Pressure Vessels IP 5-1-1

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

Changes shown by

SCOPE
I
1.1 This practice covers the design, fabrication, inspection, and testing of unfired pressure vessels, including
all unfired steam generators and non-refrigerated carbon steel pressure storage spheres except as
modified by IP 9-2-1.
I 1.2 Small commercial vessels which are not part of process equipment (such as sandblast machines, paint
sprayers, and gunite machines) are outside the scope of this practice.
I 1.3 An asterisk (
) indicates that a decision by the Purchaser is required, or that additional information is
furnished by the Purchaser.

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

R 2.1 This practice requires design, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels under the provisions
of the ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 or Division 2, plus the additional requirements of this
practice, except as permitted below.

Alternatively, pressure vessels may be totally designed, fabricated, inspected, and tested under the
provisions of a recognized code which is accepted by the authorities where the vessel is located and by
the Owner’s Engineer, plus the additional requirements of this practice. Where specific references to
ASME requirements are made in this practice, the Owner’s Engineer may authorize use of equivalent or
more stringent provisions of the applicable recognized code.
I 2.2 Table 1 lists the practices which shall be used with this practice.
I
2.3 Table 2 lists the practices, codes, standards, specifications, and publication which shall be used with this
practice as specified by the Purchaser.

TABLE 1

PRACTICES

IP 3-16-1 Flanged Joints, Gaskets, and Bolting

IP 5-3-1 Pressure Testing of Unfired Pressure Vessels
IP 18-7-1 Welding Procedures
IP 18-10-1 Additional Requirements for Materials
IP 20-1-1 Inspection of Equipment and Materials
IP 20-1-3 Quality Programs

TABLE 2

PRACTICES

IP 3-18-1 Piping Fabrication Shop or Field

IP 4-1-3 Design Loads for Structures
IP 4-1-4 Surge Vibration Design Loads
IP 5-1-2 Additional Requirements for Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels, Thickness Over 2 Inches
IP 5-2-1 Internals for Towers, Drums, and Fixed Bed Reactors
IP 18-4-1 Postweld Heat Treatment of Equipment Handling Alkaline Solutions
IP 18-12-1 Positive Material Identification
IP 19-1-1 Paint and Protective Coatings
IP 19-2-1 Weld Overlay and Integrally Bonded Cladding
IP 19-3-2 Refractory Linings for Pressure Vessels and Piping
IP 19-4-1 Glass Reinforced Plastic Tank Bottom Linings
IP 19-4-2 Natural and Synthetic Rubber Linings
IP 19-6-1 Facilities for Corrosion Monitoring in Process Equipment
IP 19-7-1 Protection of Stainless Steel During Fabrication, Shipping, Storage, and Field Construction

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY

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 IP 5-1-1 Pressure Vessels
Page 2 of 14 INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

TABLE 2 (Cont)

CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND PUBLICATION

ASME Codes
Section I Power Boilers
Section II Materials
Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Division 1
Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Alternative Rules, Division 2
ASME Publication
Pressure Vessel Stresses in Large Horizontal Pressure Vessels, Pressure Vessel and Piping: Design and
and Piping Analysis, Vol. II, ASME copyright 1997
ASME Standards
B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges: Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and Jacketed
B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS 26 through NPS 60)
ASTM Standards
A 193 / A 193M Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service
A 194 / A 194M Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Service
A 320 / A 320M Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service
A 370 Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 453 / A 453M Specification for Bolting Materials, High Temperature, 50 to 85 KSI Yield Strength With
Expansion Coefficient Comparable to Austenitic Steel
D 2000 Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
E 21 Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
F 436 / F 436M Hardened Steel Washers
ANSI / AWS Specifications
A5.1 Covered Carbon Steel Arc Welding Electrodes
A5.17 Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
A5.18 Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
NACE Standards
TM-01-77 Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking at Ambient Temperatures
TM-02-84 Evaluation of Pipeline Steels for Resistance to Stepwise Cracking
Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletins
107 Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings
297 Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles - Supplement to
WRC Bulletin No. 107

DOCUMENTATION
I 3.1 An outline drawing shall be furnished for each vessel, and shall contain the data in Table 3. The location
of the vessel marking or nameplate, the size and orientation of all nozzles and connections, and the anchor
bolt layout shall also be shown on this drawing.
I 3.2 A separate outline drawing for each vessel shall be furnished with appropriate markings to cross-reference
each component (shell plates, heads, nozzles, flanges, forgings, skirt plates, etc.) to the applicable mill test
certificates for the steels used in the construction.
I
3.3 A manufacturer’s data report shall be furnished and shall contain the same information as required by
form U-1 of the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Certified material test reports shall be furnished,
and they shall represent the properties in the as-fabricated condition. The data report shall be signed by
the Manufacturer, by an Authorized Inspector as defined in Par. UG-91 of the ASME Code, or as otherwise
required by the applicable code. Other documentation (code papers, etc.) covering the construction of
vessels built to the code of another nation shall be signed by the Manufacturer and, where applicable, by
others having authority to sign such documentation.


Six signed copies of data reports and other required documentation shall be submitted to the Inspector
prior to shipment of the vessel.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

I 3.4 Fabrication drawings shall show weld details and reference applicable welding procedures. The drawings
shall also include impact test requirements, showing (as applicable):
a. Component
b. Thickness for impact purposes
c. Material specification
d. Critical Exposure Temperature or Minimum Design Metal Temperature
e. Appropriate Charpy impact requirements (average/minimum values)
C 3.5 Welding and weld repair procedures shall be submitted to the Purchaser for review prior to the start of
fabrication.
I 3.6 Two copies of design calculations (including lifting attachments and supports) made by the fabricator
shall be furnished prior to or with submission of prints for approval. When calculations are made using a
computer, all input data, assumptions, computer program version used, and a summary of the results shall
be furnished.

DEFINITIONS
I 4.1 Vessel thickness is defined as the thickness required for strength of the pressure vessel shell, including
corrosion allowance, but excluding weld overlay, lining, integral cladding or non-integral parts.
I 4.2 Vessels are in hydrogen service when the hydrogen partial pressure exceeds 90 psi (620 kPa) and vessel
design temperature is 500°F (260°C) or greater.

MATERIALS
S
5.1 Proposals to use materials having a specified maximum tensile strength greater than 90,000 psi
(620 MPa) at room temperature shall be submitted to the Purchaser for approval by the Owner’s Engineer.
R
5.2 For vessels in hydrogen service, external welded attachments, and at least an 18 in. (450 mm) course of
all skirts, shall be of the same nominal chemistry as the material used for the vessel.
Proposals to use alternative materials shall be submitted to the Purchaser for approval by the Owner’s
Engineer.
R
5.3 Unlined carbon and low alloy steel vessels in wet H2S service shall be postweld heat treated.

DESIGN

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
R
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, all vessels, except spheres designed to API-620, operating above 1 psig
(7.0 kPa) shall have a minimum design pressure of 16 psig (110 kPa).
The vessel shall be assumed to be full of a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.0 at the specified design
pressure and temperature, unless a different design liquid level, specific gravity, and/or design pressures at
various vessel elevations are specified by the Owner’s Engineer.
S,R
6.2 Vessels for vacuum service, including those in which a vacuum may be created inadvertently, shall be
designed for an external pressure differential of 15 psi (103 kPa) or an external pressure differential 25%
greater than the maximum operating value, whichever is less.
I
6.3 For purposes of determining the applicability of IP 5-1-2, thickness is defined as the thickness “as
ordered,” provided the plates actually supplied meet the ASTM tolerances on thickness (weight). Vessel
pressure components or sections which are greater than 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness shall meet the
INSPECTION AND TESTING requirements of IP 5-1-2. In addition, nozzle forgings for insertion into shell
plates greater than 2 in. (50 mm) thick shall also meet the NOZZLE AND CONNECTIONS design
requirements of IP 5-1-2.
Weld overlay, lining, integral cladding, non-integral parts, flat heads and closures, tubesheets, flanges,
nozzle/manway reinforcing pads, areas of reinforcement, and areas of over-thickness up to 12% in excess
of the specified thickness provided for plate thinning during forming or scale losses during heating, need
not be considered in determining the applicability of IP 5-1-2.

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY

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 IP 5-1-1 Pressure Vessels
Page 4 of 14 INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

DESIGN LOADS
R
6.4 Loadings to be considered in designing a vessel shall be per the ASME Code Section VIII and shall
include cyclic conditions and erection loadings. If the vessel will be subjected to more than 1000 cycles in
which the pressure range is greater than 80 percent of the design pressure or the temperature range is
greater than 350°F (195°C), an assessment of the need for a fatigue analysis shall be conducted per the
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, Par. AD-160, or with approval of the Owner’s Engineer, per the
recognized code used for design and fabrication.
R
6.5 Additional loadings. Vessels containing circulating suspensions of solids in fluids (fluid-solids processes)
shall be subjected to additional horizontal loadings per IP 4-1-4.
S
6.6 During erection, start-up, or operation, all applicable loads shall be considered as acting
simultaneously, including either wind or earthquake, whichever governs.
S
6.7 During hydrostatic testing, a minimum wind load (wind pressure) equivalent to a 35 mph (16 m/s) wind
speed shall be considered acting simultaneously with the hydrostatic test load.

ALLOWABLE STRESSES
R
6.8 The alternative higher stresses at temperature for high alloy steels permitted by the ASME Code shall not
be used for flanges of gasketed joints, or other applications where slight amounts of distortion can cause
leakage or malfunction unless approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
R 6.9 Vessel supporting skirts. Allowable tensile and compressive stresses for vessel supporting skirts shall
be per the code used for vessel design.

VESSEL THICKNESS
R,M 6.10 The following additional criteria shall be considered in calculating the required thickness of vessels
and supports:
a. Horizontal drums on saddle supports shall be investigated for buckling, local circumferential bending,
and shear stresses.
The method of L. P. Zick (see Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, Vol. II, ASME
Copyright 1972) may be used for this investigation.
b. Vessels shall be designed for hydrostatic testing with water, with the vessel in the operating position.
For this condition, the maximum membrane stress in the vessel shell in the corroded condition shall
not exceed 90% of the specific minimum yield strength for ferritic steels, nor 100% of the specified
minimum yield strength for austenitic steels or non-ferrous materials. The appropriate weld joint
efficiency factor shall be used in these calculations. Integral cladding, weld overlay, or additional
thickness provided in excess of thickness required for strength, may be considered effective in
calculating hydrostatic test stresses only.

c. The maximum deflection of vertical vessels for all loadings, except earthquake, shall not exceed
H/100, except level-sensitive equipment such as fractionating columns shall be limited to H/200
under normal operating loads including wind load as specified by the Owner’s Engineer. (H is the
overall vessel height from the base of the support ring to the top of the vessel.)
d. The minimum thickness of shells and heads, exclusive of corrosion allowance, shall be as follows:

MATERIAL OF
CONSTRUCTION VESSEL DIAMETER MINIMUM THICKNESS
Carbon and Low Alloy Steels ≤ 84 in. (2130 mm) 3/16 in. (5 mm) (1)
> 275 in. (7000 mm) 3/8 in. (10 mm) (1)
High Alloy Steels All 1/8 in. (3 mm)

Note:
(1) Thicknesses between values shown may be obtained by linear interpolation based on diameter.

e. The minimum thickness of support skirts shall be 0.25 in. (6 mm) or the vessel wall thickness,
whichever is less.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

R
6.11 Minimum corrosion allowances shall be as follows:

MINIMUM CORROSION ALLOWANCE

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION in. mm
Carbon, Low Alloy, and Intermediate Alloy Steels (1) 1/16 1.5
High Alloy Steels (2) and All Non-ferrous Materials 0.01 0.25
Vessels with Metal Lining or Cladding 0.01 0.25
(external allowance)

Notes:
(1) Includes all steels with an alloy content not exceeding 9Cr 1Mo.
(2) Includes all steels with an alloy content of 12Cr or greater.

HEADS AND TRANSITION SECTIONS

R 6.12 Inside radius of knuckles for torispherical heads, toriconical heads, or conical transition sections where
knuckles are required, shall be as follows:
a. For knuckles 3/4 in. (19 mm) thick or less, minimum inside radius shall be not less than 6% of the
outside diameter of the adjoining cylindrical section.
b. For knuckles thicker than 3/4 in., minimum inside radius shall be not less than 10% of the outside
diameter of the adjoining cylindrical section.
R
6.13 Intermediate heads shall be attached to the shell per the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Figure
UW13.1-(f) with fillet welds, unless otherwise approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
NOZZLES, MANWAYS, VENTS AND CONNECTIONS
R
6.14 Nozzles NPS 2 (50 mm) and larger shall be flanged or studded, and shall have the same P-number as
the vessel shell. Corrosion protection equivalent to that of the vessel shall be provided. Use of studded
nozzles shall be approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
R 6.15 Connections NPS 1-1/2 (40 mm) and smaller may be threaded, except for pressure relief valve
connections. Couplings or integrally reinforced fittings shall be used for threaded connections. Additional
thickness shall be provided for corrosion allowance, as required to provide corrosion protection equivalent
to that of the vessel. All couplings or fittings shall be installed with complete penetration welds. Half
couplings welded to the outer surface of the vessel may be used.
Threaded connections shall have tapered threads per ASME B1.20.1.

Connections NPS 1-1/2 (40 mm) and smaller shall be braced per IP 3-18-1 when specified by the Owner’s
Engineer.
R
6.16 Unless otherwise specified, all instrument connections except thermowells shall be a minimum of NPS 2
(50 mm) flanged, and thermowells shall be NPS 1-1/2 (40 mm) flanged.
O
6.17 Connections shall not extend into the vessel beyond the interior surface except as required by Par. 6.18,
when specified, or when approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
M 6.18 Nozzles in portions of vessels with gunite shall have internal projections such that the nozzle end is
flush with the lining.
R
6.19 Nozzles and manways shall be attached to the vessel by full penetration welds. Unless otherwise
approved by the Owner’s Engineer, full penetration welds shall be used for attaching reinforcing pad plates
to nozzle and manway necks.
R 6.20 Flanges larger than NPS 24 (600 mm) shall be per ASME B16.47 Series B or designed per ASME
Code, Section VIII, Division 1, with allowable stresses as determined per that Code.
R
6.21 When used with spiral wound gaskets, the ID of forged nozzles including long weldneck flanged
nozzles shall be decreased as necessary to meet the requirements of Table 16 and Table 18 of ASME
B16.20. When specified, the ID of the nozzles shall match the ID of mating pipe flanges.
R
6.22 Flanges for nozzles with attached piping. Flanges that are not per ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47 shall
be designed to include the applied bending moment from the attached piping.
R 6.23 Nozzles subjected to large forces and moments shall be analyzed for additional shell and nozzle neck
reinforcement requirements. Stresses shall be limited to values listed in Appendix 4, Figure 4-130.1 of the
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, with the value of Sm taken equal to the allowable stress listed for the
appropriate Division of the ASME Code, Section VIII or the recognized code to which the vessel is
designed.

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Page 6 of 14 INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

R,C 6.24 The design temperature of uninsulated external flanges and their gaskets, may be reduced to 90% of
the design temperature of the vessel components to which they are attached provided they are located in
exposed open areas and this is permitted by the vessel design code. The corresponding bolting design
temperature may be reduced to 80% of the vessel design temperature. These temperature reductions
shall not be applied to flanged shell girth joints.
R
6.25 Lap type flanges shall not be used unless approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
R 6.26 Slip-on flanges shall be positioned so that the distance from the face of the flange to the pipe end is
equal to the nominal pipe wall thickness, plus approximately 1/8 in. (3 mm). The welds shall be applied in
a manner that will not require refacing of the flange.
R 6.27 Pad reinforced nozzles are not permitted if the vessel shell design temperature is 800°F (427°C) or
greater.
M
6.28 Manways shall be provided for all process vessels over 36 in. (914 mm) diameter. Smaller vessels
shall have handholes or flanged heads, or both, as specified. Manway and handhole quantity and
locations will be specified. Manways shall have a minimum clear inside diameter of 19 in. (480 mm).
Manway covers shall be hinged or provided with handling davits. If blind flanges to ASME B16.5 are
used for cover plates, corrosion allowance is required to be added to the thickness only in the amount that
the specified vessel corrosion allowance exceeds 1/4 in. (6 mm).
S
6.29 A vent of 6 in. (150 mm) minimum diameter to facilitate ventilation during vessel entry must be provided at
or near the top of the vessel on all vessels with manways. The vent may be another manway or, when
approved by the Owner’s Engineer, a flanged process nozzle which can be disconnected at the vessel and
the piping removed to create a clear path. On horizontal vessels, the vent and manway shall be on
opposite ends of the vessel.
R
6.30 The use of and design of quick opening closures shall be approved by the Owner’s Engineer.

VESSEL SUPPORTS, SKIRTS, AND ATTACHMENTS

M 6.31 Horizontal vessels supported on concrete saddles or steel saddles not fully welded to the vessel shall
be provided with corrosion plates between the saddle and the vessel. These plates shall be 1/4 in. (6 mm)
thick, shall extend at least 2 in. (50 mm) beyond the periphery of the bearing area of the saddle, and shall
be seal welded to the vessel. A 1/4 in. (6 mm) vent hole shall be provided in each corrosion plate, and the
hole shall be plugged with a sealant after the vessel has been pressure tested.
R 6.32 Vertical vessels subject to vibration, for example, reciprocating compressor suction drums (that are not
machine mounted), shall be skirt-supported on a solid or continuous concrete base.
R 6.33 Vertical vessels shall be provided with one of the following types of supports designed to withstand the
loading described in the section DESIGN LOADS.

a. Lugs or legs welded directly to the shell - An analysis of the support-to-shell junctions shall be
conducted to determine the need for additional reinforcement of the shell. Maximum stress intensity
limits for the load combinations shall be in accordance with AD-150 of ASME Code, Section VIII,
Division 2, except that fatigue life evaluations are not required unless specified by the Owner’s
Engineer. Stresses shall be limited to values listed in Appendix 4, Figure 4-130.1 of the ASME Code,
Section VIII, Division 2, with the value of Sm taken equal to the allowable stress listed for the
appropriate Division of the ASME Code, Section VIII or the recognized code to which the vessel is
designed.
b. Support skirts welded to the shell or head - Considerations and general design to be in
accordance with Appendix G of ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Joint efficiency of attachment
weld shall be per code requirements.
M 6.34 A single skirt access manway, 20 in. (500 mm) diameter, shall be provided if piping is located inside
the skirt unless access is available from below the skirt (e.g., vessels located in a structure).
R 6.35 Skirt vents and access shall be provided if the vessel is internally insulated and operated at a fluid
temperature above 500°F (260°C). At least four vents shall be provided. The vents shall be minimum
NPS 6 (150 mm), Schedule 80 (10.97 mm wall) pipe sleeves, and shall be equally spaced at a maximum
of 6 ft (1800 mm) around the skirt circumference.
S
6.36 Skirt openings for piping shall have a 1/2 in. (13 mm) maximum clearance between the pipe OD,
including insulation, and the skirt, when the inside of the skirt is not to be fireproofed.
M
6.37 If the skirt is specified by the Owner’s Engineer to be fireproofed, the vents and access holes sleeves
shall be of sufficient length so that the ends will be flush with the inner and outer surfaces of the finished
fireproofing.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

R 6.38 Reinforcing pads for internal or external structural attachments to vessel shells shall be provided with
a 1/4 in. (6 mm) diameter vent hole for the enclosed space between welds located at or near the low point
of the pad. External vent holes shall be plugged with a plastic sealant after the vessel has been tested.
R
6.39 Erection loadings and analysis shall conform to the following for the vessel shell, skirt, and attachments
welded to the vessel shell or skirt that are purpose designed for the lift:

a. For lifts of 100 tons or less, a lift load factor of 1.7 shall be used along with normal code allowable
stress levels, unless otherwise approved by the Owner’s Engineer.

b. For lifts greater than 100 tons, a lift load factor of 1.35 shall be used along with normal code
allowable stress levels, if approved by the Owner’s Engineer.
The above load factors are minimum values and shall be increased as necessary to account for actual
lifting procedures and equipment.
c. Vessel shells shall be analyzed for local buckling, bending, and shear imposed during erection.
Analysis may be performed in accordance with WRC Bulletin No. 107 or No. 297, as applicable.
d. The allowable stresses shall be as follows:
1. Stresses in the shell and attachments shall be categorized per ASME Code, Section VIII,
Division 2, Appendix 4. Basic allowable stress shall be limited to the values listed in the
applicable code. Allowable stresses for attachment welds shall be reduced by the applicable
joint efficiency factor.
2. No increase in allowable stress is permitted due to the short duration of the erection loads.
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
R 6.40 Towers higher than 100 ft (30 m) with a height-to-diameter ratio ranging from 18 to 30 shall be analyzed
per the following:
0.0077 D5E 1
<
L3 W 15
where:
D = Nominal or average diameter of the tower, ft
E = Modulus of elasticity of the tower material at the tower design temperature, psi
L = Tower height, ft
W = Weight (mass) of tower and internals, lb
Note: For calculations using SI units:

D5E 1
5.45 x 10-6 3
<
LW 15
Using:
D = mm
E = MPa
L = mm
W = kg

Provisions for the future attachment of guy cables shall be made for towers which do not satisfy this
relationship. Design of such attachments shall be submitted to the Purchaser for approval prior to the start
of fabrication.

PROPRIETARY CONSTRUCTION
C
6.41 Alternatives to solid wall construction. Certain forms of construction may be used as an alternative to
conventional solid wall construction, provided they meet the requirements of this practice, and approval of
the Owner’s Engineer has been obtained prior to submitting a proposal for such construction. The
alternatives shall be as follows:
a. Spiral wound
b. Band reinforced
c. Multiple layer

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Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FLANGED SHELL GIRTH JOINTS

R
7.1 Flanged girth joints shall be designed for through-bolting. Proposals for alternative joint design shall be
submitted to the Purchaser for approval by the Owner’s Engineer.
R 7.2 Flanges for girth joints shall conform to the following:
a. Flanges shall be per ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47 Series B, or designed per ASME Code, Section
VIII, Division 1 with allowable stresses determined per that code.
b. Welding neck flanges shall be used where the pressure-temperature design conditions require an
ASME Class 300 or greater flange.
c. Slip-on flanges shall not be used if any of the following conditions are exceeded:
1. Pressure-temperature design conditions require an ASME Class 300 or greater flange.
2. Design temperature exceeds 750°F (400°C).
3. Specified corrosion allowance for the vessel is greater than 1/8 in. (3 mm).
4. The vessel is in hydrogen service.
d. Girth flanges larger than NPS 24 that are not in accordance with ASME B16.47 Series B shall be
designed to meet the flange rigidity recommendations in ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1,
Appendix S, Par. S-2.
R
7.3 Unless otherwise specified, gasket contact surfaces shall have a finish equivalent to 125 to 250 µin. (3.2
to 6.3 µm) roughness average (Ra).
R
7.4 Allowable flatness tolerances of gasket contact surfaces shall be as follows for the designated service
condition:

SPECIAL SERVICE
Design Temperature ≥ 850°°F (454°°C) or
VESSEL DIAMETER NORMAL SERVICE Flange Rating ≥ ASME Class 900

(nominal size) ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES, ± (1)

in. mm in. mm in. mm
≤ 15 ≤ 375 0.003 0.08
> 15 to 30 > 375 to 0.006 0.15
> 30 to 45 > 750 to 1125 1/64 0.4 0.009 0.23
> 45 > 1125 0.012 0.30

Note:
(1) The total tolerance on peripheral gasket contact surfaces shall not occur in less than a 20 degree arc.
R 7.5 For confined joint construction (peripheral gasket confined on OD):
a. Nubbins, if provided, shall be located on the female (grooved) flange.
b. The clearance between flanges after assembly shall be not less than 3/16 in. (5 mm). This
clearance shall extend from the periphery of the flange to within the bolt circle.
R,M
7.6 Bolting shall be per IP 3-16-1, except that where hydraulic bolt tensioning is specified for girth flange
assembly, bolts 1-1/2 in. (38 mm) and larger in diameter shall be fitted with a hardened washer per
ASTM F-436 under one nut only, located on the side opposite from the extended bolt length.

FABRICATION
M 8.1 Tolerances shall be per Figure 1.

Vessels that will contain cartridge or pedestal tray assemblies shall be checked with a template to
ensure that the assemblies can be inserted and withdrawn without interference or binding. The diameter of
the template shall be no smaller than the specified ID of the vessel minus 1/4 in. (6 mm).
R 8.2 When a vessel is insulated for cold service, the vessel nameplate shall be insulated, and a duplicate
nameplate shall be provided by the fabricator for later installation over the outside surface of the insulation
system.
R
8.3 No stamping or indentations shall be made directly on a vessel after postweld heat treatment, but may be
placed on a plate welded to the vessel before postweld heat treatment. The vessel shall be stenciled to
show it has been postweld heat treated, and that no further welding is to be done on the vessel.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

R
8.4 Unless otherwise specified, in wet H2S service, carbon steel used for vessels that are not fully lined shall
be supplied in the normalized condition and shall be PWHT. The PWHT procedure outlined in the
ASME Code, Section VIII, Par. UW-40, UW-49, UHA-32, and UCS-56 shall be followed, except that notes
in Tables UHA-32 and UCS-56 do not apply. All welds, regardless of type or size, that are exposed to wet
H2S shall be PWHT at a minimum temperature of 1150°F (620°C). External attachments or seal welded
threaded connections on P-1 Groups 1 and 2 materials do not require PWHT.
R
8.5 Carbon steel vessels in alkaline service shall meet the requirements of IP 18-4-1.

WELDING
R 8.6 Head and shell joints shall be welded with full penetration and full fusion. Welds shall be per ASME Code,
Section VIII, Division 1, Table UW-12, Type No. 1.
R 8.7 Non-consumable backing strips may be used for steam or air service when the back side of the weld is
not accessible.
R 8.8 Skirt and other attachment welds shall have complete fusion for the full length of the weld, and shall be
free from undercut, overlap, or abrupt ridges or valleys. All internal attachment welds shall be continuous.
R 8.9 For skirt base rings constructed in segments, full penetration butt welds shall be used. Such welds shall
be ground flush on both top and bottom sides of the ring, and the layout for anchor bolt holes shall be such
that the holes do not pass through the welds.
R 8.10 Except for P-1 materials on vessels that are to be PWHT, lifting attachments, gusset stubs for providing
small connection gussets, as well as other shell attachments shall be welded to the vessel before final heat
treatment. For P-1 materials, such attachments may be welded after final heat treatment if approved by
the Owner’s Engineer. Heads that are annealed or normalized shall be freed of any mill scale by
sandblasting or pickling prior to inspection.
R
8.11 Welded attachment of internals to austenitic weld overlay, where approved by the Owner’s Engineer,
shall be made after PWHT.

INSPECTION AND TESTING

I 9.1 The term Inspector, as used in this practice, refers to the Owner’s Representative.
I 9.2 Manufacturer’s data reports shall be made available to the Inspector at the time of inspection.
I
9.3 Manufacturer’s Examination and Testing plan. The vendor shall submit, for the Purchaser’s approval,
a detailed plan of applicable examinations and tests required for the individual components and weldments
of each vessel. Specific examinations applicable to linings or claddings shall be included to the extent of
the vendor’s responsibility.
I 9.4 Table 4 summarizes the minimum examination and testing requirements for pressure vessel
components and materials.

EXAMINATION METHODS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

R
9.5 Spot radiography shall be per the applicable code, except that the acceptance standards shall be per
100% radiography requirements.
R
9.6 Radiographic film. Fluorescent intensifying screens such as calcium tungstate shall not be used.
R 9.7 Radiographic film length shall be 10 in. (250 mm) minimum, except if the weld is less than 10 in. long.
In such cases, film length shall be full length of the weld.
R 9.8 The D-C prod method shall be used prior to final postweld heat treatment, and the A-C yoke or coil method
after final postweld heat treatment.

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Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

WELD QUALITY CONTROL

R 9.9 For vessels or sections of vessels where buttwelded seams are 100% radiographed, all other pressure
containing welds and all attachment welds to pressure containing parts shall be examined as follows:
a. Welded joints covered by reinforcing pads shall be 100% radiographed prior to installation of the
reinforcing pad.

b. Support skirt and lifting lug welds, and pressure containing welds other than butt joint (such
as nozzle welds), shall be examined by the ultrasonic method using either the straight beam or
shear wave mode. Alternative inspection methods, such as magnetic particle examination for
approximately every 1/4 in. (6 mm) of weld deposit thickness, may be substituted if approved by the
Owner’s Engineer.
c. All attachment welds to pressure containing parts on materials other than P1, Groups 1 and 2,
shall be examined by the magnetic particle method. If the material is non-magnetic, the liquid
penetrant inspection method shall be used in place of the magnetic particle method. Accessible
welds subject to PWHT shall be inspected after PWHT.
d. All locations of temporary attachment welds on materials other than P1, Groups 1 and 2, shall be
inspected per Par. 9.9c.
R 9.10 If 100% radiography is not specified, spot radiographs shall be made as follows:
a. For cylindrical vessels, one spot shall be examined in each circumferential joint, and in each
longitudinal joint between adjacent circumferential joints, at locations designated by the Inspector.
b. For spherical vessels, a spot radiograph shall be taken at each weld intersection, and one for each 20
ft (6 m) of weld seam, at locations designated by the Inspector.
c. For spot-radiographed vessels, 20% of the nozzle-to-shell welds (2 minimum) shall be PT examined
as follows:
1. The lessor of 12 linear in. (300 mm) or the complete weld length of the backside of the root area
after backgouging or grinding, and
2. Both sides of the completed weld.
If cracks are found, two additional nozzles shall be examined.
R
9.11 When P4 materials are used in vessels for hydrogen service, 100% radiographic examination of butt
welded joints is mandatory.
R
9.12 For P3, P4, and P5 materials, either radiographic or ultrasonic examination, as specified, shall be
performed after postweld heat treatment (PWHT).
R
9.13 Uncoated or unlined carbon and low alloy steel vessels in wet H2S service shall be either 100% Wet
Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Tested (WFMT’d), 100% radiographed, or 100% shear wave inspected as
specified by the Owner’s Engineer.
All nozzle-to-shell attachment welds shall be subjected to progressive MT inspection of every 1/4 in. (6
mm) of weld buildup, using the A-C yoke or D-C prod technique. Additionally, for all nozzle welds, the
backside of the root pass, if applicable, shall be examined after being prepared for welding. Subsequent to
PWHT, the inner surface of all nozzle welds shall be examined using the A-C yoke technique.
Alternatively, 100% ultrasonic examination of all nozzle-to-shell attachment welds may be applied.
S 9.14 Any main seam (Category A and B welds per ASME Code, Section VIII) shall be inspected as follows -
when not hydrostatically tested to at least that seam’s stress under:
allowable stress at room temperature
design pressure in the corroded condition x
allowable stress at design temperature

a. A 100% radiographic inspection, or

b. A magnetic particle examination of every 1/4 in. (6 mm) thickness of weld build-up, or
c. An ultrasonic examination.
R 9.15 All attachment welds and all areas where fitup bars, etc., were temporarily attached shall be
examined by magnetic particle techniques before final PWHT and after hydrostatic testing, for materials
having either:
a. A minimum specified tensile strength of 80,000 psi (550 MPa) or greater, or
b. A P-number other than P-1, P-4x, or P-8.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

R 9.16 Fillet welds on intermediate heads shall be given a magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination
after hydrostatic testing.
R 9.17 Vertical vessel support skirts. The finished skirt-to-shell weld shall be examined by the magnetic
particle method after any required postweld heat treatment (PWHT).
R 9.18 Nozzle and commuting chamber butt joints exempt from RT inspection per Par. UW-11 of ASME Section
VIII-1 shall be visually inspected from the ID. Should this not be possible or meet the requirements of the
Owner’s Inspector, these welds shall be RT inspected to the same level as the vessel girth seams.
MATERIALS TESTING
R 9.19 Heat treated plate materials. For all low alloy steels, and carbon steel over 2 in. (50 mm) thickness,
specimens for testing shall be prepared from actual vessel material which has been subjected to an
equivalent total thermal treatment as the vessel material in the final fabricated condition.

When specified, specimens shall be subjected to additional thermal treatment cycles equivalent to those
resulting from anticipated shop or field repairs, or field modifications.
R
9.20 When Hydrogen Induced Cracking resistant steel plate is specified for wet H2S service, it shall be
tested in accordance with NACE TM-02-84 but using the test solution of NACE TM-01-77.
a. The acceptance criteria is a Crack Length Ratio of less than 15% for each of the three sections
from each coupon.
b. One set of three specimens shall be tested from each thickness of plate from each heat in the as-
received or PWHT condition.
c. In addition to the Reporting Requirements of NACE TM-02-84, photographs of the examined surface
of all test samples showing cracking, if present, shall be submitted to the Owner’s Engineer.
Photomicrographs of the examined surface shall also be submitted unetched to show the type of
inclusions and etched to show the microstructure.
S,R
9.21 Charpy impact tests are required for deposited weld metal from electroslag, electrogas, and other single
pass butt welds through the full thickness of the material. Tests shall be made on weld production impact
test plates (run-off tabs). Impact test procedures and values shall meet the requirements in IP 18-10-1.
PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT
R 10.1 Cleaning and blanking. Vessels shall be free of loose scale, dirt, and foreign material. Liquid used for
testing or cleaning shall be completely drained. Vessel flanged openings shall be blanked with bolted
metal, wood, or plastic covers no smaller than the flange OD. Beveled and threaded ends shall be
protected with metal or plastic covers or caps. High alloy vessels shall be blown dry with air, and all
nozzle, manway, vent, and connection openings shall be blanked, plugged, or capped to prevent the entry
of moisture and meet the requirements of IP 19-7-1.
R 10.2 Machined or threaded exterior surfaces of carbon steel, and ferrous alloys with a nominal
chemistry of 12Cr and below, shall be protected from corrosion during shipment and subsequent storage
by coating with a rust preventive of a type: (1) to provide protection during outdoor storage for a period
of twelve months exposed to a normal industrial environment, and (2) to be removable with mineral spirits.
R
10.3 Protection from salt water. Austenitic stainless steels used in vessels shall not be exposed to wetting by
salt water or salt spray. Protective coating or coverings used to prevent such exposure shall be approved
by the Owner’s Engineer.
Revision Memo
9/68 Original Issue of Basic Practice 6/75 Revision 5
6/69 Revision 1 6/76 Revision 6
6/70 Revision 2 1/81 Revision 7
1/71 Revision 3 1/85 Revision 8
1/73 Revision 4 3/90 Revision 9
6/96 Revision 0 - Original Issue of International Practice
3/98 Revision 1
Complete editorial revision to rationalize this practice with the referenced standards and other IP’s. Significant changes include:
Par. 1.1 modified, Scope now covers non-refrigerated carbon steel pressure storage spheres; Old Par. 1.4 deleted; old Pars. 5.1
and 5.2 deleted, use materials requirements of applicable codes; old Par. 5.5 deleted, carbon equivalent covered by IP 18-10-1;
old Par. 5.6 deleted; old Par. 6.8 deleted, use allowable stresses per applicable codes; old Par. 6.26 deleted; old Par. 6.30
deleted; old Par. 6.41 deleted, use contractor standards; old Par. 7.6 deleted, gasket design covered by IP 3-16-1; old Pars. 8.2
and 8.3 deleted; use requirements of applicable code for maximum angle of head skirt, nameplate; old Par. 8.9 deleted; old Par.
8.11 deleted, use applicable code requirements for through thickness single pass butt welds; old Pars. 9.6, 9.10, and 9.11
deleted, use applicable code inspection requirements for RT, UT, MT, PT; old Par. 9.12 deleted; old Par. 9.18 deleted; old Par.
9.24 and 9.25 deleted, hardness covered by IP 18-10-1; old Pars. 10.4 and 10.5 deleted; old Table 4 deleted. New Table 4,
modified impact testing covered by IP 18-10-1.

 Exxon Research and Engineering Company, 1996, 1998

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EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.
 IP 5-1-1 Pressure Vessels
Page 12 of 14 INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

TABLE 3
PRESSURE VESSEL DATA (1)

Design pressure, psig (kPa).

Design temperature, °F (°C).

Critical Exposure Temperature, CET, °F (°C).

Other pressure-temperature combinations:

_______________ psig (kPa) _______________ °F (°C).

Maximum allowable stress at design temperature, psi (MPa).

Maximum allowable working pressure at design temperature and specified corrosion allowance, stating governing component and second
limiting component of the vessel.

Hydrostatic test pressure at uppermost part of the vessel, psig (kPa).

Actual hydrostatic test temperature (metal), °F (°C).

Orientation of vessel during shop or field hydrotest.

Corrosion allowance: (a) Shell, inch (mm) (c) Nozzles, inch (mm)

(b) Head, inch (mm) (d) Manway necks, inch (mm)

Weld Efficiency of shell joints: Longitudinal _______________% Girth _______________%

Weld Efficiency of head joints (multipiece heads), _______________%

Vessel Postweld heat treated: ____________ Yes ____________ No ____________ Minimum temperature, °F (°C).

Vessel (100%) (Spot) radiographed.

Flanges for nozzles and manways are Class _______________ per _______________
standard, or designed per _______________ Code.

Weight of vessel empty (including all internals), pounds (kilograms).

Weight of vessel filled with water, pounds (kilograms).

Design Wind Velocity, mph (m/s).

Earthquake Design Criteria.

SPECIFICATION

This vessel constructed to IP 5-1-1, Rev. _______________ and _______________ Code.

MATERIALS

Head: Spec __________: Min. or Guaranteed: Yield __________ psi (MPa), Ult. __________ psi (MPa).

Shell: Spec __________: Min. or Guaranteed: Yield __________ psi (MPa), Ult. __________ psi (MPa).

Forgings or Castings: Spec: _______________ Nozzles: Spec _______________

Basis used for establishing allowable stresses _______________ (Code used or basis).

Impact requirement (each component) ______ (avg/min) foot pounds Joules at ______ °F (°C) (specified critical exposure temperature).

Note:
(1) Data shall be included in vessel outline drawing.

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PRACTICE
(This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) Rev. 1 March 1998

TABLE 4
EXAMINATION AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS

TENSILE, T.S., Y.S., EL., R.A. (4)

TRANSVERSE TENSILE, T.S.

EXAMINATION
AND TESTING

MAGNETIC PARTICLE (1)

LIQUID PENETRANT (1)

REQUIREMENTS

BRINELL HARDNESS (6)

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

CHARPY IMPACT (2)

RADIOGRAPHY (1)

ULTRASONICS (1)
BEND TEST
COMPONENTS
AND
MATERIALS

I. Base Material
A) Plates, shell, and head X X X X
B) Nozzles X X X X
C) Internals X X X
D) Weld filler metal (3)

II. Welding Qualification

A) Weld metal X X X X
B) Weld metal and heat X X X X
affected zone

III. Shell and Head Seams (5) X X X X X

(Code Category A & B Welds)

IV. Nozzle Welds X X X X

Notes:
(1) Extent of requirements for Radiography, Magnetic Particle, Ultrasonics, or Liquid Penetrant Examination shall be as
specified in this practice.
(2) Impact Testing shall be per IP 18-10-1.
(3) Weld filler metal chemical analysis shall be certified by Weld Filler Metal Supplier.
(4) Abbreviations used are: T.S. - Tensile Stress
Y.S. - Yield Stress
EL. - Elongation
R.A. - Reduction of Area
(5) Production impact test plates per Par. 9.21.
(6) Hardness testing shall be per IP 18-10-1.

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 IP 5-1-1 Pressure Vessels
Page 14 of 14 INTERNATIONAL
Rev. 1 March 1998 (This practice is appropriate for attachment to Inquiry or Purchase Document) PRACTICE

FIGURE 1
PRESSURE VESSEL TOLERANCES

1 Tolerance on longitudinal dimensions from the reference plane shall be the smaller of 1/64 in.
per foot of length or 1/2 in., unless noted otherwise.

2 REFERENCE PLANE Punch mark inside and out 3 in. from root land of bottom course.

3 Flange face of nozzle from centerline of vessel ± 1/8 in.

3
13 4 Flange face of nozzle shall be parallel with the indicated plane in any direction ± 1/2°, but not to
4 exceed 3/16 in.

5 Location of nozzle from reference plane ± 1/4 in.; exception shall be liquid level controller
nozzles ± 1/16 in. and nozzles related to tray, draw-off pans, etc., so dimensioned on drawings,
14 distance from support ring ± 1/8 in.
5
6 Flange face of manhead from outside of tower ± 1/4 in.
6
7 Flange face of manhead shall be parallel with the indicated plane in any direction ± 1°.
7
8 Location of manhead from reference plane ± 1/2 in.

1 15 9 Flange face of top or bottom nozzle to reference plane ± 1/4 in.

10 Orientation of nozzle and other attachments shall be within ± 1/8 in.

8
11 1/8 in. max. lateral translation.
WELD LINE
2 12 1/16 in. max. rotation of flanges from the indicated position, measured as shown.
TANGENT LINE
8
13 In addition to ASME code tolerances, tolerances from nominal inside shell diameter as
measured by external strapping shall be as given in table below.

14 Maximum deviation from straight applied to shell shall be: 1/8 in. in any 10 ft or 1/2 in. per 50 ft
of length. In addition, distortion caused by welding of longitudinal or circumferential joints shall
not exceed 1/4 in. maximum depth in a 36 in. length of shell centered on the weld.

17 15 Distance from reference plane to base + 0 in., - 1/4 in. or lug + 1/4 in., 0 in.
16
10 16 Base or support lug out of level over any diameter shall be as given in table below.

17 Bolt hole circle tolerance shall be as given in table below.

INSIDE DIAMETER SPECIFIED

ITEM
NUMBER < 4' -0" > 4' -0" to 7' -0" > 7' -0" to 16' -0" > 16' -0"
13 ± 1/8" ± 3/16" ± 1/4" ± 5/16"
16 ± 1/8" ± 3/16" ± 1/4" ± 1/4"
17 ± 1/8" ± 1/8" ± 1/4" ± 1/4"

Acceptable Metric Equivalents

in. mm ft mm
1/16 1.5 4 1200
1/8 3 7 2100
3/16 5 16 4800
5/16 8

12 1/4 6
Nozzle Flange 1/2 13
11
1/64 in. per foot 0.4 mm per 300 mm
Longitudinal Center
1/8 in. in any 10 ft 3 mm in any 3,000 mm
Line of vessel or
design location 1/2 in. per 50 ft 13 mm per 15,000 mm
050101F1

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EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.