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Linear Accelerator (Linac: Prepared by Seemab Zakir Biomedical Engineer

Linear accelerators (LINACs) are devices that use high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies. [1] LINACs have six main components: injection system, RF power generation system, accelerating waveguide, auxiliary system, beam transport system, and beam collimation system. [2] The electron beam or x-rays produced can be used to treat superficial or deep-seated tumors. [3]

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ihsan ul haq
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258 views

Linear Accelerator (Linac: Prepared by Seemab Zakir Biomedical Engineer

Linear accelerators (LINACs) are devices that use high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies. [1] LINACs have six main components: injection system, RF power generation system, accelerating waveguide, auxiliary system, beam transport system, and beam collimation system. [2] The electron beam or x-rays produced can be used to treat superficial or deep-seated tumors. [3]

Uploaded by

ihsan ul haq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ACCELERATOR(LINAC)

Prepared by
Seemab Zakir
Biomedical engineer
LINAC ?
 It is a device that uses high frequency electromagnetic
waves to accelerate charged particles such as electrons
to high energies through a linear tube.

 The high energy electron beam itself can be used to


treat superficial tumors, or it can be made to strike a
target to produce x rays for treating deep seated tumors.
Working Principle
Components

SIX CLASSES
 Injection system;
 RF power generation system;
 Accelerating waveguide;
 Auxiliary system;
 Beam transport system;
 Beam collimation and beam monitoring
system.
Injection system
 The injection system is the source of electrons; it is
essentially a simple electrostatic accelerator called
electron gun.
 Electron gun contain a heated filament cathode and a
perforated grounded anode
 Electrons are thermionically emitted from the heated
cathode, focused into a pencil beam by a curved
focusing electrode and accelerated towards the
perforated anode through which they drift to enter the
accelerating waveguide.
 The electrostatic fields used to accelerate the electrons .
Radiofrequency power generation
system
 The microwave radiation used in the accelerating
waveguide to accelerate electrons to the desired kinetic
energy is produced by the RF power generation system,
which consists of two major components:
 A pulsed modulator.
 An RF power source.
 Power supply provides dc power to the modulator, which
includes the pulse forming network and a switch tube
known as hydrogen thyratron.
 High voltage pulses from the modulator section are flat
topped dc pulses of few microseconds in duration.
 These pulses are delivered to magnetron or klystron and
simultaneously to the electron gun.
 The RF power source is either a magnetron or a
klystron.


Device that produce
microwaves.

It has a cylindrical
construction, having
a central cathode and
outer cathode.

Space between
cathode and anode is
MAGNETRON
evacuated.

Cathode is heated by
an inner filament and
the electrons are
generated by
thermionic emission.
MAGNETRON
 Static magnetic field is applied perpendicular
to the plane of cross-section of cavities and a
pulsed dc electric field is applied between
cathode and anode.
 Electrons emitted by cathode are accelerated
towards anode by the action of pulsed dc
electric field and by the influence of magnetic
field electrons move in complex spirals
towards resonant cavities, radiating energy in
the form of microwaves.


It is a microwave amplifier.

The electrons produced by
the cathode are accelerated
by a negative pulse of
voltage into the first cavity
called buncher cavity.

The microwaves set up an
alternating electric field
KLYSTERON
across the cavity.

The velocity of the electron
is altered by the action of
this electric field to a
varying degree-velocity
modulation
KLYSTERON
 Some electrons are speed up while others slow down
and some are unaffected result and this results in
bunching of electrons.
 As the electron bunch reaches catcher cavity they
induce charges on the ends of the cavity and there by
generate a retarding electric field
.
 The electrons suffer deceleration and by the principle of
conservation of energy the K.E of electrons is converted
into high power microwaves.
GANTRY
 Source of radiation can rotate 360 degree.
 As the gantry rotates collimator axis moves in a vertical
plane. The point of intersection of collimator axis and the
axis of rotation of the gantry is known as iso center.
 The gantry consist of: Electron gun,
Accelerator Structure, Treatment Head

ACCELERATOR STRUCTURE
 It consists of a copper tube with its interior divided by
copper discs or diaphragms of varying aperture and
spacing.
 This section is evacuated to allow free propagation of
electrons.
 Electrons interact with the electromagnetic field of
microwaves.
 Electrons gain energy from the sinusoidal electric field
by an acceleration process.
Auxiliary system
The linac auxiliary system comprises four systems:

 A vacuum pumping system producing a vacuum


pressure of ~10–6 torr in the accelerating guide and the
RF generator;
 A water cooling system used for cooling the accelerating
guide, target, and RF generator;
 An optional air pressure system for pneumatic
movement of the target and other beam shaping
components;
 Shielding against leakage radiation.

Electron beam transport


Two systems for electron bending have been
developed:

 90 º bending;
 270 º bending;
 The system use bending magnets.

Linac treatment head


The important components found in a typical
head of a fourth or fifth generation linac include:
 X ray targets;
 Flattening filters and electron scattering foils (also
called scattering filters);
 Primary and adjustable secondary collimators;
 Dual transmission ionization chambers;
 A field defining light
 wedges;
 Optional MLC.
Scattering foil &Flattening filter

Schematic diagram of linac head component (a)


photon beam (b) electron beam
 Electron beam exist the window, is a narrow
pencil about 3mm in diameter.
 The narrow pencil beam is made to strike an
electron scattering foil to spread the beam and
uniformity.
 Made of thin metallic foil, usually lead.
 Flattening filter to make the beam intensity
uniform across the field
 Made of lead, aluminum, tungsten, uranium,
steel.
Beam collimation
 In a typical modern medical linac, the photon
beam collimation is achieved with two or three
collimator devices:

 A primary collimator;
 Secondary movable beam defining collimators;
An MLC (optional).
MODES
PHOTON MODE
The photon mode use two energies between 4-23 mw

ELECTRON MODE
The electron mode uses 6 energies from 5-21 Mw . These
mode depends on config and models of LINAC
Thank you

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