Ampere’s Circuit Law

P3.14: A pair of infinite extent current sheets exists at z = -2.0 m and at z = +2.0 m.
The top sheet has a uniform current density K = 3.0 ay A/m and the bottom one has K
= -3.0 ay A/m. Find H at (a) (0,0,4m), (b) (0,0,0) and (c) (0,0,-4m).

1
We apply H = K �a N ,
2
1 1
(a) H = ( 3a y ) �a z + ( -3a y ) �a z = 0
2 2
(b)
1 1
H = ( 3a y ) �-a z + ( -3a y ) �a z
2 2
A
= -3a x
m
(c) H = 0 Fig. P3.14

P3.15: An infinite extent current sheet with K = 6.0 ay A/m exists at z = 0. A

conductive loop of radius 1.0 m, in the y-z plane centered at z = 2.0 m, has zero
magnetic field intensity measured at its center. Determine the magnitude of the
current in the loop and show its direction with a sketch.

Htot = HS + HL
1 1 A
H S = K �a N = ( 6a y ) �a z = 3a x
2 2 m
For the loop, we use Eqn. (3.10):
I
H= az
2a
where here
I -I
HL = ( -a x ) = a x
2a 2
(sign is chosen opposite HS).
So, I/2 = 3 and I = 6A.
Fig. P3.15

P3.16: Given the field H = 3y2 ax, find the current passing through a square in the x-y
plane that has one corner at the origin and the opposite corner at (2, 2, 0).

Referring to Figure P3.6, we evaluate the circulation of H around the square path.
b c d a

�H gdL = I enc =�
a
+�+�
+�
b c d

Fig. P3.16
b
3( 0)
2
�
a
a x gdxa x = 0

� =0
2
3 y a gdyax y
b
d 0
3 ( 2 ) a x gdxa x = 12�
2
�
c
dx = -24
2
a

�= 0
d

So we have Ienc = 24 A. The negative

Sign indicates current is going in the
-az direction.

P3.17: Given a 3.0 mm radius solid wire centered on the z-axis with an evenly
distributed 2.0 amps of current in the +az direction, plot the magnetic field intensity H
versus radial distance from the z-axis over the range 0 ≤  ≤ 9 mm.

Figure P3.17 shows the situation along with the Amperian Paths. We have:
� HgdL = I enc , where H = H f af and dL =  df af ; Q 2p H f = I enc
This will be true for each Amperian path.

 2p
I I I 2
AP1: I enc =�
J gdS, J = 2 a z , I enc = 2 � d  � df = 2
pa pa 0 0
a
I
So: H =  af for  �a
2p a 2
I
AP2: Ienc = I, H = af for  �a
2p

Fig. P3.17a Fig. P3.17b

% MLP0317
% generate plot for ACL problem
 a=3e-3; %radius of solid wire (m)
I=2; %current (A)
N=30; %number of data points to plot
rmax=9e-3; %max radius for plot (m)
dr=rmax/N;

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=(I/(2*pi*a^2))*r(i);
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(m)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.18: Given a 2.0 cm radius solid wire centered on the z-axis with a current density J
= 3 A/cm2 az (for  in cm) plot the magnetic field intensity H versus radial distance
from the z-axis over the range 0 ≤  ≤ 8 cm.

We’ll let a = 2 cm.

�HgdL = I enc , where H = H f af and dL =  df af ; Q 2p H f = I enc

AP1 ( < a): I enc = � 3 a  g d  df a z = 2p 3

J gdS = �
and H =  af for  �a
2

a3
AP2 ( > a): Ienc = 2pa3, so H = af for  �a


The MATLAB plotting routine is as follows:

% MLP0318
% generate plot for ACL problem

a=2; %radius of solid wire (cm)

N=40; %number of data points to plot
rmax=8; %max radius for plot
(cm)
dr=rmax/N;

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=r(i)^2;

Fig. P3.18
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=a^3/r(i);
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/cm)')
grid on

P3.19: An infinitesimally thin metallic cylindrical shell of radius 4.0 cm is centered on

the z-axis and carries an evenly distributed current of 10.0 mA in the +az direction.
(a) Determine the value of the surface current density on the conductive shell and (b)
plot H as a function of radial distance from the z-axis over the range 0 ≤ ≤ 12 cm.

I 10mA mA mA
(a) K s = = = 39.8 ; so K = 40a z
2p a 2p ( 0.04m ) m m
(b) for  < a, H = 0. For  > a we have:
I
H= af
2p
The MATLAB routine to generate the plot is as follows:
% MLP0319
% generate plot for ACL problem
a=4; %radius of solid wire (cm)
N=120; %number of data points to plot
I=10e-3; %current (A)
rmax=12; %max plot radius(cm)
dr=rmax/N;

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

Fig. P3.19b
 P3.20: A cylindrical pipe with a 1.0 cm
wall thickness and an inner radius of 4.0
cm is centered on the z-axis and has an
evenly distributed 3.0 amps of current in
the +az direction. Plot the magnetic field
intensity H versus radial distance from
the z-axis over the range 0 ≤  ≤ 10 cm.

For each Amperian Path:

Fig. P3.19a

�HgdL = I enc , where H = H f af and dL =  df af ; Q 2p H f = I enc

Now, for  < a, Ienc = 0 so H = 0.
I
For a <  < b, I enc = �
J gdS, where J = a z and dS = d  dfa z
p ( b - a2 )
2

I
 2p
d  �
 2 - a2
df = I 2
I (  2 - a2 )
p ( b2 - a2 ) �
I enc = ,H = af
a 0
b - a2 2p ( b 2 - a 2 ) 

Fig. P3.20a Fig. P3.20b

% MLP0320
% generate plot for ACL problem

a=4; %inner radius of pipe (cm)

b=5; %outer radius of pipe(cm)
N=120; %number of data points to plot
I=3; %current (A)
rmax=10; %max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;
aoverdr=a/dr
boverdr=b/dr
 for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end

for i=round(a/dr)+1:round(b/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
num(i)=I*(r(i)^2-a^2);
den(i)=2*pi*(b^2-a^2)*r(i);
H(i)=100*num(i)/den(i);
end

for i=round(b/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end

plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.21: An infinite length line carries current I in the +az direction on the z-axis, and
this is surrounded by an infinite length cylindrical shell (centered about the z-axis) of
radius a carrying the return current I in the –az direction as a surface current. Find
expressions for the magnetic field intensity everywhere. If the current is 1.0 A and the
radius a is 2.0 cm, plot the magnitude of H versus radial distance from the z-axis from
0.1 cm to 4 cm.

I
�
H gdL = I ; for 0< < a, H = af and for  > a, H = 0.
2p
enc

Fig. P3.21a
 The MATLAB routine used to generate
Figure P3.21b is as follows:
% MLP0321
% generate plot for
ACL problem
clc
clear

a=2; %inner
radius of cylinder(cm)
Fig. P3.21b N=80; %number of
data points to plot
I=1; %current (A)
rmax=4; %max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;

for i=1:40
r(i)=.1+(i-1)*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end

for i=40:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end

plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.22: Consider a pair of collinear cylindrical shells centered on the z-axis. The inner
shell has radius a and carries a sheet current totaling I amps in the +az direction while
the outer shell of radius b carries the return current I in the –az direction. Find
expressions for the magnetic field intensity everywhere. If a = 2cm, b = 4cm and I =
4A, plot the magnitude of H versus radial distance from the z-axis from 0 to 8 cm.

�
H gdL = I enc ; for 0< < a, H = 0;
I
for a< < b, H = af ;
2p
and for  > b, H = 0.
The MATLAB routine used to generate Figure P3.22b is as follows:
% MLP0322
% generate plot for ACL problem
a=2; %inner radius of coax (cm)
b=4; %outer radius of coax(cm)
N=160; %number of data points to plot

Fig. P3.22a Fig. P3.22b

I=4; %current (A)
rmax=8; %max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;
aoverdr=a/dr
boverdr=b/dr

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end

for i=round(a/dr)+1:round(b/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end

for i=round(b/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end

plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.23: Consider the toroid in Figure 3.55 that is tightly wrapped with N turns of
conductive wire. For an Amperian path with radius less than a, no current is enclosed
and therefore the field is zero. Likewise, for radius greater than c, the net current
enclosed is zero and again the field is zero. Use Ampere’s Circuital Law to find an
expression for the magnetic field at radius b, the center of the toroid.

�
H gdL = I enc ;
Within the toroid, H = Hfaf, so
�
H gdL = �
Ha f f   =b df af = 2p bHf .
�
Then, Ienc by the Amperian path is: Ienc = NI.
NI
\H = af .
2p b

4. Curl and the Point Form of Ampere’s Circuital Law

P3.24: Find Ѵ A for the following fields:
a. A = 3xy2/z ax
b. A = sin2f a – 2 z cosf af
c. A = r2sin ar + r/cos fa

�
Ax �A -3 xy 2 6 xy
(a) Ѵ ( 3xy z ) a
2
x =
�z
a y - x az =
�y z 2
ay -
z
az

�
Af �
A 1 �� �A �
(b) Ѵ (  sin 2
f a  -  2 z cos f af ) = -
�
z
a +
�
z
af +
 �
�
(  Af ) -  �
�f�
az
�
3 2 z cos f 1
=  2 cos f a  + 0af - a z -  2sin f cos f a z
 
=  2 cos f a  - [ 3 z cos f + 2sin f cos f ] a z
(c)
�2 r �
Ѵ �r sin  a r + a �
� cos f �
-1 ����A 1 1 � Ar �( rA ) �
1� Ar �
= a + a + � - af
�
r sin  � f� � f�

sin  � �
r
�� � r� � r� � r �

-r �( cos f )
-1
1 �� r 2 � 1 � 2
=
r sin  �f
ar +
r�
� af -
�
r �cos f � r �
( r sin  ) af
- sin f �2 �
= ar + � - r cos  �af
sin  cos f
2
cos f
� �

P3.25: Find J at (3m, 60, 4m) for H = (z/sinf) a – (2/cosf) az A/m.

 1�Az ��
A � A � -1 � A
Ѵ H= a + �  - z �
af + az
 �
f ��z ��  �
f
-  sin f �1 2 � z cos f
= a + � + af +
� az
cos f
2
�sin f cos f �  sin f
2

Now find J by evaluating Ѵ H at the given point:

A
J = -10a  + 13af + 0.89a z 2
m

P3.26: Suppose H = y2ax + x2ay A/m.

a. Calculate � H gdL around the path A � B � C � D � A , where A(2m,0,0),
B(2m,4m,0), C(0,4m,0) and D(0,0,0).
b. Divide this �H gdL by the area S (2m*4m = 8m2).
c. Evaluate Ѵ H at the center point.
d. Comment on your results for (b) & (c).

B C D A

(a) Referring to the figure, we evaluate �

H gdL = I enc = �
+�+�
+�
A B C D
B 4

�= �
x 2
dy = 4 ( 4 ) = 16C
A 0 x =2
C 0

�= � dx = -32C
2
y
B 2 y =4
D 0

�= � dy = 0
2
x
C 4 x=0
A 2

�= �
y2 dy = 0
D 0 y =0

So we have �
H gdL = -16C Fig. P3.26

(b) dividing by S = 8m2, we have -2 C/m2

(c) Evaluating the curl of H:
��A � A �
Ѵ H=� y - x � a z = ( 2 x - 2 y ) a z , and at the center point (x = 1 and y = 2) we
�� x �y �
have
C
Ѵ H center = -2 az
m2
(d) In this particular case, Ѵ H = �H gdL S , even though S is of appreciable size.
P3.27: For the coaxial cable example 3.8, we found:
 I
for  �a, H= af ,
2p a 2
I
for a< �b, H= af ,
2p
I �c 2 -  2 �
for b< �c, H= � af ,
�
( )
2p c 2 - b 2 �  �
and for c< , H =0.
a. Evaluate the curl in all 4 regions.
b. Calculate the current density in the conductive regions by dividing the current
by the area. Are these results the same as what you found in (a)?

1 ��I  2 � I
(a) Ѵ==H� � 2� az a z for  a
� �2p a � p a 2
1 ��I �
Ѵ H= a z = 0 for a <  < b
�� �
�2p �
1 ��I ( c -  ) �
2 2
-I
Ѵ==H� � �
a a z for b< c
�  �2p ( c 2 - b 2 ) �z p ( c2 - b2 )
� �
Ѵ H = 0 for  > c

( )
(b) for  �a, S = p a , J = I S a z = 2 a z
2

pa
I

-I
for b< �c, S = p ( c 2 - b 2 ) , J = az
p ( c 2 - b2 )
Comment: Ѵ H = J is confirmed.

P3.28: Suppose you have the field H = r cos  af A/m. Now consider the cone
specified by  = p/4, with a height a as shown in Figure 3.56. The circular top of the
cone has a radius a.
a. Evaluate the right side of Stoke’s theorem through the dS = dSa surface.
b. Evaluate the left side of Stoke’s theorem by integrating around the loop.

1 �� � 1 �( rHf )
(a) Ѵ H =
r sin  �
�
�
( sin  H )
f �ar -
� r � r
a

ar derivative:
� ( cos  - sin  )
2 2
� 1 ��
( r sin  cos  ) = r ( cos 2  - sin 2  ) ; ( sin  Hf ) �ar = ar

� r sin  �
�
� � sin 
 Fig. P3.28
a derivative:
-1 �( r cos  )
2

a = -2 cos  a
r �
r

So, Ѵ H =
( cos 2
 - sin 2  )
ar - 2 cos  a
sin 
Now we must integrate this over the a surface:
�( cos 2  - sin 2  )

�
gr sin  drdf ( -a )
�Ѵ H gdS = ��
� sin 
a r - 2 cos a�
�
� �
2a 2p
2r sin  cos  drdf =2 ( sin  cos  )  = p
=� df = 2p a 2
�rdr �
4 0 0
2p

(b) �H gdL = �
r r =a 2
cos  af gadfaf = a cos   = p
2
df = 2p a
�
2

4 0

Clearly in this case the circulation of H is the easiest approach.

5. Magnetic Flux Density

P3.29: An infinite length line of 3.0 A current in the +ay direction lies on the y-axis.
Find the magnetic flux density at P(7.0m,0,0) in (a) Teslas, (b) Wb/m2, and (c) Gauss.

I 3A mA
H= af = ( -a z ) = -68 a z
2p 2p ( 7 m ) m
� H� � A � �Wb � Wb
B = mo H = � 4p x10-7 � �-68 � a z � �= -86 x10-9 2 a z = -86 x10-9 Ta z
� m� � m � �HA � m
10,000G
B = ( -86 x10-9 Ta z ) = -860 x10 -6 Ga z
T

P3.30: Suppose an infinite extent sheet of current with K = 12ax A/m lies on the x-y
plane at z = 0. Find B for any point above the sheet. Find the magnetic flux passing
through a 2m2 area in the x-z plane for z > 0.
 1
H = K �a N ;
2

B=
mo
K �a N =
( 4p x10 -7 H m ) � A � Wb
12a x �a z �= -7.54 x10 -6 2 a y
�
2 2 � m � m
This is valid at any point above the sheet.

Now, f = �
�
BgdS = BgS = �
�
Wb �
m �
( )
-7.54x10-6 2 a y �2m2 ( -a y ) = 15mWb

P3.31: An infinite length coaxial cable exists along the z-axis, with an inner shell of
radius a carrying current I in the +az direction and outer shell of radius b carrying the
return current. Find the magnetic flux passing through an area of length h along the z-
axis bounded by radius between a and b.

I mI
H= af , B = o af ,
2p 2p
mI a mI
BgdS = o �f gd  dzaf = o ln (  ) a h
b
For a <  < b, f = �
2p  2p
mo Ih �b �
f= ln � �Wb
2p �a �

6. Magnetic Forces
P3.32: A 1.0 nC charge with velocity 100. m/sec in the y direction enters a region
where the electric field intensity is 100. V/m az and the magnetic flux density is 5.0
Wb/m2 ax. Determine the force vector acting on the charge.
m Wb Wb
F = q ( E + u �B ) ; u �B = 100 a y �5 2 = -500 az
s m ax sm
� V Wb Vs �mN
F = 10-9 C �
100 a z + -500 a z � = -400nNa z
� m sm Wb �VC

P3.33: A 10. nC charge with velocity 100. m/sec in the z direction enters a region
where the electric field intensity is 800. V/m ax and the magnetic flux density 12.0
Wb/m2 ay. Determine the force vector acting on the charge.

� V m Wb �
F = q ( E + u �B ) = 10 x10-9 C �
800 a + 100 a z �12 2 �= -4 m Na x
� m x s m ay �
� �
P3.34: A 10. nC charged particle has a velocity v = 3.0ax + 4.0ay + 5.0az m/sec as it
enters a magnetic field B = 1000. T ay (recall that a tesla T = Wb/m2). Calculate the
force vector on the charge.

(�3a x + 4a y + 5a z ) ms �1000 Wb
�
F = q ( u �B ) = 10 x10-9 C �
m 2
�
ay �
�
The cross-product:
�ax a y az �
�3 5�
� 4 �= -5000a x + 3000a z
�
�0 1000 0 � �
Evaluating we find: F = -50ax + 30az mN

P3.35: What electric field is required so that the velocity of the charged particle in the
previous problem remains constant?

dv
F = ma = m = 0 (constant velocity)
dt
F = q ( E + u �B ) = 0;
m Wb V V
E = -u �B = - ( 3a x + 4a y + 5a z ) �1000 2 a y = -3000 a z + 5000 a x
s m m m
kV
E = 5a x - 3a z
m

P3.36: An electron (with rest mass Me= 9.11x10-31kg and charge q = -1.6 x 10-19 C) has
a velocity of 1.0 km/sec as it enters a 1.0 nT magnetic field. The field is oriented
normal to the velocity of the electron. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration
on the electron caused by its encounter with the magnetic field.

F = ma = q ( u �B ) ;
q
a= ( u �B ) ;
m

a=
quB ( -1.6 x10
=
-19
(
C ) 1000 m ) ( 10
s
-9 Wb
)
m2 = 175 x103 m
m ( 9.11x10 kg )
-31 s2

P3.37: Suppose you have a surface current K = 20. ax A/m along the z = 0 plane.
About a meter or so above this plane, a 5.0 nC charged particle is moving along with
velocity v = -10.ax m/sec. Determine the force vector on this particle.
 1 1 A
H = K �a N = 20a x �a z = -10a y
2 2 m
B = mo H = -10 ( 4p x10 ) a y Wb 2 = -40p x10-7 a y Wb 2
-7
m m
� m Wb �
F = qu �b = ( 5 x10-9 C ) � -10a x �-40p x10-7 a y 2 �= 0.63 pNa z
� s m �

P3.38: A meter or so above the surface current of the previous problem there is an
infinite length line conducting 1.0 A of current in the –ax direction. Determine the
force per unit length acting on this line of current.

0
Wb
F12 = � dxa x �-40p x10-7 a y
I 2 dL2 �B1 = I 2 �
L
m2
F12 = I 2 ( - L ) ( -40p x10-7 a z ) ;
F12 mN
= 40p x10-7 a z = 12.6 az
L m

P3.39: Recall that the gravitational force on a mass m is F = mg , where, at the earth’s
surface, g = 9.8 m/s2 (-az). A line of 2.0 A current with 100. g mass per meter length is
horizontal with the earth’s surface and is directed from west to east. What magnitude
and direction of uniform magnetic flux density would be required to levitate this line?

� m� �Ns 2 kg �
Fg = mg; for 1 m Fg = ( 100 g ) � ( -a z ) �
9.8 2 � �= -0.98 Na z
� s � �kg m 1000 g �
1m
F= �
IdL �B = - F
0
g = +0.98 Na z

By inspection, B = Bo(-ax)
L

�
Idya y �Bo ( -a x ) = ILBoa z
o

� Wb �
= ( 2 A ) ( 1m ) �Bo 2 �= 2 Bo ( N )
� m �
The unit conversion to arrive at
Newtons is as follows:
Am Wb Vs W J Nm
=N
m 2 Wb VA Ws J

So we have Bo = 0.490 Wb/m2, and

B = 0.490 Wb/m2 (-ax) (directed north) Fig. P3.39
P3.40: Suppose you have a pair of parallel lines each with a mass per unit length of
0.10 kg/m. One line sits on the ground and conducts 200. A in the +ax direction, and
the other one, 1.0 cm above the first (and parallel), has sufficient current to levitate.
Determine the current and its direction for line 2.

F12 mo I1 I 2 4p x10-7 H m 200 A

Here we will use = ay = I 2a z = 4 x10-3 I 2a z
L 2p y 2p 0.01m
F mg Ns 2 N
= = ( 0.10 kg m ) ( 9.8 m s 2 ) = 0.98
L L kgm m
So solving for I2:
0.98
I2 = = 245 A in the -a x direction.
4 x10-3

P3.41: In Figure 3.57, a 2.0 A line of current is shown on the z-axis with the current in
the +az direction. A current loop exists on the x-y plane (z = 0) that has 4 wires
(labeled 1 through 4) and carries 1.0 mA as shown. Find the force on each arm and
the total force acting on the loop from the field of the 2.0 A line.

mo I1
F12 = �
I 2 dL2 �B1 ; B1 = af
2p
A � B : dL2 = 5df af , af �af = 0
C � D : af �af = 0
3
mI m I I �3 �
B � C : F12 = I 2 � d  a  � o 1 af = o 1 2 ln � �az
5
2p 2p �5 �

Fig. P3.41
4p x10-7 H m 3�
F12 = ( 2 A) ( 10-3 A) ln �
�� a z = -204 pNa z
2p �5 �
So for B to C: F12 = -0.20 nN az
Likewise, from D to A: F12 = +0.20 nN az
P3.42: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 3.4 to find the differential force acting from
each individual differential segment on the loop. Plot this force against the phi
location of the segment.

%MLP0342
%modify ML0304 to find dF acting from the field
% of each segment of current; plot vs phi

clear
clc
I=1; %current in A
a=1; %loop radius, in m
mu=pi*(4e-7); %free space permeability
az=[0 0 1]; %unit vector in z direction
DL1=a*2*(pi/180)*[0 1 0]; %Assume 2 degree increments
%DL1 is the test element vector
%F is the angle phi in radians
%xi,yi is location of ith element on the loop
%Ai & ai = vector and unit vector from origin
% to xi,yi
%DLi is the ith element vector
%Ri1 & ri1 = vector and unit vector from ith
% point to test point

for i=1:179
phi(i)=i*2;
F=2*i*pi/180;
xi=a*cos(F);
yi=a*sin(F);
Ai=[xi yi 0];
ai=unitvector(Ai);
DLi=(pi*a/90)*cross(az,ai);
Ri1=[a-xi -yi 0];
ri1=unitvector(Ri1);
num=mu*I*cross(DLi,ri1);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Ri1)^2);
B=num/den;
dFvect=I*cross(DL1,B);
dF(i)=dFvect(1);
end
plot(phi,dF)
xlabel('angle in degrees')
ylabel('the differential force, N')

Fig. P3.42

P3.43: MATLAB: Consider a circular conducting loop of radius 4.0 cm in the y-z
plane centered at (0,6cm,0). The loop conducts 1.0 mA current clockwise as viewed
from the +x-axis. An infinite length line on the z-axis conducts 10. A current in the
+az direction. Find the net force on the loop.

The following MATLAB routine shows the force as a function of radial position
around the loop. Notice that while there is a net force in the -y direction, the forces in
the z-direction cancel.

% MLP0343
% find total force and torque on a loop of
% current next to a line of current

% variables
% I1,I2 current in the line and loop (A)
% yo center of loop on y axis (m)
% uo free space permeability (H/m)
% N number of segements on loop
% a loop radius (m)
% dalpha differential loop element
% dL length of differential section
% DL diff section vector
% B1 I1's mag flux vector (Wb/m^2)
% Rv vector from center of loop
% to the diff segment
% ar unit vector for Rv
% y,z the location of the diff segment

clc
clear

% initialize variables
I1=10;
I2=1e-3;
yo=.06;
uo=pi*4e-7;
N=180;
a=0.04;
dalpha=360/N;
dL=a*dalpha*pi/180;
ax=[1 0 0];

% perform calculations
for i=1:N
dalpha=360/N; Fig. P3.43
alpha=(i-1)*dalpha;
phi(i)=alpha;
z=a*sin(alpha*pi/180);
y=yo+a*cos(alpha*pi/180);
B1=-(uo*I1/(2*pi*y))*[1 0 0];
Rv=[0 y-.06 z];
ar=unitvector(Rv);
aL=cross(ar,ax);
DL=dL*aL;
dF=cross(I2*DL,B1);
dFx(i)=dF(1);
dFy(i)=dF(2);
dFz(i)=dF(3);
end
plot(phi,dFy,phi,dFz,'--k')
legend('dFy','dFz')
Fnet=sum(dFy)

Running the program we get:

Fnet = -4.2932e-009
>>
So Fnet = -4.3 nN ay

P3.44: MATLAB: A square loop of 1.0 A current of side 4.0 cm is centered on the x-y
plane. Assume 1 mm diameter wire, and estimate the force vector on one arm
resulting from the field of the other 3 arms.
% MLP0344 V2
%
% Square loop of current is centered on x-y plane.
Viewed
% from the +z axis, let current go clockwise. We want
to
% find the force on the arem at x = +2 cm resulting
from the
% current in arms at y = -2 cm, x = -2 cm and y = +2
cm.

% Wentworth, 12/3/03

% Variables
% a side length (m)
% b wire radius (m)
% I current in loop (A)
% uo free space permeability (H/m)
% N number of segments for each arm
% xi,yi location of test arm segment (at x = +2 cm)
% xj,yj location of source arm segment (at y = -2 cm)
% xk,yk location of source arm segment (at x = -2 cm)
% xL,yL location of source arm segment (at y = +2 cm)
% dLi differential test segment vector
% dLj, dLk, dLL diff vectors on sources
% Rji vector from source point j to test point i
% aji unit vector of Rji

clc;clear;

a=0.04;
b=.0005;
I=1;
uo=pi*4e-7;
N=80;

for i=1:N
xi=(a/2)+b;
yi=-(a/2)+(i-0.5)*a/N;
ypos(i)=yi;
dLi=(a/N)*[0 -1 0];
for j=1:N
xj=-(a/2)+(j-0.5)*a/N;
yj=-a/2-b;
dLj=(a/N)*[-1 0 0];
Rji=[xi-xj yi-yj 0];
 aji=unitvector(Rji);
num=I*CROSS(dLj,aji);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Rji))^2;
H=num/den;
dHj(j)=H(3);
end
for k=1:N
yk=(-a/2)+(k-0.5)*a/N;
xk=-(a/2)-b;
dLk=(a/N)*[0 1 0];
Rki=[xi-xk yi-yk 0];
aki=unitvector(Rki);
num=I*CROSS(dLk,aki);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Rki))^2;
H=num/den;
dHk(k)=H(3);
end
for L=1:N
xL=(-a/2)+(L-0.5)*a/N;
yL=(a/2)+b;
dLL=(a/N)*[1 0 0];
RLi=[xi-xL yi-yL 0];
aLi=unitvector(RLi);
num=I*CROSS(dLL,aLi);
den=4*pi*(magvector(RLi))^2;
H=num/den;
dHL(L)=H(3);
end
H=sum(dHj)+sum(dHk)+sum(dHL);
B=uo*H*[0 0 1];
F=I*CROSS(dLi,B);
dF(i)=F(1);
end
Ftot=sum(dF)
plot(ypos,dF)

Running the program:

Ftot =

7.4448e-007
Fig. P3.44
So Ftot = 740 nN
P3.45: A current sheet K = 100ax A/m exists at z = 2.0 cm. A 2.0 cm diameter loop
centered in the x-y plane at z = 0 conducts 1.0 mA current in the +af direction. Find
the torque on this loop.

t = m �B;
(
m = ISa N = ( 10-3 A ) p ( 0.01m )
2
)a z = 314 x10-9 Am 2a z
1 1� A� A
B = m o H; H = K �a N = � �( -a z ) = 50a y ;
100a x �
2 2� m� m
Wb
B = 50 mo a y ;
m2
t = m �B = -20 pNma x

P3.46: 10 turns of insulated wire in a 4.0 cm diameter coil are centered in the x-y
plane. Each strand of the coil conducts 2.0 A of current in the af direction. (a) What
is the magnetic dipole moment of this coil? Now suppose this coil is in a uniform
magnetic field B = 6.0ax + 3.0ay + 6.0az Wb/m2, (b) what is the torque on the coil?

(
(a) m = NISa x = ( 10 ) ( 2 A) p ( 0.02m )
2
) = 25.1mAm a
2
z

Wb
(b) t = m �B = 25.1mAa z �( 6a x + 3a y + 6a z ) = 0.151a y - 0.075a x Nm
m2
\t = -75a x + 151a y mNm

P3.47: A square conducting loop of side 2.0 cm is free to rotate about one side that is
fixed on the z-axis. There is 1.0 A current in the loop, flowing in the –az direction on
the fixed side. A uniform B-field exists such that when the loop is positioned at f =
90, no torque acts on the loop, and when the loop is positioned at f = 180 a
maximum torque of 8.0 mN-m az occurs. Determine the magnetic flux density.

At f = 90°, m = ISa N = 0.0004 Am a x . Also, since t = m �B = 0, B is in direction of

2

m, and therefore B = ±Boax.

At f = 180°, m = ISa N = 0.0004 Am a y , and t = m �B = 8 x10 a z Nm.
2 -6

Therefore, B = -Boax and mBo = 8x10-6, so

8 x10-6 mWb mWb
Bo = = 20 2 , and B = -20 2 a x .
0.0004 m m

7. Magnetic Materials
P3.48: A solid nickel wire of diameter 2.0 mm evenly conducts 1.0 amp of current.
Determine the magnitude of the magnetic flux density B as a function of radial
distance from the center of the wire. Plot to a radius of 2 mm.
 I 1A kA
J= a = a z = 31.8 2 a z
pa p ( 1x10-3 m )
2 z 2
m

�
H gdL = I enc =�
J gdS
I I
2p Hf =  d  df = 2  2
2 �
pa a
I m m I
for  �a H = a ; B = r o 2 af
2 f
2p a 2p a
I m I
for  �a H = af ; B = o af
2p 2p

% MLP0348
% generate plot for ACL problem

a=2e-3; %radius of solid wire (m)

I=1; %current (A)
N=30; %number of data points to plot
rmax=4e-3; %max radius for plot (m)
dr=rmax/N;
uo=pi*4e-7;
ur=600;

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
B(i)=(ur*uo*I/(2*pi*a^2))*r(i);
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
B(i)=uo*I/(2*pi*r(i));
End
rmm=r*1000;
plot(rmm,B)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('B (Wb/m^2)')
grid on

Fig. P3.48

8. Boundary Conditions
P3.49: A planar interface separates two magnetic media. The magnetic field in media
1 (with mr1) makes an angle 1 with a normal to the interface. (a) Find an equation for
2, the angle the field in media 2 (that has mr2) makes with a normal to the interface, in
terms of 1 and the relative permeabilities in the two media. (b) Suppose media 1 is
nickel and media 2 is air, and that the magnetic field in the nickel makes an 89 angle
with a normal to the surface. Find 2.

H1 = H1N a N + H1T aT ; H 2T aT = H1T aT ; B1N a N = mr1mo H1N a N

m r1
B2 N a N = B1N a N = mr1mo H1N a N = mr 2 mo H 2 N a N ; \ H 2 N = H
m r 2 1N
H 2T H1T
tan  2 = = ;
H2N m r1
H
m r 2 1N
m r 2 H1T m
tan  2 = = r 2 tan 1
mr1 H1 N m r1
�m �
 2 = tan -1 � r 2 tan 1 �
�m r1 �
�1 �
 2 = tan -1 � tan 89o�= 5.5o
�600 � Fig. P3.49

P3.50: MATLAB: Suppose the z = 0 plane separates two magnetic media, and that no
surface current exists at the interface. Construct a program that prompts the user for
mr1 (for z < 0), mr2 (for z > 0), and one of the fields, either H1 or H2. The program is to
calculate the unknown H. Verify the program using Example 3.11.

% M-File: MLP0350
%
% Given H1 at boundary between a pair of
% materials with no surface current at boundary,
% calculate H2.
%
clc
clear
% enter variables
disp('enter vectors quantities in brackets,')
disp('for example: [1 2 3]')
ur1=input('relative permeability in material 1: ');
ur2=input('relative permeability in material 2: ');
a12=input('unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: ');
F=input('material where field is known (1 or 2): ');
Ha=input('known magnetic field intensity vector: ');

if F==1
ura=ur1;
urb=ur2;
a=a12;
else
ura=ur2;
urb=ur1;
a=-a12;
end

% perform calculations
Hna=dot(Ha,a)*a;
Hta=Ha-Hna;
Htb=Hta;
Bna=ura*Hna; %ignores uo since it will factor out
Bnb=Bna;
Hnb=Bnb/urb;
display('The magnetic field in the other medium is: ')
Hb=Htb+Hnb

Now run the program (for Example 3.11):

enter vectors quantities in brackets,
for example: [1 2 3]
relative permeability in material 1: 6000
relative permeability in material 2: 3000
unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: [0 0 1]
material where field is known (1 or 2): 1
known magnetic field intensity vector: [6 2 3]

ans =
The magnetic field in the other medium is:
Hb = 6 2 6

For a second test, run the program for problem P3.52(a).

enter vectors quantities in brackets,

for example: [1 2 3]
relative permeability in material 1: 4
relative permeability in material 2: 1
unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: [0 0 -1]
material where field is known (1 or 2): 1
known magnetic field intensity vector: [3 0 4]

ans =
The magnetic field in the other medium is:
Hb = 3 0 16
P3.51: The plane y = 0 separates two magnetic media. Media 1 (y < 0) has mr1 = 3.0
and media 2 (y > 0) has mr2 = 9.0. A sheet current K = (1/mo) ax A/m exists at the
interface, and B1 = 4.0ay + 6.0az Wb/m2. (a) Find B2. (b) What angles do B1 and B2
make with a normal to the surface?

(a) B N 1 = 4a y
(b) B N 2 = B N 1 = 4a y
(c) BT 1 = 6a z
BT 1 2
(d) HT 1 = = az
m r1m o mo
3
(e) HT 2 = a z (see below)
mo
(f) BT 2 = mr mo HT 2 = 27a z
Wb Fig. P3.51
(g) B 2 = 4a y + 27a z 2
m
Now for step (e):
1
a 21 �( H1 - H 2 ) = K ; - a y �( H T 1a z - H T 2a z ) = ax
mo
1 1 1 2 3
- ( HT1 - HT 2 ) ax = a x ; HT 2 - HT 1 = ; HT 2 = + =
mo mo m o m o mo

�BT 1 � o �BT 2 � o
Angles: 1 = tan � 
-1 -1
= = �= 82
� 56 ; tan � �
�B � 2 �B
� N1 � � N2 �

P3.52: Above the x-y plane (z > 0), there exists a magnetic material with mr1 = 4.0 and
a field H1 = 3.0ax + 4.0az A/m. Below the plane (z < 0) is free space. (a) Find H2,
assuming the boundary is free of surface current. What angle does H2 make with a
normal to the surface? (b) Find H2, assuming the boundary has a surface current K =
5.0 ax A/m.

(a)
BN 2
(1) H N 1 = 4a z , (2) B N 1 = 16 mo a z , (3) B N 2 = B N 1 = 16moa z ,(4) H N 2 = = 16a z
mo
A
(5) HT 1 = 3a x , (6) HT 2 = HT 1 = 3a x , (7) H 2 = 3a x + 16a z
m
�H T 2 �
 2 = tan -1 �
�H � �= 10.6
o

� N2 �
(b)
Now step (6) becomes a 21 �( H1 - H 2 ) = K , shere a21 = az.
Let’s let H 2 = Aa x + Ba y + 16a z , then a 21 �( 3a x + 4a z - Aa x - Ba y - 16a z ) = 5a x
Solve for A and B:
�a x ay az �
�0 1 �
� 0 �= Ba x + ( A - 3) a y = 5a x ; so A = 3 and B = 5
�
�3 - A - B -12 � �

A
Finally, H 2 = 3a x + 5a y + 16a z .
m

P3.53: The x-z plane separates magnetic material with mr1 = 2.0 (for y < 0) from
magnetic material with mr2 = 4.0 (for y > 0). In medium 1, there is a field H1 = 2.0ax +
4.0ay + 6.0az A/m. Find H2 assuming the boundary has a surface current K = 2.0ax –
2.0az A/m.

8 mo
(1)H1N = 4a y ,(2)B1N = 8moa y ,(3)B 2 N = B1 N = 8moa y ,(4)H 2 N = a y = 2a y
4 mo
(5)H1T = 2a x + 6a z ,(6)a 21  ( H1 - H 2 ) = K , let HT 2 = H x a x + H z a z ,
so - a y  ( ( 2 - H x ) a x + ( 6 - H z ) a z ) = 2a x - 2a z ,
ax ay az
0 -1 0 = ( H z - 6 ) a x + ( 2 - H x ) a z = 2a x - 2a z , so H z = 8, H x = 4
2 - Hx 0 6 - Hz
A
(7)H 2T = 4a x + 8a z , \ H 2 = 4a x + 2a y + 8a z
m

P3.54: An infinite length line of 2p A current in the +az direction exists on the z-axis.
This is surrounded by air for  ≤ 50 cm, at which point the magnetic media has mr2 =
9.0 for  > 50 cm. If the field in media 2 at  = 1.0 m is H = 5.0af A/m, find the sheet
current density vector at  = 50. cm, if any.

Method 1:
I1
From just the line of current we would have H1 = af = 1af .
2p ( 1)
Now, since HTOT = 5af = H1 + H 2 , then H 2 = 4af is the contribution from the sheet
current.
I2 I 8p A
H2 = af = 4af , so I 2 = 8p A, then K = 2 a z = = 8 az
2p ( 1) 2p a 2p ( 0.5 ) m
A
\K = 8 az
m
Method 2:
From I1 at boundary we have
2p af
H1 = = 2af , but 5af at  = 1.0m corresponds to 10af at  =0.5m since H
2p ( 0.5)
varies as 1/. So
-a   ( 2af - 10af ) = K , - a   ( -8af ) = 8a z = K
A
\K = 8 az
m
Faraday’s law and EMF
P4.9: The magnetic flux density increases at the rate of 10 (Wb/m 2)/sec in the z
direction. A 10 cm x 10 cm square conducting loop, centered at the origin in the x-y
plane, has 10 ohms of distributed resistance. Determine the direction (with a sketch)
and magnitude of the induced current in the conducting loop.

dB Wb
= 10 2 a z
dt ms
dB Wb
Vemf = -  gdS = -  10 2 a z gdxdya z
dt ms
Wb Vs
Vemf = -0.1 = -0.1V
s Wb
0.1V
I= I = = 10mA
10
I=10mA clockwise (when viewed
From +z) Fig. P4.9

P4.10: A bar magnet is dropped through a conductive ring. Indicate in a sketch the
direction of the induced current when the falling magnet is just above the plane of the
ring and when it is just below the plane of the ring, as shown in Figure 4.22.

Refer to Figure P4.10.

When the north pole first goes through the loop, flux is increasing and the current
induced to oppose this change in flux is as shown.

When the south pole is exiting the loop, flux is decreasing and the current induced
acts to oppose this change in flux.

Fig. P4.10

P4.11: Considering Figure 4.7, suppose the area of a single loop of the pair is 100
cm2, and the magnetic flux density is constant over the area of the loops but changes
 - t
with time as B = Bo e a z , where Bo = 4.0 mWb/m2 and  = 0.30 Np/sec. Determine
VR at 1, 10, and 100 seconds.

�B dB
Vemf = - N � gdS; = -  Bo e -  t a z ; Vemf = 2  Bo e -  t S
�t dt
2
 1m  -0.30t
VR = 2  Bo Se -  t = 2 ( 0.30 ) ( 4 x10 -3 ) ( 100cm 2 )   e = 24 x10 -6 e -0.30t
 100cm 
at t = 1 sec, VR = 17.8 mV
at t = 10 sec, VR = 1.20 mV
at t = 100 sec, VR = 2.25x10-18 V

P4.12: Sometimes a transformer is used as an impedance converter, where impedance

is given by v/i. Find an expression for the impedance Z1 seen by the primary side of
the transformer in Figure 4.11 that has a load impedance Z2 terminating the secondary.

N1 N
We have i2 = i1 and v2 = 2 v1
N2 N1
 N2 
 v1  2
v1 v2  N1   N 2 
Z1 = , Z 2 = = =  Z1
i1 i2  N1   N1 
 N i1 
 2 
2
N 
Z1 =  1  Z 2
 N2 

P4.13: A 1.0 mm diameter copper wire is shaped into a square loop of side 4.0 cm. It
is placed in a plane normal to a magnetic field increasing with time as B = 1.0 t
Wb/m2 az, where t is in seconds. (a) Find the magnitude of the induced current and
indicate its direction in a sketch. (b) Calculate the magnetic flux density at the center
of the loop resulting from the induced current, and compare this with the original
magnetic flux density that generated the induced current at t = 1.0 sec.

We find the distributed resistance of the loop and work the problem assuming this
resistance is lumped in one spot as shown in the figure.
(a) The induced current is Vemf divided by the distributed resistance of the wire loop.
1 l 1m 4 ( 0.04m) )
R= = = 3.5m
s A 5.8 x107 p ( 0.0005m ) 2
0.04 0.04
dB Wb dB Wb
= 1 2 a z ; Vemf = - � gdS = -1 2 �dx �dy = -1.6mV
dt ms dt ms 0 0
 1.6mV
I ind = = 0.46 A (note that this answer has no time dependence)
3.5m

Fig. P4.13

(b) The field at the center of the loop from a single arm of the loop is found from Eqn.
(3.7):
+a
I � z � I 1 ( 0.46 ) 1 A
H= �2 2 � ( -a z ) = ( -a z ) = ( -a z ) = -2.59a z ;
4p � z +  �
� 2
� 2p 2a 2p 2 ( 0.02 ) m
-a
mWb
So B = 4mo H = -13 2 a z .
m

P4.16: Referring to Figure 4.23, suppose a conductive bar of length h = 2.0 cm

moves with velocity u = -1.0 m/s a towards an infinite length line of current I = 4.0
A. Find an expression for the voltage from one end of the bar to the other when 
reaches 10 cm and indicate which end is positive.
In Figure P4.16, an imaginary circuit has been chosen. For the chosen circulation
direction, we have the sign for Vemf as shown. Then,
� mo I � � m �mo I
h
Vemf = � ( u �B ) gdL = � -
� 1a � af �gdza = -
� 1 � � dz ,
2p � � s �2p 0
z
�
Vemf = -160nV . Therefore, the bottom of the bar is positive.

Fig. P4.16
P4.17: Suppose we have a conductive bar moving along a pair of conductive rails as
in Figure 4.12, only now the magnetic flux density is B = 4.0ax + 3.0az Wb/m2. If R =
10. , w = 20. cm, and u y = 3.0 m/s, calculate the current induced and indicate its
direction.

� Wb �
�m�
Vemf = - �
Bgu y dxa z = - �
3 2� �3 �( 0.2m ) = -1.8V
�m � �s�
1.8V
I= = 0.18 A (clockwise when viewed from the +z axis)
10

P4.18: The radius r of a perfectly conducting metal loop in free space, situated in the
x-y plane, increases at the rate of (pr)-1 m/sec. A break in the loop has a small 2.0
ohm resistor across it. Meanwhile, there exists a magnetic field B = 1.0 az T.
Determine the current induced in the loop, and show in a sketch the direction of flow.

Here we’ve assumed dS = -dSaz to get iind and Vemf as shown. Our approach will be to
find f, then Vemf = -df/dt.

f=� 1a z g( -  d  df a z )
BgdS = �
r
= -2p �
 d  = -p r 2
0

df dr �1 �
= -2p r = -2p r � �= -2V
dt dt �p r �
Vemf = +2V
2V
I= = 1A, clockwise as shown
2

Fig. P4.18

P4.19: Rederive Vemf for the rectangular loop of Figure 4.16 if the magnetic field is
now B = Boaz.

We see in Figure P4.19a that ( u �B ) gdL = 0 for the 1 � 2 and 3 � 4 line sections.
For the 2 � 3 section we have:
3
dl  df af
� =� ( u �B ) gdL; B = Boa z , dL = d a  , u = = = waf
2
dt dt

Fig. P4.19a Fig. P4.19b

 -w Bo a 2
0

( u �B ) gdL = w Bo �
� d  =
a
2
+w Bo a 2
a

( u �B ) gdL = w Bo �
� d  = , so for the 2 � 3 section, the contributions to
0
2
Vemf cancel. This will also be the case for the 4 � 1 section, and therefore Vemf = 0;
no current is induced.

P4.20: In Figure 4.16, replace the rectangular loop with a circular one of radius a and
rederive Vemf.

f=� Boa y gdS = Boa y gp a 2 ( - sin fa x + cos fa y ) = Bop a 2 cos f

BgdS = �
df flux
= -w Bop a 2 sin f ;
dt
df flux
Vemf = - = w Bop a 2 sin f
dt

P4.21: A conductive rod, of length 6.0 cm, has one end fixed on a grounded origin and
is free to rotate in the x-y plane. It rotates at 60 revolutions per second in a magnetic
field B = 100. mT az. Find the voltage at the end of the bar.

� rev � �2p rad � rad

w = �60 �
� �= 120p
� s � � rev � s
Vemf = �( u �B ) gdL
df
u= af = w af
dt
l
w Bo l 2

( waf �Boaz ) gd a  =
Vemf = �
2
0

1� rad �
� Wb � 2 Vs
120p
Vemf = � �
� ( 0.06m )
0.1 2 �
2� s �� m � Wb Fig. P4.21
= 68mV

We can confirm the sign by observing that a positive charge placed in the middle of
the bar would move to the ungrounded end by the Lorentz force equation.

P4.22: Consider the rotating conductor shown in Figure 4.24. The center of the 2a
diameter bar is fixed at the origin, and can rotate in x-y plane with B = Boaz. The
outer ends of the bar make conductive contact with a ring to make one end of the
electrical contact to R; the other contact is made to the center of the bar. Given B o =
100. mWb/m2, a = 6.0 cm, and R = 50. , determine I if the bar rotates at 1.0
revolution per second.
 df
( u �B ) gdL; u = 
Vemf = � af = w af , dL = d  a 
dt
Figure P4.22 indicates one of the paths for the circulation integral.
a a
w Bo a 2
Vemf = � (�waf �Boa z ) gd a  �
�
�= w Bo�  d  =
2
0 0

Vemf w Bo a 2 1 �rev �
� rad �
� Wb � 1 �Vs A
( 0.06m ) �
2
I= = = �1 �
�2p �
�100 x10-3 2 � � �
R 2R 2� s � � rev �
� m � �50 �
Wb V
I = 22.6 m A

Fig. P4.22

P4.23: A Faraday Disk Generator is similar to the rotating conductor of P4.22, only
now the rotating element is a disk instead of a bar. Derive an expression of the V emf
produced by a Faraday Disk Generator, and using the parameters given in problem
4.22, find I.

Worked exactly as P4.22.

P4.24: Consider a sliding rail problem where the conductive rails expand as they
progress in the y direction as shown in Figure 4.25. If w = 10. cm and the distance
between the rails increases at the rate of 1.0 cm in the x direction per 1.0 cm in the y
direction, and uy = 2.0 m/sec, find the Vemf across a 100.  resistor at the instant when
y = 10. cm if the field is Bo = 100. mT.

First we modify the figure so that the top rail is horizontal and all the spreading occurs
via the bottom rail. As before, our approach will be to find f and then df /dt. We
have:
f=� BgdS = �Boa z gdxdya z
Now, notice that x and y are not independent and are in fact related: x=y+w
So we have
 y y+w y
�1 2 �
f = Bo ( y + w ) dy = B
��dxdy = B � o o � y + wy �
y = 0 x =0 0 �2 �
df dy � Wb � m�
Vemf = - = - Bo ( y + w ) = - Bo ( y + w ) u y = � ( 0.1m + 0.1m ) �
-0.100 2 � �2 �
dt dt � m � �s�
Vemf = 40mV

Alternate Method:
Vemf = � ( u y a y �Boaz ) gdxax
( u �B ) gdL = �
1
- y
2
Vemf = u y Bo
1
�dx = -u B ( w + y )
y o
w+ y
2

Fig. P4.24
Uniform Plane Wave and Power Transmission

1. A wave with  = 6.0 cm in air is incident on a nonmagnetic, lossless liquid media.

In the liquid, the wavelength is measured as 1.0 cm. What is the wave’s frequency (a)
in air? (b) in the liquid? (c) What is the liquid’s relative permittivity?

up c 3 x108 m s
(a) f = = = = 5GHz
  0.06m
(b) the frequency doesn’t change with the media (the wavelength does) so f = 5 GHz
(c)
� 9 1� m c
up =  f = � 5 x10 � ( 0.01m ) = 5 x107 =
� s� s er
2
�3 x108 �
\e r = � 8 �
= 36
�0.5 x10 �
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Given s = 1.0x10-5 S/m , er = 2.0, mr = 50., and f = 10. MHz, find , , , and .

= jwm r mo ( s + jwe r e o ) =  + j 
jwm r m o
=
s + jwe r e o
jwmr mo = j 2p ( 10 x106 ) ( 50 ) ( 4p x10 -7 ) = j 3948
s + jwe r e o = 1x10-5 + j 2p ( 10 x106 ) ( 2 ) ( 8.854 x10-12 ) = 1x10-5 + j1.11x10-3
Inserting these into the expressions for  and ,
o
 = 9.4 x10-3 + j 2.1 1 m ,  = 9.4 x10 -3 Np m ,  = 2.1 rad m ,  = 1880e j 257 
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Suppose in free space, H(x,t) = 100.cos(2px107t – x + p/4) az mA/m. Find E(x,t).

H s = 0.100e - j  x e jf a z , a P = a x , ( f = p 4)
E s = - a P �H s = -120p a x �0.100e- j  x e jf a z = 12p e - j  x e jf a y
E = 12p cos ( wt -  x + f ) a y
Since free space is stated,
2p 2p
= = = 2p 30 rad m
 c f
and then
� 2p p� V
E = 12p cos � 2p x107 t - x+ � ay
� 30 4� m
_____________________________________________________________________
4. A 100 MHz wave in free space propagates in the y direction with an amplitude of 1
V/m. If the electric field vector for this wave has only an az component, find the
instantaneous expression for the electric and magnetic fields.
 rad
From the given information we have w = 2p f = 200p x106 and
s
w 2p rad
= = ,
up 3 m
� 2p � V
or E( y, t ) = 1cos � 200p x106 t - y�az .
� 3 � m
Now to find H.
1 1 1 - j y
E s = 1e- j  y a z , H s = a P �Es = a y �1e - j  y a z = e ax
 120p 120p
So
1 � 2p � A
H ( y, t ) = cos �200p x106 t - y� ax
120p � 3 � m
or
� 2p � mA
H ( y, t ) = 2.7 cos � 200p x106 t - y�ax .
� 3 � m
_____________________________________________________________________
5. In a lossless, nonmagnetic material with er = 16, H = 100 cos(wt – 10y) az mA/m.
Determine the propagation velocity, the angular frequency, and the instantaneous
expression for the electric field intensity.

w c 3 x108 m
up = = = = 0.75 x108
 er 16 s
rad
w = u p  = ( 0.75 x108 ) ( 10 ) = 7.5 x108
s
mA
H ( y, t ) = 100 cos ( 7.5 x108 t - 10 y ) a z
m
- j y
H s = 0.100e a z ,
-120p
E s = - a P �H s = a y �0.100e - j  y a z = -3p e- j  y a x
er
V
E( y, t ) = -9.4 cos ( 7.5 x108 t - 10 y ) a x
m
_____________________________________________________________________
6. In a media with properties s = 0.00964 S/m , er = 1.0, mr = 100., and f = 100. MHz,
a 1.0 mA/m amplitude magnetic field travels in the +x direction with its field vector in
the z direction. Find the instantaneous form of the related electric field intensity.

�mA �- x
H=� 1 �e cos ( wt -  x ) a z ; H s = H o e - x e - j  x a z
�m �
E s = - a P �H s = - a x �H o e - x e- j  xa z =  H o e - x e- j  x a y

jwm j 2p ( 100 x106 ) ( 100 ) ( 4p x10 -7 ) o

= = = 2664e j 30 
s + jwe 0.00964 + j 2p ( 100 x10 ) ( 8.854 x10 )
6 -12
 1
= jwm ( s + jwe ) = 14.8 + j 25.7
m
Finally,
V
E( x, t ) = 2.66e -15 x cos ( 200p x106 t - 26 x + 30o ) a y
m
_____________________________________________________________________
7. In seawater, a propagating electric field is given by E(z,t) = 20.e-z cos(pxt – z
+ 0.5) ay V/m. Assuming e’’=0, find (a)  and , and (b) the instantaneous form of H.

For seawater we have er = 72, s = 5, and mr = 1.

So: jwmo = j 7.896, jwe re o = j 0.004
jwm o
= = 1.257e j 44.98 
s + jwe
 = jwm ( s + jwe ) = 4.441 + j 4.445 1 m
1
\ =  = 4.4
m
V o V
Es = 20e - z e -  z e j 0.5 radians a y
= 20e - z e -  z e j 28.6 a y
m m
1 1 o -20 - z -  z j 28.6o A
H s = a P  Es = a z  20e - z e -  z e j 28.6 a y = e e e ax
   m
A
H( z, t ) = -15.9e -4.4 z cos ( 2p x106 t - 4.4 z + 28.6o - 45o ) a x
m
or with appropriate significant digits:
A
H( z, t ) = -16e -4.4 z cos ( 2p x106 t - 4.4 z - 16o) a x
m
_____________________________________________________________________
8. For Nickel (s = 1.45 x 107, mr = 600), make a table of , , , up, and  for 1Hz,
1kHz, 1MHz, and 1 GHz.

For Ni we have s= 1.45x107S/m, mr = 600

 =  = p f ms = p f ( Hz ) ( 600 ) ( 4p x10-7 ) ( 1.45 x107 ) = 34.35 x103 f ( Hz )
= 1/
 j 45o o
= 2 e  = 18.08 x10-6 f ( Hz ) e j 45 
s
c m
up = = 12 x106
m re r s
Table
f(Hz)= 1 103 106 109
(Np/m) 185 5860 185x103 5.9x106
(rad/m) 185 5860 185x103 5.9x106
 18ej45ºm 570ej45ºm 18ej45ºm 0.57ej45º
 5.4mm 170mm 5.3mm 170nm
up(m/s) 12x106 12x106 12x106 12x106
9. A semi-infinite slab exists for z > 0 with s = 300 S/m, er = 10.2, and mr = 1.0. At
the surface (z = 0),
E(0,t) = 1.0 cos(p x 106t) ax V/m.
Find the instantaneous expressions for E and H anywhere in the slab.

V
The general expression for E is: E( z, t ) = 1.0e cos ( p x10 t -  z ) a x
- z 6

m
jwm = j ( p x106 ) ( 4p x10-7 ) = j 3.948
jwe = j ( p x106 ) ( 10.2 ) ( 8.854 x10-12 ) = j 284 x10-6
Here, s>>we (i.e. it is a good conductor), so
1
 = p f ms = 24.3 = 
m
 j 45o o
 = 2 e = 0.115e j 45 
s
So now we have
V
E( z, t ) = 1.0e -24 z cos ( p x10 6 t - 24 z ) a x
m
To find B we’ll work in phasors.

1 1 1
E s = 1e - z e- j  z a x , H s = a P � E s = a z �1e- z e - j  z a x = e- z e- j  z a y
  
1 A
H( z, t ) = e -24 z cos ( p x10 6 t - 24 z - 45o ) a y
0.115 m
A
H ( z , t ) = 8.7e -24 z cos ( p x106 t - 24 z - 45o ) a y
m
_____________________________________________________________________
10. A 600 MHz uniform plane wave incident in the z direction on a thick slab of
Teflon (er = 2.1, mr = 1.0) imparts a 1.0 V/m amplitude y-polarized electric field
intensity at the surface. Assuming s = 0 for Teflon, find in the Teflon (a) E(z,t), (b)
H(z,t) and (c) Pav.

(
E(0, t ) = 1cos 2p ( 600 x106 ) t -  z a y ) V
m
V
E( z, t ) = 1e - z cos ( wt -  z ) a y
m
Teflon: s = 0 so  = 0,
w 2p ( 600 x106 ) rad
and  = w me = er = 8
2.1 = 18.2
c 3 x10 m
V
(a) E( z, t ) = 1cos ( 1.2p x10 t - 18.2 z ) a y
9

m
1 2.1 V
(b) H s = a P �Es = a z �1e - j  z a y ,
 120p m
mA
H ( z , t ) = -3.8cos ( 1.2p x109 t - 18.2 z ) a x
m
(c) Pavg = 1 ( )
2
1 2.1 mW
a z = 1.9 2 a z
2 120p m
_____________________________________________________________________
11. A 200 MHz uniform plane wave incident on a thick copper slab imparts a 1.0
mV/m amplitude at the surface. How much power passes through a square meter at
the surface? How much power passes through a square meter area 10. mm beneath the
surface?

mV 1 Eo 2
f = 200MHz , Eo = 1 , Pavg =
m 2 
 j 45o 3 Np o
Cu:  = 2 e ,  = p f ms = 214 x10 , so  = 5.22e j 45 m
s m
1 ( 10 )
-3 2
mW
Pavg = -3
= 96 2 ; P = Pavg S = 96mW
2 5.22 x10 m
Now at 10 mm beneath the surface, we have
3 V
E ( z = 10m m) = Eo e - (10 m m ) = 10-3 e - (214 x10 )(10 m m ) = 118 x10-6
m
1 ( 118 x10 )
-6 2
mW
Pavg = -3
= 1.3 2 ; P = 1.3mW
2 5.22 x10 m
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Given E(z,t) = 10.cos(wt-z)ax - 20.cos(wt-z-45)ay V/m, find the polarization
and handedness.

The field can be rewritten as E(z,t) = 10.cos(wt-z)ax + 20.cos(wt-z-45-180°)ay

or E(z,t) = 10.cos(wt-z)ax + 20.cos(wt-z+135°)ay
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Given

E( z, t ) = E xo cos ( w t -  z ) a x + E yo cos ( w t -  z + f ) a y ,
we say that Ey leads Ex for 0 < f < 180, and that Ey lags Ex when –180 < f < 0.
Determine the handedness for each of these two cases.

For 0 < f < 180°, we have LHP

For 180° < f < 360°, we have RHP

_____________________________________________________________________
14. Suppose a UPW in air carrying an average power density of 100 mW/m 2 is
normally incident on a nonmagnetic material with er = 11. What is the time-averaged
power density of the reflected and transmitted waves?

�1 �- 1
120p � �
11 �
1 = o = 120p;  2 = ; G=� = -0.537
11 �1 �+ 1
� �
� 11 �
t = 1 + G = 0.463
 2 mW
r
Pavg = G Pavg
i
= 28.8
m2
2
1 Exo mW
P =
t
= t 2 Pavg
i
11 = 71.2 2
2 2
avg
m
_____________________________________________________________________
15. A UPW in a lossless nonmagnetic er = 16 media (for z < 0) is given by
E(z,t) = 10.cos(wt-1z)ax + 20.cos(wt-1z+p/3)ay V/m.
This is incident on a lossless media characterized by mr = 12, er = 6.0 (for z > 0). Find
the instantaneous expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric field
intensities.

Eis = 10e - j 1z a x + 20e - j1z e jp 3a y

E rs = 10Ge j 1 z a x + 20Ge j 1 z e jp 3a y
120p 12
1 = = 30p;  2 = 120p = 120p 2
16 6
 -
G = 2 1 = 0.700; t = 1 + G = 1.70
2 + 1
E rs = 7e j 1z a x + 14e j 1z e j p 3a y
� p� V
E(rz , t ) = 7 cos ( wt + 1 z ) a x + 14 cos � wt + 1 z + � ay
� 3� m
Ets = 10t e - j 2 z a x + 20t e - j 2 z e jp 3a y , or Ets = 17e - j  2 z a x + 34e - j 2 z e j p 3a y , so
� p� V
Et( z ,t ) = 17 cos ( wt -  2 z ) a x + 34 cos �
wt -  2 z + �
ay .
� 3� m
_____________________________________________________________________
16. The wave Ei = 10.cos(2px 108t - 1z) ax V/m is incident from air onto a copper
conductor. Find Er, Et and the time-averaged power density transmitted at the surface.

For copper we have

 o
2 = 2 2 e j 45 
s2
Np
where  2 = p f m2s 2 = p ( 108 ) ( 4p x10 -7 ) ( 5.8 x107 ) = 151x103 = 2
m
o
so  2 = 3.7e j 45 m
22 2 o

We find G �-1, and t = � 2 = 19.6 x10 -6 e j 45

1 + 2 1
So E = -10.cos(2px 10 t + 1z) ax V/m
r 8

mV V
Ets = ( 196 ) e - 2 z e - j  2 z e j 45 a x , and Et = 196e - 2 z cos ( wt -  2 z + 45o ) a x
o

m m
1 ( 196 x10 V m )
-6 2
mW
P t
= cos ( 45o ) a z = 3.7 2 a z .
2 ( 3.7 x10  )
avg -3
m
17. A wave specified by Ei = 100.cos(px107t-1z)ax V/m is incident from air (at z < 0)
to a nonmagnetic media (z > 0, s = 0.050 S/m, er = 9.0). Find Er, Et and SWR. Also
find the average power densities for the incident, reflected and transmitted waves.

rad 2p w rad
1 = 120p, w = p x107 so f = 5 x10 6 Hz, 1 = = = 0.105
s 1 c m
In this problem we find in medium 2 (z > 0) that we = 0.0025 and s = 0.05. These
values are too close to allow for simplifying assumptions. Using (5.13) and (5.31),
we calculate:
Np rad o
 2 = 0.969 ,  2 = 1.019 , 2 = 28.1e j 43.6  .
m m
Then,
 - o 1+ G o
G = 2 1 = 0.898e j174 , SWR = = 18.6, t = 1 + G = 0.141e j 40.8
2 + 1 1- G
V
Eis = 100e - j 1z a x
m
V o V
E rs = 100Ge + j 1z a x = 89.8e + j 1z e j174 a x ,
m m
V
so E ( z , t ) = 89.8cos ( p x10 t + 0.105 z + 174 ) a x .
r 7 o

m
V o V
Ets = 100t e - j 2 z a x = 14.1e - j  2 z e j 40.8 a x ,
m m
V
so E ( z , t ) = 14.1cos ( p x10 t - 1.02 z + 40.8 ) a x .
t 7 o

m
14.1 - j 43.6o - j 2 z j 40.8o A o A
H ts = e e e a y = 0.502e - j 2 z e - j 2.8 a y
28.1 m m
1 W
P t = ( 14.1) ( 0.502 ) cos ( 40.8o + 2.8o ) a z = 2.6 2 a z
2 m
( 100 ) = 13.3 W a
2

Pi =
2 ( 120p )
z
m2
- ( 89.8 )
2
W
P =
r
= 10.7 2 ( -a z )
2 ( 120p ) m
(check: 13.3 W/m = 10.7 W/m2 + 2.6 W/m2)
2

_____________________________________________________________________
18. A 100 MHz TM polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m is obliquely incident
from air (z < 0) onto a slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with er = 25 (z > 0). The
angle of incidence is 40. Calculate (a) the angle of transmission, (b) the reflection
and transmission coefficients, and (c) the incident, reflected and transmitted fields.

(a) The material parameters in this problem are the same as for P5.48. So, once again
we have t = 7.4°. Also, 1 = 2.09 rad/m and 2 = 10.45 rad/m.
(b)
 cos t - 1 cos i
GTM = 2 = -0.589
2 cos t + 1 cos i
 22 cos i
t TM = = 0.318
2 cos t + 1 cos  i
(c)
Incident:
Eis = 1e - j1.34 x e- j1.60 z ( cos 40oa x - sin 40oa z )
V
Ei ( z , t ) = ( 0.766a x - 0.643a z ) cos ( wt - 1.34 x - 1.60 z )
m
1 - j1.34 x - j1.60 z A
H is = e e ay
120p m
mA
H i ( z , t ) = 2.65cos ( wt - 1.34 x - 1.60 z ) a y
m
Reflected:
E rs = -0.589e - j1.34 x e + j1.60 z ( cos 40oa x + sin 40oa z )
V
Er ( z , t ) = ( -0.452a x - 0.379a z ) cos ( wt - 1.34 x + 1.60 z )
m
-0.589 - j1.34 x + j1.60 z A
H rs = e e ay
120p m
mA
H r ( z , t ) = -1.56 cos ( wt - 1.34 x + 1.60 z ) a y
m
transmitted:
Ets = 0.318e - j1.35 x e - j10.4 z ( cos 7.4oa x - sin 7.4oa z )
V
Et ( z, t ) = ( 0.315a x - 0.041a z ) cos ( wt - 1.35 x - 10.4 z )
m
mA
H t ( z , t ) = 4.22 cos ( wt - 1.35 x - 10.4 z ) a y
m
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