Engineering

Table of Contents

INFORMATION PAGE #

Control Valves Selection and Sizing

Globe and Ball Valves G-2

Pressure Independent Control Valves G-15

Butterfly Valves G-17

Valve and Actuator Terminology G-21

Damper Actuators Selection and Sizing

Damper Actuators G-25

NEMA Ratings

NEMA Descriptions G-26 G-1

Pneumatic Relays

Relay Piping G-27

Engineering
Retrofit Cross Reference G-30

Conversion Tables

Conversion Factors G-31

English to Metric Conversion Guide G-33

Pressure Conversion Table G-34

Temperature Conversion Table G-35

Psychrometric Chart G-36

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 Globe and Ball Valves

Selecting Valves: Globe vs. Ball

The control valve is the most important single element in Early ball valves used a full port opening, allowing large
any fluid handling system, because it regulates the flow amounts of water to pass through the valve. This gave
of fluid to the process. To properly select a control valve, HVAC controls contractors the ability to select a ball valve
a general knowledge of the process and components is two to three pipe sizes smaller than the piping line size.
usually necessary. This reference section can help you Compared to traditional globe valves that would be only
select and size the control valve that most closely matches one pipe size smaller than the line size, this was often a
the process requirements. more cost-effective device-level solution. In addition, the
ball valve could be actuated by a damper actuator, rather
The sizing of a valve is very important if it is to render
than expensive box-style “Mod” motors.
good service. If it is undersized, it will not have sufficient
capacity. If it is oversized, the controlled variable may Pricing Comparison
cycle, and the seat, and plug will be subject to wire Today, with equivalent pricing between ball and globe
drawing because of the restricted opening. valves, the full port ball valve is falling out of favor for
Systems are designed for the most adverse conditions most HVAC control applications. This is also due to
expected (i.e., coldest weather, greatest load, etc.). In its poor installed flow characteristic that leads to its
G-2 addition, system components (boiler, chiller, pumps, coils, inability to maintain proper control. New “flow optimized”
etc.) are limited to sizes available and frequently have or characterized ball valves, specifically designed
a greater capacity than system requirements. Correct for modulating applications, have been developed.
sizing of the control valve for actual expected conditions is Characterized ball valves are sized the same way as
considered essential for good control. globe valves. They provide an equal percentage flow
Engineering

characteristic, enabling stable control of fluids. Additionally,

there are more cost-effective valve actuators now available
for globe valves. Better control and more-competitive
A basic rule of control valve sizing is: pricing now puts globe valves on the same playing field as
characterized ball valves.
The higher the percentage of drop across the wide open valve
Selection Guidelines
in relation to the percentage of pressure drop through the line Globe Valve
• High differential pressure across valve
and process coil, the better the control. • Rebuilding of the valve is desired
• Better control performance
• Better low flow (partial load) performance
• Use for steam, water or water/glycol media
Technical Comparison Between • Smaller physical profile than a comparable ball valve
Globe and Ball Valves Characterized Ball Valve
Technically, the globe valve has a stem and plug, • Tight shutoff or high close offs of around 100 psi* are
which strokes linearly, commonly referred to as “stroke” required
valves. The ball valve has a stem and ball, which turns • Isolation or two position control**
horizontally, commonly referred to as “rotational” valves. • Use for water or water/glycol solution only

* This equates to a pump head pressure of approximately 230 ft. Not very common HVAC applications.
** Valve can be line sized to minimize pressure losses; butterfly valves are also used for these applications.

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 Control Valves
Sizing a Valve Selection and Sizing

Pressure Drop for Water Flow

A pressure drop must exist across a control valve if flow Figure 1 shows flow-lift curves for a linear valve with
is to occur. The greater the drop, the greater the flow at various percentages of design pressure drop. Note the
any fixed opening. The pressure drop across a valve also improved characteristic as pressure drop approaches
varies with plug position – from minimum when fully open, 100% of system pressure drop at full flow.
to 100% of the system drop when fully closed.
It is important to realize that the flow characteristic for any
To size a valve properly, it is necessary to know the full particular valve, such as the linear characteristic shown
flow pressure drop across it. The pressure drop across a in Figure 1 is applicable only if the pressure drop remains
valve is the difference in pressure between the inlet and nearly constant across the valve for full stem travel. In
outlet under flow conditions. When it is specified by the most systems, however, it is impractical to take 100% of
engineer and the required flow is known, the selection of a the system drop across the valve.
valve is simplified. When this pressure drop is not known,
A good working rule is, “at maximum flow, 25 to 50%
it must be computed or assumed.
of the total system pressure drop should be absorbed
If the pressure drop across the valve when fully open is by the control valve.” Although this generally results in
not a large enough percentage of the total system drop, larger pump sizes, it should be pointed out that the initial
there will be little change in fluid flow until the valve equipment cost is offset by a reduction in control valve G-3
actually closes, forcing the valve’s characteristic toward size, and results in improved controllability of the system.
a quick opening form. Reasonably good control can be accomplished with
pressure drops of 15 to 30% of total system pressures.
A drop of 15% can be used if the variation in flow is small.

Engineering
Recommended Pressure Drops
for Valve Sizing – Water
1. With a differential pressure less than 20 psi, use a
pressure drop equal to 5 psi.
2. With a differential pressure greater than 20 psi, use a
pressure drop equal to 25% of total system pressure
drop (maximum pump head), but not exceeding the
maximum rating of the valve.

Figure 1.

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 Sizing a Valve

Pressure Drop for Steam

The same methodology should be applied for selecting a Recommended Pressure Drops
valve for steam with the most important consideration is for Valve Sizing – Steam
the pressure drop.
1. With gravity flow condensate removal and inlet
First, the correct maximum capacity of the coil must be pressure less than 15 psi, use a pressure drop equal
determined. Ideally, there should be no safety factor in this to the inlet gauge pressure.
determination and it should be based on the actual BTU 2. With vacuum return system up to 7" Hg vacuum and
heating requirements. The valve size must be based on an inlet pressure less than 2 psi, a pressure drop
the actual supply pressure at the valve. When the valve of 2 psi should be used. With an inlet pressure of
is fully open, the outlet pressure will assume a valve such 2 to 15 psi, use a pressure drop equal to the inlet
that the valve capacity and coil condensing rate are in gauge pressure.
balance. If this outlet valve pressure is relatively large
3. With an inlet pressure greater than 15 psi, use a
(small pressure drop), then as the valve closes, there will
pressure drop equal to 80% of system differential
be no appreciable reduction in flow until the valve is nearly
pressure. Example: Inlet pressure is 20 psig (35 psia)
closed. To achieve better controllability, the smallest valve
and a gravity return at atmospheric pressure 0 psig
(largest pressure drop) should be selected. With the valve
G-4 (14.7 psia), use a pressure drop of 16 psi.
outlet pressure much less than the inlet pressure, a large
pressure drop results. There will now be an immediate 4. When a coil size is selected on the basis that line
reduction in capacity as the valve throttles. For steam pressure and temperature is available in the coil of a
valves, generally the largest possible pressure drop should heating and ventilating application, a very minimum
pressure drop is desired. In this case, use the following:
Engineering

be taken, without exceeding the critical pressure ratio.

Therefore, the steam pressure drop should approach pressure drop:
80% of the system differential pressure.
Examining the pressure drops under “Recommended Initial Pressure Pressure Drop
Pressure Drops for Valve Sizing – Steam” , you might be
15 psi 5 psi
concerned about the steam entering the coil at 0 psi when
a large drop is taken across the control valve. Steam flow 50 psi 7.5 psi
through the coil will still drop to vacuum pressures due 100 psi 10 psi
to condensation of the steam. Consequently, a pressure
Over 100 psi 10% of line pressure
differential will still exist. In this case, proper steam
trapping and condensation piping is essential. (typically on/off applications)

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 Control Valves
Sizing a Valve Selection and Sizing

Valve Sizing Formulas

The Most Important Variables to Consider Formulas: Remarks:
When Sizing a Valve: 1. For liquids (water, oil, etc.): Specific gravity correction
1. What medium will the valve control? Water? Steam? is negligible for water below
What effects will specific gravity and viscosity have 200°F (use S=1.0).
on the valve size?
2. What will the inlet pressure be under maximum load
Cv = Q
√ S
∆P
Use actual specific gravity
S of other liquids at actual
flow temperature.
demand? What is the inlet temperature?
3. What pressure drop (differential) will exist across the Use this for fluids with
valve under maximum load demand? viscosity correction fact.
4. What maximum capacity should the valve handle? Cv = KrQ
√ S
∆P
Use actual specific gravity
S for fluids at actual flow
5. What is the maximum pressure differential the valve temperature.
must close against?
When these are known, a valve can be selected by
formula (Cv method) or water and steam capacities 2. For steam
tables which can be found in the Valves section, pages (saturated or superheated): G-5
A-6 through A-10. The valve size should not exceed the
line size. Cv = WK Use this when P2 is greater
2.1 √ ∆P (P1 + P2) than 1/2P1

Engineering
The following definitions apply in the following formulas: Cv = WK Use this when P2 is less than
1.82 P1 or equal to 1/2P1
Cv Valve flow coefficient, U.S. GPM with P = 1 psi
P1 Inlet pressure at maximum flow, psia (abs.)
P2 Outlet pressure at maximum flow, psia (abs.)
∆P P1 — P2 at maximum flow, psi
Q Fluid flow, U.S. ∆M
W Steam flow, pounds per hour (lb./hr.)
S Specific gravity of fluid relative to water @ 60°F
K 1 + (0.0007 x °F superheat), for steam
Kr Viscosity correction factor for fluids (See Page G-6)

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 Sizing a Valve

Sizing Formulas and Tables

Viscosity Factors Specific Gravity of Water
The relationship between kinematic and absolute viscosity:
Temp Abs. Specific Gravity — S
Centistoke = Centipoise T(°F) Pressure (W=62.4 lb./ft.3 @ 60°F) √S
Specific Gravity 60 — 1.000 1.000
100 — 0.993 0.999
Saybolt* Univ 150 — 0.981 0.985
Engler Time Kinematic Correction 200 — 0.963 0.981
Seconds
Seconds Viscosity Factors (K1)
(S.S.U.) 250 30 0.942 0.971
46,350 — 10,000 — 300 67 0.920 0.959
37,080 — 8,000 — 350 135 0.891 0.944
27,810 — 6,000 — 400 247 0.860 0.927
18,540 — 4,000 — 450 423 0.827 0.910
13,900 — 3,000 —
11,590 — 2,500 —
G-6 9,270 — 2,000 1.93
6,950 10,800 1,500 1.90 Process Formulas
4,635 7,100 1,000 1.82
3,708 5,700 800 1.78
Engineering

2,781 4,250 600 1.74

For Heating or Cooling Water:
1,854 2,820 400 1.67 GPM = Btu/hr.
1,390 2,120 300 1.63 (°F water temp. rise or drop x 500)
1,159 1,760 250 1.61
GPM = CFM x .009 x H
927 1,400 200 1.57
°F water temperature change
695 1,050 150 1.43 (H = change in enthalpy of air expressed in Btu/lb. of air)
464 700 100 1.45
371 555 80 1.42 For Heating Water with Steam:
278 420 60 1.37 lbs. steam/hr. = 0.50 x GPM x (°F water temp. rise)
186 290 40 1.30
141 225 30 1.25 For Heating or Cooling Water:
119 191 25 1.22 GPM1 = GPM2 x (°F water2 temp. rise or drop)
97.8 157 20 120 °F water1 temp. drop
77.4 127 15 1.16
58.9 97 10 1.11 For Heating Air with Steam Coils:
52.1 85.5 8 1.08 lbs. steam/hr. = 1.08 x (°F air temp. rise) x CFM
45.6 76.0 6 1.07 1000
39.1 67.5 4 1.05
36.0 62.5 3 1.03 For Heating Air with Water Coils:
32.6 58.0 2 — GPM = 2.16 x CFM x (°F air temp. rise)
31.6 55.5 1.5 — 1000 x (°F water1 temp. drop)
31.3 ←PURE WATER AT 60°F→ 1.1 —
For Radiation:
Chart Note:
*Redwood time (seconds) approximately same as S.S.U. lbs. steam/hr. = 0.24 x ft.2 EDR (Low pressure steam)
EDR = Equivalent Direct Radiation
1 EDR (steam) = 240 BTU/Hr. (Coil Temp. = 215°F)
1 EDR (water) = 200 BTU/Hr. (Coil Temp. = 197°F)
GPM = ft.2 EDR
50 (Assume 20°F water TD)

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 Control Valves
Sizing a Valve Selection and Sizing

Valve Sizing and Selection Example Valve Selection Criteria

Select a valve to control a chilled water coil that must have 1. Flow characteristic — Modified Equal Percentage which
a flow of 35 GPM with a valve differential pressure (∆P) of provides good control for a water coil.
5 psi. 2. Body rating and material — Suitable for water.
Determine the valve Cv using the formula for liquids. 3. Valve type and action — A single seat NC valve with an
adjustable spring range which can be sequenced with a
Cv = Q √ SP = 35 GPM √ 5 1psi = 15.6 NO valve used for heating.
4. Valve actuator — Actuator close-off rating is higher than
the system differential pressure.
Select a valve that is suitable for this application and has
a Cv as close as possible to the calculated value. 5. Valve line size — Its Cv is close to and slightly larger
than the calculated Cv (15.6).
One choice is 277-03186: a 1-1/4" NC valve with a Cv of
6. For Ball Valves — use the same selection criteria.
16. Refer to Flowrite Valves Reference section.

G-7

Valve Body Rating

The temperature-pressure ratings for ANSI Classes 125 and 250 valve bodies made of bronze or cast iron are

Engineering
shown below.

Pressure
Description Temperature
ANSI Class 125 ANSI Class 250
Bronze Screwed Bodies
Specification #B16.15-1978 -20 to + 150°F (-30 to + 66°C) 200 psi (1378 kPa) 400 psi (2758 kPa)
ANSI Amer. Std.; -20 to + 200°F (-30 to + 93°C) 190 psi (1310 kPa) 385 psi (2655 kPa)
USA; ASME -20 to + 250°F (-30 to + 121°C) 180 psi (1241 kPa) 365 psi (2586 kPa)
-20 to + 300°F (-30 to + 149°C) 165 psi (1138 kPa) 335 psi (2300 kPa)
-20 to + 350°F (-30 to + 177°C) 150 psi (1034 kPa) 300 psi (2068 kPa)
-20 to + 400°F (-30 to + 204°C) 125 psi (862 kPa) 250 psi (1724 kPa)
Cast Iron Flanged Bodies
Class B-sizes 1 to 12 -20 to + 150°F (-30 to + 66°C) 200 psi (1378 kPa) 500 psi (3445 kPa)
Specification #B16.1 1975 -20 to + 200°F (-30 to + 93°C) 190 psi (1310 kPa) 460 psi (3169 kPa)
ANSI Amer. Std.; -20 to + 225°F (-30 to + 106°C) 180 psi (1241 kPa) 440 psi (3032 kPa)
USA; ASME
-20 to + 250°F (-30 to + 121°C) 175 psi (1206 kPa) 415 psi (2859 kPa)
-20 to + 275°F (-30 to + 135°C) 170 psi (1171 kPa) 395 psi (2722 kPa)
-20 to + 300°F (-30 to + 149°C) 165 psi (1138 kPa) 375 psi (2584 kPa)
-20 to + 325°F (-30 to + 163°C) 155 psi (1069 kPa) 355 psi (2448 kPa)
-20 to + 350°F (-30 to + 177°C) 150 psi (1034 kPa) 335 psi (2308 kPa)
-20 to + 375°F (-30 to + 191°C) 145 psi (1000 kPa) 315 psi (2170 kPa)
-20 to + 400°F (-30 to + 204°C) 140 psi (965 kPa) 290 psi (1998 kPa)
-20 to + 425°F (-30 to + 218°C) 130 psi (896 kPa) 270 psi (1860 kPa)
-20 to + 450°F (-30 to + 232°C) 125 psi (862 kPa) 250 psi (1734 kPa)

Refer to Conversion Factors on page G-32.

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 Close-off Pressures

MZ Series
Electronic
Valve Size 2-Way 3-Way
Normally Open
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 60 (414) 25 (172)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 35 (241) 15 (103)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 30 (207) 10 (69)
Normally Closed
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 70 (482) 70 (482)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 40 (276) 40 (276)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 30 (207) 30 (207)
Table Note:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless
otherwise indicated.
For 3-Way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine
upper port (NC) and bottom port (NO).

G-8

MT Series
Engineering

Pneumatic Electronic
2-Way 599-01088
Valve Size 3 to 8 psi 8 to 13 psi 10 to 15 psi SQS SSC
(21 to 55 kPa) (55 to 90 kPa) (69 to 103 kPa)
Normally Open
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 95 (655) 45 (310) 20 (138) 160 (1103) 120 (868)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 45 (310) 25 (172) 15 (103) 85 (586) 65 (448)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 35 (241) 10 (69) — 70 (482) 55 (379)
Normally Closed
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 40 (276) 95 (655) 95 (655) 95 (655) 95 (655)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 28 (193) 50 (345) 50 (345) 50 (345) 50 (345)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 18 (124) 40 (276) 40 (276) 40 (276) 40 (276)

Pneumatic Electronic
3-Way 599-01088
Valve Size 3 to 8 psi 8 to 13 psi 10 to 15 psi SQS SSC
(21 to 55 kPa) (55 to 90 kPa) (69 to 103 kPa)
Normally Open
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 95 (655) 45 (310) 20 (138) 160 (1103) 95 (655)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 45 (310) 25 (172) 15 (103) 85 (586) 50 (379)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 35 (241) 10 (69) — 70 (482) 40 (276)
Normally Closed
1/2", Cv ≤ 1.6 40 (276) 95 (655) 120 (827) 95 (655) 95 (655)
1/2", Cv ≤ 4 28 (193) 50 (345) 65 (448) 50 (345) 50 (345)
3/4 to 1", Cv ≤ 10 18 (124) 40 (276) 50 (345) 40 (276) 40 (276)
Table Notes:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated.
For 3-Way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper (NC) and bottom port (NO).
Normally open close-off pressures are at 20 psi actuator pressure.
Normally closed close-off pressures are at 0 psi actuator pressure.

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 Control Valves
Close-off Pressures Selection and Sizing

Electronic
Rack & Pinion w/GMA Rack & Pinion w/GCA SAX NSR SKD SKB SKC
Valve Size APC APC APC APC APC
in. (mm) 298, 299 371, 373 267, 274-276 289-291 292-294
Normally Open
1/2 (15) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) —
3/4 (20) 174 (1200) 231 (1593) 211 (1456) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) —
1 (25) 136 (938) 149 (1028) 137 (945) 201 (1386) 250 (1724) —
1-1/4 (32) 84 (580) 92 (634) 85 (586) 124 (855) 250 (1724) —
1-1/2 (40) 55 (380) 59 (407) 55 (379) 80 (552) 250 (1724) —
2 (50) 30 (207) 36 (248) 34 (235) 49 (338) 201 (1386) —
2-1/2 (65) — 25 (172) 26 (179) 38 (262) 153 (518) —
3 (80) — 18 (124) 17 (117) 25 (172) 101 (342) —
4 (100) — — — — — 65 (448)
5 (125) — — — — — 42 (289)
6 (150) — — — — — 29 (199)
Normally Closed
1/2 (15) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) —
G-9
3/4 (20) 174 (1200) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) —
1 (25) 136 (938) 173 (1193) 159 (1097) 203 (1400) 250 (1724) —
1-1/4 (32) 84 (580) 100 (690) 92 (634) 117 (807) 250 (1724) —

Engineering
1-1/2 (40) 55 (380) 61 (421) 57 (393) 73 (503) 208 (1434) —
2 (50) 30 (207) 37 (255) 35 (241) 44 (303) 126 (869) —
2-1/2 (65) — 25 (172) 26 (179) 34 (234) 97 (668) —
3 (80) — 18 (124) 17 (117) 22 (152) 63 (434) —
4 (100) — — — — — 39 (268)
5 (125) — — — — — 25 (172)
6 (150) — — — — — 17 (117)
Table Notes:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated.

Electronic High Pressure Close-off

Electro-Hydraulic 24 VAC
Valve Size
in. (mm) SKD SKC
Normally Open
2-1/2 (65) 200 (1378) —
3 (80) 200 (1378) —
4 (100) — 200 (1378)
5 (125) — 200 (1378)
6 (150) — 200 (1378)
Normally Closed
2-1/2 (65) 200 (1378) —
3 (80) 200 (1378) —
4 (100) — 200 (1378)
5 (125) — 200 (1378)
6 (150) — 200 (1378)
Table Notes:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated.

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 Close-off Pressures

Pneumatic
Spring Range
3 to 8 psi (21 to 55 kPa) 10 to 15 psi (69 to 103 kPa)
4" Actuator 8" Actuator 12" Actuator 4" Actuator 8" Actuator 12" Actuator
Valve Size 15 psi 15 psi 30 psi 15 psi 30 psi 0 psi 0 psi 0 psi
in. (mm) (103 kPa) (103 kPa) (207 kPa) (103 kPa) (207 kPa) (0 kPa) (0 kPa) (0 kPa)
Normally Open Normally Closed
1/2 (15) 142 (979) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) — — 236 (1627) 250 (1724) —
3/4 (20) 80 (552) 231 (1593) 250 (1724) — — 155 (1069) 250 (1724) —
1 (25) 52 (359) 150 (1034) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 91 (627) 250 (1724) 250 (1724)
1-1/4 (32) 32 (221) 93 (641) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 250 (1724) 52 (359) 148 (1020) 250 (1724)
1-1/2 (40) 20 (138) 60 (414) 198 (1365) 205 (1413) 250 (1724) 32 (331) 92 (634) 250 (1724)
2 (50) 12 (83) 37 (255) 123 (848) 130 (896) 250 (1724) 20 (138) 55 (379) 185 (1275)
2-1/2 (65) — 31 (213) 100 (689) 95 (655) 250 (1724) — 36 (248) 114 (786)
3 (80) — 20 (138) 66 (444) 63 (434) 200 (1378) — 23 (158) 74 (610)
G-10 4 (100) — — — 40 (275) 129 (889) — — 46 (317)
5 (125) — — — 26 (179) 82 (565) — — 29 (199)
6 (150) — — — 18 (124) 57 (393) — — 20 (137)
Engineering

Table Notes:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated.
For 3-Way valve close-offs, use this chart to determine upper port (NC) and bottom port (NO).
Normally open close-off pressures are at 15 psi actuator pressure.
Normally closed close-off pressures are at 0 psi actuator pressure.

Pneumatic High Pressure Close-off

Spring Range
Valve Size 3 to 8 psi (21 to 55 kPa) 10 to 15 psi (69 to 103 kPa)
in. (mm) 8" Actuator 12" Actuator 8" Actuator 12" Actuator
Normally Open Normally Closed
2-1/2 (65) 200 (1378) — 200 (1378) —
3 (80) 200 (1378) — 200 (1378) —
4 (100) — 200 (1378) — 200 (1378)
5 (125) — 200 (1378) — 200 (1378)
6 (150) — 200 (1378) — 200 (1378)
Table Notes:
All close-off values within table are in psi (kPa) unless otherwise indicated.

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 Control Valves
Close-off Pressures Selection and Sizing

Close-off Pressure – 599 Series Ball Close-off Pressure – 599 Series Ball
2-Way Valve Flow Close 3-Way Valve Flow Close
Valve Body Size Rate Off Valve Body Size Rate Off
Part No. in. Cv psi Part No. in. Cv psi
599-10300 / 599-10300S 0.4 200 599-10350 / 599-10350S 0.4 200
599-10301 / 599-10301S 0.63 200 599-10351 / 599-10351S 0.63 200
599-10302 / 599-10302S 1.0 200 599-10352 / 599-10352S 1.0 200
599-10303 / 599-10303S 1.6 200 599-10353 / 599-10353S 1.6 200
1/2 1/2
599-10304 / 599-10304S 2.5 200 599-10354 / 599-10354S 2.5 200
599-10305 / 599-10305S 4.0 200 599-10355 / 599-10355S 4 200
599-10306 / 599-10306S 6.3 200 599-10356 / 599-10356S 6.3 200
599-10307* / 599-10307S* 10 200 599-10357* / 599-10357S* 10 200
599-10308 / 599-10308S 6.3 200 599-10358 / 599-10358S 6.3 200
599-10309 / 599-10309S 10 200 599-10359 / 599-10359S 3/4 10 200
3/4
599-10310 / 599-10310S 16 200 599-10360* / 599-10360S* 16 200
G-11
599-10311* / 599-10311S* 25 200 599-10361 / 599-10361S 10 200
599-10312 / 599-10312S 10 200 599-10362 / 599-10362S 1 16 200
599-10313 / 599-10313S 16 200 599-10363* / 599-10363S* 25 200

Engineering
599-10314 / 599-10314S 1 25 200 599-10364 / 599-10364S 16 200
599-10315 / 599-10315S 40 200 599-10365 / 599-10365S 1-1/4 25 200
599-10316* / 599-10316S* 63 200 599-10366* / 599-10366S* 40 200
599-10317 / 599-10317S 16 200 599-10367 / 599-10367S 25 200
599-10318 / 599-10318S 25 200 599-10368 / 599-10368S 1-1/2 40 200
599-10319 / 599-10319S 1-1/4 40 200 599-10369* / 599-10369S* 63 200
599-10320 / 599-10320S 63 200 599-10370 / 599-10370S 40 200
599-10321* / 599-10321S* 100 200 599-10371 / 599-10371S 2 63 200
599-10322 / 599-10322S 25 200 599-10372* / 599-10372S* 100 200
599-10323 / 599-10323S 40 200 * Denotes a full-port valve with no flow optimizer insert.
599-10324 / 599-10324S 1-1/2 63 200 S suffix denotes Stainless Steel Ball and Stem
599-10325 / 599-10325S 100 200
599-10326* / 599-10326S* 160 200
599-10327 / 599-10327S 40 200
599-10328 / 599-10328S 63 200
2
599-10329* / 599-10329S* 100 200
599-10330* / 599-10330S* 160 200
* Denotes a full-port valve with no flow optimizer insert.
S suffix denotes Stainless Steel Ball and Stem

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 Flow Coeffiecients
2-Way, Full-Port (no flow optimizer) Ball Valve Part Nos. and Flow Coefficients
Effective (Installed) Cv (Kvs)
Supply Line Size in Inches (mm)
Valve Size Valve 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3
in. (mm) Part No. (15) (20) (25) (32) (40) (50) (65) (80)
599-10307 or 10.0 6.94 6.19
1/2 (15)
599-10307S (8.62) (5.93) (5.29)

599-10311 or 25.00 18.66 15.35

3/4 (20)
599-10311S (21.55) (15.99) (13.12)

599-10316 or 63.00 39.78 33.56

1 (25)
599-10316S (54.31) (34.00) (28.69)

599-10321 or 100.00 69.19 51.45

1-1/4 (32)
599-10321S (86.21) (5.13) (43.98)

599-10326 or 160.00 93.80 76.34

1-1/2 (40)
599-10326S (137.93) (80.17) (65.25)

599-10329 or 100.00 94.30 86.12

2 (50)
G-12 599-10329S (86.21) (80.60) (73.61)
Engineering

3-Way, Full-Port (no flow optimizer) Ball Valve Part Nos. and Flow Coefficients
Effective (Installed) Cv (Kvs)
Supply Line Size in Inches (mm)
Valve Size Valve 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3
in. (mm) Part No. (15) (20) (25) (32) (40) (50) (65) (80)
599-10357 or 10.0 6.94 6.19
1/2 (15)
599-10357S (8.62) (5.93) (5.29)

599-10360 or 16.00 13.9 12.4

3/4 (20)
599-10360S (13.79) (11.98) (10.69)

599-10363 or 25.00 22.5 21.2

1 (25)
599-10363S (21.55) (19.4) (18.27)

599-10366 or 40.00 36.9 33.3

1-1/4 (32)
599-10366S (34.48) (31.81) (28.70)

599-10369 or 63.00 55.3 51.00

1-1/2 (40)
599-10369S (54.31) (47.67) (43.96)

599-10372 or 100 94.3 86.1

2 (50)
599-10372S (86.21) (81.29) (74.23)

Key Valve may be oversized Optimal valve size Valve may be undersized

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 Control Valves
Steam Saturation Pressure Selection and Sizing
Gauge/Temperature
Gauge Absolute Temperature Gauge Absolute Temperature Gauge Absolute Temperature
Pressure Pressure Degrees Pressure Pressure Degrees Pressure Pressure Degrees
psi psi Fahrenheit psi psi Fahrenheit psi psi Fahrenheit
0.0 14.70 212.0 59.3 74 306.7 153.3 168 367.5
0.3 15 213.0 60.3 75 307.6 155.3 170 368.5
1.3 16 216.3 61.3 76 308.5 157.3 172 369.4
2.3 17 219.4 62.3 77 309.4 159.3 174 370.4
3.3 18 222.4 63.3 78 310.3 161.3 175 371.3
4.3 19 225.2 64.3 79 311.2 163.3 178 372.2
5.3 20 228.0 65.3 80 312.0 165.3 180 373.1
6.3 21 230.6 66.3 81 312.9 167.3 182 374.0
7.3 22 233.1 67.3 82 313.8 169.3 184 374.9
8.3 23 235.5 68.3 83 314.6 171.3 186 375.8
9.3 24 237.8 69.3 84 315.4 173.3 188 376.7
10.3 25 240.1 70.3 85 316.3 175.3 190 377.6
11.3 26 242.2 71.6 86 317.1 177.3 192 378.5
12.3 27 244.4 72.3 87 317.9 179.3 194 379.3
13.3 28 246.4 73.3 88 318.7 181.3 196 380.2
14.3 29 248.4 74.3 89 319.5 183.3 198 381.0
15.3 30 250.3 75.3 90 320.3 185.3 200 381.9
16.3 31 252.2 76.3 91 321.1 190.3 205 384.0
17.3 32 254.1 77.3 92 321.8 195.3 210 386.0 G-13
18.3 33 255.8 78.3 93 322.6 200.3 215 388.0
19.3 34 257.6 79.3 94 323.4 205.3 220 389.9
20.3 35 259.3 80.3 95 324.1 210.3 225 391.9
21.3 36 261.0 81.3 96 324.9 215.3 230 393.8

Engineering
22.3 37 262.6 82.3 97 325.6 220.3 235 395.6
23.3 38 264.2 83.3 98 326.4 225.3 240 397.4
24.3 39 265.8 84.3 99 327.1 230.3 245 399.3
25.3 40 267.3 85.3 100 327.8 235.3 250 401.1
26.3 41 268.7 87.3 102 329.3 245.3 260 404.5
27.3 42 270.2 89.3 104 330.7 255.3 270 407.9
28.3 43 271.7 91.3 106 332.0 265.3 280 411.2
29.3 44 273.1 93.3 108 333.4 275.3 290 414.4
30.3 45 274.5 95.3 110 334.8 285.3 300 417.5
31.3 46 275.8 97.3 112 336.1
32.3 47 277.2 99.3 114 337.4 Vacuum/Temperature
33.3 48 278.5 101.3 116 338.7
34.3 49 279.8 103.3 118 340.0 Vacuum Absolute Temperature
35.3 50 281.0 105.3 120 341.3 Inches Pressure Degrees
36.3 51 282.3 107.3 122 342.5 Hg psi Fahrenheit
37.3 52 283.5 109.3 124 343.8 29.74 0.0886 32
38.3 53 284.7 111.3 126 345.0 29.67 0.1217 40
39.3 54 285.9 113.3 128 346.2 29.56 0.1780 50
40.3 55 287.1 115.3 130 347.4 29.40 0.2562 60
41.3 56 288.2 117.3 132 348.5 29.18 0.3626 70
42.3 57 289.4 119.3 134 349.7 28.89 0.505 80
43.3 58 290.5 121.3 136 350.8 28.50 0.696 90
44.3 59 291.6 123.3 138 352.0 28.00 0.946 100.00
45.3 60 292.7 125.3 140 353.1 27.88 1 101.83
46.3 61 293.8 127.3 142 354.2 25.85 2 126.15
47.3 62 294.9 129.3 144 355.3 23.81 3 141.52
48.3 63 295.9 131.3 146 356.3 21.78 4 153.01
49.3 64 297.0 133.3 148 357.4 19.74 5 162.28
50.3 65 298.0 135.3 150 358.5 17.70 6 170.06
51.3 66 299.0 137.3 152 359.5 15.67 7 176.85
52.3 67 300.0 139.3 154 360.5 13.63 8 182.86
53.3 68 301.0 141.3 156 361.6 11.60 9 188.27
54.3 69 302.0 143.3 158 362.6 9.56 10 193.22
55.3 70 302.9 145.3 160 363.6 7.52 11 197.75
56.3 71 303.9 147.3 162 364.6 5.49 12 201.96
57.3 72 304.8 149.3 164 365.6 3.45 13 205.87
58.3 73 305.8 151.3 166 366.5 1.42 14 209.55

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 Flanged Cast Iron Dimensions

2-1/2 to 6-inch Cast Iron Flange Dimensions (as defined by ANSI standard B16.1)

ANSI Class 125. ANSI Class 250.

G-14

ANSI Class 125

Engineering

Flanges Drilling Bolting

Length of
Nominal Flange Flange Diameter of Diameter of
Number of Diameter of Machine Bolts
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Bolt Circle Bolt Holes
Bolts Bolts
A B D E F
2-1/2" 7" 11/16" 5-1/2" 3/4" 4 5/8" 2-1/2"
3" 7-1/2" 3/4" 6" 3/4" 4 5/8" 2-1/2"
4" 9" 15/16" 7-1/2" 3/4" 8 5/8" 3"
5" 10" 15/16" 8-1/2" 7/8" 8 3/4" 3"
6" 11" 1" 9-1/2" 7/8" 8 3/4" 3-1/4"

ANSI Class 250

Flanges Drilling Bolting
Length of
Nominal Flange Flange Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of
Number of Diameter of Machine Bolts
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness Raised Face Bolt Circle Bolt Holes
Bolts Bolts
A B C D E F
2-1/2" 7-1/2" 1" 4-15/16" 5-7/8" 7/8" 8 3/4" 3-1/4"
3" 8-1/4" 1-1/8" 5-11/16" 6-5/8" 7/8" 8 3/4" 3-1/5"
4" 10" 1-1/4" 6-15/16" 7-7/8" 7/8" 8 3/4" 3-3/4"
5" 11" 1-3/8" 8-5/16" 9-1/4" 7/8" 8 3/4" 4"
6" 12-1/2" 1-7/16" 9-11/16" 10-5/8" 7/8" 12 3/4" 4"

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 Control Valves
Sizing and Selecting Pressure Selection and Sizing
Independent Control Valves (PICV)

Just two pieces of information are needed to size a PICV:

1. Line size where the valve will be installed In order for the valve to function as a pressure
independent valve, you must ensure that the minimum
2. Design flow, in gpm, of the coil being controlled
differential pressure across the valve will always be
Then find the valve size of the PICV, closest to the greater than the start pressure of the pressure regulator in
line size, which has a preset maximum flow setting the PICV, or ∆pmin of the pressure independence range of
greater than or equal to the design flow of the coil being the PICV.
controlled. It is that easy!
Please refer to the start pressures listed below and on
Because the valves are pressure independent, within a G-16, and refer to the product data sheets for more
certain differential pressure range, the differential pressure information.
is not required for “sizing calculations.”

Threaded
Pressure Independence
Part
Line Size ANSI Maximum Close-off ANSI
Range (psi) G-15
Inches Pressure Flow Range Pressure Leakage
Number
(mm) Class (GPM) (psi) Class ∆p min ∆p max
Normally Open
599-04310-X 1/2 (15) 0.2 to 0.9 2.5

Engineering
599-04311-X 1/2 (15) 0.5 to 2.5 3
599-04312-X 3/4 (20) 1 to 5.8 200 3.5
Class IV
599-04313-X 1 (25) 250 1.2 to 8 4.0 58
(0.01%)
599-04314-X 1-1/4 (32) 3 to 18 4.1
599-04315-X 1-1/2 (40) 10 to 40 3.6
100
599-04316-X 2 (50) 10 to 50 5.0
Normally Closed
599-04300-X 1/2 (15) 0.3 to 2.7 2.3
599-04301-X 1/2 (15) 1.0 to 7.5 2.6
599-04302-X 3/4 (20) 0.5 to 4.5 Class IV 2.3
250 45 58
599-04303-X 3/4 (20) 1.0 to 8.9 (0.01%) 3.2
599-04304-X 1 (25) 1.0 to 8.9 3.2
599-04305-X 1-1/4 (32) 2.5 to 13.2 2.6
Table Notes:
X suffix represents the various factory preset maximum flow GPM settings that are orderable

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 Sizing and Selecting Pressure
Independent Control Valves (PICV)

Flanged
Line Size ANSI Maximum Close-off ANSI Pressure Independence
Part Range (psi)
Inches Pressure Flow Range Pressure Leakage
Number
(mm) Class (GPM) (psi) Class ∆p min ∆p max
Normally Open*
599-07310 2-1/2 (65) 19 to 110 3.6
599-07315 2-1/2 (65) 26 to 154 8
599-07311 3 (80) 24 to 150 3.6
599-07316 3 (80) 31 to 190 8
599-07312 4 (100) 55 to 300 5
125
599-07317 4 (100) 65 to 395 10
599-07313 5 (125) 85 to 485 5
599-07318 5 (125) 105 to 595 8
599-07314 6 (150) 115 to 650 5
599-07319 6 (150) 140 to 860 Class IV 9
100 90
599-07320 2-1/2 (65) 19 to 110 (0.01%) 3.6
G-16 599-07325 2-1/2 (65) 26 to 154 8
599-07321 3 (80) 24 to 150 3.6
599-07326 3 (80) 31 to 190 8
599-07322 4 (100) 55 to 300 5
Engineering

250
599-07327 4 (100) 65 to 395 10
599-07323 5 (125) 85 to 485 5
599-07328 5 (125) 105 to 595 8
599-07324 6 (150) 115 to 650 5
599-07329 6 (150) 140 to 860 9
Table Notes:
* Flanged valves are normally open but SQV spring return actuators fail open (SQV91P30U, 238 actuator prefix code)
or fail closed (SQV91P40U, actuator prefix code 239); SAV and SAX actuators can be wired for normally closed operation.

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 Control Valves
Butterfly Valves Selection and Sizing

Introduction
When selecting a butterfly valve for water applications 2-Way and 3-Way Proportional Control Valves
you must first determine the requirements of the valve Control Valves are the most important element of a fluid
assembly. The first question to ask is, “Will the valve be handling system and proper selection of these valves is
used for “Isolation” or “Proportional Control” of the fluid?” crucial for efficient operation of the process. When sizing
and “Does the application require a 2-way or 3-way butterfly valves for control, it is imperative to have certain
assembly?” requirements of the system.
2-Way and 3-Way Isolation Valves You must have:
When selecting a valve for isolation purposes, it is seldom Maximum flow requirement: This would be equivalent
• 
necessary to calculate flow requirements beyond the to the design flow and provided or converted to gallons
published Cvs (flow coefficients)* of the valve. These per minute.
valves are typically line size and require the lowest
Maximum pressure drop allowed: The Consulting
• 
pressure drop available in the full open position. It may be
Engineer usually provides this factor and are typically
possible to supply a valve smaller than the actual line size
3 to 5 psi max. However, the pressure drop should
and still obtain a low-pressure drop. However, the cost of
never exceed one half of the inlet pressure.
reducing flanges will typically offset any savings incurred G-17
by reducing the valve size. The 2- and 3-way Flow Without these two factors, selection of a control valve
Coefficient charts, below and on G-16, provide Cv values would be simply a guess.
for Siemens butterfly valves.

Engineering
2-Way Flow Coefficients (Cvs)
Degrees Open
Size
10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
2" 1 7 16 27 43 61 84 114 144
2-1/2" 1.5 11 24 43 67 107 163 223 282
3" 2 15 35 61 96 154 267 364 461
4" 3 27 62 109 171 274 496 701 841
5" 5 43 98 170 268 428 775 1,146 1,376
6" 6 56 129 225 354 567 1,025 1,542 1,850
8" 12 102 241 421 680 1,081 1,862 2,842 3,316
10" 19 162 382 667 1,076 1,710 2,948 4,525 5,430
12" 27 235 555 1,005 1,594 2,563 4,393 6,731 8,077
14" 34 299 756 1,320 2,149 3,384 5,939 9,914 10,538
16" 45 397 1,001 1,749 2,847 4,483 7,867 11,761 13,966
18" 58 507 1,281 2,237 3,643 5,736 10,062 14,496 17,214
20" 72 632 1,595 2,786 4,536 7,144 12,535 18,812 22,339
Table Note:
Flow Coefficients (Cv) = The amount of water in gallons per minute, at 60°F that will pass through a given orifice with a one pound
pressure drop.

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 Butterfly Valves

3-Way Flow Coefficients (Cvs)

Size Angle of Disc Opening
Run 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
Branch 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0°
2" 130 102 79 66 63 66 67 84 110 139
2-1/2" 213 175 142 107 79 97 113 155 207 252
3" 331 277 226 153 79 136 161 252 327 403
4" 500 445 373 270 131 257 297 449 574 664
5" 774 688 559 416 200 406 466 689 909 1,049
6" 1,095 967 766 566 335 541 627 929 1,255 1,454
8" 1,935 1,874 1,512 1,155 721 1,064 1,242 1,763 2,376 2,584
10" 3,153 3,058 2,490 1,886 1,155 1,704 2,003 2,849 3,833 4,221
12" 4,760 4,674 3,822 2,889 1,792 2,543 3,041 4,306 5,782 6,334
14" 5,384 6,055 4,683 3,164 2,377 3,433 3,973 5,577 7,959 7,559
16" 7,235 7,037 6,200 4,885 3,267 4,574 5,245 7,381 9,329 10,109
18" 8,664 8,431 8,018 6,302 4,486 5,847 6,740 9,492 11,302 12,227
G-18 20" 11,402 11,041 9,971 7,840 5,541 7,237 8,383 11,813 14,746 16,013
Table Notes:
Three-way valve assemblies Cvs are corrected from published two-way Cvs to account for line losses generated by the tee, and are
calculated values only. The pipe friction losses are a function of fluid velocity through the pipe and the three-way Cvs listed are apparent
Engineering

for full flow through the pipe. Operation at less than full capacity (lower velocity) will increase the actual Cvs

Sizing Example Example

With this information and assuming the media is water or The line size is 6" and the required flow is 600 GPM with
a similar media (glycol/water mix), a control valve can be a maximum pressure drop of 5 psi. The square root of 5 is
properly sized for the application by following these steps: equal to 2.236. When divided into 600, the required Cv for
this application is: 268.336.
1. Calculate the required Cv: Using the following formula
and the information required above, you could calculate 2. Select your valve size: Using the Flow Coefficients
the flow coefficient (Cv) of the control valve. (Cvs), select the appropriate valve size. If your required
Cv is in between valve sizes, choose the larger size
valve. When selecting a 3–way assembly, the Cv of the
GPM run should be selected.
Cv= Example

√∆P The line size is 6" and the calculated required Cv is

268.336. The valve selected is a 4" with a rated Cv of 647.
Butterfly valves are high capacity valves and require
Whereas: G
 PM = The maximum flow requirement very little pressure drop to control flow, which allows for
P = The max. pressure drop (5 psi) reduction from the line size when sizing valves. This pipe
reduction affects the flow characteristics and will reduce
the effective Cv of the valve. This phenomenon is known
as the piping geometry factor (Fp), which brings us to the
final step in valves sizing.

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 Control Valves
Butterfly Valves Selection and Sizing

3. Piping Geometry Factor: Reducing pipe sizes for installation of a smaller than pipe size valves will reduce the
effective Cv of the valve. The greater the pipe reduction, the greater loss of Cv. Using the Adjusted Cvs for Piping
Geometry Factors chart, verify that the corrected Cv, for the valve size selected, meets or exceeds the required
Cv calculated in step 2.
Note: 3-Way Cvs have already been adjusted.

Adjusted Cvs for Piping Geometry Factors (Modulating @ 60 Degree Rotation)

Pipe Size
Size
2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 26"
2" 61 59 57 55 54
2-1/2" 107 104 98 94 92
3" 154 147 140 136 131
4" 274 265 255 242 235
5" 428 418 393 378 370
6" 567 545 524 510 501
G-19
8" 1,081 1,048 1,008 980
10" 1,710 1,671 1,617 1,572
12" 2,563 2,516 2,441 2,374
14" 3,384 3,338 3,258 3,182

Engineering
16" 4,483 4,432 4,340 4,246
18" 5,736 5,682 5,577 5,466
20" 7,144 7,087 6,971 6,843

Adjusted Cvs for Piping Geometry Factors (On-Off @ 90 Degree Rotation)

Pipe Size
Size
2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 26"
2" 144 127 111 96 90
2-1/2" 282 245 187 165 154
3" 461 340 274 246 223
4" 841 664 538 442 406
5" 1,376 1,132 808 700 649
6" 1,850 1,360 1,101 988 929
8" 3,316 2,633 2,142 1,898
10" 5,430 4,487 3,667 3,219
12" 8,077 3,892 5,590 4,974
14" 10,538 9,360 7,942 6,998
16" 13,966 12,640 10,872 9,607
18" 17,214 15,902 13,962 12,454
20" 2,239 20,756 18,296 16,308

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 Butterfly Valves

6-inch 3-Way Assembly at Constant Valve Differential Pressure

(corrected for tee loss)

G-20
Engineering

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 Control Valves
Terminology Selection and Sizing

Absolute Pressure — Absolute pressure is referenced to Critical Pressure Drop — The maximum pressure drop
a theoretical perfect vacuum. At standard atmospheric across a valve at which gasses and vapors will follow
pressure, absolute pressure may be calculated by adding standard flow calculations. Pressure drops greater than this
14.7 psi to the observed gauge pressure. produced what is known as “choked flow” and sizing criteria
will no longer accurately predict the volumetric flow.
Ambient Temperature Rating — Ambient temperature
refers to the temperature of the air surrounding the device. Design Conditions — The assumed environmental
variables that define the performance limits required of a
Angled Body — A two way valve body that has connection HVAC system. This may include maximum and minimum
points at right angles to each other. outside air temperatures, expected solar and other thermal
loads, occupancy levels, etc.
Booster Pump — A pump used in secondary loops of
hydronic systems to provide additional flow for that section Differential Pressure Regulator — A differential pressure
of the system. regulator is a device used to maintain consistent flow
regardless of differential pressure changes. A differential
Butterfly Valve — A valve utilizing a disk rotating on a pressure regulator can be an independent device, but
shaft to provide control and close off. Alternately, a check is part of a Pressure Independent Control Valve (PICV)
valve utilizing two semi-circular hinged plates to permit resulting in consistent flow corresponding to the given
flow in one direction only. position of the control valve portion of the device and a G-21
pressure independent maximum flow corresponding to the
Cavitation — The forming and imploding of cavities in
flow limiter setting of the device.
a liquid due to rapid pressure changes, producing shock
waves and cyclic stresses that can lead to undesirable noise

Engineering
Direction of Flow — The flow of a controlled fluid through
and/or surface fatigue damage. the valve is usually represented by an arrow on the valve
body. If the flow of the fluid goes against the indicated
Close-off Rating — The maximum differential pressure,
direction, the disk can slam into the seat as it approaches
inlet to outlet, that a valve will close off against while
the closed position. The result is excessive wear,
fluid is flowing to a given leakage rate (tightness) criteria.
hammering, and oscillations. Additionally the actuator
In a stroke valve, the primary determinants are the force
must work harder to reopen the closed valve since it must
available from the actuator, the diameter of the plug, and
overcome the pressure exerted by the fluid on top of the
the valve design. In a rotary valve, such as a ball valve,
disc, rather than have the fluid assist in opening the valve
the primary determinant is typically the seal design as the
by exerting pressure under the disc.
torque of the actuator has little effect.
Diverting Valve — A three way valve that has one inlet
Close-off Rating of Three Way Valves — The maximum
and two outlets. Water entering the inlet port is diverted to
pressure difference between either of the two inlet ports
either of the two outlet ports in any proportion desired by
and the outlet port for mixing valves, or the pressure
moving the valve stem. These valves are not commonly use
difference between the inlet port and either of the two
in modern control loops.
outlet ports for diverting valves.
End Fitting — The part of the valve body that connects to
Contoured Plug — In a globe valve, a contoured plug uses
the piping. Union, screwed, flared, sweat and flanged are
its peripheral shape to affect a desired flow characteristic.
typical examples of end fittings.
This is typically linear, equal percentage, or a modification
of these. These are differentiated from V-plugs, basket Equalinear Flow — Valve Cv vs travel position is
plugs, cage plugs, and the like by the fact that the media approximately mid-way between that of linear and
flows around the plug and not through it. equal percentage.
Controlled Medium — The controlled medium is the Equal Percentage Flow Characteristic — An equal
material that is being conveyed and controlled though the percentage flow characteristic is one in which a flow rate
device. In typical HVAC systems this includes air, water, change is proportional to the flow rate just prior to the
and/or steam. It may also include fuel oil, natural gas, change in valve position. Equal increments of valve travel
refrigerants, etc. result in equal percentage changes to the existing flow rate.
Flow capacity increases exponentially with valve stem travel.

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 Terminology

Flanged End Connections — A valve that connects to a Gauge Pressure — Pounds per square inch (PSI) as read
pipe by bolting a flange on the valve to a flange on the on a gauge face. This differs from Absolute Pressure in
pipe. Flanged connections are often used on larger valves, that it is relative to the current ambient pressure, not a
typically over 2”. fixed reference such as absolute vacuum. Gauge pressure,
therefore, uses the local ambient pressure as its zero point
Flashing — In the context of control valves, flashing (14.7 psia at sea level and standard conditions).
is related to cavitation, but the mechanics are slightly
different. Flashing occurs when a liquid’s environment GPM — Gallons per minute.
causes a rapid phase change from liquid to gaseous
phases. With flashing, the volume of vapor is much greater Incompressible — Description of liquids, because their
than the volume of liquid, and rapidly accelerates the change in volume due to pressure is negligible.
remaining liquid droplets, which forcefully impact the
mechanical components of the valve and pipes, causing Laminar Flow — Also known as viscous or streamlined
damage. This situation can be calculated by knowing the flow. A non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream
pressures and temperatures involved, as well as the vapor filaments glide along the pipe axially with essentially no
pressure of the liquid at those temperatures. Cavitation transverse mixing. This is usually associated with viscous
often occurs in environments that have not yet reached the liquids. The area inside a valve is typically turbulent —
point of flashing, due to fluid flow dynamics and velocities. the opposite of laminar.
G-22
Flow Characteristic — The relation between volumetric Linear Flow Characteristic — A flow characteristic in
flow and valve position. which the percentage of maximum flow is equal to the
percentage of maximum stroke of the valve. For example,
50% stroke would provide 50% of the maximum flow of
Engineering

Flow Coefficient — The flow coefficient is the constant

that relates volumetric flow, differential pressure, and the valve. In other words, “Linear valves produce equal flow
specific gravity of a fluid through a metering device. increments per equal stem travel throughout the travel
Cv is the flow coefficient in imperial units. For liquids range of the stem.” (2012 ASHRAE Handbook, 13.14)
through a standard orifice it is calculated to be equal
to the volumetric flow in gallons per minute times the Load — A demand on the mechanical equipment in an
square root of the specific gravity divided by the square HVAC system.
root of the differential pressure in psi. For water systems
Load Change — A change in the building cooling or
the specific gravity can be assumed to be 1, therefore it is
heating requirements as a result of air temperature
often simplified to GPM divided by the square root of ΔP.
variations, caused by wind, occupants, lights, machinery,
For HVAC applications, a control valve closely follows this
solar effect, etc.
orifice model.
Mixing Valve — A three way valve having two inlets and
Flow Limiter — A flow limiter is a device used for limiting
one outlet. The proportion of fluid entering each of the
the maximum flow. This can be accomplished using a
two inlets can be varied by moving the valve stem. These
manual balancing valve or with the field adjustable flow
valves are typically not suitable for diverting applications.
limiter integrated in the Siemens Pressure Independent
Control Valves (PICV). Normally Closed (N.C.) — Condition of the valve upon
loss of power or control signal to the actuator. Also as
Flow Rate — The volume of media conveyed per unit of
relates to a stroke valve body that has been manufactured
time. Typical US units are gallons per minute (GPM) for
as a N.C. valve body. In stroke valves, this is typically the
water and pounds per hour (#/hr) for steam.
valve’s state when the stem is in the “up” position.
FPM — Feet per minute.
Normally Open (N.O.) — Condition of the valve upon loss
Full Port — Maximum flow capacity possible for a of power or control signal to the actuator. Also as relates to
particular ball valve orifice. In a ball valve, this typically a stroke valve body that has been manufactured as a N.O.
refers to a valve with no flow characterizer or restrictor. valve body. In stroke valves, this is typically the valve’s state
when the stem is in the “up” position.

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 Control Valves
Selection and Sizing

NPT — A pipe thread standard describing tapered pipe Resolution — Resolution applies to the valve actuator.
threads, common in North America (National Pipe thread The resolution of an actuator defines the smallest discrete
– Tapered). increment the actuator can position to relative to the total
control signal range. For example, with a modulating
Packing — Seals used around the valve stem so that the actuator that controls to a tenth of a volt, and has a 0 to
controlled medium will not leak outside the valve. 10 Volt control signal, can control to within 1/100th of the
entire control range, therefore a resolution of 100:1.
PICV — A Pressure Independent Control Valve is a control
valve and automatic differential pressure regulator Saturated Steam — Steam which is at its lowest possible
in a single device. The differential pressure regulator temperature at a given pressure without a phase change
automatically adjusts to changes in differential pressure in to liquid.
the system to maintain a consistent flow corresponding to
the given position of the control valve portion of Screwed- end connection — A valve body with a threaded
the device. pipe connection, usually female NPT threads, in valve
bodies through 2”.
Port — Opening (inlet or outlet) that allows flow through
a valve body. Seat — The stationary portion of the valve which seals the
valve, thus prevents flow, when in full contact with the
Positive Positioner — A device that eliminates the movable ball, plug or disc. G-23
actuator shaft positioning error due to load on the valve
body. This device is closed loop, and applies the necessary Static Pressure rating — The maximum pressure that
force required to positively position the valve stem to a the valve body will tolerate per a defined standard. The
referenced (commanded) position. standards may define the pressure at temperatures other

Engineering
than that observed, so one must understand the standard
Presetting — Presetting is the part of the adjustable flow to understand the actual pressure rating for the given
limiter in Siemens Pressure Independent Control Valves application. Common pressure standards for HVAC valves
used to set the maximum flow of the valve. It can also refer in North America include ANSI (125, 250) and WOG
to the setting of the flow limiter that the valve was set to at (300, 600), but others such as CWP are sometimes used.
the factory.
Stem — The cylindrical shaft of a control valve moved by
Pressure Drop — The difference in pressure between an actuator, to which the throttling plug, ball or wafer disc
the inlet and outlet ports of the control valve, commonly is attached.
refered to as ΔP (delta P).
Stroke — The total distance that a linear valve stem travels
PSI — Pounds per square inch. or moves. It is also known as lift.

PSIA — Pounds per square inch absolute. Superheated Steam — Steam at a temperature higher
(Also see Absolute Pressure.) than saturation temperature at the given pressure.

PSIG — Pounds per square inch gauge. System Pressure Drop — The sum of all pressure drops in
(Also see Gauge Pressure.) a Hydronic system.

Rangeability — The ratio of the maximum controllable Three Way Valve — A valve body with one inlet and two
flow to the minimum controllable flow. As an example, outlets or two inlets and one outlet.
a valve with a rangeability of 50 to 1 having a total flow
capacity of 100 GPM, fully open, will be able to control Tight Shut-off — A valve body with no flow or leakage in
flow accurately down to 2 GPM. a closed position. This is relative to the defined tightness of
the seal, usually defined by a measurement standard. The
Reduced port — A smaller flow capacity that is possible for most common standard is ANSI/FCI 70 -2, which classifies
the particular end fitting. “tightness” from Class I to Class VI. Class I is non-defined
leakage, Class II through Class IV are descriptive based on
Reducer — A pipe fitting that is used to couple a pipe of leakage as a percent of total capacity, and Class V and Class
one size to a pipe of a different size. An increaser may be VI are descriptive based on leakage as a finite rate per inch
used when the pipe sizes are reversed. of orifice diameter. Since the criteria and testing method
for Class II – IV are significantly different than Class V – VI,
these groups cannot be directly compared.

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 Terminology

Trim — All parts of the valve which are in contact with Valve Body — The portion of the valve casting through
the flowing media, but are not part of the valve shell or which a controlled medium flows.
casting. Ball, stem, disc, plug, and seat are all considered
trim components. Valve Disc — The movable part of a butterfly valve which
makes contact with the seat when the valve is closed.
Turndown — Ratio between the maximum usable flow
and the minimum controllable flow. Turndown is usually Valve Flow Characteristic — The relationship between the
less than Rangeability, and cannot be applied to a valve stem travel, expressed in percent of travel, and the flow
exclusive of the specific application it is placed in, It is a of the fluid through the valve, expressed in percent of full
function of the valve, actuator, piping, coil, and all other flow or gallons per minute.
system parameters that determine the maximum usable
flow. Since the valve only has reasonable control over one Valve Guide — The part of a globe valve throttling plug
part of the ratio, the minimum controllable flow, this is not that keeps the disc aligned with the valve seat.
a good criteria for evaluating
Velocity — The rate of movement for air or water, distance
valve quality.
per unit time.
Two-way Valve — A valve body with a single flow path —
Viscous — Having a relatively high resistance to flow.
one inlet and one outlet.
G-24 Volumetric Air Flow — Area x Velocity.
Valve — A control device which will vary the rate of flow
of a medium such as water or steam. Wire Draw — The process where high velocity media
erodes a path across the mechanical components of a
Valve Actuator — A device that uses a source of power
Engineering

valve. This typically occurs in a stroke valve when the valve

to position or operate a valve, sometimes also called a
is operated primarily with the plug very close to the seat ,
valve operator. The source of power may be anything,
causing very high velocities of media across the plug and
examples include manual (via a hand wheel), pneumatic,
seat. The damage appears as if a wire has been drawn
or electronic.
across the components. This differs from the other typical
Valve Authority — Valve authority is measured as the valve mechanical damage modes – cavitation and flashing
percentage of the differential pressure across the valve – where the surface appears to have been pulled away as
divided by the differential pressure of the entire loop or or struck by very small particles, respectively.
branch controlled by the valve, multiplied by 100. As a rule
of thumb, valve authority should be between 25% and 50%
for good control of the loop/branch. Alternatively, from the
2012 ASHRAE Handbook, “Using flow coefficient analysis,
however, results in a slightly modified definition for
authority, comparing the flow coefficient of the valve (Cv)
to the coefficient of the remaining system components
(Cs).” (2012 ASHRAE Handbook, 13.14) Valve authority
using this definition would ideally have the flow coefficient
of the valve matching the flow coefficient of the rest of
the system, resulting in an ideal value of 1. It is therefore
important when discussing valve authority to be clear on
which definition is being used.

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 Damper Actuators
Damper Actuators Selection and Sizing

Introduction
The size and quantity of actuators required depends on Actuator Size
several damper torque factors: 1. From the actuator literature select the actuator type and
• Type of damper seals (Standard, low or very size whose actuator torque rating (ATR) in lb-in is most
low leakage) appropriate for the application.
• Quality of damper installation 2. The ATR is normally based on 90° rotation of the
damper. For torque ratings of other than 90°f rotation,
• Number of damper sections
use the following formula:
• Approach air velocity
ATR @ X° rotation =

( )
• Static pressure Crank Radius @ X°
ATR @ 90° rotation x
The following procedures can be used to determine the Crank Radius @ 90°
damper torque, actuator size and quantity of actuators
required to operate a damper. 3. If the actuator is rated in pounds of thrust, it can be
converted to torque using the following formula:
Torque = (*Crank arm length x 0.707) x Thrust
Determing Damper Torque G-25
1. From the damper manufacturer get the Damper Torque *The crank arm length is for 90° shaft rotation at
Rating (DTR) for the damper at the most severe nominal actuator stroke.
operating conditions.

Engineering
If the damper torque rating is not available, Quantity of Actuators
Table 1 can be used for estimating purposes only on 1. Calculate the number of actuators required using the
an interim basis. However, it is very important to get the following formula:
damper torque rating from the manufacturer as soon as Total Damper Torque
possible to assure accurate torque calculations. Number of actuators =
SF x Actuator Torque Rating
2. Calculate the damper area (DA) in square feet from the
SF = Safety Factor: When calculating the number
damper dimensions.
of actuators required, a safety factor should be
3. Calculate the Total Damper Torque (TDT) in lb-in using included for unaccountable variables such as slight
the following formula: misalignments, aging of the damper, etc. A suggested
TDT = DTR X DA factor is 0.8 or 80% of the rated torque.
4. If the damper torque rating is not available, use a 2. If the number of actuators calculated is too large to be
torque wrench on the damper shaft while air is moving practical, select a more powerful actuator or consider
through the duct to measure the TDT. using a positioning relay if it is a pneumatic actuator.

Table 1
Damper Torque for
Damper Leakage at 1"
Damper Type Approach Air Velocities of
H2O Static Pressure Drop
1200 ft./min. or less
Standard leakage More than 10 CFM/ft.2 2.5 lb.-in./ft.2 Contact your local customer
Low leakage 5 to 10 CFM/ft.2 5.0 lb.-in./ft.2 service representative for additional
application assistance when specific
Very low leakage Less than 5 CFM/ft.2 7.0 lb.-in./ft.2
damper factors are known.

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 NEMA Ratings

Requirements or Qualification Tests,

Type Intended Use and Description
Paragraph or Section Numbers
1 Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Corrosion Protection 5.3;
against limited amounts of falling dirt Rust Resistance Section 38
2 Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Corrosion Protection 5.3;
against limited amounts of falling water and dirt. Rust Resistance Section 38;
Drip Section 31;
Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
3 Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Rain Section 30;
against rain, sleet, wind blown dust and damage from Outdoor Dust or Hose Section 32 or 35;
external ice formation. Icing Section 34; Protective Coating Section 15;
Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
3R Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Rain Section 30; Icing Section 34;
against rain, sleet, and damage from external ice Protective Coating Section 15;
formation. Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
3S Outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Rain Section 30;
against rain, sleet, windblown dust and to provide for Outdoor Dust or Hose Section 32 or 35;
G-26 operation of external mechanisms when ice laden. Icing Section 34; Protective Coating Section 15;
Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
4 Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of Hosedown Section 35;
protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing Protective Coating Section 15;
Engineering

water, hose-directed water and damage from external Icing Section 34;
ice formation. Gaskets Section 34; Gasket Tests Section 43
4X Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of Hosedown­Section 35; Protective Coating Section 15;
protection against corrosion, windblown dust and rain, Corrosion Resistance Section 39; Icing Section 34;
splashing water, hose-directed water, and damage from Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
external ice formation.
5 Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Corrosion Protection Section 5.3; Rust Resistance Section 38;
against setting airborne dust, falling dirt, and dripping Drip Section 31; Indoor Setting Airborne Dust or
noncorrosive liquids. Atomized Water Method B Section 32 or 33;
Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
6 Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of Hosedown­Section 35; Icing Section 34;
protection against hose-directed water, and the entry Submersion Section 36;
of water during occasional temporary submersion at a Protective Coating Section 15;
limited depth Gaskets Sections 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
6P Indoor or outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of Hosedown Section 35; Icing Section 34;
protection against hose-directed water, the entry of water Protective Coating Section 15;
during prolonged submersion at a limited depth and Air Pressure Section 40;
damage from external ice formation. Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
12, 12K Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Corrosion Protection Section 5.3;
against circulating dust, falling dirt, and dripping Rust Resistance Section 38; Protective Coating Section 15;
noncorrosive liquids. Drip Section 31; Indoor Setting Airborne Dust or
Atomized Water Method B Section 32 or 33;
Gaskets Sectios 14; Gasket Tests Section 43
13 Indoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection Corrosion Protection Section 5.3;
against dust, spraying of water, oil, and noncorrosive Rust Resistance Section 38; Oil Section 37;
coolant. Gaskets Section 14; Gasket Tests Section 43

Table Notes:
Refer to specific sections in the UL Standard UL50 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment.
NEMA Ratings can be applied by the manufacturer through a “self-certification” process or through an independent testing house,
such as UL. The term, Type, indicates to an inspector that the certification was performed independently.

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 Pneumatic Relays
Multi-purpose, Balance-retard
and Analog Relays

Relay Piping
Application Index
In the list below, locate the application and type of relay required to locate the appropriate connections diagram.

Application Type of Relay Figure

Reverse Acting Multi-purpose 1
Reverse Acting Analog 2
Minimum Pressure Multi-purpose 3
Minimum Pressure with Multi-purpose 4
Characterized Output
Minimum Pressure with Analog 5
Characterized Output
Characterized Minimum Pressure Analog 6
Minimum Pressure with Hesitation Balance-retard 7
Adjustable Minimum Pressure Analog 8
G-27
Highest Pressure Signal Selector Analog 8
Direct Acting Multi-purpose 9
Direct Acting Analog 10

Engineering
Direct Acting with Positive Analog 11
Positioning Override
Signal Advancing Multi-purpose 12 Figure 1. Figure 2.
Adjustable Advancing Analog 13
Summing Analog 13
Signal Retard Balance-retard 14
Signal Retard Analog 15
Balancing Balance-retard 16
Hesitation Balance-retard 17
Averaging Analog 18
Ratio 1 in = 2 out Analog 19
Ratio 2 in = 1 out Analog 20
Signal Inverting Multi-purpose 21
Signal Inverting Analog 22
Lowest Pressure Signal Selector Multi-purpose 23
Lowest Pressure Signal Selector Analog 24
Differential Pressure Analog 25
Limit Control Direct Acting Multi-purpose 26
Pressure Limiting in Dual Balance-retard 27
Pressure Systems
Figure 3. Figure 4.
Limit Control Reverse Acting Multi-purpose 28
Key
R Output signal port S Air supply port
TD Direct acting input signal port SP Setting of the adjustable screw
TR Reverse acting input port T Direct acting input port

(Continued on next page)

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 Relay Piping (Continued — Refer to chart on G-27)

Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8.

G-28
Engineering

Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12.

Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16.

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 Pneumatic Relays
Relay Piping (Continued — Refer to chart on G-27)

Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20.

G-29

Engineering
Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24.

Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28.

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 Retrofit Cross Reference

Discontinued
Siemens Honeywell Johnson Robertshaw Barber-Colman Siemens
(Powers)

G-30
Engineering
RL0042R1

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 Conversion
General Conversions Tables
To Convert From Into Multiply By To Convert From Into Multiply By
atmospheres feet of water (at 4°C) 33.90 feet of water atmospheres 0.02950
atmospheres inch of mercury (at 0°C) 29.92 feet of water inch of mercury 0.8826
atmospheres pounds/square inch 14.70 feet of water pounds/square foot 62.43
Btu foot-pounds 778.3 feet of water pounds/square inch 0.4335
Btu horsepower-hours 3.931 x 10-4 feet/min. feet/second 0.01667
Btu kilowatt-hours 2.928 x 10 -4 feet/min. miles/hour 0.01136

Btu/hour foot-pounds/second 0.2162 feet/sec. miles/hour 0.6818

Btu/hour horsepower-hours 3.929 x 10 -4 feet/sec. miles/min. 0.01136

Btu/hour watts 0.2929 Foot-candle Lumen/square meter 10.764

Btu/minute foot-pounds/second 12.96 foot-pounds Btu 1.286 x 10-3

Btu/minute horsepower 0.02356 foot-pounds horsepower-hour 5.050 x 10-7

Btu/minute kilowatts 0.01757 foot-pounds kilowatt-hour 3.766 x 10-7

foot-pounds/min. Btu/min. 1.286 x 10-3
Btu/minute watts 17.57
foot-pounds/min. foot-pounds/second 0.01667
Btu/minute tons of refrigeration 1/200
foot-pounds/min. horsepower 3.030 x 10-5
Btu/hour tons of refrigeration 1/12,000
foot-pounds/min. kilowatts 2.260 x 10-5 G-31
Btu/ft.2/minute Watts/square inch 0.1221
foot-pounds/sec. Btu/hour 4.6263
Btu/pound air Kilojoules/kilogram 2.33
foot-pounds/sec. Btu/min. 0.07717
Candle/in.2 Laberts 0.4870

Engineering
foot-pounds/sec. horsepower 1.818 x 10-3
Candle/ft.2 Candle meters 0.0929
foot-pounds/sec. kilowatts 1.356 x 10-3
cubic feet cubic inches 1,728.0
gallons cubic feet 0.1337
cubic feet cubic yards 0.03704
gallons cubic inches 231.0
cubic feet gallons (U.S. liquid) 7.48052
gallons cubic yards 4.951 x 10
cubic feet pints (U.S. liquid) 59.84
gallons liters 3.785
cubic feet quarts (U.S. liquid) 29.92
gallons (liq. Br. Imp.) gallons (U.S. liquid) 1.20095
cubic feet/min. gallons/second 0.1247
gallons (U.S.) gallons 0.83267
cubic feet/min. pounds of water/minute 62.43
gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453
cubic feet/min. liters per second 0.4719
gallons/min. cubic feet/sec. 2.228 x 10-3
cubic feet/sec. millions gallons/day 0.646317
gallons/min. cubic feet/hour 8.0208
cubic feet/sec. gallons/minute 448.831
US gallons/min. liters per second 0.06309
cubic inches cubic feet 5.787 x 10-4 US gallons/min. liters per second 3.7854
cubic inches cubic yards 2.143 x 10-5 gallons/hour cubic meters/hour 1.434 x 10-3
cubic inches gallons 4.329 x 10 -3
horsepower Btu/minute 42.44
cubic yards cubic feet 27.0 horsepower foot-pounds/min. 33,000.0
cubic yards cubic inches 46,656.0 horsepower foot-pounds/sec. 550.0
cubic yards gallons (U.S. liquid) 202.0 horsepower kilowatts 0.7457
cubic yards pints (U.S. liquid) 1,615.9 horsepower Watts 745.7
cubic yards quarts (U.S. liquid) 807.9 horsepower (boiler) Btu/hour 33.479
cubic yards/min. cubic feet/second 0.45 horsepower (boiler) kilowatts 9.803
cubic yards/min. gallons/second 3.367 horsepower-hours Btu 2,547.0
degrees (angle) seconds 3,600.0 horsepower-hours foot-pounds 1.98 x 106
degrees/second revolutions/minute 0.1667 horsepower-hours kilowatt-hours 0.7457

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 Conversion Factors

To Convert From Into Multiply By To Convert From Into Multiply By

inch Pa 248.84 OHM (international) OHM (absolute) 1.0005
inches yards 2.778 x 10-2 ounces pounds 0.0625
inches of mercury atmospheres 0.03342 pounds ounces 16.0
inches of mercury feet of water 1.133 pounds of water cubic feet/second 0.01602
inches of mercury pounds/square feet 70.73 pounds of water cubic inches 27.68
inches of mercury pounds/square feet 0.4912 pounds of water gallons 0.1198
inches of water atmospheres 2.458 x 10 -3
pounds of water/min. cubic feet/second 2.670 x 10-4
inches of water inches of mercury 0.07355 pounds/cubic feet pounds/cubic inches 5.787 x 10-4
in. of water (at 4°C) ounces/square inches 0.5781 pounds/cubic inches pounds/cubic feet 1,728.0
inches of water pounds/square feet 5.204 pounds/square feet atmospheres 4.725 x 10-4
inches of water pounds/square inches 0.03613 pounds/square feet feet of water 0.01602
kilometers miles 0.6214 pounds/square feet inches of mercury 0.01414
kilometers yards 1,094.0 pounds/square feet pounds/square inches 6.944 x 10-3
kilowatts Btu/minutes 56.92 pounds/square inch atmospheres 0.06804
kilowatts foot-pounds/minutes 4.426 x 104 pounds/square inch feet of water 2.307
G-32 kilowatts foot-pounds/second 737.6 pounds/square inch inches of mercury 2.036
kilowatts horsepower 1.341 pounds/square inch pounds/square feet 144.0
kilowatts Watt 1,000.0 revolutions degrees 360.0
Engineering

kilowatts Btu 3,413.0 square feet square inches 144.0

kilowatts-hour foot-pounds 2.655 x 10 6
Watts Btu/hour 3.4129
kilowatts-hour horsepower-hour 1.341 Watts Btu/minute 0.05688
pounds of water Watts foot-pounds/minute 44.27
kilowatts-hour evaporated from 3.53 Watts foot-pounds/second 0.7378
and at 212°F
Watts horsepower 1.341 x 10-3
liters per sec. US gal/min. 15.85
Watts kilowatts 0.001
lumens/square feet foot-candles 1.0
Watt-hours Btu 3,413.0
Lumen Spherical candle power 0.07958
Watt-hours foot-pounds 2,656.0
Lumen Watt 0.001496
Watt-hours horsepower-hour 1.341 x 10-3
Lumen/square feet Lumen/square meters 10.76
Watt-hours kilowatt-hour 0.001
lux foot-candles 0.0929
lux btu/hr. 1000
meter inches 39.372
meters feet 3.281
meters yards 1.094
miles/hour feet/minute 88.0
miles/hour feet/second 1.467
miles/hour miles/minute 0.1667
miles/minute feet/second 88.0
miles/minute miles/hour 60.0

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 Conversion
English to Metric Conversion Guide Tables
Quantity To Convert From Into Multiply By
Area Square Inches (in.2) Square Centimeters (cm2) 6.4516
Square Feet (ft.2) Square Meters (m2) 9.2903 x 10-2
Enthalpy/Heat BTU Per Pound-Mass—°F (BTU/lb. x °F) Kilojoule Per Kilogram—Kelvin (kJ/kg.K) 4.1840
Flow1 Cubic Inches Per Minute (in.3/min.) Cubic Centimeters Per Second (cm3/s) 0.2731
Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Cubic Centimeters Per Second (cm3/s) 471.9474
Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft. /min.)
3
Cubic Decimeters Per Second (dm3/s)=ls)3 0.4719
Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Cubic Meters Per Second (m3/s) 0.4719 x 10-3
Cubic Feet Per Minute (ft.3/min.) Cubic Meters Per Hour (m3/h) 1.6990
Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute Cubic Meters Per Hour 1.695
SCFM 60°F, 14.7 psia (m3/h 0°C, 1.01325 bar) 1.607
Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute Cubic Meters Per Hour 1.695
SCFM 60°F, 14.7 psia (m3/h 15°C, 1.01325 bar)
Gallons Per Minute (U.S. liquid) (GPM) Cubic Decimeters Per Seconds (dm3/s)=l/s) 0.0631
Force Pound (Force) (lb.) Newtons (N) 4.4482
Length Inches (in.) Millimeters (mm) 25.4000
Inches (in.) Centimeters (cm) 2.5400
Feet (ft.) Centimeters (cm) 30.4800
G-33
Feet (ft.) Meters (m) 0.3048
Mass (Weight)2 Pound (lb.) Kilogram (kg) 0.4536
Power BTU Per Hour (BTU/hr.) Watts (W) 0.2929

Engineering
Horsepower (hp) Watts (W) 746.0000
Pressure Pounds Per Square Inch (psi) Kilopascals (kPa) 6.8947
(Stress) Kilograms Per Square Centimeters (Kg/cm2) Kilopascals (kPa) 98.0665
Inches of Water (“ W.G.) @ 60°F Pascals (Pa) 248.84
Inches of Mercury (“ H.G.) @ 60°F Pascals (Pa) 3376.85
Toruqe Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) Degrees Celcius (t°C) t°C = (t°F-32)
(Bending) 1.8
Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) Kelvin (tK) tK = (t°F+459.67)
1.8
Torque Pound Force-Inch (lb.-in.) Newton-Meter (Nm) 0.1129
Pound Force-Foot (lb.-ft.) Newton-Meter (Nm) 1.3558
Velocity Feet Per Second (ft./sec.) Meters Per Second (m/s) 0.3048
Feet Per Minute (ft./min.) Meters Per Second (m/s) 5.0800 x 10-3
Miles Per Hour (MPH) Meters Per Seond (m/s) 0.4470
Volume Cubic Inches (in.3) Cubic Centimeters (cm3) 16.3871
Cubic Feet (ft.3) Cubic Meters (m3) = Stere 2,8317 x 10-2
Gallons U.S. (gal.) Cubic Meters (m3) = Stere 3.7854 x 10-3
Ounce (oz.) Cubic Meters (m ) = Stere
3
2.9573 x 10-5
Work (Energy) BTU (BTU) Kilojoule (kJ) 1.0551
Foot Pound (ft.-lb.) Joule (J) 1.3558
Watthour (W-hr.) Kilojoule (kJ) 3.6000
Chart Notes:
1. Since standard and normal cubic meters (STD m3 and Nm3) do not have a universally accepted definition, their reference pressure
and temperature should always be spelled out.
2. In commercial and everyday use, the term weight almost always means mass.
3. Air consumption for pneumatic control devices should be expressed in milliliters per second (ml/s).
Allowable leakage rates for pneumatic control devices should be expressed in milliliter per second (ml/s) or microliters per second (ul/s).

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 Pressure Conversion Table

Instructions
The index numbers in bold face refer to the pressure either in psi or kilopascals (kPa) which it is desired to convert into
the other scale. If converting from psi to kPa the equivalent pressure will be found in the left column, while if converting
from kPa to psi, the equivalent pressure will be found in the column on the right.
Example: Index 15 15 psi = 103.421 kPa. 15 kPa = 2.176 psi
By manipulation of the decimal point, this table may be extended to values below or above 100.

kPa Index psi kPa Index psi kPa Index psi kPa Index psi
0.000 0 0.000
6.895 1 0.145 179.264 26 3.771 531.633 51 7.397 524.001 76 11.023
16.789 2 0.290 186.058 27 3.916 358.527 52 7.542 530.896 77 11.168
20.684 3 0.435 193.053 28 4.061 365.422 53 7.687 537.791 78 11.313
27.579 4 0.580 199.948 29 4.206 372.317 54 7.832 544.686 79 11.458
34.474 5 0.725 206.843 30 4.351 379.212 55 7.977 551.581 80 11.603
41.368 6 0.870 213.737 31 4.496 386.106 56 8.122 558.475 81 11.748
48.263 7 1.015 220.632 32 4.641 393.001 57 8.267 565.370 82 11.893
55.158 8 1.160 227.527 33 4.786 399.896 58 8.412 572.265 83 12.038
62.053 9 1.305 234.422 34 4.931 406.791 59 8.557 579.160 84 12.183
G-34 68.948 10 1.450 241.316 35 5.076 413.685 60 8.702 586.054 85 12.328
75.842 11 1.595 248.211 36 5.221 420.580 61 8.847 592.949 86 12.473
82.737 12 1.740 255.106 37 5.366 427.475 62 8.992 599.844 87 12.618
89.632 13 1.885 262.001 38 5.511 434.370 63 9.137 606.739 88 12.763
Engineering

96.527 14 2.030 268.895 39 5.656 441.264 64 9.282 613.633 89 12.908

103.421 15 2.176 275.790 40 5.801 448.159 65 9.427 621.528 90 13.053
110.316 16 2.321 282.685 41 5.946 455.054 66 9.572 627.423 91 13.198
177.211 17 2.466 289.580 42 6.092 431.949 67 9.717 634.318 92 13.343
124.106 18 2.611 296.475 43 6.237 468.843 68 9.862 641.212 93 13.488
131.000 19 2.756 303.369 44 6.382 475.738 69 10.008 648.107 94 13.633
137.895 20 2.901 310.264 45 6.527 482.633 70 10.153 655.002 95 13.778
144.790 21 3.046 317.459 46 6.672 489.528 71 10.298 661.897 96 13.924
151.685 22 3.191 324.054 47 5.617 496.422 42 10.443 668.791 97 14.069
158.579 23 3.336 330.948 48 6.962 503.317 73 10.588 675.686 98 14.214
165.474 24 3.481 337.843 49 7.107 510.212 74 10.733 682.581 99 14.359
172.369 25 3.626 344.729 50 7.252 517.107 75 10.878 689.476 100 14.504
All values rounded to 0.001.

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 Conversion
Temperature Conversion Table Tables
Instructions
The numbers in bold face refer to the temperature either in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F) to convert into the
other scale. If converting from °F to °C, the equivalent temperature will be found in the left column. If converting from
degrees °C to degrees °F, the answer will be found in the column to the right.

°C 50 to 45 °F °C 46 to 96 °F °C 97 to 1000 °F
-45.6 -50 -58 7.78 46 114.8 36.1 97 206.6
-40.0 -40 -40 8.33 47 116.6 36.7 98 208.4
-34.4 -30 -22 8.89 48 118.4 37.2 99 210.2
-28.9 -20 -4 9.44 49 120.2 37.8 100 212.0
-23.3 -10 14 10.0 50 122.0 43 110 230
-17.8 0 32 10.6 51 123.8 49 120 248
-17.2 1 33.8 11.1 52 125.6 54 130 266
-16.7 2 35.6 11.7 53 127.4 60 140 284
-16.1 3 37.4 12.2 54 129.2 66 150 302
-15.6 4 39.2 12.8 55 131.0 71 160 320
-15.0 5 41.0 13.3 56 132.8 77 170 338
-14.4 6 42.8 13.9 57 134.6 82 180 356
-13.9 7 44.6 14.4 58 136.4 88 190 374
-13.3 8 46.4 15.0 59 138.2 93 200 392 G-35
-12.8 9 48.2 15.6 60 140.0 99 210 410
-12.2 10 50.0 16.1 61 141.8 100 212 413
-11.7 11 51.8 16.7 62 143.6 104 220 426
-11.1 12 53.6 17.2 63 145.4 110 230 443

Engineering
-10.6 13 55.4 17.8 64 147.2 116 240 464
-10.0 14 57.2 18.3 65 149.0 121 250 482
-9.44 15 59.0 18.9 66 150.8 127 260 500
-8.89 16 60.8 19.4 67 152.6 132 270 518
-8.33 17 62.6 20.0 68 154.4 138 280 536
-7.78 18 64.4 20.6 69 156.2 143 290 554
-7.22 19 66.2 21.1 70 158.0 149 300 572
-6.67 20 68.0 21.7 71 159.8 154 310 590
-6.11 21 69.8 22.2 72 161.6 160 320 608
-5.56 22 71.6 23.8 73 163.4 166 330 626
-5.00 23 73.4 23.3 74 165.2 171 340 644
-4.44 24 75.2 23.9 75 167.0 177 350 662
-3.89 25 77.0 21.1 76 168.8 182 360 680
-3.33 26 78.8 25.0 77 170.6 188 370 698
-2.78 27 80.6 25.6 78 172.4 193 380 716
-1.67 28 82.4 26.1 79 174.2 199 390 734
-1.67 29 84.2 26.7 80 176.0 204 400 752
-1.11 30 86.0 27.2 81 177.8 210 410 770
-0.56 31 87.8 27.8 82 179.6 216 420 788
0 32 89.6 28.3 83 181.4 221 430 806
0.56 33 91.4 28.9 84 183.2 227 440 824
1.11 34 93.2 29.4 85 185.0 232 450 842
1.67 35 95.0 30.0 86 186.8 238 460 860
2.22 36 96.8 30.6 87 188.6 243 470 878
2.78 37 98.6 31.1 88 190.4 249 480 896
3.33 38 100.4 31.7 89 192.2 254 490 914
3.89 39 102.2 32.2 90 194.0 260 500 932
4.44 40 104.0 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112
5.00 41 105.8 33.3 92 197.6 371 700 1292
5.56 42 107.6 33.9 93 199.4 427 800 1472
6.11 43 109.4 34.4 94 201.2 482 900 1652
6.67 44 111.2 35.0 95 203.0 538 1000 1832
7.22 45 113.0 35.6 96 204.8

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 Psychrometric Chart

G-36
Engineering

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Notes

G-37

Engineering

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 Notes

G-38
Engineering

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Notes

G-39

Engineering

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 G-40
Engineering

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