30 and 85 at about 12 day intervals using water rates of
600 L/ha increasing to 3000 L/ha as leaf area increased. Fresh hop cone samples were kiln-dried at
16–63 °C for 1.45–20 hours and both fresh and dried cones were stored frozen for 287–428 days.
Extraction and analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid was by the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001 (LOQs of 0.1 mg/kg for fosetyl-Al and 20 mg/kg for phosphonic acid). Average
concurrent recovery rates were 72–75% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 1–40 mg/kg) and 86–
106% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 21–420 mg/kg).
Table 134 Residues in hop cones from supervised trials in Europe involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (WG formulations)
HOPS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: Germany 8 8.0 800–5000 14
France, 2009 8 7.4–8.0 1200–2200 0 cone, green 7.2 181 186
Schleithal 15 3.0 174 176
(Strisselspalt)
15 cone, dried 11 317 325
09-2038 c=34 c=35
09-2038-01
UK, 2009 8 8.0–8.6 1000–1071 0 cone, green 12 406 414
Bishops Frome 14 8.0 387 393
(Target) c=56 c=57

09-2038 14 cone, dried 73 816 867

09-2038-02 c=1.3 c=189 c=190
Germany, 2009 8 8.0 600–2100 0 cone, green 8.5 358 364
Tettnang 14 4.7 275 278
(Hallertauer Mittelfrueh)
14 cone, dried 12 396 404
09-2038
09-2038-03
Germany, 2009 8 8.0 600–2400 0 cone, green 1.4 172 173
Wolznach 14 <1.0 157 158
(Perle)
14 cone, dried 2.6 320 322
09-2038
09-2038-04
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1559

HOPS Application DALA Residues (mg/kg)

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
Germany, 2010 8 8.0 1000–3000 -0 cone, green <1.0 73 74
Ellingen 0 7.0 150 155
(Hallertauer Gold) 7 <1.0 110 111
14 <1.0 120 121
10-2062 21 <1.0 160 161
10-2062-01
14 cone, dried 8.3 370 376

Germany, 2010 8 8.0 1000–2000 0 cone, green <1.0 150 151

Luetzensoemmern 12 <1.0 160 161
(Magnum)
12 cone, dried 15 650 660
10-2062 c=34 c=35
10-2062-02
Germany, 2010 8 8.0 800–1500 -0 cone, green <1.0 130 131
Muegeln 0 1.3 160 161
(Hallertauer Magnum) 7 1.9 210 211
c=25 c=26
10-2062 14 <1.0 200 201
10-2062-03 c=21 c=22
21 <1.0 100 101

14 cone, dried <1.0 42 43

c=55 c=56
Germany, 2010 8 8.0 600–1000 0 cone, green 1.8 38 39
Tettnang 13 2.1 110 111
(Hallertauer Tradition)
13 cone, dried 28 290 309
10-2062
10-2062-04

In supervised trials on hops conducted in USA, foliar applications of fosetyl-AL (WP

formulations) were applied when shoots were 15–36 cm high, at training, 2–3 weeks later and during
bloom. Retreatment intervals were 27–55 days. Fresh hop cone samples were kiln-dried (hot air) for
8–12 hours and both fresh and dried cones were stored frozen for 21–40 days. Extraction and analysis
for fosetyl-Al was by the GC-FPD method 163 (LOQ of 0.05 mg/kg). Average concurrent recovery
rates were 79–105% for fosetyl-Al (fortification levels of 0.1–40 mg/kg).
Table 135 Residues in hop cones from supervised trials in USA involving foliar applications of
fosetyl-Al (WP formulations)
HOPS Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery
Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix values
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
GAP: USA 2.24 24 max 9 kg ai/ha/season
USA, 1984 4 2.2 468 24 cone, green 1.5
Newberg, OR c=0.07
(Cascade) cone, dried 16
c=0.15
B004621
353684-014
USA, 1984 4 4.5 468 24 cone, green 1.5
Newberg, OR c=0.07
(Cascade) cone, dried 19
c=0.15
B004621
353684-014
1560 Fosetyl-Aluminium

HOPS Application DALA Fosetyl-Al residues (mg/kg) corrected for recovery

Country, year no kg ai/ha water matrix values
Location (variety) (L/ha)
References
USA, 1984 4 2.2 - 28 cone, green 4.8
Oregon cone, dried 9.9
(Hop) c=0.06

B004621
353684-023
USA, 1984 4 4.5 - 28 cone, green 9.7
Oregon cone, dried 19
(Hop) c=0.06

B004621
353684-023
USA, 1985 4 2.2 468 24 cone, green 0.54
Salem, OR cone, dried 11
(Nugget) spent hops 0.08, 0.08, < 0.05, 0.25
wort 0.12
B004621 sludge 0.11
353685-006
USA, 1985 4 2.2 468 24 cone, green 2.7
Salem, OR cone, dried 41
Oregon spent hops 0.25, 0.23, 2.2
(Willamette) wort 0.2
sludge 0.12
B004621
353685-008
USA, 1985 4 2.2 281 24 cone, green < 0.05
Weedburn, OR cone, dried 0.44
(Nugget)

B004621
353685-010

FATE OF RESIDUES IN STORAGE AND PROCESSING

Nature of the residue during processing

High-temperature hydrolysis
High-temperature hydrolysis of fosetyl-Al and its metabolite phosphonic acid was investigated by
Crowe, 2001 [Ref: C013568]. In the study, 100 mg/L solutions of either fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid
were prepared in 1 M boric acid or 1 M sodium hydroxide as appropiate to adjust the pH to 4, 5 or 6
and incubated in the dark, simulating pasteurisation (90 °C, pH 4, 30 min.); baking, brewing, boiling
(100 °C, pH 5, 60 min); and sterilisation (120 °C, pH 6, 20 min.).
Samples were analysed at zero time and at the end of each incubation period by ion
chromatography to measure residues of fosetyl-Al, phosphonic acid and phosphoric acid. The LOQs
of the method were 3 mgL and 8 mg/L for phosphoric acid. Recovery rates in fortified buffer
solutions (3.3–110 mg/L were 82–103% for fosetyl-Al, 108–110% for phosphonic acid and 93–102%
for phosphoric acid.
Concentrations of both fosetylAl and phosphonic acid were essentially unchanged and both
compounds can be considered hydrolytically stable under conditions simulating pasteurisation,
baking, brewing, boiling and sterilisation.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1561

Table 136 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in buffer solutions (100 mg/L) incubated under
high temperature hydrolysis conditions
Component Residues detected (mg/L

pH 4 (90 C) pH 5 (100 C) pH 6 (120 C)

Time 0 30 minute Time 0 60 minutes Time 0 20 minute

Fosetyl-Al 97.6 97.4 98.6 99.9 96.7 96.2
Phosphonic acid 95.9 97.6 95.9 98.4 98 99.9

Peel and flesh residue distribution

In the supervised trials on citrus, avocado, pineapple and melons, whole fruit, peel and flesh samples
were analysed for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid, and these results are reported in the supervised
trials tables (see above).

Household washing, trimming and cooking

Lettuce – fosetyl
In a study reported by Billian & Reineke, 2009 [Ref: 08-3137], greenhouse head lettuce samples were
taken from supervised field trials conducted in Europe to investigate the distribution of residues in the
outer leaves, heads and washed and unwashed inner leaves. Lettuce samples were taken 14 days after
the last of 4 foliar applications of 0.775 kg ai/ha fosetyl (SL co-formulations with propamocarb) and
were sub-sampled into outer leaves, the remaining heads and inner leaves (i.e. head leaves without the
stems). Samples of the inner leaves were also washed in luke-warm water for about 5 minutes and
drained (to reflect household practice).
Samples were frozen and stored for up to 243 days before analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic
acid using the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001. For fosetyl, the LOQ of the analytical method was
0.0093 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.01 mg/kg fosetyl-Al) and the mean concurrent recovery rate was 113%
(fortification levels of 0.01–0.1 mg/kg fosetyl-Al). For phosphonic acid, the LOQ was 0.2 mg/kg with
a mean concurrent recovery rate of 105% (fortification levels of 0.2–100 mg/kg).
Table 137 Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in inner and outer lettuce leaves (washed and
unwashed) following the use of fosetyl (foliar sprays) in Europe
Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg Processing
Location, (variety) Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues factors
References
Netherlands, 2008 4 x 0.775 kg Lettuce, head < 0.0093 5.8 5.8
Wervershoof ai/ha (RAC)
( Legenda) 14 day PHI Outer leaves < 0.0093 5.8 5.8 1.0
Heads < 0.0093 5.9 5.9 1.0
08-3137-01 Inner leaves < 0.0093 5.2 5.2 0.9
Washings < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.22
Inner leaves, < 0.0093 4.0 4.0 0.69
washed
Germany, 2008 4 x 0.775 kg Lettuce, head < 0.0093 4.2 4.2
Meckenbeuren ai/ha (RAC)
(Lucia) 13 day PHI Outer leaves < 0.0093 3.1 3.1 0.74
Heads < 0.0093 3.0 3.0 0.71
08-3137-02 Inner leaves < 0.0093 3.8 3.8 0.9
Washings < 0.0093 < 0.20 < 0.22
Inner leaves, < 0.0093 2.2 2.2 0.52
washed
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC
1562 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Spinach – fosetyl
In a study reported by Billian & Krusell, 2010 [Ref: 09-3401], spinach samples were taken from
supervised field trials conducted in Europe at exaggerated application rates to investigate the effects
of washing and cooking on residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid. Spinach samples were taken 14–
15 days after the last of 4 foliar applications of 2.33 kg ai/ha fosetyl (SL co-formulations with
propamocarb) and were washed in luke-warm water for 2–5 minutes and drained. Washed leaves were
also cooked in a sieve in boiling water (2 litres/kg of leaf) for about 8–10 minutes (to reflect
household practice).
Samples were frozen and stored for up to 420 days before analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic
acid using the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001. For fosetyl, the LOQ of the analytical method was
0.0093 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.01 mg/kg fosetyl-Al) and the mean concurrent recovery rates were 84–
113% (fortification levels of 0.01–50 mg/kg fosetyl-Al). For phosphonic acid, the LOQ was
0.2 mg/kg with mean concurrent recovery rates of 97–102% (fortification levels of 0.2–500 mg/kg).
Table 138 Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in washed and cooked spinach following the use
of fosetyl (foliar sprays) in Europe
Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg Processing
Location, (variety) Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues factors
References
Germany, 2009 4 x 2.2-2.3 Spinach leaves < 0.0093 11 11
Bornheim kg ai/ha (RAC)
( Cheetah) 15 day PHI Washed leaves < 0.0093 13 13 1.2
Washing water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
09-3401-01 Cooking water 0.01 3.5 3.5
Cooked leaves 0.02 10 10 0.91
France, 2009 4 x 2.3 kg Spinach leaves < 0.0093 17 17
Champien ai/ha (RAC)
(Emilia) 15 day PHI Washed leaves < 0.0093 20 20 1.2
Washing water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
09-3401-02 Cooking water < 0.0093 5.0 5.0
Cooked leaves < 0.0093 17 17 1.0
Belgium, 2009 4 x 2.3 kg Spinach leaves < 0.0093 15 15
Villers-Perwin ai/ha (RAC)
(El Forte) 14 day PHI Washed leaves < 0.0093 11 11 0.73
Washing water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
09-3401-03 Cooking water < 0.0093 0.92 0.93
Cooked leaves < 0.0093 9.9 10 0.66
Netherlands, 2009 4 x 2.3 kg Spinach leaves < 0.0093 22 22
Andijk ai/ha (RAC)
(spinach) 14 day PHI Washed leaves < 0.0093 19 19 0.86
Washing water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
09-3401-04 Cooking water < 0.0093 12 12
Cooked leaves < 0.0093 21 21 0.95
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC

Green beans – fosetyl-Al

In a study reported by Simonin, 2006 [Ref: 02-08], green beans samples were taken from supervised
field trials conducted in Europe to investigate the effects of washing and cooking on residues of
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid. Green bean samples were taken 16–18 days after the last of 2 foliar
applications of 1.43 kg ai/ha fosetyl-Al and were trimmed, cooked in boiling water (2 litres/kg of
beans) for about 15 minutes and were vacuum-packed and sterilised (2 minutes and 85 °C) before
frozen for analysis. Canned beans were prepared by blanching the beans for 1 minute and placing
them in jars until two thirds full. The jars were then topped up with a brine solution (30 g salt/litre of
water) and citric acid was added to obtain a pH of about 3.5 and the jars were sealed and sterilised (10
minutes at 115–120 °C) before being frozen for analysis.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1563

Samples were frozen and stored for up to 120 days before analysis for fosetyl and phosphonic
acid using the GC-FPD method AR 155-97. For fosetyl-Al, the LOQ of the analytical method was
0.2 mg/kg and the mean concurrent recovery rates were 75–95% (fortification levels of 0.2–
0.4 mg/kg). For phosphonic acid, the LOQ was 0.2 mg/kg with mean concurrent recovery rates of 77–
100% (fortification levels of 0.2–5.0 mg/kg).
Table 139 Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in cooked and canned green beans following the
use of fosetyl (foliar sprays) in Europe
Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg Processing
Location, Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues factors
(variety)
References
France, 2002 2 x 1.43 kg Green beans (RAC) < 0.19 7.8 7.9
Fresnoy Les Roye ai/ha Trimming waste < 0.19 7.1 7.2 0.91
( Mention) 16 day PHI Blanching water < 0.19 0.13 0.14
Canned beans < 0.19 3.7 3.8 0.48
02-08 FR1 Brine < 0.093 3.8 3.9
Cooking water < 0.19 0.67 0.68
Cooked beans < 0.19 1.1 1.2 0.16
France, 2002 2 x 1.43 kg Green beans (RAC) < 0.19 3.4 3.5
Rilly sur Vienne ai/ha Trimming waste < 0.19 3.4 3.5 1.0
(Lausanne) 18 day PHI Blanching water < 0.19 0.07 0.084
Canned beans < 0.19 1.8 1.9 0.55
02-08 FR2 Brine 0.15 2.0 2.1
Cooking water < 0.19 0.36 0.37
Cooked beans < 0.19 2.6 2.7 0.77
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC

Residues after processing

The Meeting received processing studies for fosetyl-Al and/or fosetyl on oranges, apples, grapes,
strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, spinach, beans and hops. Processing studies for phosphonic
acid on citrus and grapes were also provided. Information on the residue distribution of fosetyl-Al in
peel and flesh (citrus, avocado, pineapple and melons) is presented in the above summaries of the
supervied field trials.

Orange – fosetyl-Al
In orange processing studies conducted in Europe, fruit treated with fosetyl-Al in supervised field
trials, were washed and halved, the juice was extracted using a bench-top extractor and the wet
pomace (peel and pulp) was ground and oven-dried (3 days at approx. +60 °C). The juice was
pasteurised by heating to approx. 85 °C for at least one minute, bottled and sterilised in boiling water
for 20 minutes and stored frozen for up 236 days in the first study (Ref: C0146449) and 75–146 days
in the remaining studies.
Samples of washing water, juice and wet pomace were analysed for the parent compound
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using the GC-NPD methods 155-97 (for fruit and pomace), method
AR 171-98 (for orange juice) and method AR 231-99 for washing water. LOQs for both analytes were
0.2 mg/kg in orange (fruit and pomace) and 0.5 mg/kg fin orange juice. The LOQs in washing water
were 1 µg/L for fosetyl-Al and 20 µg/L for phosphonic acid.
Concurrent recovery rates for fosetyl-Al averaged 78–96% in all matrices fortified at levels of
0.02–2.0 mg/kg (fruit and pomace) and 0.2–5.0 mg/kg (juice) and 0.001–0.02 mg/L (washing water).
For phosphonic acid, average concurrent recovery rates were 72–109% in matrices spiked with 0.2–
10.0 mg/kg (fruit), 0.2–5.0 (pomace and juice) and 0.02–0.2 mg/L in washing water.
1564 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 140 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in orange and processed commodities
following the use of fosteyl-Al in supervised trials in Europe
Trial, Application matrix Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing factors
Location, Year, Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues fresh dry
Commodity, Variety weight weight
Spain, 2000 Foliar sprays Orange (RAC) < 0.2 5.6 5.7
Brenes 4 x 7.0 kg ai/ha c=0.2 c=0.35
(Newhall) 0.23 kg ai/hL Washing water 0.091 0.039 0.10
14 day PHI Juice < 0.2 5.3 5.4 0.94
C014644 Pomace < 0.2 5.0 5.1 0.9 3.9
ESP0201
Italy, 2000 Foliar sprays Orange (RAC) < 0.2 4.4 4.5
Marconia di Pisticci 4 x 7.0 kg ai/ha Washing water 0.14 0.16 0.26
(Navelina V.C) 0.7 kg ai/hL Juice < 0.5 5.8 6.1 1.35
15 day PHI Pomace < 0.2 0.62 0.8 0.17 0.77
01-89
ITA1
Greece, 2001 Foliar sprays Orange (RAC) < 0.2 3.8 3.9
Argolidos 4 x 7.0 kg ai/ha Washing water 0.35 0.058 0.3
(Merlin) 0.23 kg ai/hL Juice < 0.5 4.0 4.3 1.1
14 day PHI Pomace < 0.2 0.28 0.40 0.11 0.45
01-89
GRC1
Italy, 2000 PH Dip Orange (RAC) < 0.2 3.2 3.3
Marconia - Basilicata 0.4 kg ai/hL Washing water 0.034 0.094 0.12
(Navelina) 0 day PHI Juice 0.85 0.59 1.2 0.35
Pomace < 0.2 2.5 2.6 0.79 3.4
02-219 ITA0201
Italy, 2000 PH Dip Orange (RAC) < 0.2 1.9 2.0
Tursi - Basilicata 0.4 kg ai/hL Washing water 0.025 0.098 0.12
(Navelina) 0 day PHI Juice 0.83 0.58 1.2 0.57
Pomace 0.46 1.8 2.1 1.0 4.6
02-219 ITA0202
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC
Pomace dry weight approx 23%

In a processing study conducted in USA, oranges treated with fosetyl-Al at an exaggerated

rate of 44.8 kg ai/ha were collected as soon as the last application had dried and were processed into
juice, pulp, peel, molasses and oil.
In the simulated commercial practices, oranges were washed and scrubbed prior to going to a
commercial in-line extractor. The raw juice was filtered to obtain finisher pulp and orange juice.
Citrus oil was obtained from this step, too, as were peel frits. The refuse from the extractor (peel, pulp
and seeds) was chopped and filtered to obtain pressed liquor and expressed peel. The wet chopped
peel went through a triple pass forced air furnace, to yield dried citrus peel (peel, seeds and pulp).
Under vacuum and heat, molasses was obtained from a portion of the pressed liquor.
Samples of the processed fractions were stored for up to 41 days before analysis for fosetyl-
Al using method 163, with the dried peel being pre-soaked in extracting solution, the aqueous samples
were diluted and filtered; the oil sample was extracted directly. The LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg for fruit and
juice, 0.1mg/kg for oil, 0.5 mg/kg for pulp and molasses and 1.0 mg/kg for peel. Mean concurrent
recovery rates in all matrices were 72–105%, except for molasses with only one recovery value of
124%.
Table 141 Residues of fosetyl-Al in/on orange and processed commodities following foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al in USA
Trial, Application matrix Fosetyl-Al
Location, Year, Residues (mg/kg) Processing factors
Commodity, Variety
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1565

Trial, Application matrix Fosetyl-Al

Location, Year, Residues (mg/kg) Processing factors
Commodity, Variety
USA, 1985 Foliar sprays orange, unwashed (RAC) 1.8
Lebelle, FL 2 x 44.8 kg ai/ha orange, washed 0.4 0.22
(Valencia) 1.9 kg ai/hL chopped peel 0.12
0 day PHI
peel frits 0.12
R003863
930984-110 finisher pulp < 0.05 < 0.03
dried peel 0.61 0.34
pressed liquor 0.16
fruit juice < 0.05 < 0.03
molasses 0.38 0.21
oil < 0.05 < 0.03
Processing factor: Ratio of fosetyl-Al residue in the processed item divided by the fosetyl-Al residue in the RAC

Orange – phosphonic acid

In a supervised field trials conducted in Europe, three foliar sprays of phosphonic acid (as the mono-
and di-potassium salts) were applied to oranges at about 30 day intervals from about BBCH 72-74 and
after harvest, the fruit were subsequently drenched continuously (in crates) for 30 seconds before
being air-dried and sampled for further processing into juice, dry pomace, marmalade, canned fruit
and essential oil.
The fruit were first washed with water and allowed to drain before being halved and the juice
extracted using a benchtop citrus squeezer. The juice was then pasteurized at about 80 °C for 1 minute
and stored for analysis. The remaining pulp was blended to obtain wet pomace, which was dried at
about 60ºC until constant weight and stored for analysis.
For marmalade, the washed oranges were finely peeled, the albedo was discarded and the peel
cut into thin strips and blanched in water for about 10 minutes. The peeled oranges were finely
chopped, combined with the blanched peels and the mixture was brought to a boil and then simmered
for about 10 minutes with sugar added to achieve a Brix level of 65–68º. Once cooked, the finished
marmalade was bottled and sterilized at 115–120 ºC.
For the canned fruit processing, the washed oranges were peeled, sectioned and the
membranes, core and fibre strands were removed. The fruit segments were dipped in boiling water for
30–60 seconds and the segment walls were removed before placing the segments in jars with syrup.
After sealing, the jars were sterilized at 90–100 °C for 1 minute.
Orange oil was obtained by steam distillation of the orange peel at low temperature. Washed
oranges were finely peeled with a citrus peeler and the peel was steamed on a rack to release and
vaporise the oil from the oil sacs. The vapour and water (hydrosol) was condensed into a glass
container and the oil decanted.
The storage period between sampling and extraction was 15–128 days and samples were
analysed within 6 days after the extraction for phosphonic acid using the QuPPe method for highly
polar pesticides. The method involved methanol/formic acid extraction, phase separation by
centrifuging, dilution with methanol/millipore water acidified with formic acid and analysed by LC-
MS/MS. The LOQ of the method was 1.0 mg/kg and average concurrent recovery rates were 79–
106% in all matrices fortified at 1–0 mg/kg.
Table 142 Residues of phosphonic acid in processed orange commodities from supervised trials in
Europe involving post-harvest and/or preharvest foliar applications of phosphonic acid
ORANGE Application DALA matrix Phosphonic acid
Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water Residue Processing
Location (variety) (L/ha) (mg/kg) factor
References
1566 Fosetyl-Aluminium

ORANGE Application DALA matrix Phosphonic acid

Country, year no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water Residue Processing
Location (variety) (L/ha) (mg/kg) factor
References
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0 0.2 2000 0 orange (RAC) 26.4
Torrent, Valencia 1 drench 0.5 washed fruit 12.3 0.47
(Navelina) juice (pasteurised) 7.6 0.29
pomace (dry) 54 2.0
TRC15-138 R1 marmalade 8.7 0.33
canned fruit 9.0 0.34
oil <1.0 < 0.04
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 3.9–4.0 0.2 2000 0 orange (RAC) 40
Tortosa, Tarragona 1 drench 0.5 washed fruit 24 0.59
(Washington Navel) juice (pasteurised) 13.8 0.34
pomace (dry) 138 3.4
TRC15-138 R2 marmalade 12.0 0.29
canned fruit 15.4 0.39
oil <1.0 < 0.02
Spain, 2015 3 foliar+ 4.0–4.1 0.2 2000 0 orange (RAC) 22.7
Benicarlo, Castellon, 1 drench 0.5 washed fruit 11.9 0.52
Spain juice (pasteurised) 6.1 0.27
(Newhall) pomace (dry) 60 2.7
marmalade 8.3 0.37
TRC15-138 R3 canned fruit 4.9 0.22
oil <1.0 < 0.04
Processing factor: Ratio of phosphonic acid residue in the processed item divided by the phosphonic acid residue in the
RAC

Apple – fosetyl-Al
In apple processing studies conducted in Europe, fruit treated with fosetyl-Al in supervised field trials
were collected at harvest, 28 days after the last application and were processed into apple juice and
puree.
For juice, samples were washed, crushed with an electric crusher and then pressed. The apple
juice was collected and the wet pomace was oven-dried (60 °C for 2–3 days). Pectolytic enzymes
were added to the apple juice which was left to settle for at least 12 hours before decanting. The clear
juice was filtered under nitrogen pressure, pasteurised (approx. 85 °C for at least one minute) and
subsequently bottled and sterilised in boiling water for 20 minutes.
For puree, washed apples were blanched in boiling water for 2 minutes, crushed with an
electric crusher and sieved to obtain puree. After the addition of sugar, the puree was reduced by
heating to achieve 24° Brix, bottled and sterilised (115–120 °C for 10 minutes).
Samples of fruit and processed fractions were stored for up to 229 days before analysis for
fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD methods AR 155-97 (for apples, pomace, puree,
lees and waste puree), AR 171-98 for juice and AR 231-99 for washing water and blanching water.
LOQs for both analytes were 0.5 mg/kg for juice and 0.2 mg/kg for the other processed fractions. In
the washing and blanching water, the LOQs were 1 µg/L for fosetyl-Al and 20 µg/L for phosphonic
acid.
For fosetyl-Al, mean concurrent recoveries in all matrices ranged from 73–103% in samples
fortified with 0.2–20 mg/kg (apples, pomace, puree), 0.5–5.0 mg/kg (juice) and 0.001–0.01 mg/L in
water. For phosphonic acid, mean concurrent recoveries in all matrices ranged from 74–99% in
samples fortified with 0.2–20 mg/kg (apples, pomace, puree), 0.5–5.0 mg/kg (juice) and 0.02–
0.2 mg/L in water.
Table 143 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in apples and processed commodities following
the use of fosteyl-Al in supervised trials in Europe
Trial, Application Commodity Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1567

Location, Year, Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues factors

Commodity,
Variety
UK 2001 Foliar sprays Apple (RAC) 1.5 4.2 5.2
Royston 3 x 3.6 kg ai/ha Washing water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
( Bramley) 0.72 kg ai/hL Blanching water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
28 day PHI Wet pomace < 0.20 4.3 4.4 n.ca
01-90 Lees 0.28 5.5 5.7
0190GBR1 Apple juice < 0.50 15 15 n.ca
Apple puree 0.35 3.5 3.7 0.71
UK 2001 Foliar sprays Apple (RAC) 2.1 4.7 6.2
Cambridge 3 x 3.6 kg ai/ha Washing water 0.002 0.038 0.039
(Cox) 0.72 kg ai/hL Blanching water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
28 day PHI Wet pomace 0.40 9.3 9.6 1.6
01-90 Lees 0.32 6.6 6.8
0190GBR2 Apple juice < 0.5 7.1 7.4 1.2
Apple puree 0.39 9.5 9.8 n.ca
France, 2001 Foliar sprays Apple (RAC) 0.5 9.3 10
Picardie 3 x 3.6 kg ai/ha Washing water 0.001 0.029 0.03
( Jonagored) 0.72 kg ai/hL Blanching water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
28 day PHI Wet pomace < 0.20 4.6 4.7 0.49
01-90 Lees 0.26 4.1 4.3
0190FRA1 Apple juice < 0.50 5.7 6.0 0.63
Apple puree 0.2 4.1 4.2 0.44
France, 2001 Foliar sprays Apple (RAC) 0.70 3.0 3.5
Soucelles 3 x 3.6 kg ai/ha Washing water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
(Golden 0.72 kg ai/hL Blanching water < 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.021
Delicious) 28 day PHI Wet pomace 0.20 5.4 5.5 n.ca
Lees 0.24 4.7 4.9
01-90 Apple juice < 0.50 8.3 8.6 n.ca
0190FRA2 Apple puree 1.1 3.0 3.8 1.1
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC
a
Processing factors not calculated – reported mass balances of 188-215%

Grapes – fosetyl-Al
In grape processing studies conducted in Europe, fruit treated with fosetyl-Al in supervised field trials
involving up to 8 foliar applications of 1.3–2.3 kg ai/ha fosetyl-Al were collected at harvest, 24–81
days after the last application and were processed into juice and wine using simulated commercial
practices.
For juice, grape bunches were stemmed and crushed. Pectolytic enzyme (0.06%) was added
to the must. The must was transferred into glass jars which were sterilised (50–65 °C for 2 hours),
cooled and then pressed, bottled, sterilised (85–88 °C for five minutes) and allowed to settle for at
least twelve hours in a cold room. The clear juice was filtered, packaged, sterilised and stored frozen
for up to 295 days before analysis.
Red wine was produced by crushing and stemming the grape bunches and adding potassium
metabisulphite (0.06 g/L) and dry yeast to initiate fermentation. When alcoholic fermentation was
completed (the wine density had stabilised below 1000) the must was pressed to obtain the AF (after
alcoholic fermentation) wine. Malolactic fermentation (MF) was accelerated by inoculation with
lactic bacteria and once completed, 0.1 g/L potassium metabisulphate was added to the wine. After
racking for about 8–9 days, the wine was decanted from the lees and further clarified by racking and
filtration after the addition of dry gelatine (0.1 g/L) and potassium metabisulphate (0.04 g/L). After
bottling, the wine samples were stored frozen for up to 295 days before analysis.
The same process was used to produce white wine, but with the crushed grapes being first
pressed, the must treated with pectolytic enzymes (0.02 g/L) and potassium metabisulphite (0.12 g/L),
allowed to settle for 24 hours before decanting and the addition of the yeast.
1568 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Samples were analysed for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD method
DFG 522 (AR 155-97). The LOQs for fosetyl-Al were 0.2 mg/kg for all matrices and ranged from
0.2–0.5 mg/kg for phosphonic acid.
For fosetyl-Al, mean concurrent recoveries in all matrices ranged from 70–112% in samples
fortified with 0.02–5.0 mg/kg (grapes), 0.02–1.0 mg/kg (juice) and 0.2–2.0 mg/kg (wine). For
phosphonic acid, mean concurrent recoveries in all matrices ranged from 70–123% in samples
fortified with 0.2–30 mg/kg (grapes), 0.2–40.0 mg/kg (juice and wine).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1569

RED WINE PROCESSING STAGES

Feasible
samples

RECEPTION Grapes

CRUSHING-STEMMING

Potassium metabisulphite Must

Yeasts

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (AF)

PRESSING
Wine AF
Wet pomace
Lactic bacteria Pomace to dry

MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION (MLF)

Potassium metabisulphite Wine MLF

Lees

Gelatine CLARIFICATION
+ Potassium metabisulphite

COLD STORAGE

FILTRATION

Potassium metabisulphite
Metatartaric acid
(if necessary)
BOTTLING Wine

Figure 4 Flow chart for the preparation of grapes into red wine.
1570 Fosetyl-Aluminium

WHITE WINE PROCESSING STAGES

Feasible
samples

RECEIPT Grapes

PRESSING
Must
Wet pomace
Pectolitic enzymes
Dry pomace
Potassium metabisulphite

DECANTATION

Must deposit
Yeasts

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (AF)

Lactic bacteria Wine after AF

MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION (MLF) (if requested)

Potassium metabisulphite Wine after MLF
Lees

Gelatine CLARIFICATION
+ Potassium metabisulphite

COLD STORAGE

FILTRATION

Potassium metabisulphite
Metatartaric acid

BOTTLING Wine

Figure 5 Flow chart for the preparation of grapes into white wine
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1571

Table 144 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in grapes and processed grape commodities
following the use of fosteyl-Al (foliar sprays) in supervised trials in Europe
Trial, Application Commodity Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing
Location, Year, Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues factors
Commodity, Variety
France 1996 8 × 1.4-1.6 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 1.9 14 15
Brachon 32 day PHI Grape juice 1.3 15 16 1.2
(Pinot Noir) Wine 0.89 21 22 1.4

R003431
96598DJ1
France 1996 8 × 1.4-1.6 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 1.9 13 14
Bouloc 32 day PHI Grape juice 0.51 17 17 1.2
(Cabernet) Wine 0.43 25 25 1.8

R003431
96598TJ1
France 1998 7 × 1.8 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.33 25 25
Vallet 24 day PHI Grape juice 0.35 24 24 0.96
(Cabernet) Must 0.68 19 19 0.77
Wine 0.23 21 21 0.84
R005031
98562RN1
France 1998 7 × 1.8 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.39 15 15
Seguret 25 day PHI Grape juice 0.43 14 14 0.94
(Grenache) Must 1.2 12 13 0.84
Wine 0.34 17 17 1.1
R005031
98562AV1
France 1998 7 × 1.8 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.38 17 17
Montady 28 day PHI Grape juice 1.0 19 20 1.1
(Cinsault) Must 1.1 24 25 1.4
Wine 0.52 22 22 1.3
R005031
98721BO1-2
Italy 1998 7 × 1.8 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.58 22 22
Bologna 41 day PHI Wine 0.38 14 14 0.64
(Malvasia)

R005058
98721BO1-2
Italy 1998 7 × 1.8 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.53 14 14
Bologna 41 day PHI Wine 0.38 16 16 1.1
(Malvasia)

R005058
98721BO1-3
Italy 1998 5 × 1.3 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.24 6.7 6.9
Bologna 40 day PHI Wine 0.39 9.8 10 1.5
(Moscato)

R004791
98736BO1
Italy 1998 5 × 1.3 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.68 17 17
Tebano 40 day PHI Wine 1.1 6.8 7.6 0.43
(Pinot Bianco)

R005056
98738BO1
France, 1999 4 × 2.1–2.3 kg Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 9.0 9.1
Sercy et Prin ai/ha Wine < 0.2 4.9 5.0 0.55
(Chardonnay) 74 day PHI

99-531
99531RS1-01
1572 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Trial, Application Commodity Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing

Location, Year, Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues factors
Commodity, Variety
France, 1999 4 × 2.0–2.3 kg Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 6.8 6.9
Sercy et Prin ai/ha Wine < 0.2 3.4 3.5 0.51
(Chardonnay) 74 day PHI

99-531
99531RS1-02
France, 1999 4 × 2.1 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 9.7 10
Brochon 81 day PHI Wine < 0.2 6.7 6.8 0.7
(Pinot Noir)

99-531
99531DJ1-01
France, 1999 4 × 2.1 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 11 11
Brochon 81 day PHI Wine 0.24 6.8 7.0 0.63
(Pinot Noir)

99-531
99531DJ1-02
France, 1999 4 × 2.1 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.34 7.2 7.4
Oger 30 day PHI Grape juice < 0.2 3.6 3.7 0.5
(Chardonnay) Must 0.37 4.1 4.4 0.59
Wine 0.34 2.4 2.6 0.35
99-629
99629RS1
France, 1999 4 × 2.1 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) 0.94 12 13
Camont-Durance 28 day PHI Grape juice 1.1 8.0 8.8 0.69
(Grenache) Must < 0.2 0.56 0.7 0.06
Wine 0.48 9.4 10 0.77
99-629
99629AV1
France, 2000 1 × 2.0 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 4.0 4.1
Limas 78 day PHI Must < 0.2 0.58 0.7 0.17
(Gamay) Pomace (wet) < 0.2 2.3 2.4 0.59
Wine < 0.2 10 10 2.4
VCE0001AVN
00-2006
AVE/01-040
002006-2R
France, 2000 3 × 2.0 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 9.6 9.7
Limas 64 day PHI Must < 0.2 3.2 3.3 0.34
(Gamay) Pomace (wet) < 0.2 12 12 1.3
Wine < 0.2 4.9 5.0 0.52
VCE0001AVN
00-2006
AVE/01-040
002006-3R
France, 2000 5 × 2.0 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 16 16
Limas 50 day PHI Must 0.35 5.8 6.0 0.39
(Gamay) Pomace (wet) < 0.2 22 22 1.4
Wine < 0.2 1.6 1.7 0.11
VCE0001AVN
00-2006
AVE/01-040
002006-4R
France, 2000 6 × 2.0 kg ai/ha Grapes (RAC) < 0.2 8.9 9.0
Limas 35 day PHI Must 0.22 5.5 5.6 0.62
(Gamay) Pomace (wet) < 0.2 22 22 2.4
Wine < 0.2 11 11 1.2
VCE0001AVN
00-2006
AVE/01-040
002006-5R
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1573

In a grape processing study conducted in USA, Replicate samples of fruit treated with 7 foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al at an exaggerated rate of 41–61 kg ai/ha were collected 7 days after the last
application and processed into juice and raisins.
For juice, grape bunches were stemmed and crushed. Pectolytic enzyme (0.06%) was added
to the must. The must was then pressed to obtain unclarified juice and wet pomace. The juice was
allowed to settle before being filtered, packaged, sterilised and stored frozen for analysis. Raisins
were prepared by sun-drying in trays for 15–21 days and after the stems were removed, the grapes
were washed and stored frozen for analysis.
Samples of the processed fractions were stored for up to 139 days before analysis for fosetyl-
Al using the GC-FPD method SOP-90113. The LOQs were 0.5 mg/kg for fruit, 2.0 mg/kg in wet
pomace, 5.0 mg/kg for raisins, 10 mg/kg for juice and dry pomace and 50 mg/kg in raisin waste.
Mean concurrent recovery rates in all matrices were 73–92%, except for wet and dry pomace, where
the recovery rates were 67% and 61% respectively.
Table 145 Residue of fosetyl-Al in grapes and processed grape commodities following foliar
applications of fosetyl-Al in USA
Trial, Application Commodity Fosetyl-Al
Location, Year, Residue values mean Processing
Commodity, (mg/kg) (mg/kg) factors
Variety
USA, 1992 Foliar sprays grapes, unwashed (RAC) 150, 69, 166 128
Fresno, CA 7 x 41–61 kg ai/ha raisins 7.2, 6.5, 12 8.5 0.066
(Thompson) 7 day PHI wet pomace 131, 128, 130 130 1.0
dry pomace 212, 316, 164 231 1.8
R000047 raisin waste 1007, 1076, 729 937 7.3
92-109 grape juice 166, 150, 172 163 1.3
Processing factor: Ratio of fosetyl-Al residue in the processed item divided by the fosetyl-Al residue in the RAC

Grapes – phosphonic acid

In a number of supervised wine grape trials and commercial vineyard trials conducted in Australia,
where up to six foliar applications of phosphonic acid (as potassium salts) were applied at various
stages of growth, from flowering through to pre-bunch closure and pre-harvest, treated grapes were
processed into wine, using a microvinification process that involved crushing and destemming the
bunches, the addition of sulphur dioxide and pH adjustment, fermentation (with skins), the addition of
diammonium phosphate (DAP), pressing and further fermentation prior to racking (settling and
decanting to remove lees) and bottling.
Samples of grapes (berries) and wine were stored frozen for up to about 180 days before
analysis for phosphonic acid. The analytical methods used in the 2004 and 2005 trials was based on
the GC-FPD method AR155-97 (LOQ of 1.0 mg/kg) and an LC-MS/MS method based on method
00861/M001 was used for the 2011 grower samples (LOQ 0.1 mg/kg). In the 2013 trials, a
modification of method 00861/M001 was used (i.e. the addition of an ion-pairing reagent
tetrabutylammonium acetate prior to filtration and analysis). The LOQ, at the lowest fortification
level, was 1.0 mg/kg and concurrent recoveries were 101-106% (fortification levels of 1.0–52 mg/kg).
In a study reported by Odell et al., 2010 [Ref: AWRI-2010], phosphonic acid residues were
measured in wines that had been treated during the wine-making process with 300 mg/litre
diammonium phosphate (DAP) containing levels of phosphonic acid up to 3.9 g/kg. Residues of
phosphonic acid in the treated wine were up to about 1.0 mg/kg.
1574 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 146 Residues in grapes and wine from supervised trials in Australia involving foliar
applications of phosphonic acid (as mono- and di-potassium salts)
GRAPES Application DALA Phosphonic acid residues Processing
Country, year (mg/kg) factors
Location (variety) no kg ai/ha kg ai/hL water total kg Grape Wine
References (L/ha) ai/ha
GAP: Australia 2.4 nr
Australia 2004 1 2.4 0.5 475 2.4 8 6.6 4.5 0.7
(Cabernet Sauvignon) 3 2.4 0.5 475 7.2 73 31.5 21 0.7
AWR 04/01 4 2.4 0.5 475 9.6 8 46.5 41 0.9
6 2.4 0.5 475 14.4 8 45.5 87 1.9
Australia 2005 1 2.4 0.54 443 2.4 44 7.1 21.0 3.0
(Cabernet Sauvignon) 1 2.4 0.54 443 2.4 98 2.3 3.4 1.5
AWR 04/01 1 1.2 0.27 443 1.2 119 <1.0 1.5 >1.5
2 2.4 0.54 443 4.8 51 5.8 12.0 2.1
2 1.2-1.8 0.27-0.41 443 3.0 113 2.6 3.9 1.5
3 2.4 0.54 443 7.2 44 6.8 16 2.4
3 1.2-2.4 0.27-0.54 443 5.4 98 4.1 9.7 2.4
4 1.2-2.4 0.27-54 443 7.8 51 9.2 12 1.3
5 1.2-2.4 0.27- 443 10.2 44 13 18 1.4
Australia, 2011 2 1.4-1.6 3.0 55 11 10 0.9
(Verdelho)
AWRI 2016
AC77220
Australia, 2011 2 1.6-1.8 3.4 60 19 16 0.8
(Chardonnay)
AWRI 2016
AC77222
Australia, 2011 3 2.4 7.2 85 33 32 1.0
(Tempranillo)
AWRI 2016
AC77224
Australia, 2011 2 2.4 4.8 114 25 21 0.8
(Shiraz)
AWRI 2016
AC77210
Australia, 2011 3 2.4-3.0 8.4 78 32 30 0.9
(Cabernet Sauvignon)
AWRI 2016
AC77229
Australia, 2011 4 2.4 9.6 27 77 42 0.5
(Riesling)
AWRI 2016
AC77217
Australia 2004 mean values mean
(Chardonnay) 1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 35 5.2 23, 15 19 3.6
AWR 04/01 1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 93 1.8 25, 6.5 15.8 8.8
1 2.4 0.48 500 2.4 124 <1.0 <1.0, 1.2 1.1 >1.1
2 2.4 0.48 500 4.8 50 6.0 22, 14 18 3.0
2 1.2 0.24 500 2.4 113 1.4 2.3, 4.0 3.2 2.3
3 2.4 0.48 500 7.2 35 16.8 44, 48 46 2.7
26, 24 25a 1.5
3 1.2-1.8 0.24-0.36 500 4.2 111 2.7 7.2, 6.0 6.6 2.4
4 1.2-2.4 0.24-0.48 500 6.6 93 11.5 13, 17 15 1.3
21, 12 16.5a 1.4
5 1.2-2.4 0.24-0.48 500 9.0 50 11.6 35, 43 39 3.4
40, 33 36.5a 3.1
6 1.2-2.4 0.24-0.48 500 11.4 35 11.5 43, 46 44.5 3.9
48, 38 43a 3.7
Processing factor: Ratio of phosphonic acid residue in the processed item divided by the phosphonic acid residue in the
RAC
a
Wine fermentation was ‘off-skin’
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1575

Strawberry – fosetyl-Al
In strawberry processing studies conducted in Europe and reported by Simonin & Ratajczak, 2006
[Ref: 01-71], fruit (without sepals) from supervised field trials involving 3 foliar applications of
6.0 kg ai/ha fosetyl-Al were collected at harvest, 14 days after the last application and were processed
into jam and canned fruit.
For jam, unwashed strawberries were crushed, sugar was added and the puree was reduced to
achieve 62°Brix if necessary the pH was corrected with citric acid to obtain approx. 3.5. The puree
was sealed in glass jars and sterilised at 115 °C for 10 minutes before cooling and stored frozen for
analysis.
The canning process involved blanching the unwashed strawberries in boiling water for 1
minute and placed into glass jars. A sugar syrup (200 g of sugar + 800 g of water) was added to the
jars, the pH was corrected to about 3.5 with citric acid and the jars were sealed, pasteurised (90–95 °C
for 1 minute), cooled and stored frozen for analysis.
Samples were stored for up to 348 days before analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid
using the GC-FPD method AR 155-97 with LOQs of 0.2 mg/kg for both analytes in the processed
fractions (canned strawberries and jam). Average concurrent recovery rates for fosetyl-Al were 72–
98% (fortification levels of 0.2–0.5 mg/kg) and were 74–106% for phosphonic acid (fortification
levels of 0.2–10 mg/kg).
Table 147 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in strawberries and processed commodities
following the use of fosteyl-Al (foliar sprays) in supervised trials in Europe
Trial, Application Commodity Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing
Location, Year, Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues factors
Commodity,
Variety
France 2001 3 x 6.0 kg ai/ha Strawberry (RAC) 0.25 10 10
Soings 14 day PHI Washing water 0.001 0.047 0.048
(Valeta) Washed fruit < 0.2 8.9 9.0 0.89
Jam < 0.2 5.2 5.3 0.52
01-71FR1 Blanching water < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.34
Canned fruit < 0.2 6.2 6.3 0.62
UK 2001 3 x 6.0 kg ai/ha Strawberry (RAC) 15 15
0.26
Tunstead 14 day PHI c=0.35 c=0.49
(Elsanta) Washing water 0.004 0.023 0.026
Washed fruit 15 15 1.0
01-71UK1 0.32
c=0.4 c=0.54
Jam 7.4 7.5 0.5
< 0.20
c=0.29 c=0.43
Blanching water 1.7 1.7
< 0.02
c=0.025 c=0.16
Canned fruit 6.0 6.1 0.4
< 0.2
c=0.23 c=0.37
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC

Tomato – fosetyl
In tomato processing studies conducted in Europe and reported by Freitag & Czaja, 2014 [Ref: 13-
3047], mature tomatoes from supervised glasshouse trials involving two seedling drench applications
equivalent to 9.3 kg ai/ha fosetyl (SL co-formulated with propamocarb) applied before transplanting
and four drip irrigation treatments of 4.7 kg ai/ha fosetyl after transplanting, were sampled 3 days
after the last application and were processed into juice, preserve and puree using simulated
commercial practices.
1576 Fosetyl-Aluminium

For juice, fruit were hand washed in luke-warm water, chopped and simmered in water for
about 20 minutes. The pulp was sieved to obtain raw juice and strain rest. The sample of raw juice
was combined with salt (0.5–0.7%), canned and pasteurized in an autoclave. Aliquots were retained
for use in preparing tomato preserve.
To obtain tomato preserve, washed fruit were peeled by hand, canned with the retained raw
tomato juice and pasteurized in an autoclave. The obtained sample of “preserve” was pureed using a
mixer and then sampled for analysis.
For puree, washed fruit were chopped and simmered in water for about 20 minutes and the
pulp was passed through a sieve to obtain raw juice and pomace. After the addition of salt (0.5–0.7%),
the raw juice was concentrated at about 62 °C under vacuum for 13–20 hours to produce raw puree
with a dry weight of about 10%. This raw puree was canned and pasteurized in an autoclave to
produce puree.
Samples were stored for up to 194 days before analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid
using the LC-MS/MS method 00861/M001 with LOQs of 0.0093 mg/kg for fosetyl and 0.2 mg/kg for
phosphonic acid. Average concurrent recovery rates for fosetyl-Al were 87–98% (fortification levels
of 0.01–10 mg/kg as fosetyl-Al) and were 91–112% for phosphonic acid (fortification levels of 0.2–
100 mg/kg).
Table 148 Residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in tomatoes and processed commodities following
the use of fosteyl (foliar sprays) in supervised trials in Europe
Trial, Application Commodity Residues (mg/kg or mg/L) Processing
Location, Year, Fosetyl Phos-acid Total residues factors
Commodity, Variety
Netherlands, 2013 2 x dip Tomato (RAC) 0.01 0.79 0.79
Zwaagdijk 9.3 kg ai/ha Washed fruit < 0.0093 0.8 0.81 1.0
(Ingar) 4 x drip Washings < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
4.7 kg ai/ha Raw juice 0.009 0.66 0.67
13-3407-01 3 day PHI Juice 0.01 0.58 0.59 0.75
Washed peel < 0.0093 0.62 0.63
Peeled fruit < 0.0093 0.82 0.83
Peeling water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
Preserve 0.01 0.71 0.72 0.91
Pomace < 0.0093 0.9 0.91 1.1
Raw puree 0.019 1.3 1.3
Puree 0.014 1.0 1.0 1.3
Spain, 2013 2 x dip Tomato (RAC) 0.01 0.79 0.79
Lora del Rio 9.3 kg ai/ha Washed fruit < 0.0093 0.6 0.61 0.75
(Motril) 4 x drip Washings < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
4.7 kg ai/ha Raw juice < 0.0093 0.71 0.72
13-3407-02 3 day PHI Juice < 0.0093 0.67 0.68 0.83
Washed peel < 0.0093 0.46 0.47
Peeled fruit < 0.0093 0.83 0.84
Peeling water < 0.0093 < 0.2 < 0.21
Preserve < 0.0093 0.71 0.72 0.87
Pomace < 0.0093 0.9 0.91 1.1
Raw puree 0.012 1.2 1.2
Puree 0.014 1.3 1.3 1.5
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC

In a tomato processing study conducted in USA and reported by Chow & Rives, 1990 [Ref:
C016048], replicate samples of fruit treated with 4 foliar applications of fosetyl-Al at an exaggerated
rate of 22.4 kg ai/ha were collected 14 days after the last application and processed into juice, puree
and paste.
Washed tomatoes were soaked in a dilute solution of chlorine 10 minutes at 25 °C and rinsed
in warm water before being crushed and rapidly heated to 107 °C for 50–60 seconds and pressed to
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1577

separate the hot-break juice and pomace, with the hot-break juice being vacuum evaporated to obtain
puree (10% solids) and paste (31.7% solids). Juice was prepared by diluting the paste to achieve 5.5%
solids.
The puree, paste, hot break juice and reconstituted juice were then heated to 85–93 °C,
canned, sterilized in a boiling water bath for about 15 minutes and cooled before freezing for
subsequent analysis.
Samples of the processed fractions were stored for an unknown interval before analysis for
fosetyl-Al using the GC-FPD method 163. The LOQ for all matrices was 0.05 mg/kg. Mean
concurrent recovery rates in all tomato matrices were 79–98% (98–130% in the wash water).
Table 149 Residue of fosetyl-Al in tomatoes and processed commodities following foliar applications
of fosetyl-Al in USA
Trial, Application Commodity Fosetyl-Al
Location, Year, Residues (mg/kg) Processing
Commodity, Variety factors
USA, 1989 Foliar sprays Tomato (RAC) 3.0
Fresno, CA 4 x 22.4 kg ai/ha Tomato, washed 0.24 0.08
(Castle Rock) 14 day PHI Wet pomace 0.31 0.1
Dry pomace 0.76 0.25
C016048
Canned juice 0.26 0.09
Canned juice from concentrate 0.38 0.13
Canned puree 0.15 0.05
Canned paste 0.49 0.16
Wash soak water 2.7
Wash rinse water 0.13
Processing factor: Ratio of fosetyl-Al residue in the processed item divided by the fosetyl-Al residue in the RAC

Chili pepper – fosetyl

In a study reported by Hoag & Harbin, 2013 [Ref: RAFYL023-2], chili pepper samples were taken
from supervised field trials conducted in Mexico, Peru and USA and processed into dried chili pepper.
Fosetyl (SL co-formulations with propamocarb) treatments were applied 3 times to seedlings before
transplanting and 3 further chemigation or foliar drench treatments at about 10 day intervals up to 4–5
days before harvest.
Duplicate samples of fresh chili peppers and samples that had been allowed to dry under field
conditions or in drying ovens for 7–20 days were frozen and stored for up to 409 days before analysis.
The fresh chili peppers were analysed for fosetyl and phosphonic acid using the LC-MS/MS method
00861/M001.
Because the method could not be validated for dried chili pepper, the % dry matter of both the
fresh and dried samples were measured to derive a concentration factor based on the ratio between the
dry matter content of the fresh and the dried chili peppers. The residue results from the analysis of the
fresh samples were used to calculate potential residues in the dried chili peppers.
For fosetyl, the LOQ of the analytical method was 0.0093 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.01 mg/kg
fosetyl-Al) and the concurrent recovery rates were 82–93% (fortification level of 0.01 mg/kg fosetyl-
Al). For phosphonic acid, the LOQ was 0.1 mg/kg with concurrent recovery rates of 94–104%
(fortification level of 0.1 mg/kg).
1578 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 150 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in dried chili pepper following foliar
applications of fosetyl
Trial, Application DALA Commodity % dry Residues (mg/kg) Concentration
Location, Year, matter Fosetyl-Al Phos- acid Total residue factors
Commodity,
Variety
USA, 2011 3 foliar drenches 0 Chili pepper 10.51 < 0.01 0.17 0.17
Sanger, CA 9.2-9.5 kg ai/ha (RAC) 32.47 < 0.01 0.14 0.15
( Numex Joe E. 3 chemigations [< 0.01] [0.16] [0.16]
Parker) 0.93 kg ai/ha Dried chili 10.09 < 0.01 0.52 0.53 3.1
pepper 34.17 < 0.01 0.49 0.50 3.4
RAFYL023-2 [< 0.01] [0.5] [0.51]
FY011-11DA 2 Chili pepper 10.29 < 0.01 0.15 0.16
(RAC) 35.44 < 0.01 0.22 0.23
[< 0.01] [0.19] [0.2]
Dried chili 10.72 < 0.01 0.52 0.53 3.4
pepper 32.80 < 0.01 0.69 0.70 3.1
[< 0.01] [0.61] [0.61]
5 Chili pepper 10.51 < 0.01 0.17 0.18
(RAC) 75.12 < 0.01 0.25 0.26
[< 0.01] [0.21] [0.22]
Dried chili 10.92 < 0.01 1.2 1.2 7.1
pepper 77.45 < 0.01 1.8 1.8 7.1
[< 0.01] [1.5] [1.5]
7 Chili pepper 10.39 < 0.01 0.26 0.27
(RAC) 78.30 < 0.01 0.32 0.33
[< 0.01] [0.29] [0.3]
Dried chili 10.72 < 0.01 2.0 2.0 7.5
pepper 75.30 < 0.01 2.3 2.3 7.0
[< 0.01] [2.1] [2.1]
9 Chili pepper 10.78 < 0.01 0.31 0.31
(RAC) 74.25 < 0.01 0.45 0.45
[< 0.01] [0.38] [0.38]
Dried chili 10.42 < 0.01 2.1 2.1 6.9
pepper 24.00 < 0.01 3.0 3.0 6.7
[< 0.01] [2.5] [2.6]
Mexico, 2011 3 foliar drenches 5 Chili pepper 12.30 < 0.01 0.13 0.14
Los Mochis 9.2-9.3 kg ai/ha (RAC) 85.63 < 0.01 0.17 0.18
(Tuxtlas) 3 field drenches [< 0.01] [0.15] [0.16]
0.93 kg ai/ha Dried chili 12.93 < 0.01 0.93 0.93 7.0
RAFYL023-2 pepper 85.59 < 0.01 1.1 1.2 6.6
FY012-11HA [< 0.01] [1.0] [1.0]
Mexico, 2011 3 foliar drenches 5 Chili pepper 12.59 < 0.01 0.12 0.13
Guasave 9.1-9.3 kg ai/ha (RAC) 76.98 < 0.01 0.17 0.17
(Tuxtlas) 3 chemigations [< 0.01] [0.14] [0.15]
0.94 kg ai/ha Dried chili 11.08 < 0.01 0.73 0.77 6.1
RAFYL023-2 pepper 84.36 < 0.01 1.3 1.3 7.6
FY013-11HA [< 0.01] [0.99] [1.0]
Peru, 2011 3 foliar drenches 4 Chili pepper 21.12 < 0.01 < 0.1 < 0.107
Chincha 9.3-9.4 kg ai/ha (RAC) 78.70 < 0.01 < 0.1 < 0.107
( Queen) 3 chemigations [< 0.01] [< 0.1] [< 0.107]
0.93 kg ai/ha Dried chili 18.94 < 0.01 0.13 0.14 3.7
RAFYL023-2 pepper 85.00 < 0.01 0.17 0.17 4.5
FY014-11HA [< 0.01] [0.15] [0.16]
Peru, 2011 3 foliar drenches 0 Chili pepper 16.63 < 0.01 0.20 0.21
Chincha 9.2-9.3 kg ai/ha (RAC) 82.15 < 0.01 0.17 0.18
( King) 3 field drenches [< 0.01] [0.18] [0.19]
0.93 kg ai/ha Dried chili 17.43 < 0.01 0.97 0.98 4.9
RAFYL023-2 pepper 82.04 < 0.01 0.80 0.81 4.7
FY015-11DA [< 0.01] [0.89] [0.89]
2 Chili pepper 20.10 < 0.01 0.14 0.14
(RAC) 84.58 < 0.01 0.34 0.35
[< 0.01] [0.24] [0.25]
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1579

Trial, Application DALA Commodity % dry Residues (mg/kg) Concentration

Location, Year, matter Fosetyl-Al Phos- acid Total residue factors
Commodity,
Variety
Dried chili 17.78 < 0.01 0.58 0.58 4.2
pepper 84.82 < 0.01 1.6 1.7 4.8
[< 0.01] [1.1] [1.1]
4 Chili pepper 18.54 < 0.01 0.12 0.12
(RAC) 86.92 < 0.01 0.23 0.24
[< 0.01] [0.17] [0.18]
Dried chili 17.30 < 0.01 0.55 0.56 4.7
pepper 80.72 < 0.01 1.1 1.1 4.7
[< 0.01] [0.81] [0.82]
7 Chili pepper 18.94 < 0.01 0.13 0.14
(RAC) 79.60 < 0.01 0.44 0.44
[< 0.01] [0.28] [0.29]
Dried chili 20.24 < 0.01 0.56 0.57 4.2
pepper 79.50 < 0.01 1.7 1.7 3.9
[< 0.01] [1.1] [1.1]
9 Chili pepper 21.64 < 0.01 0.13 0.14
(RAC) 80.14 < 0.01 0.26 0.27
[< 0.01] [0.2] [0.2]
Dried chili 22.75 < 0.01 0.48 0.48 3.7
pepper 80.40 < 0.01 0.92 0.92 3.5
[< 0.01] [0.7] [0.7]
Residue values in italics are indicative – analytical method not validated for dried chili peppers.
Concentration factor = Total residue in RAC × (% dm in dried fruit / % dm in fresh fruit).
Value in square brackets is the mean residue of two independent samples

Hops – fosetyl-Al
In a number of hop processing studies conducted in Europe, hops from vines treated with 5-9 foliar or
drench applications of 0.7–8.0 kg ai/ha fosetyl-Al were sampled 7–47 days after the last application,
dried and used to produce beer. While no details were available on the processing methods, dried
cones are usually milled and added to the separated wort and after boiling for about 90 minutes, the
flocs (hops draff) are separated and yeast is added to the brew to initiate fermentation. Primary
fermentation proceeds for 9–11 days at about 9 °C and secondary (cask) fermentation continues for a
further 2 days at 20 °C and under pressure for a further 24 days at 2 °C before being filtered and
sampled for subsequent analysis.
Samples of the dried cones and beer were stored for up to 63–540 days in the four studies
before analysis for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD methods AR/1345, MP-RE-03-
78 (RE 12-79) or DFG 522. The LOQs for these methods ranged from 0.2–5.0 for beer and dried hops
(both analytes) and mean recovery rates ranged from 66–105% in hop samples fortified with 5.0–
500 mg/kg and beer samples fortified with 0.2–10 mg/kg.
Table 151 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in hops (dry cones) and beer following the use
of fosetyl-Al (foliar sprays) in Europe
Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg) Processing
Location, (variety) Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residue factors
References
Germany, 1979 8 foliar Dried cones 19 182 195
Meckenbeuren 1.4-5.6 kg ai/ha (RAC)
(Hallertauer 14 day PHI Beer < 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0022
Mittelfrueher)

R003364
24896
Germany 1979 7 foliar Dried cones 13 271 280
Bucherhof 0.7-2.8 kg ai/ha (RAC)
1580 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg) Processing

Location, (variety) Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residue factors
References
Hallertauer 14 day PHI Beer < 0.2 1.2 1.3 0.0048
Mittelfrueher)

R003364
24898
Germany, 1979 8 foliar Dried cones 20 222 236
Huell 2.2-8.0 kg ai/ha (RAC)
(Brewers Gold) 14 day PHI Beer < 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.0031

R003364
24902
Germany, 1979 2 drench + Dried cones 61 411 453
Huell (8069) 3 foliar (RAC)
(Hallertauer) 4.6 kg ai/ha Beer < 0.2 2.1 2.2 0.0049
7 day PHI
R003364
24904
UK 1980 7 foliar Dried cones 20 404 418
Ongar 0.2 kg ai/hL (RAC) c=0.55 c=4.0
(Northern Brewer) 29 day PHI Beer < 1.0 1.2 1.9 0.0045
c=0.48 c=1.2
R000758
0895
UK, 1979 7 foliar Dried cones 6.0 133 137
Castle Frome 0.2 kg ai/hL (RAC) c=0.20 c=0.24 c=3.7
(Early Bird) 47 day PHI Beer < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.7 < 0.012
c=0.14 c=0.8
R000758
0898
UK, 1980 7 foliar Dried cones < 5.0 < 5.0 < 8.0
Rosenmaund 0.16 kg ai/hL (RAC) c=0.28 c=0.38 c=3.9
(Bullion) 21 day PHI Beer <1.0 <1.0 <1.7

R000758
0920
Germany 1980 1 drench Dried cones 18 249 262
Tettnang 5.3 kg ai/ha (RAC))
(Hallertauer 6 foliar Beer < 0.2 1.3 1.4 0.0055
Mittelfrueher) 2.6-7.9 kg ai/ha
14 day PHI
444058
14939
Germany, 1980 7 foliar Dried cones 4.4 166 169
Huell 4.0 kg ai/ha (RAC)
(Brewers Gold) 14 day PHI Beer < 0.2 1.0 1.1 0.0064

444058
14957
Germany, 1980 1 drench Green cones < 4.0 39 42
Geroldshausen 4.8 kg ai/ha Dried cones 8.0 87 93
(Brewers Gold) 8 foliar (RAC)
5.6 kg ai/ha Beer < 0.2 0.6 0.74 0.008
444058 18 day PHI c=0.30 c=0.40
24845
Germany, 1980 1 drench Green cones < 4.0 0.8 3.6
Schaching 4.8 kg ai/ha Dried cones 30 370 391
(Hersbruecker Spaet) 8 foliar (RAC)
4.8-8.0 kg ai/ha Beer < 0.2 2.0 2.1 0.0055
444058 14 day PHI
24868
France, 1997 9 foliar Green cones 0.66 20 20
Schnersheim 2.4-5.0 kg ai/ha c=3.59 c=3.7
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1581

Country, Year Application matrix Residues (mg/kg) Processing

Location, (variety) Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residue factors
References
(Strisselspalt) 13 day PHI Dried cones 19 102 114
(RAC) c=1.83 c=2.0
RBHOXX197/45 Beer 0.21 1.9 2.0 0.018
RE97098
Processing factor: Ratio of total residue in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC
Residues in must after boiling in 1 trial were 0.28 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and 3.5 mg/kg (phosphonic acid)

Summary of Processing Studies

In processing studies conducted on oranges, apples, grapes, tomatoes, strawberries and hops and
simulating commercial practices, residues of fosetyl-Al/fosetyl increased in some dried or
concentrated commodities (tomato puree, dried peppers). Phosphonic acid residues also concentrated
in these dried or concentrated commodities but being highly water-soluble, also increased in a number
of juices and wine.
Table 152 Summary of processing factors for fosetyl-Al
RAC Matrix Fosetyl-Ala
Calculated processing factors P Factor
Orange juice 0.35, 0.57, 0.94, 1.1, 1.4 0.94
pomace 0.45, 0.77, 3.4, 3.9, 4.6 3.4
Apple juice 0.63, 1.2 0.92
wet pomace 0.49, 1.6 1.0
puree 0.44, 0.71, 1.1 0.71
Grape juice 0.5, 0.69, 0.94, 0.96, 1.1, 1.2, 1.2 0.96
must 0.06, 0.17, 0.34, 0.39, 0.59, 0.62, 0.77, 0.84, 1.4 0.59
wet pomace 0.59, 1.3, 1.4, 2.4 1.4
wine 0.11, 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.52, 0.55, 0.63, 0.64,0.7, 0.77, 0.84, 1.1, 1.1,
1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 2.4 0.77
Strawberry washed fruit 0.89, 1.0 0.95
jam 0.52, 0.5 0.51
canned fruit 0.62, 0.4 0.51
Spinach washed 0.73, 0.86, 1.2, 1.2 1.0
cooked 0.66, 0.91, 0.95, 1.0 0.93
Green bean cooked 0.16, 0.77 0.47
canned 0.48, 0.55 0.52
Hops beer 0.0022, 0.0031, 0.0045, 0.0048, 0.0049, 0.0055, 0.0055, 0.0064, 0.018 0.0049
a
Each value represents a separate study where residues were above the LOQ in the RAC. The factor is the ratio of total
residues in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC.

Table 153 Summary of processing factors for fosetyl

RAC Matrix Fosetyl-Ala
Calculated processing factors P Factor
Tomato washed fruit 0.75, 1.0 0.88
juice (pasteurised) 0.75, 0.83 0.79
puree 1.3, 1.5 1.4
preserve 0.87, 0.91 0.89
wet pomace 1.1, 1.1 1.1
Lettuce outer leaves 0.74, 1.0 0.87
heads 0.71, 1.0 0.86
inner leaves 0.9, 0.9 0.9
washed inner leaves 0.52, 0.69 0.61
Spinach washed 0.73, 0.86, 1.2, 1.2 1.0
cooked 0.66, 0.91, 0.95, 1.0 0.93
a
Each value represents a separate study where residues were above the LOQ in the RAC. The factor is the ratio of total
residues in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC.
1582 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Table 154 Summary of processing factors for phosphonic acid

RAC Matrix Phosphonic acida
Calculated processing factors P Factor
Orange washed fruit 0.47, 0.52, 0.59 0.52
juice (pasteurised) 0.27, 0.29, 0.34 0.29
pomace (dry) 2.0, 2.7, 3.4 2.7
marmalade 0.29, 0.33, 0.37 0.33
canned 0.22, 0.34, 0.39 0.34
oil < 0.02, < 0.04, < 0.04 < 0.04
Grape wine 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, 0.8, 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.0, >1.1, 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5, 1.5
1.5, 1.5, >1.5, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6,
3.7, 3.9, 8.8
a
Each value represents a separate study where residues were above the LOQ in the RAC. The factor is the ratio of
phosphonic acid residues in the processed item divided by the residue of phosphonic acid in the RAC.

RESIDUES IN ANIMAL COMMODITIES

Livestock feeding studies

Lactating dairy cows – fosetyl-Al

In a lactating dairy cow feeding study reported by Somma et al., 1984 [Ref: R011762], three groups
of 3 dairy cows (525-600 kg bw) were dosed orally each morning for 28 days with fosetyl-Al (in
gelatine capsules) at rates equivalent to 3 ppm, 9 ppm and 30 ppm (0.086, 0.26 and 0.87 mg/kg
fosetyl-Al/kg bodyweight/day).
The afternoon milk was composited with the following morning milk and subsamples were
taken at intervals during the dosing period and all cows were sacrificed 20 hours after dosing on
Day 28. Samples of liver, kidneys, heart, muscle (composite of leg and loin muscle), fat and blood
(EDTA added) were taken from each cow and frozen for analysis. No information is available on the
interval between sampling and analysis.
Tissue samples (liver, kidney, heart, muscle, and fat) and milk were analysed for fosetyl-Al
using the GC-FPD method No. 171, involving acetonitrile/HCl extraction, alumina column clean-up,
the addition of acetic acid and methylation with diazomethane. Additional steps for milk before the
final alumina column clean-up included a C-18 column clean-up to remove fats, an aluminum sulfate
precipitation step to remove proteins and a propanol-2 precipitation step to remove sugars. The LOQs
were 0.05 mg/kg in tissues and 0.02 mg/kg in milk. Concurrent recovery rates ranged from 70–96% in
control samples fortified with 0.02–2.0 mg/kg fosetyl-Al
No residues of fosetyl-Al were found above the LOQs in any milk or tissue sample at any
dose rate.
Table 155 Residues of fosetyl-Al in milk and cow tissues following dietary administration of fosetyl-
Al
Matrix Fosetyl-Al feeding level Residues (mg/kg)
(ppm dw) Fosetyl-Al
Kidney 0 < 0.05
9 < 0.05
30 < 0.05
Liver 0 < 0.05
9 < 0.05
30 < 0.05
Muscle 0 < 0.05
30 < 0.05
Heart 0 < 0.05
30 < 0.05
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1583

Matrix Fosetyl-Al feeding level Residues (mg/kg)

(ppm dw) Fosetyl-Al
Fat 0 < 0.05
30 < 0.05
Milk 0 < 0.02
30 < 0.02

Lactating dairy cows – fosetyl-Al + phosphonic acid

In a lactating dairy cow feeding study reported by van Dijk, 2000 [Ref: C010251], three groups of 3
dairy cows (500–755 kg bw) were dosed orally twice a day (after each milking) for 28 days with a
mixture of fosetyl-Al and disodium phosphonate (in gelatine capsules) at dry weight dietary
equivalents of 11 ppm, 32 ppm and 100 ppm (calculated as phosphonic acid). The dose rates were
equivalent to feed concentrations of 1 ppm, 3 ppm and 10 ppm fosetyl-Al and 10 ppm, 30 ppm and 94
ppm phosphonic acid equivalents respectively. Based on a daily feed consumption of 19–22 kg feed
per cow, the total dose rates were the equivalent of 0.25, 0.76 and 2.5 mg phosphonic acid
equivalents/kg bodyweight/day.
The afternoon milk was composited with the following morning milk and subsamples were
taken at intervals during the dosing period and all cows were sacrificed within 24 hours after the last
dosing. Samples of liver, kidneys, trimmed muscle and fat were taken from each cow, homogenised
and stored frozen for up to 30 days before analysis.
Samples were analysed for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using the GC-FPD method AR
172-98, involving acetonitrile/water extraction, C18 cartridge clean-up (not milk), the addition of
acidifies isopropanol and methylation with TMSD. The LOQs were 0.5 mg/kg in tissues and
0.1 mg/kg in milk. Concurrent recovery rates ranged from 70–118% in control samples fortified with
fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid at 0.1–1.0 mg/kg in milk and 0.5–5.0 mg/kg in tissues.
No fosetyl-Al equivalent residues were detected in any of the tissues or milk analysed except
in one sample of liver from the 30 ppm dose group, where a residue of 0.081 mg/kg (<LOQ) was
detected.
Phosphonic acid residues were detected at all three dose levels but were all below the
respective LOQs in milk, muscle, liver, kidney and fat except in the 100 ppm dose group, where
residues in kidney were about 0.5–0.6 mg/kg (reflecting the urinary route of elimination).
Table 156 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in milk and bovine tissues following dietary
administration of fosetyl-Al:disodium phosphonate (1:9 fosetyl-Al equivalents)
Matrix Feeding level (ppm dw) Residues (mg/kg)
Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Fosetyl-Al Phos-acida Totalb (mean of 3 animals) (as Phos-acid)
mean max
Kidney 0 0 0 ND 0.08 0.08 0.14
1 10 11 ND 0.16 0.16 0.22
3 30 32 ND 0.29 0.29 0.3
10 94 100 ND 0.55 (max = 0.6) 0.55 0.6
Liver 0 0 0 ND 0.04 0.04 0.069
1 10 11 ND ND ND ND
3 30 32 ND – 0.081c 0.16 0.22 0.33
10 94 100 ND 0.16 0.16 0.28
Muscle 0 0 0 ND 0.09 0.09 0.16
1 10 11 ND 0.05 0.05 0.088
3 30 32 ND 0.07 0.07 0.089
10 94 100 ND 0.02 0.02 0.06
Fat 0 0 0 ND 0.02 0.02 0.067
1 10 11 ND 0.13 0.13 0.16
3 30 32 ND 0.12 0.12 0.18
10 94 100 ND 0.2 0.2 0.22
1584 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Matrix Feeding level (ppm dw) Residues (mg/kg)

Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Fosetyl-Al Phos-acida Totalb (mean of 3 animals) (as Phos-acid)
mean max
Milk 0 0 0 ND ND ND (mean)
1 10 11 ND 0.04 0.04 (mean)
3 30 32 ND 0.05 0.05 (mean)
10 94 100 ND 0.06 0.06 (mean)
LOQs: 0.1 mg/kg (milk), 0.5 mg/kg (tissues)
a
Sodium phosphite dibasic pentahydrate, expressed as phosphonic acid equivalents (conversion factor of 0.38)
b
Expressed as phosphonic acid equivalents
c
Residue detected in one sample

Poultry – fosetyl-Al + phosphonic acid

In a poultry feeding study reported by Heal, 2004 [Ref: C044136], three groups of hens (10 point-of-
lay pullets, 1.9–2.0 kg bw) were acclimatised and once they had reached a steady rate-of-lay, were
dosed for 28 days with a 1:9 mixture of fosetyl-Al:disodium phosphonate incorporated into their diet.
Dose rates, expressed as phosphonic acid equivalents, were 14 ppm, 42 ppm and 142 ppm dry weight
in the diet (1.1, 4.1 and 12.7 mg/kg phosphonic acid equivalents/kg bodyweight/day).
All eggs were collected and pooled to obtain a single sample from each dose group and
pooled eggs from each dose group were also sampled at intervals throughout the dosing period. On
day 28 the hens were sacrificed and breast and thigh muscle, liver and abdominal fat were sampled
and stored frozen for less than 28 days before analysis.
Tissue and egg samples were analyzed for fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid using method AR
172–98, involving water/acetonitrile extraction, C18 cartridge clean-up, the addition of acidified
isopropanol and methylation using TMSD. Analysis was by GC-NPD (eggs) and GC-PFPD (tissues)
with quantification using external methylated fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid standards. The LOQ for
this method was 0.5 mg/kg for both analytes in all matrices and mean concurrent recovery rates
ranged from 86–100% (RSDs of 11.4–16) in control samples fortified with 0.5 mg/kg fosetyl-Al and
76–84% (RSDs 15.1–17.8) in control samples fortified with 0.5 mg/kg phosphonic acid.
No residues of either fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid were found above the LOQ (0.5 mg/kg) in
any egg or tissue sample, with only trace levels detected in egg samples.
Table 157 Residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in eggs and poultry tissues following dietary
administration of fosetyl-Al:disodium phosphonate (1:9)
Matrix Feeding level (ppm dw) Residues (mg/kg)
Fosetyl-Al Phos-acid Total residues
Fosetyl-Al Phos-acida Totalb (as Phos-acid)
mean max
Muscle 0 0 0 ND - 0.155c ND ND 0.11
2 13 14 ND ND ND ND
6 38 42 ND ND ND ND
20 128 142 ND ND ND ND
Liver 0 0 0 ND - 0.129c ND - 0.111a ND 0.1
2 13 14 ND ND ND ND
6 38 42 ND ND ND ND
20 128 142 ND ND ND ND
Fat 0 0 0 ND ND ND ND
2 13 14 ND ND ND ND
6 38 42 ND ND ND ND
20 128 142 ND ND ND ND
Egg 0 0 0 ND - 0.024c < 0.5 (0.005 - 0.056) 0.028 (mean)
2 13 14 ND ND – 0.176 0.039 (mean)
6 38 42 ND - 0.025c ND - 0.196 0.041 (mean)
20 128 142 ND - 0.067 ND - 0.185 0.049 (mean)
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1585

LOQ: 0.5 mg/kg (eggs and tissues)

a
Sodium phosphite dibasic pentahydrate, expressed as phosphonic acid equivalents (0.38 conversion factor)
b
Expressed as phosphonic acid equivalents
c
Residue detected in one sample

RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION

Wine – phosphonic acid

The Meeting received information on the results of a wine residue monitoring programme conducted
in Australia on the presence of phosphonic acid in 163 samples of wines in the market place produced
between 2000 and 2011. In this review, reported by Longbottom et al, 2012 [Ref: AWRI 2012],
samples were analysed for phosphonic acid using an LC-MS/MS method based on method
00861/M001. The LOQ was 0.1 mg/kg and concurrent recovery rates were 81–100% in samples
fortified with 0.5–10 mg/kg. REF:
Table 158 Phosphonic acid residues in commercially available wine [Ref: AWRI 2012]
Distribution of phosphonic acid residues in commercially available wine (2000–2011)
<LOQ 0.1–1.0 mg/kg 1.1–5.0 mg/kg 5.1–10 mg/kg >10 mg/kg
no % no % no % no % no %
60 37% 73 45% 17 10% 7 4% 6a 4%
LOQ – 0.1 mg/kg
a
Maximum residue of 15 mg/kg

NATIONAL RESIDUE DEFINITIONS

Table 159 Fosetyl/Fosetyl-Al: National residue definitions for MRL-compliance and dietary intake
estimation
Country MRL-compliance Dietary intake estimation
Australia Fosetyl or Fosetyl-
Aluminium
Brazil Fosetyl
Canada Fosetyl-aluminium Fosetyl-aluminium
Europe Fosetyl-Al (sum of fosetyl, Fosetyl-Al (sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as fosetyl
phosphonic acid and their
salts, expressed as fosetyl
Japan Fosetyl (sum of fosetyl and
phosphorous acid, calculated
as fosetyl
Korea Fosetyl-aluminium
Russian Federation Fosetyl-Al (sum of fosetyl, Fosetyl-Al (sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as fosetyl)
phosphonic acid and their
salts, expressed as fosetyl)
South Africa Fosetyl-aluminium Fosetyl-Al (sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as fosetyl)
USA Fosetyl-aluminium

Table 160 Phosphonic acid: National residue definitions for MRL-compliance and dietary intake
estimation
Country MRL-compliance Dietary intake estimation
Canada Exempt -
USA Exempt -
1586 Fosetyl-Aluminium

APPRAISAL
Fosetyl-aluminium (fosetyl-Al), fosetyl and phosphonic acid are systemic fungicides with protectant
action against a number of oomycete and ascomycete fungi and some plant pathogenic bacteria in a
range of fruit, vegetables and ornamental crops. They are rapidly absorbed through both leaves and
roots and exhibit both acropetal and basipetal translocation. Their mode of action is by inhibiting
germination of spores and by blocking development of mycelium, competing with phosphate as
allosteric regulator of several enzymes.
Fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were scheduled by the 48th Session of the CCPR as new
compounds for consideration by the 2017 JMPR. The Meeting received information and studies on
metabolism, analytical methods, supervised field trials, processing, freezer storage stability and
environmental fate in soil for fosetyl, fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid.
Authorisations exist in many countries for the use of fosetyl and fosetyl-Al as pre-plant dips,
foliar, drench or drip-irrigation treatments and authorisations also exist for phosphonic acid
(formulated as potassium, sodium and ammonium salts) in a number of countries for use as trunk
injections, pre-plant dips, foliar, soil and post-harvest treatments.
In biological systems, since fosetyl, fosetyl-Al and the phosphonic acid are closely related,
the Meeting agreed to evaluate the three compounds together and that the conclusions in this
Appraisal would cover fosetyl and its salts as well as phosphonic acid and its salts.
Fosetyl-Al has been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Specifications
(JMPS). Specifications, published in 2013 and available at
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/en/.
Fosetyl Fosetyl-Al

MW 110 MW 354.1

Phosphonic acid Potassium hydrogen phosphonate Dipotassium phosphonate

MW 82 MW 120 MW 158

Plant metabolism
The Meeting received plant metabolism studies on citrus, apple, grape leaves, pineapple and tomato
following foliar applications of labelled and unlabelled fosetyl-Al and on pineapple (pre-plant dip)
and tomato (hydroponic) treatments of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1587

Fosetyl-Al

Citrus– foliar applications

In a study on outdoor pot-grown tangerine and orange trees, three (tangerine) or four (orange) 14C-
fosetyl-Al treatments of 0.066 g ai/tree were applied with a paint brush to all aerial parts of the trees at
1–2 month intervals between the end of flowering and two months before harvest. Total application
rates were 0.2 g ai/tree (tangerines) and 0.26 g ai/tree (oranges).
Total radioactive residues were 2.8 mg ai/kg in oranges and 1.2 mg ai/kg in mandarins.
Residues were extracted twice with water, then with acetone, and finally with acidified methanol.
Most of the extracted residue was found in the aqueous extracts, 66–68% TRR in whole fruit and 90–
93% TRR in juice. About 46–50% TRR in whole fruit was present as glucose, with fosetyl-Al
accounting for about 5–12% TRR. In juice, fosetyl-Al residues were about 8–18% TRR with glucose
being the predominant component (70–75% TRR).

Apples– foliar applications

In a study on the distribution and composition of 14C-fosetyl-Al in apples, one branch of an outdoor
apple tree (fruit and leaves) was treated with two sprays of 0.2 g ai/branch, 7 days apart and fruit and
leaves were sampled before and after each application and again 7 and 14 days after the second
treatment. Fruit and leaves were washed with deionised water and peel/flesh samples were extracted
by refluxing in acidified acetonitrile/water.
Most of the radioactive residues in leaves were found in the surface wash, 96% TRR
decreasing to 66% TRR at the end of the 21-day study period. Surface residues of the apple fruits
predominated during the first 7 days (89% TRR), but subsequently penetrated into the fruit (53-58%
TRR), mostly in the peel (39% TRR 14 days after the 2nd application).
Fosetyl-Al was the predominant residue in the fruit surface washes, initially 93% of TRR,
decreasing to 41% TRR 14 days after the second application. Very small amounts of fosetyl-Al were
detectable in peel and flesh (≤ 1.7% TRR).
The major radioactive metabolite identified in both apple fruit and leaves was 14C-ethanol,
present as a surface residue from day 0 (4.4% TRR in fruit and 28% TRR in leaves). 14C-ethanol
residues increased to about 50% TRR in fruit and 26% TRR in leaves.

Grape leaves – foliar treatment

Individual leaves from one grape vine (pruned to a single 1.2 metre shoot) grown in a glasshouse were
treated with 0.76 mg of 14C-fosetyl-Al for autoradiography. Leaves from a different vine (pruned to a
single 1 metre shoot) grown in a glasshouse were treated with 4.5-9 mg of 14C-fosetyl-Al for studying
metabolism. Leaves were harvested at intervals up to 14 days after treatment, washed or soaked for 15
minutes in water (with added non-ionic surfactant) and the radioactive residues in the washings was
determined by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Autoradiography involved exposure to X-ray film
for two weeks.
Autoradiography showed that radioactive residues moved from the treated leaves to the shoot
apex (upper border of the leaves) with uptake being greater in younger leaves. Most of radiolabelled
fosetyl-Al applied to vine leaves remained on the leaf surface (recovered in the wash), with limited
translocation to untreated parts of the plant or to new growth. The major metabolic product found in
treated and untreated plant parts was phosphonic acid.

Pineapple – dip/foliar treatments

In a two-part study on pineapple, 14C-fosetyl-Al was applied as a pre-plant crown dip, followed a year
later by foliar application of 14C-fosetyl-Al. Whole plants were sampled at intervals up to harvest
(480 days after the dip treatment) and samples from the combined pre-plant dip+foliar spray treatment
were also sampled immediately after the spray treatment (day 365) and at harvest, 122 days later (487
days after the dip treatment).
1588 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Total radioactivity in the aerial parts of the pre-plant dip-treated plants decreased
considerably over the study period, unextracted radioactivity increased steadily in the aerial plant
parts and total radioactivity in the roots increased to 6.8% AR in the whole plant at harvest. Mature
fruit at harvest contained negligible quantities of radioactive residues, 0.38% AR following the pre-
plant dip treatment and 1.1% AR following the combined pre-plant dip+foliar spray treatment.

Tomato – foliar applications

In a study on tomato, two applications of 14C-fosetyl-Al were made 14 days apart to fruit, leaves and
stems of outdoor, sheltered tomato plants at a rate equivalent to 4.5 kg ai/ha, and samples of fruit were
taken 2 hours and 14 hours after the first treatment and then 14 days and 42 days after the second
treatment (42 DALA). Fruit were washed in water and subsequently blended and separated into juice
and solids.
In whole tomatoes, about 98% TRR (1.4 mg ai eq/kg) was found in the 2-hour wash, with
about 12% TRR (0.34 mg ai eq/kg) being removed in the 42 DALA fruit wash. Initial radioactivity in
the liquid and solid fractions (3-4% TRR) increased to about 38% TRR (liquid fraction) and 50%
TRR (tomato solids).
In the tomato wash, 14C-fosetyl-Al initially accounted for about 77% TRR, decreasing to
about 10% TRR in the 42 DALA samples. A similar pattern was observed in whole fruit, with parent
decreasing from 80% TRR to about 3% TRR. Conversely, fosetyl-Al was a minor component of the
radioactivity in tomato juice and extracted solids, increasing from about 3% TRR to 16% TRR in
juice and from 0% TRR to 4% TRR in the solids.
Significant metabolites in whole fruit were 14C-ethanol, making up about 15% TRR 2 hours
after the first application, decreasing to about 12% TRR after 14 days. In the 14 DALA samples, 14C-
glucose was present at about 9.5% TRR, increasing to about 16% TRR in 48 DALA samples. Other
radiolabelled components in the tomato solids fraction included 14C-cellulose, 14C-lignin and 14C-
starch.

Tomato – soil, petiole, leaf applications (supplementary study)

In a study using unlabelled fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid, to investigate the distribution of residues in
tomatoes, plants were treated with 0.16 or 0.32 g ai/plant by soil watering; with 7.2 mg ai fosetyl-
Al/plant or 5 mg ai phosphonic acid per plant as a petiole application or with 0.4 g ai/L fosetyl-Al as a
partial leaf spray. Treated and untreated stems, petioles and leaves were analysed for fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid.
In the soil watering experiment, residues of fosetyl-Al were only found in stem/petioles 1–2
hours after treatment, with residues of phosphonic acid increasing rapidly in leaves and stems/petioles
within 1 hour of watering, reaching a plateau in stems/petioles after 7 days and continuing to increase
in leaves at the end of the 14-day study period.
In the petiole absorption experiment, residues of fosetyl-Al were found in stems, petioles and
leaves above and below the treated petiole, with no trend of degradation. In contrast, in the
phosphonic acid treated plants, higher residues were found in upper plant parts (in stem, petioles and
leaves) as well as in the lower leaves, indicating translocation in both directions, but preferentially
migration towards the apex (acropetal).
In the foliar treatment experiment, residues of fosetyl-Al were found at similar levels in the
untreated plant parts (stems, petioles and leaves) above and below the treated leaves. Residues of
phosphonic acid were also found in the untreated plant parts, peaking in the 8-hour leaf samples.

Tomato – hydroponic applications (supplementary study)

Hydroponically grown tomato plants (with 5 mature leaves) were treated with unlabelled fosetyl-Al
by dipping the root systems in a solution of 2.26 mM fosetyl-Al for either 1 hour or 3 hours. Samples
of roots, leaves, internodes and growing tips were analysed for fosetyl and phosphonic acid.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1589

Fosetyl-Al was taken up by the roots and distributed through the plants within 1–3 hours and
hydrolysed to phosphonic acid. After 3 days, residues of fosetyl were not found above trace levels in
any aerial parts, with minor amounts found in roots. Phosphonic acid residues were found in all plant
parts, increasing in young leaves and buds over the 3-day study period.
In summary, fosetyl-Al metabolism involves dissociation to fosetyl and conversion to O-ethyl
phosphonate, the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester bond to form phosphonic acid and ethanol, the latter
being either volatilised or incorporated into natural products. Fosetyl-Al and especially phosphonic
acid are readily absorbed in plants and able to migrate in both directions, with phosphonic acid
tending to migrate preferentially towards the growing tips.

Phosphonic acid
In addition to the studies conducted with fosetyl-Al (where the distribution and fate of phosphonic
acid were investigated), a number of published papers were available on the behaviour of phosphonic
acid in plants. Generally, phosphonic acid is rapidly (within minutes) absorbed by plant leaves or
roots and translocated in both xylem and phloem, moving to sinks with the greatest demand for
nutrients. Phosphonic acid is not readily oxidised to phosphate in plants.

Environmental fate
The Meeting received information on the environmental fate and behaviour of fosetyl-Al and
phosphonic acid, including hydrolytic stability, photochemical degradation in soils and aerobic
metabolism studies.

Hydrolysis
Fosetyl (and fosetyl-Al) dissociate in water to form O-ethyl phosphonate (and aluminium ions), with
the O-ethyl phosphonate hydrolysing in biological systems to phosphonic acid by microbial activity.
Phosphonic acid is not likely to occur in biological systems as the free acid under physiological and
environmental conditions (pH 4 to 9), spontaneously forming salts in contact with soil or natural
water with any suitable counter ion present (i.e. sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium).
Both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were stable for at least 30 days in sterile buffered
solutions at pH levels reflecting those in biological systems (pH 5 to 9).

Aerobic soil metabolism

Fosetyl-Al
Aerobic degradation of fosetyl-Al was investigated in ten different soils (16 hours to 120 days in the
dark at 20 C or up to 64 days at 12 C). Degradation was rapid, with DT50 values of 15–90 minutes.
The proposed degradation pathway involves dissociation to O-ethyl phosphonate, the hydrolysis of
the ethyl ester bond to form phosphonic acid (attributed to microbiological activity) and ethanol, the
latter being either released as CO2 or incorporated into soil organic matter as bound residues. Fosetyl-
Al (and fosetyl) can be classified as non-persistent. The predominant degradate is phosphonic acid.

Phosphonic acid
Aerobic degradation of phosphonic acid was investigated in seven different soils (16–17 weeks in the
dark at 20–28 C). The studies generally reported a steady decline, attributed to soil reactions or to
microbial transformation to phosphate. Calculated DT50 values ranged from 28–219 days. Phosphonic
acid can be classified as moderately persistent to persistent.
1590 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Photochemical degradation in soil

Fosetyl-Al
No fosetyl-Al photolysis studies were conducted because of the rapid aerobic soil degradation and the
lack of significant light absorption at wavelengths of more than 290 nm.

Phosphonic acid
The photolytic degradation of phosphonic acid in soil was investigated in two studies, involving
treated soil surface irradiation for intervals up to 21 days and 45 days. Extractable residues of
phosphonic acid decreased slowly over time, this being attributed to reactions with hydroxyl or
peroxy radicals formed in irradiated soil components. The lack of significant light absorption at
wavelengths of more than 200 nm provides support for this indirect photolytic effect. Residues
degraded to about half the initial concentrations after about 21 days in the two studies.

Rotational crops

Fosetyl
In four rotational crop field trials involving total application rates equivalent to 2.3 kg ai fosetyl/ha to
lettuce as the primary crop, carrots, lettuce and wheat or barley were planted as rotational crops, at
plant-back intervals of 26–46 days. In mature carrot roots and tops, lettuce, wheat/barley forage,
fodder and grain, total residues of fosetyl plus phosphonic acid were all below the phosphonic acid
LOQs of 0.1 mg/kg (0.5 mg/kg for cereal forage and fodder). The one exception was a phosphonic
acid residue of 0.21 mg/kg in one sample of grain.
Based on the results for the combined residues of fosetyl and phosphonic acid in these
studies, and on the short soil half-life for fosetyl, residues of fosetyl (and fosetyl-Al) are not expected
in rotational crops.

Phosphonic acid
In a rotational crop study involving a total (bare soil) application rate equivalent to 10 kg ai
phosphonic acid/ha, residues of phosphonic acid were measured in radish roots and tops, lettuce and
barley fodder and grain from crops planted 32 days after treatment and also in radish roots and tops
from plants sown 182 days after treatment.
In the 32-day PBI crops, average phosphonic acid residues of 0.58–1.1 mg/kg were found in
radish roots and 0.67–1.0 mg/kg in lettuce leaves. Residues below the LOQ of 0.5 mg/kg were
detected in the 32-day PBI radish leaves, barley fodder and grain. Only low levels remained in the
radish roots and leaves from plants sown 6 months after treatment, (estimated levels of 0.03 mg/kg
and 0.09 mg/kg respectively).
Taking into account the results from the rotational crop studies for fosetyl and phosphonic
acid, residues of phosphonic acid are not expected in rotational crops at levels above 0.5 mg/kg,
especially at PBIs longer than 30 days.

Animal metabolism

Fosetyl-Al
The Meeting received animal metabolism studies on rats and lactating goats where animals were
dosed with fosetyl-Al radiolabelled in the 1-C position.
In rats, the metabolism of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid was reviewed in the framework of
the toxicological evaluation by the current Meeting
Following oral administration to rats, 14C-fosetyl-Al was almost completely absorbed and
almost completely eliminated in exhaled air, urine, and faeces within 24 hours. Fosetyl-Al undergoes
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1591

extensive hydrolysis in vivo to give ethanol and phosphonate. The phosphonate is excreted
predominately in the urine (equivalent to 73% of the administered compound) together with
unchanged material (26–28% of the administered compound).
In a lactating goat study, two animals were orally dosed for 7 days with 14C-fosetyl-Al at
doses equivalent to 10.5 ppm in the diet (21 mg/goat/day) with an additional goat being dosed for
three days with 10.5 ppm in the diet and used in the CO2 trapping chamber. All goats were sacrificed
24 hours after the 7th daily dose and various tissue samples were taken for analysis. Average LOQs for
the different sample types were 0.0014 mg ai eq/kg in milk and 0.0026 to 0.0032 mg ai eq/kg in all
tissues.
About 13% of the total dose was excreted with urine and about 5% in faeces. In expired air,
14
CO2 was not detected within the first 30 minutes but increased over the 3-day study period to 24%
of the daily dose and in total, made up 17.5% of the administered dose.
In milk, residues reached a plateau after 3 days (about 2 mg ai eq/kg–17% AD). In tissues,
less than 1.0% of the administered dose was found in liver and kidney, up to 2.2% AD in fat and up to
1% AD in muscle. Highest concentrations of radioactive residues in the two goats were in liver (0.49-
0.57 mg ai eq/kg), kidney (0.28–0.32 mg ai eq/kg), and muscle (0.11–0.15 mg ai eq/kg). Radioactive
residues in perirenal and omental fat averaged 0.091-0.43 mg ai eq/kg in the two animals.
In a supplementary study, one lactating goat was orally dosed for 7 days with 10 ppm 14C-
fosetyl-Al in the diet (20 mg/day). Milk, urine and faeces were collected daily and respired air was
collected using a mask covering the goat’s mouth and nose, with 3-minute collections taken at 30–60
minute intervals.
In expired air, 14CO2 was not detected within the first 30 minutes but reached a maximum
about 1.5–2 hours after each dosing and slowly declined to near background within 24 hours, with
total residues being about 5.7% of the administered dose
In milk, residues reached a plateau after 3 days (0.27–0.3 mg ai eq/kg) and in total, made up
2% of the administered dose. Milk samples (containing 2.2 mg ai eq/kg fosetyl-Al) were fractionated
into casein (milk proteins) and extracted with petroleum ether. Radioactive residues in the petroleum
ether fraction were 82% TRR with 10% TRR in the aqueous fraction and 9.3% in the precipitated
protein fraction.
In a third study where lactating goats (2) were dosed orally by capsule, morning and evening
for 7 consecutive days with 14C-fosetyl-Al at doses equivalent to 27.8 ppm and 30 ppm in the diet, the
animals were sacrificed 14–16 hours after the 7th daily dose and various tissue samples were taken for
extraction and analysis.
About 11% of the administered dose was excreted in urine and 5.5–8.4% in faeces. In milk,
there was a gradual increase of the radioactivity levels, reaching a plateau after 3–4 days, with total
residues making up about 14–16% of the total administered dose.
In tissues, radioactive residues were < 5% of the administered dose, measured in liver at about
2.4 mg ai eq/kg) and in kidney at 1.0–1.4 mg ai eq/kg. Radioactive residues in fat were 0.76–1.5 mg ai
eq/kg and in muscle were 0.45–0.53 mg ai eq/kg. The total recovery of radioactive residues in expired
air (CO2) during a 10-hour collection starting just after the morning dose on the 6th day was used to
calculate a total contribution of 14–15% of the administered dose.
Residues of 14C-fosetyl-Al and 14C-ethanol were only found in the urine and stomach
contents. In milk and edible tissues all 14C-residues were characterised as natural products
(carbohydrates and carboxylic acids, glycogen, saponifiable fatty acids (about 42% TRR in milk) and
lipids, as well as amino acids and peptides).
The proposed fosetyl-Al metabolic pathway in animals involves dissociation and conversion
of fosetyl via O-ethyl phosphonic acid to ethanol and phosphonic acid. The ethanol is oxidized to
acetic acid, which is then incorporated into natural products or exhaled as CO2.
1592 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Phosphonic acid
No information was available on the metabolism of phosphonic acid in animals, but the Meeting
noted that inorganic phosphites are generally considered to be biologically inert in animals and are
rapidly excreted. In a rat study using 32P-phosphonate, around 30% of labelled material was excreted
in faeces in the form of phosphonate or phosphate. Overall, conversion of phosphonate to phosphate
was around 10% of the administered dose.

Methods of analysis
Analytical methods have been reported and validated for the analysis of fosetyl-Al (and fosetyl) and
for phosphonic acid in plant and animal commodities. These methods are based on either those
involving GC analysis after a derivatisation step (methylation) or those involving LC-MS/MS
analysis.
Data generation methods for plant and animal commodities, based on the methylation of
fosetyl-Al (and fosetyl) to methyl ethylphosphonate and phosphonic acid to dimethylphosphonate,
generally involve extraction with either water, sulphuric acid or HCl/ACN, followed by either
centrifugation and filtration or cartridge or column clean-up. Extracts are then diluted with
isopropanol and residues are derivatised with diazomethane or TMSD. The methylated residues are
then analysed by GC-FPD or GC-NPD with external standards. LOQs for fosetyl-Al range from 0.05–
0.5 mg/kg (up to 5.0 mg/kg in hops). The LOQs for phosphonic acid ranged from 0.1–0.5 mg/kg (up
to 20 mg/kg in hops).
The more recent LC-MS/MS methods for data generation (plant and animal commodities)
also generally involve extraction with either water/ACN, sulphuric acid or HCl/ACN, followed by
either centrifugation and filtration or cartridge or column clean-up, with analysis by LC-MS/MS.
LOQs for fosetyl-Al were generally 0.01 mg/kg (0.05 mg/kg in pineapple and animal tissues,
1.0 mg/kg in hops). The LOQs for phosphonic acid ranged from 0.01 (milk) to 0.2 mg/kg (0.5 mg/kg
in pineapple and up to 20 mg/kg in hops).
In addition to the above LC-MS/MS methods, the multi-residue QuPPe method is suitable for
the analysis of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid in representative samples with a high water, high oil,
high protein, high starch and high acid content. This method involves extraction in acidified methanol,
centrifugation and dilution prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. LOQs are 0.01 mg/kg (fosetyl-Al) and
0.1 mg/kg (phosphonic acid).
The Meeting concluded that suitable data generation methods are available to measure
fosetyl-Al, fosetyl and phosphonic acid in plant and animal commodities and the QuPPe multi-residue
method is suitable for monitoring residues of these analytes in most plant commodities.

Stability of pesticide residues in stored analytical samples

The stability of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid residues in frozen stored analytical samples was
investigated in a range of plant commodities with high water content, high acid content, high oil
content and high starch/protein content.
While fosetyl-Al residues were not stable in high water content and high oil commodities and
residue stability was variable in high acid commodities (with residues hydrolysing to phosphonic
acid), in the storage stability studies where both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid residue degradation
was measured, the total residues of fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid were stable over the storage
intervals in the studies (6–25 months for high water content, high starch/protein content, high acid
content and 29 months for high oil content.

Definition of the residue

Plant commodities
Plant metabolism and environmental fate studies show that following the use of fosetyl and its
aluminium salt (fosetyl-Al), residues are readily and rapidly hydrolysed to phosphonic acid and
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1593

ethanol in plants and soil. Phosphonic acid is the predominant metabolite, generally making up more
than 80% of the total residue, with fosetyl or fosetyl-Al also present in food commodities from treated
crops. The ethanol metabolite is either volatilized or degraded and incorporated in natural constituents
of plant and animal tissues.
Following the use of phosphonic acid (as the ammonium, potassium, sodium salts), residues
are also rapidly absorbed and translocated, accumulating in sink organs.
Although analytical methods are available for measuring fosetyl/fosetyl-Al and phosphonic
acid separately, as either the individual compounds or their methylated derivatives, storage stability
studies show that in a number of commodities fosetyl/fosetyl-Al can degrade to phosphonic acid in
frozen analytical samples.
The Meeting therefore considered that establishing separate residue definitions for
fosetyl/fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid (and it salts) would not be appropriate and agreed to consider a
single residue definition based on the combined residues of fosetyl/fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid,
expressed as phosphonic acid.
Phosphonic acid, as the major metabolite of fosetyl-Al, and fosetyl are toxicologically similar
to fosetyl-Al and are covered by the ADI for fosetyl-Al.
The proposed residue definition for plant commodities, for both MRL-compliance and for
dietary exposure estimation is “Sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as
phosphonic acid”.

Animal commodities
The animal metabolism studies indicate that the behaviour of fosetyl/fosetyl-Al in animals is similar
to that in plants, with residues being rapidly metabolised to phosphonic acid and to ethanol which in
turn is incorporated into natural products.
For fosetyl-Al, the results of the 7-day goat metabolism study and the 28-day dairy cow and
poultry feeding studies show that residues of intact fosetyl-Al or fosetyl are not expected in milk, eggs
or any tissues from animals dosed with 10 ppm (dairy cows), 20 ppm (poultry) and 30 ppm (goat) in
the diet.
For phosphonic acid, the 28-day dairy cow feeding study indicates that measurable residues
can be found in kidney (0.55 mg/kg) and detectable residues could be expected in fat and liver (about
0.2 mg/kg) and also in muscle (0.02 mg/kg) following dosing with 94 ppm in the diet. Residues were
not detected in milk or in eggs and poultry tissues from hens exposed to 265 ppm phosphonic acid in
the diet.
Based on the above, the Meeting considered that only phosphonic acid residues could be
expected in tissues, milk or eggs from animals exposed to feed commodities from crops treated with
fosetyl/fosetyl-Al or phosphonic acid or its salts.
The proposed residue definition for animal commodities is “phosphonic acid and its salts,
expressed as phosphonic acid’, for both MRL-compliance and for dietary exposure estimation.
The Meeting noted that multi-residue methods exists to measure fosetyl-Al, fosetyl and
phosphonic acid residues in plant and animal commodities and based on the chemical properties of
phosphonic acid the Meeting concluded that the residue is not fat soluble.
Proposed definition of the residue for compliance with the MRL and for estimation of dietary
exposure for plant commodities: “Sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as
phosphonic acid”
Proposed definition of the residue for compliance with the MRL and for estimation of dietary
exposure for animal commodities: “Phosphonic acid”
The residue is not fat-soluble.
1594 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Results of supervised residue trials on crops

The Meeting received GAP information and supporting residue information for fosetyl-Al on citrus,
pome fruit, grapes, strawberries, avocado, pineapple, cucurbits, other fruiting vegetables, leafy
vegetables and hops; for fosetyl on tomatoes, peppers and spinach and for phosphonic acid on citrus,
grapes and tree nuts.
In this Appraisal, the term ‘total residues’ is used to describe the sum of the phosphonic acid
residues and the fosetyl/fosetyl-Al residues (expressed as phosphonic acid) and the Meeting agreed to
use the following formulae to calculate these total residues:

Fosety-Al

Total residue [mg/kg] = fosetyl-Al [mg/kg] × MW phosphonic acid x 3 + phosphonic acid [mg/kg]
MW fosetyl-Al

Fosetyl

Total residue [mg/kg] = fosetyl [mg/kg] × MW phosphonic acid + phosphonic acid [mg/kg]
MW fosetyl
MW fosetyl-Al: Molecular weight of fosetyl-Al = 354.1 g/mol
MW phosphonic acid: Molecular weight of phosphonic acid = 82 g/mol
MW fosetyl: Molecular weight of fosetyl = 110 g/mol

Conversion factors are 0.695 (fosetyl-Al to phosphonic acid) and 0.745 (fosetyl to phosphonic
acid).
In many trials, residues of phosphonic acid (and to a lesser extent fosetyl and fosetyl-Al) were
measured in control samples. The Meeting agreed that where these residues were less than 20% of the
concentrations reported in the treated samples, the values could be used for maximum residue level
estimation.
Supervised residue trials from USA on citrus, pome fruit, grapes, strawberries, avocados,
cucumber, summer squash, melons, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach and hops were provided to the Meeting.
However, since these trials only reported residues of fosetyl-Al but not phosphonic acid, the Meeting
was not able to use these data.

Citrus fruits

Mandarin - Fosetyl-Al
The GAP for fosetyl-Al on citrus in USA is for up to 4 foliar sprays of up to 4.48 kg ai/ha, with a PHI
of 12 hours.
In trials conducted in Europe on mandarin, matching the GAP in USA but with a higher
application rate of 7 kg ai/ha, total residues were (n=9): 7.8, 14, 21, 21, 21, 23, 28, 39 and 39 mg/kg.
When scaled to the USA GAP application rate (4.48/7.0), total residues are (n=9): 5.0, 9.0,
13, 13, 13, 15, 18, 25 and 25 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 13 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 50 mg/kg for
the sub-group of mandarins

Orange - Fosetyl-Al
In trials in conducted in Europe on orange, matching the GAP in USA for citrus (4 foliar sprays of
4.48 kg ai/ha, PHI of 12 hours) but with a higher application rate of 7 kg ai/ha, total residues were:
5.6, 6.7, 6.9, 6.9, 7.5, 7.8, 8.9, 10 and 14 mg/kg.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1595

When scaled to the USA GAP application rate (4.48/7.0), total residues are (n=9): 3.6, 4.3,
4.4, 4.4, 4.8, 5.0, 5.7, 6.4 and 9.0 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 4.8 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 20 mg/kg for
the sub-group of oranges

Citrus fruit - Phosphonic acid

In USA, the post-harvest GAP for phosphonic acid on citrus is as a dip, drench or an in-line spray of
1.8 kg ai/hL. No trials matching this GAP were available and although trials involving application
rates of 0.6 kg ai/hL were available, the Meeting noted that the proportionality approach was not yet
validated for post-harvest treatments.
GAP in the USA for foliar applications is 6.76 kg ai/ha, usually applied in March/April,
May/June and September/October, with an application made 2-4 weeks before harvest for post-
harvest mould suppression, but with no defined PHI. No trials matching this GAP were available.

Pome fruits

Apples, pears - Fosetyl-Al

GAP for fosetyl-Al on apples and pears in Greece is for up to 4 foliar sprays of 0.2 kg ai/hL, up to
4.0 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. No supervised field trials were available matching this GAP.
The critical GAP in France for fosetyl-Al on pome fruit is 3 foliar applications of 3.0 kg ai/ha,
28-day PHI. In European trials matching this GAP, total residues in apples were (n=7): 7.6, 8.2, 11,
12, 16, 17, and 22 mg/kg and in pears, were (n=8): 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 17 and 17 mg/kg
Since the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the data sets for apples and pears were not
statistically different, the Meeting agreed to combine them to estimate a group maximum residue level
for pome fruit. The combined data set is (n=15): 7.6, 8.2, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 17, 17
and 22 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 15 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 50 mg/kg for
pome fruit.

Berries and small fruit

Grapes - Fosetyl-Al
GAP for fosetyl-Al on grapes in Denmark is for up to 6 foliar sprays of 0.2 kg ai/hL, 35-day PHI and
the GAP in Greece is for up to 4 foliar applications of 0.2 kg ai/hL, 3.6 kg ai/ha, 14-day PHI. No
supervised field trials were available matching these GAPs.
GAP for fosetyl-Al on grapes in Brazil is up to 3 foliar applications of 0.2 kg ai/hL, 15-day
PHI. In Brazilian trials matching this GAP, total residues were: 17, 41 and 56 mg/kg.
The critical GAP in the Czech Republic for fosetyl-Al on grapes is for up to 3 foliar
applications of 2.0 kg ai/ha, 21-day PHI. In European trials matching this GAP, total residues were
(n=22): 4.7, 8.0, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 24, 27, 28, 32, 32, 37, 40 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 15.5 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 60 mg/kg
for grapes.

Grapes - Phosphonic acid

GAP for phosphonic acid on grapes in Australia is 2.4 kg ai/ha, with no reference to a maximum
number of applications or to a PHI.
In the residue trials from Australia, treatments ranged from 1–6 applications of 1.0–3.0 kg
ai/ha, with intervals to harvest ranging from 5 days to about 18 weeks. In trials involving 4
applications of 2.4 kg ai/ha, phosphonic acid residues in grapes sampled 5–8 days after the last
1596 Fosetyl-Aluminium

treatment were: 47, 67, 67 and 102 mg/kg. The Meeting agreed that these data were not sufficient to
estimate a maximum residue level for phosphonic acid on grapes.

Strawberries - Fosetyl-Al
GAP for fosetyl-Al on strawberries in France is up to 3 foliar applications of 4.0 kg ai/ha, 14-day PHI.
In European indoor strawberry trials matching this GAP, total residues were: 9.5, 9.5, 10, 10, 11, 18,
26, 34 mg/kg.
In European outdoor strawberry trials matching the GAP in France, total residues were: 4.3,
5.1, 6.7, 11, 11, 24, 36, 44 mg/kg
Since the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the data sets for indoor and outdoor strawberries
were not statistically different, the Meeting agreed to combine these data sets to estimate a maximum
residue level. The combined data set is (n=16): 4.3, 5.1, 6.7, 9.5, 9.5, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 18, 24, 26,
34, 36, 44 mg/kg
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 11 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 70 mg/kg for
strawberries.

Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit – inedible peel

Avocado – fosetyl-Al
GAP for fosetyl-Al on avocados in Spain is for up to 3 foliar applications of 0.24 kg ai/hL, 14-day
PHI and 5 trials conducted in Spain were available.
In one trial matching the GAP in Spain, total residues in whole fruit were 3.2 mg/kg and in
flesh were 3.4 mg/kg
In three trials matching the GAP in Spain but with higher application rates of 0.31–0.34 kg
ai/hL, total residues in whole fruit were 3.5, 3.8 and 4.8 mg/kg and in flesh were 2.8, 4.0 and
7.8 mg ai/kg.
In one trial matching the GAP in Spain but with a higher application rate of 0.46 kg ai/ha,
total residues in whole fruit were 20 mg/kg and in flesh were 35 mg/kg
When proportionally adjusted to match the GAP in Spain, scaled total residues in whole fruit
are (n=5): 2.7, 2.7, 3.2, 3.4 and 10 mg/kg and in flesh, are (n=5): 2.0, 2.8, 3.4, 6.0 and 18 mg/kg in
flesh.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 3.4 mg/kg (in flesh) and a maximum residue level of
20 mg/kg for avocado.

Pineapple – fosetyl-Al
GAP for pineapples in USA is for a pre-plant dip (0.24 kg ai/hL) followed by up to 6 foliar
applications of 0.36 kg ai/hL, 90-day PHI. In trials conducted in USA matching this GAP but with
lower foliar application rates of 0.24 kg ai/hL, total residues were: 1.0, 3.1 and 8.2 mg/kg
When proportionally adjusted to match the USA GAP foliar application rate, scaled total
residues are: 1.5, 4.7 and 12 mg/kg.
GAP for pineapples in Brazil is for a pre-plant dip (0.08 kg ai/hL) and up to 3 foliar
applications of 0.2 kg ai/hL, 20-day PHI. No trials matching this GAP were available.
The Meeting concluded there were insufficient data to estimate a maximum residue level for
pineapple.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1597

Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits

Cucumber – fosetyl-Al
The GAP for cucumbers in Greece is for up to 4 foliar applications of 4.8 kg ai/ha, 1-day PHI. In
protected cucumber trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues were (n=7): 6.8, 11,
13, 14, 14, 21 and 38 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 14 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 60 mg/kg for
cucumber.

Summer Squash – fosetyl-Al

The GAP for summer squash in Greece is for up to 4 foliar applications of 4.8 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. In
summer squash trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP but involving lower application rates
(3.2 kg ai/ha), residues were: 8.1, 11, 16, 18, 19 and 19 mg/kg.
When proportionally adjusted to match the GAP in Greece, scaled residues (4.8/3.2) are
(n=6): 12, 17, 24, 27, 29 and 29 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 25.5 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 70 mg/kg
for summer squash.

Melons – fosetyl-Al
The GAP for melons in Greece is for up to 4 foliar applications of 4.8 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. No
supervised field trials were available matching this GAP.
The GAP for melons in France is for up to 2 foliar applications of 3.2 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. In
protected melon trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues in whole fruit were
(n=8): 5.8, 12, 14, 14, 17, 19, 21 and 28 mg/kg and in flesh, were (n=8): 11, 12, 14, 14, 18, 18, 19 and
21 mg/kg.
In outdoor melon trials conducted in Europe matching the GAP in France, total residues in
whole fruit were (n=6): 12, 12, 20, 22, 25 and 29 mg/kg and in flesh, were (n=6): 9.2, 9.7, 12, 14, 16
and 24 mg/kg.
Since the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the data sets for indoor and outdoor melons were
not statistically different, the Meeting agreed to combine these data sets to estimate a maximum
residue level. For whole fruit, the combined data set is (n=14): 5.8, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21,
22, 25, 28 and 29 mg/kg. For flesh, the combined data set is (n=14): 9.2, 9.7, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14,
16, 18, 18, 19, 21 and 24 mg/kg
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 14 mg/kg (in flesh) and a maximum residue level of
60 mg/kg for melons (except water melon).

Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits

Peppers – fosetyl
The GAP for outdoor sweet peppers in France is for up to 2 seedling drench treatments prior to
planting out, the first at the equivalent of 18.6 kg ai/ha and the second equivalent to 9.3 kg ai/ha, with
these being followed by up to 2 drip irrigation treatments of 0.93 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. In outdoor
sweet pepper trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues were (n=9): < 0.21 (4),
0.21, 0.21, 0.29, 0.72 and 0.75 mg/kg.
The GAP for indoor peppers in Hungary is for up to 2 seedling drench treatments prior to
planting out, the first at the equivalent of 18.6 kg ai/ha and the second equivalent to 9.3 kg ai/ha, with
these being followed by up to 4 drip irrigation treatments of 0.93 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. In indoor sweet
pepper trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues were (n=9): < 0.21, 0.21, 0.22,
0.31, 0.36, 0.54, 2.4, 3.1 and 3.5 mg/kg.
1598 Fosetyl-Aluminium

Based on the data supporting the GAP for indoor peppers, the Meeting estimated an STMR of
0.36 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 7 mg/kg for peppers, sweet.

Tomato - fosetyl
The GAP for outdoor tomatoes in France is for up to 2 seedling drench treatments (equivalent to
9.3 kg ai/ha) prior to planting out, followed by up to 2 drip irrigation treatments of 0.93 kg ai/ha, 3-
day PHI. In outdoor tomato trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues were: < 0.21
(10), 0.27, 0.44, 0.51, 1.0 and 1.0 mg/kg.
The GAP for indoor tomatoes in Hungary is for up to 2 seedling drench treatments
(equivalent to 9.3 kg ai/ha) prior to planting out, followed followed by up to 4 drip irrigation
treatments of 0.93 kg ai/ha, 3-day PHI. In indoor tomato trials conducted in Europe matching this
GAP, total residues were (n=8): 0.21, 0.24, < 0.34, 0.34, 0.34, 0.36, 0.47 and 5.2 mg/kg.
Based on the data supporting the GAP for indoor tomatoes, the Meeting estimated an STMR
of 0.34 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 8 mg/kg for tomato.

Leafy vegetables

Lettuce – fosetyl-Al
The GAP for lettuce in Finland is for foliar applications of 2.4 kg ai/ha, 14-day PHI.
In indoor leaf lettuce trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, with 4 applications of
fosetyl-Al, total residues were (n=8): 7.7, 7.8, 9.2, 13, 15, 17, 27 and 31 mg/kg.
In outdoor leaf lettuce trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, with 4 applications of
fosetyl-Al, total residues were (n=10): 4.8, 6.9, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 9.0, 15, 15 and 16 mg/kg.
Since the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the data sets for indoor and outdoor leaf lettuce
were not statistically different, the Meeting agreed to combine these data sets to estimate a maximum
residue level. For leaf lettuce, the combined data set is (n=18): 4.8, 6.9, 7.1, 7.7, 7.8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.5, 9.0,
9.2, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 27 and 31 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 9.1 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 40 mg/kg for
leaf lettuce.
In indoor head lettuce trials conducted in Europe matching the GAP for lettuce in Finland
(2.4 kg ai/ha, PHI of 14 days), with 4 applications of fosetyl-Al, total residues were (n=7): 12, 19, 36,
41, 57, 66 and 120 mg/kg.
Based on the data supporting the GAP for indoor head lettuce, the Meeting estimated an
STMR of 41 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 200 mg/kg for lettuce.

Spinach - fosetyl
The critical GAP for fosetyl on spinach in Belgium is on outdoor crops, one foliar application of
0.775 kg ai/ha, with a 14-day PHI on outdoor crops. In outdoor spinach trials conducted in Europe
matching this GAP, total residues were (n=8): 0.53, 0.79, 2.4, 4.0, 4.2, 5.3, 6.5, 11 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 4.1 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 20 mg/kg for
spinach.

Tree nuts

Almond, pistachio, walnut – phosphonic acid

The GAP for tree nuts in USA is for up to 6 foliar applications of 1.9 kg ai/ha, with no specified PHI.
In trials conducted in USA and matching this GAP (with PHI of 1-4 days), phosphonic acid
residues in almond nutmeat were (n=5): < 0.5, < 0.5, 0.51, 5.6 and 100 mg/kg, in pistachio nutmeat,
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1599

residues were (n=5) 1.8, 65, 167, 169 and 197 mg/kg and in walnut nutmeat, were (n=5): 3.8, 38, 54,
67 and 172 mg/kg.
Since the Kruskall-Wallis test indicated that the data sets for almonds, pistachios and walnuts
were not statistically different, the Meeting agreed to combine these data sets to estimate a maximum
residue level for tree nuts. The combined data set is (n=15): < 0.5, < 0.5, 0.51, 1.8, 3.8, 5.6, 38, 54, 65,
67, 100, 167, 169, 172 and 197 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 54 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 400 mg/kg for
tree nuts.

Dried herbs

Hops (dry) – fosetyl-Al

The GAP for fosetyl-Al in Germany is for up to 8 foliar applications of 8.0 kg ai/ha, 14-day PHI. In
trials conducted in Europe matching this GAP, total residues in dried cones were (n=6): 309, 322, 325,
376, 404 and 660 mg/kg.
The Meeting estimated an STMR of 350 mg/kg and a maximum residue level of 1500 mg/kg
for hops (dry).

Fate of residues during processing

Both fosetyl-Al and phosphonic acid are stable to hydrolysis under conditions simulating
pasteurisation, baking, brewing, boiling and sterilization.
The fate of fosetyl-Al, fosetyl and phosphonic acid residues has been examined in a number
of studies simulating household processing involving peeling (citrus, avocado, pineapple and melon),
washing (lettuce), cooking (spinach, green beans) and commercial processing of oranges, apples,
grapes, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, spinach, beans and hops.
Following the use of fosetyl/fosetyl-Al, total residues increased in tomato puree and in grape
pomace and dry citrus pomace. Following the use of phosphonic acid, residues increased in wine and
citrus pomace.
For the commodities considered at the Meeting, estimated processing factors and STMR-Ps
for their processed food or feed commodities are summarised below.
RAC Matrix Calculated processing factors PF STMR-P
[STMR] (median or (mg/kg)
best fit)
Fosetyl-Al a
Orange juice 0.35, 0.57, 0.94, 1.1, 1.4 0.94 4.5
[4.8 mg/kg] pomace (dry) 0.45, 0.77, 3.4, 3.9, 4.6 3.4 16
Apple juice 0.63, 1.2 0.92 14
[15 mg/kg] wet pomace 0.49, 1.6 1.0 15
puree 0.44, 0.71, 1.1 0.71 11
Grapes juice 0.5, 0.69, 0.94, 0.96, 1.1, 1.2, 1.2 0.96 15
[15.5 mg/kg] must 0.06, 0.17, 0.34, 0.39, 0.59, 0.62, 0.77, 0.84, 1.4 0.59 9.1
wet pomace 0.59, 1.3, 1.4, 2.4 1.4 22
wine 0.11, 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.52, 0.55, 0.63, 0.64,0.7, 0.77,
0.84, 1.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 2.4 0.77 12
Strawberry washed 0.89, 1.0 0.95 11
[11 mg/kg] jam 0.52, 0.5 0.51 5.6
canned 0.62, 0.4 0.51 5.6
Hops Beer 0.0022, 0.0031, 0.0045, 0.0048, 0.0049, 0.0055, 0.0055, 0.0049
[350 mg/kg] 0.0064, 0.018 1.7
Fosetyl a
1600 Fosetyl-Aluminium

RAC Matrix Calculated processing factors PF STMR-P

[STMR] (median or (mg/kg)
best fit)
Tomato washed 0.75, 1.0 0.88 0.3
[0.34 mg/kg] juice 0.75, 0.83 0.79 0.27
puree 1.3, 1.5 1.4 0.48
preserve 0.87, 0.91 0.89 0.3
wet pomace 1.1, 1.1 1.1 0.37
Spinach washed 0.73, 0.86, 1.2, 1.2 1.0 4.1
[4.1 mg/kg] cooked 0.66, 0.91, 0.95, 1.0 0.93 3.8
a
The processing factor is the ratio of total residues in the processed item divided by the total residue in the RAC.

Residues in animal commodities

Farm animal dietary burden

The Meeting estimated the dietary burden of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts (expressed as
phosphonic acid) in farm animals on the basis of the diets (US/CAN, EU, Australia and Japan) listed
in OECD Feed Table 2013.
Animal dietary burden, ppm of dry matter diet
US-Canada EU Australia Japan
Max Mean Max Mean Max Mean Max Mean
a c
Beef cattle 1.8 1.8 7.5 7.5 31 31 - -
Dairy cattle 3.8 3.8 5.5 5.5 31b 31d - -
Poultry – broiler - - - - - - - -
Poultry – layer - - - - - - - -
a
Highest maximum beef or dairy cattle dietary burden suitable for MRL estimates for mammalian tissues
b
Highest maximum dairy cattle dietary burden suitable for MRL estimates for mammalian milk
c
Highest mean beef or dairy cattle dietary burden suitable for STMR estimates for mammalian tissues.
d
Highest mean dairy cattle dietary burden suitable for STMR estimates for milk.

Farm animal feeding studies

Lactating dairy cows – fosetyl-Al + phosphonic acid

In a lactating dairy cow feeding study, groups of 3 cows were dosed orally twice a day (after each
milking) for 28 days with a 1:10 mixture of fosetyl-Al and disodium phosphonate (in gelatine
capsules) at rates equivalent to 11 ppm, 32 ppm and 100 ppm phosphonic acid equivalents
respectively.
No intact fosetyl-Al or fosetyl residues were detected in any of the tissues or milk analysed
except in one sample of liver from the 32 ppm dose group, where a residue of 0.081 mg/kg (<LOQ)
was detected. Phosphonic acid residues were detected at all three dose levels, estimated at up to
0.16 mg/kg in liver, 0.2 mg/kg in fat, 0.06 mg/kg in milk in the 100 ppm dose group and 0.02–
0.09 mg/kg in muscle. Highest residues were in kidney (up to 0.6 mg/kg), reflecting the urinary route
of elimination. In the 32 ppm dose group, estimated mean total residues were 0.29 mg/kg (kidney),
0.22 mg/kg (liver), 0.12 mg/kg (fat), 0.07 mg/kg (muscle) and 0.05 mg/kg in milk, with maximum
residues in individual animals being 0.3 mg/kg (kidney), 0.33 mg/kg (liver), 0.18 mg/kg (fat) and
0.086 mg/kg (muscle).
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1601

Poultry – fosetyl-Al + phosphonic acid

In a poultry feeding study, three groups of ten hens were dosed for 28 days with a 1:9 mixture of
fosetyl-Al:disodium phosphonate incorporated into their diet. Dose rates were equivalent 14 ppm,
42 ppm and 142 ppm phosphonic acid equivalents.
All eggs were collected and pooled to obtain a single sample from each dose group and
pooled eggs from each dose group were also sampled at intervals throughout the dosing period. On
day 28 the hens were sacrificed and breast and thigh muscle, liver and abdominal fat were sampled
and stored frozen for less than 28 days before analysis.
No residues of either intact fosetyl-Al, intact fosetyl or phosphonic acid were detected in any
tissue samples with trace levels of phosphonic acid (estimated at up to 0.2 mg/kg phosphonic acid)
found in eggs from some hens in all dose groups.

Animal commodity maximum residue levels

Cattle
The Meeting noted that the maximum and mean cattle dietary burden of 31 ppm was approximately
the same as the 32 ppm dose group in the second dairy cow feeding study where mean estimated
phosphonic acid equivalent residues were 0.29 mg/kg (kidney), 0.22 mg/kg (liver), 0.12 mg/kg (fat),
0.07 mg/kg (muscle) and 0.05 mg/kg in milk.
The Meeting estimated maximum residue levels of 0.15 mg/kg for meat (from mammals other
than marine mammals), 0.5 mg/kg for edible offal (mammalian) and 0.2 mg/kg for mammalian fat
and a maximum residue level of 0.1 mg/kg for milks.
Estimated STMRs are 0.29 mg/kg (kidney), 0.22 mg/kg (liver), 0.12 mg/kg (fat), 0.07 mg/kg
(muscle) and 0.05 mg/kg for milks.

Poultry
As there were no poultry feed commodities from the treated crops, the Meeting agreed not to estimate
maximum residue levels for poultry commodities.

RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of the data from supervised trials the Meeting concluded that the residue levels listed
below are suitable for establishing maximum residue limits and for IEDI assessment.
Definition of the residue (for compliance with the MRL and for the estimation of dietary
exposure) for plant commodities: Sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as
phosphonic acid.
Definition of the residue (for compliance with the MRL and for the estimation of dietary
exposure) for animal commodities: Phosphonic acid.
The residue is not fat soluble.

2010 Commodity MRL mg/kg STMR or HR or Source

CCN Name New Prev STMR-P HR-P
FI 0236 Avocado 20 3.4 Fosetyl-Al
VC 0424 Cucumber 60 14 Fosetyl-Al
MM 0105 Edible offal (mammalian) 0.5 kidney: 0.29
liver: 0.22
FB 0269 Grapes 60 15.5 Fosetyl-Al
FP 0009 Group of Pome fruits 50 15 Fosetyl-Al
DH 1100 Hops (dry) 1500 350 Fosetyl-Al
1602 Fosetyl-Aluminium

2010 Commodity MRL mg/kg STMR or HR or Source

CCN Name New Prev STMR-P HR-P
VL 0482 Lettuce, Head 200 41 Fosetyl-Al
VL 0483 Lettuce, Leaf 40 9.1 Fosetyl-Al
MF 0100 Mammalian fat (except milk fats) 0.2 0.12
MM 0095 Meat (from mammals other than marine 0.15 fat: 0.12
mammals) muscle: 0.07
VC 0046 Melon (except water melon) 60 14 Fosetyl-Al
MM 0106 Milks 0.1 0.05
VO 0445 Peppers, Sweet 7 0.36 Fosetyl
VL 0502 Spinach 20 4.1 Fosetyl
FB 0275 Strawberries 70 11 Fosetyl-Al
FC 003 Subgroup of Mandarins 50 13 Fosetyl-Al
FC 0004 Subgroup of Oranges, Sweet, Sour 20 4.8 Fosetyl-Al
VC 0431 Summer squash 70 25.5 Fosetyl-Al
VO 0448 Tomato 8 0.34 Fosetyl
TN 0085 Tree nuts 400 54 Phos Acid

JF 0226 Apple juice 14 Fosetyl-Al

AB 1230 Apple pomace (wet) 15 Fosetyl-Al
Apple puree (sauce) 11 Fosetyl-Al
Beer (hops) 1.7 Fosetyl-Al
Canned strawberries 5.6 Fosetyl-Al
Cooked spinach 3.8 Fosetyl
JF 0269 Grape juice 15 Fosetyl-Al
Grape must 9.1 Fosetyl-Al
Grape pomace (wet) 22 Fosetyl-Al
JF 0004 Orange juice 4.5 Fosetyl-Al
Orange pulp (dry) 16 Fosetyl-Al
Strawberry jam 5.6 Fosetyl-Al
JF 0448 Tomato juice 0.27 Fosetyl
Tomato pomace (wet) 0.37 Fosetyl
Tomato preserve 0.3 Fosetyl
Tomato puree 0.48 Fosetyl
Wine 12 Fosetyl-Al

DIETARY RISK ASSESSMENT

Long-term exposure
The current Meeting established an ADI of 0–1 mg/kg bw for fosetyl-aluminium and noted that this
ADI also applied to phosphonic acid.
The Meeting agreed that the International Estimated Daily Intakes (IEDIs) for fosetyl-
aluminium, fosetyl and phosphonic acid could be calculated using STMRs estimated by the current
Meeting for the total residues of fosetyl, phosphorous acid and their salts (expressed as phosphonic
acid).
The International Estimated Daily Intakes (IEDIs) for fosetyl, phosphorous acid and their
salts were calculated for the 17 GEMS/Food cluster diets using STMRs estimated by the current
Meeting for raw and processed commodities in combination with consumption data for corresponding
food commodities. The results are shown in Annex 3.
The calculated IEDIs were 1–30% of the maximum ADI of 1 mg/kg bw.
The Meeting concluded that the long-term dietary exposure to residues of fosetyl, phosphonic
acid and their salts from uses considered by the current Meeting is unlikely to present a public health
concern.
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1603

Short-term dietary exposure

The 2017 JMPR decided that an ARfD is unnecessary. The Meeting therefore concluded that the
short-term dietary exposure of residues of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts is unlikely to
present a public health concern.

REFERENCES
Reference Author(s) Year Title Edition No
25934 Simonin, B.; 2006 Fosetyl-Al and phosphorous acid (metabolite) formulation EXP10369F M-274941-01-1
Ratajczak, (WG) code AE F053616 00 WG80 A102 - residue study on strawberries,
M. washes strawberries, in washing water, strawberries processed fractions
(canned fruits and jam). Bayer CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 01-71, Date: 2006-07-20GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
32509 Simonin, B.; 2004 Fosetyl-Al and phosphorous acid (metabolite) Formulation EXP10369F M-229745-01-1
Mahay, N. (WG) code AE F053616 00 WG80 A102 Residues study on oranges, in
washing water and orange processed fractions (juice and pomace). Bayer
CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 01-89,
Date: 2004-12-10GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
32874 Simonin, B. 2006 Fosetyl-Al and phosphorous acid (metabilite) Formulation EXP10369F M-274866-01-1
(WG) code AE F03616 00 WG80 A102 Residue Study on Washed Apples
and Apple Processed Fractions (juice, pomace and puree). Bayer
CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 01-90,
Date: 2006-07-20GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
38657 Fargeix, G. 2012 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on melon after spray M-442192-01-1
application of fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in Greece, Spain, Portugal and
southern France. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 11-2005, Date: 2012-11-27GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
41214 Fargeix, G. 2012 Amendment no. 1 to report no: 11-2012 - Determination of the residues of M-438265-02-1
fosetyl and propamocarb in/on cherry tomato after drench and drip irrigation
application of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in the greenhouse in the
Netherlands, Spain and Germany. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon,
France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 11-2012, Date: 2012-09-13
...Amended: 2012-10-18GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
42779 Meklat, N. 2016 Amendment no. 1 to report no: 13-02 - Storage stability of residues of M-529397-02-1
fosetyl-Al (AE F053616) and its metabolite (Phosphorous acid: AE
0540099) in tomato, lettuce, avocado, orange and bean during deep freeze
storage for at least 24 months. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon,
France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 13-02, Date: 2015-07-28
...Amended: 2016-02-16GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
42949 Simonin, B. 2006 Fosetyl-Al and phosphorous acid (metabolite) formulation EXP10369F M-285340-01-1
(WG) code AE F053616 00 WG80 A103 European Union (northern zone)
2002 residues in green beans (cooked and canned): residues in processed
products and intermediate fractions. Bayer CropScience S.A., Lyon, France.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 02-08, Date: 2006-08-29GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
50649 Noss, G.; 2011 Amendment No. 001 to Report No. 09-2038 Determination of the residues M-402791-02-1
Krusell, L. of fosetyl-AL in/on hop after spraying of Fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in
France (North), Germany and the United Kingdom. . Bayer CropScience,
Report No.: 09-2038, Date: 2011-02-25 ...Amended: 2011-04-08GLP/GEP:
yes, unpublished
51014 Rosati, D.; 2011 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on pear after spraying of M-402916-01-1
Ratajczak, fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in Belgium, France (North), Germany and
M. Netherlands. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 09-2039, Date: 2011-02-24GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
51349 Melrose, I.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fluopicolide and fosetyl-Al in/on grape after M-356927-01-1
Portet, M. spraying of fluopicolide & fosetyl-Al WG 71 in the field in France (North)
and Germany . Bayer CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience,
Report No.: 08-2040, Date: 2009-10-06GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
1604 Fosetyl-Aluminium

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52475 Uceda, L. 2011 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on tomato after M-400271-01-1
drench and drip irrigation of fosetyl and propamocarb SL 840 in the field
and in greenhouse and in Belgium, France (North), France (South)
Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience,
Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 09-2043, Date: 2011-01-
21GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
57315 Fargeix, G. 2013 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on spinach after M-466962-01-1
spray application of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in the Netherlands,
Germany, Italy and Spain. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 12-2056, Date: 2013-10-08GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
57680 Fargeix, G. 2013 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on sweet M-466968-01-1
pepper after drench application and after application via irrigation water
(drip irrigation) of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in the greenhouse in the
Netherlands and Italy. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 12-2057, Date: 2013-10-10GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
57984 Rosati, D.; 2012 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on apple after spraying of M-434868-01-1
Ratajczak, fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in Germany, France (North), Belgium and
M. United Kingdom. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 10-2058, Date: 2012-07-11GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
59080 Lilian, U.; 2011 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on Pepper, M-414163-01-1
Meilland- sweet after drench and drip irrigation application of fosetyl & propamocarb
Berthier, I. SL 840 in the greenhouse in Spain and Italy. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer
CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 10-2061, Date:
2011-09-19GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
59445 Noss, G.; 2012 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on hop after spraying of M-424555-01-1
Bauer, J. fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in Germany. . Bayer CropScience, Report
No.: 10-2062, Date: 2012-02-06GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
60176 Rosati, D.; 2012 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on apple after spraying of M-434869-01-1
Ratajczak, fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in Spain, Italy, France (South) and Portugal.
M. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report
No.: 10-2064, Date: 2012-07-13GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
70342 Melrose, I.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on melon after M-349106-01-1
Portet, M. drench and drip irrigation application of fosetyl + propamocarb SL 840 in
the greenhouse in france (south), Germany, Italy, Netherlands and Spain.
Bayer CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 08-
2092, Date: 2009-06-12GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
75089 Melrose, I. 2010 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on melon after spraying of M-363609-01-1
fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in France (South), Italy and Spain. Bayer
S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
08-2105, Date: 2010-02-17GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
75089 Melrose, I. 2010 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on melon after spraying of M-363609-01-1
fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in France (South), Italy and Spain. Bayer
S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
08-2105, Date: 2010-02-17GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
128811 Rosati, D.; 2011 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on pear after spraying of M-402919-01-1
Ratajczak, fosetyl-AL WG 80 in the field in France (South), Italy and Spain. Bayer
M. S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
09-2252, Date: 2011-02-25GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
220821 Melrose, I.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on carrot, M-349882-02-1
Portet, M. lettuce and wheat, winter after spraying of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
the field in Netherlands - Rotational crop study. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer
CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 08-2504, Date:
2009-06-22…Amended: 2010-01-13GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
221186 Melrose, I.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on carrot, M-349137-02-1
Portet, M. lettuce and barley, winter after spraying of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
the field in France (North) - Rotational crop study. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer
CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 08-2505, Date:
2009-06-12 ...Amended: 2010-01-12GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
221551 Melrose, I.; 2010 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on carrot, M-361470-01-1
Portet, M. lettuce and wheat, winter after spraying of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
the field in Spain. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 08-2506, Date: 2010-01-14GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
 Fosetyl-Aluminium 1605

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221916 Melrose, I.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on carrot, M-349147-02-1
Portet, M. lettuce and wheat, winter after spraying of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
the field in Italy. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 08-2507, Date: 2009-06-12 ...Amended: 2010-01-
15GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
444058 Anon. 1981 Residus dans la biere (houblon) Fosetyl-Al Formulation Aliette (ROP 16590 M-165615-01-2
F) R.F.A. / 1980. Rhone-Poulenc Agro, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience,
Report No.: 444058, Date: 1981-01-01GLP/GEP: n.a., unpublished
452019 Billian, P.; 2009 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on lettuce and M-348419-01-1
Reineke, A. processed fractions after spraying of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in the
Netherlands and Germany. . Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 08-3137, Date:
2009-05-29GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
548474 Billian, P.; 2010 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on spinach and M-397716-01-1
Krusell, L. the processed fractions (leaf, washed; washings; cooking water and leaf,
cooked) after spraying of Fosetyl & Propamocarb SL 840 in the field in
Belgium, northern France, Germany and the Netherlands. . Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 09-3401, Date: 2010-12-13GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
20140225 Voelkel, W. 2015 Phosphonic acid - Rate of degradation in four soils under aerobic conditions. M-532341-01-1
Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd., Witterswil, Switzerland.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 20140225 Date: 2015-09-03GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
00-2006 Giraud, J. P. 2003 Study 00-2006 Formulation EXP10745D Residues of fosetyl-Al and M-228263-01-1
phosphorous acid (metabolite), fenamidone and RPA405862 (metabolite)
and aluminium in grapes, processed products and intermediate fractions.
Bayer CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 00-
2006, Date: 2003-03-05GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
00861/M001 Rosati, D.; 2005 Modification M001 to the analytical method 00861 for the determination of M-247699-01-1
Venet, C. residues of fosetyl-Al and its metabolite (phosphorous acid) in/on grape,
orange, lettuce, cucumber, avocado and wheat by LCMSMS. Bayer
CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
00861/M001, Date: 2005-02-11GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
01R284 Sonder, K. 2003 Residue behaviour in grapevine European Union (Northern zone) 2001 AE M-214899-01-1
C638206 + fosetyl-aluminium water dispersible granule (WG) 4.44 percent
+ 66.7 percent w/w Code: AE F053616 06 WG71 A101 (EXP11074B).
Bayer CropScience GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bayer
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01R285 Sonder, K. 2003 Residue behaviour in table grapes and wine grapes European Union M-214901-02-1
(Southern zone) 2001 Fosetyl-aluminium + AE C638206 water dispersible
granule (WG) 66.7 % + 4.44 % w/w Code: AE F053616 06 WG71 A101.
Bayer CropScience GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bayer
CropScience, Report No.: 01R285, Date: 2003-05-22 ...Amended: 2003-06-
30GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
02-219 Simonin, B. 2003 Residues in orange (fruit), in washing water and processed products (juice M-215751-01-1
and pomace) at harvest. South Italy - 2000-2 trials Fosetyl-Al and
phosphorous acid (metabolite) Code: EXP10369F (WG). Bayer
CropScience S.A., Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 02-219,
Date: 2003-10-10GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
02R288 Sonder, K. 2003 Residue behaviour in grapevine European Union (Northern zone) 2002 AE M-230759-01-1
H. C638206 + fosetyl-aluminium water dispersible granule (WG) 4.44 percent
+ 66.7 percent w/w Code: AE F053616 06 WG71 A102. Bayer CropScience
GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
02R288, Date: 2003-06-26GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
02R289 Sonder, K. 2003 Residue behaviour in grapevine European Union (Southern zone) 2002 AE M-230761-01-1
H. C638206 + fosetyl-aluminium water dispersible granule (WG) 4.44% +
66.7% w/w Code: AE F053616 06 WG71 A102. Bayer CropScience
GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
02R289, Date: 2003-09-01GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2019 Fargeix, G. 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on spinach after M-481775-01-1
spray application of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in the Netherlands,
Belgium, Italy and Spain. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 13-2019, Date: 2014-03-27GLP/GEP: yes,
unpublished
1606 Fosetyl-Aluminium

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13-2037 Meilland- 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on zucchini after spray M-500591-01-1
Berthier, I. application of fosetyl-AL WG 80 in Spain and Italy. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer
CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 13-2037, Date:
2014-10-17GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2038 Meilland- 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-AL in/on strawberry after spraying M-499264-01-1
Berthier, I. of fosetyl-AL WG 80 in southern France, Spain and Italy. Bayer S.A.S.,
Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 13-
2038, Date: 2014-10-06GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2039 Meilland- 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-Al in/on lettuce after spray M-492623-01-1
Berthier, I. application of fosetyl-Al WG 80 in the greenhouse in Germany, Greece,
southern France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and Italy. Bayer
S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
13-2039, Date: 2014-07-24GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2040 Meilland- 2014 Amendment no. 1 to final report no: 13-2040 - Determination of the residues M-485571-02-1
Berthier, I. of fosetyl-AL in/on lettuce after spray application of fosetyl-AL WG 80 in
southern France and Italy. Bayer S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France.
Bayer CropScience, Report No.: 13-2040, Date: 2014-05-12 ...Amended:
2014-06-19GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2043 Bellof, S.; 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on tomato after M-494908-01-1
van Berkum, drench and drip irrigation application of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
S. the greenhouse and field in Poland and Hungary. . Bayer CropScience,
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13-2044 Bellof, S. 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on tomato after M-496356-01-1
drench and drip irrigation application of fosetyl & propamocarb SL 840 in
the greenhouse and field in Italy and Spain. . Bayer CropScience, Report
No.: 13-2044, Date: 2014-09-02GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-2082 Meilland- 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl-Al in/on lettuce after spray M-492175-01-1
Berthier, I. application of fosetyl-Al WG 80 in the Netherlands and Germany. Bayer
S.A.S., Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.:
13-2082, Date: 2014-06-06GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
13-3407 Freitag, T.; 2014 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on tomato and M-497866-02-1
Czaja, C. the processed fractions (whole fruit, washed; washings; raw juice; juice; peel
washed; fruit peeled; peeling water; preserve; strain rest; raw puree; puree)
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14-2079 Noss, G.; 2015 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on tomato after M-525762-01-1
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propamocarb SL 840 in the greenhouse and field in Poland, the United
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14-2080 Noss, G.; 2015 Determination of the residues of fosetyl and propamocarb in/on sweet M-543781-01-1
Sosniak, A. pepper after drench application and application via irrigation water (drip
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14-2177 Noss, G.; 2015 Amendment no. 1 to report no: 14-2177 - Determination of the residues of M-543776-02-1
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781R10 Guyton, C. 1988 Fosetyl-Al residues in caneberries resulting from multiple applications of M-157664-01-2
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B004224 Gough, S. T. 1997 Aliette: Determination of the Magnitude of Residues in/on Citrus (Orange, M-241182-01-1
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B004619 Hurst, K. 1994 Additional Data to Support PP#0F3878 A Response to: Residues of Fosetyl- M-241520-01-1
Al In/On Strawberries Resulting from Multiple Applications of Aliette
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B004621 Wargo, J. P. 1984 Residue Data for Hops Treated with Multiple Applications of Aliette - 1984 M-241522-01-1
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RAFYX078 Hoag, R. E.; 2008 Aliette 80 WDG - Magnitude of the residue in/on pineapple (import M-300707-01-1
Harbin, A. tolerance). Bayer CropScience LP, Stilwell, KS, USA. Bayer CropScience,
M. Report No.: RAFYX078, Date: 2008-04-16GLP/GEP: yes, unpublished
RBHOXX1 Anon. 1998 Fosethyl-AL; 80 WG; hop; France; BBA. Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la M-264198-01-2
97/45 Pêche, Paris, France. Bayer CropScience, Report No.: RBHOXX197/45,
Date: 1998-09-14GLP/GEP: no, unpublished
S13-02757 Lakaschus, 2013 7 days freezer storage stability study of fosetyl-Al and its metabolite M-474379-01-1
S.; Gizler, A. phosphorous acid in tomato. Eurofins Dr. Specht GLP GmbH, Hamburg,
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TRC09-02 Gimeno 2011 Magnitude of Residues in Mandarin Following three Applications with
Martos, C. Potassium Phosphite 50 % w/w SL. Trial Camp, Report No. TRC09-02 (P-
1640-G), GLP, not published
TRC09-03 Gimeno 2011 Magnitude of Residues in Orange Following three Applications with
Martos, C. Potassium Phosphite 50 % w/w SL. Trial Camp, Report No. TRC09-03 (P-
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TRC15-138 Luna 2016 Magnitude of residues in oranges following three pre-harvest applications
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Southern Europe. TRC 15-138, GLP, not published
TRC15-139 Luna 2016 Magnitude of residues in mandarins following three pre-harvest applications
Martinesz, F. and one post-harvest application with the formulated product ‘DP-04’
(potassium phosphonates. equivalent to 500 g/L of Phosphonic Acid) in
Southern Europe. TRC 15-139, GLP, not published
VCE0001A Bloy, C. 2002 Etude des effets non intentionnels de la preparation fongicide experimentale M-228237-01-1
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1618 Fosetyl-Aluminium

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L. ingrediente ativo ácido fosfônicoem frutos de maçã, frutos de uva e grãos de
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VR-097/14 Magagnato, 2015 Estudo de validação de metodologia analítica para análise de resíduo do M-519340-01-1
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