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Padd 1, Padd 2, Padd3, Padd4 and Padd 5.: Described As Petroleum Administration Defense Districts

The document discusses asphalt emulsions used in road paving. It describes asphalt as a naturally occurring or manufactured substance made of various hydrocarbon fractions. Asphalt emulsions contain asphalt particles suspended in water using surfactants. Surfactants stabilize the emulsion and control the setting/curing time during paving. Cationic emulsions commonly use long-chain fatty acid derivatives as surfactants to suspend the asphalt particles in water.

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Mohd Afiq
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30 views

Padd 1, Padd 2, Padd3, Padd4 and Padd 5.: Described As Petroleum Administration Defense Districts

The document discusses asphalt emulsions used in road paving. It describes asphalt as a naturally occurring or manufactured substance made of various hydrocarbon fractions. Asphalt emulsions contain asphalt particles suspended in water using surfactants. Surfactants stabilize the emulsion and control the setting/curing time during paving. Cationic emulsions commonly use long-chain fatty acid derivatives as surfactants to suspend the asphalt particles in water.

Uploaded by

Mohd Afiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Asphalt emulsions include asphalt (bitumen).

Asphalt can
be any emulsifiable asphalt known in the art. Asphalt can be
naturally occurring or manufactured. Manufactured asphalt
can be the residual product of the nondestructive distillation
of crude oil in petroleum refining.
Asphalt can be comprised of an asphaltene fraction dis
persed in a maltene fraction. The asphaltene fraction is
insoluble in n-pentane and soluble in toluene. Molecular
components of the asphaltene fraction can be high in molecu
lar weight, polarity and/or aromaticity. The maltene fraction
can include resins, aromatic oils (aromatics) or Saturate oils
(Saturates). The maltene fraction can include molecules rang
ing from non-polar, such as Saturates, to polar, such as resins.
Asphalt can be elastic, thermoplastic, viscous and/or water
proof.
Asphalt can meet any roadway specification known in the
art. Examples of roadway specifications include, but are not
limited to, ASTM D946/D946M-09a (ASTM International,
“Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt
Cement for Use in Pavement Construction.” Road and Paving
Materials (2011)), ASTM D3381/D3381M-09a (ASTM
International, “Standard Specification for Viscosity-Graded
Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction. Road
and Paving Materials (2011)) and ASTM D6373-07el
(ASTM International, “Standard Specification for Perfor
mance Graded Asphalt Binder.” Road and Paving Materials
(2011)).
Asphalt can be acquired from any region. Regions can be
described as Petroleum Administration Defense Districts
(PADDs). Asphalt can be obtained from any PADD, including
PADD 1, PADD 2, PADD3, PADD4 and PADD 5.
Asphalt can be acquired from any refiner or Supplier.
Examples of refiners and suppliers include, but are not limited
to, Alon, BP Calumet, Cenex, Conoco Phillips, Exxon/Mo
bil, Flint Hills Resources, Frontier, Holly, Husky, Imperial,
Marathon, Montana Refining, Moose Jaw, Murphy Oil,
NuStar, Paramount, San Joaquin, Shell, Silver Eagle. Sin
clair, Suncor, Tesoro, US Oil, Valero, Western Refining,
World, WRB and Wynnewood.
Asphalt can be modified with one or more polymers. Modi
fication can be performed prior to emulsification. For
example, a dry polymer can be melted into an asphalt stock.
Without being limited to any mechanism or mode of action,
asphalt helps bind aggregate particles together. Polar mol
ecules within asphalt adhere to polar molecules on aggregate
Surfaces. The molecular components of asphalt form dipolar
intermolecular bonds of varying strength. These intermolecu

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lar bonds for a molecular network. Changes in the molecular
network, including changes overtime, can lead to failure of an
asphalt or asphalt paving material. For example, asphalts with
higher percentages of non-polar dispersing molecules can
flow and plastically deform as the polar molecules move
relative to one another and to the non-polar molecules. Alter
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natively, if the network is relatively simple and not intercon
nected, asphalt can deform inelastically under loads, which
can lead to rutting and permanent deformation. If a network is
too organized. Such as when a high percentage of polar mol
ecules is present, it can become rigid and fracture, which can
lead to fatigue cracking. At lower temperatures, the non-polar
molecules can become more structured, which can make
asphalt more rigid and more likely to fracture, which can lead
to thermal cracking. Further, water can disrupt the bonds
between polar molecules in asphalt and polar molecules on
aggregate Surfaces, which can lead to decreased Viscosity,
increased rutting, reduced strength and/or stripping.
B. Surfactants
The emulsions also include one or more surfactants. With
out being limited to any mechanism or mode of action, Sur
factants hold asphalt particles in Suspension and stabilize an
emulsion. Reducing the amount of Surfactant in an emulsion
can lead to a shorter setting time and/or shorter curing time
during the paving process.
1. Cationic
Asphalt emulsions can be cationic. Surfactants in cationic
asphalt emulsions can be derived from long-chain fatty acids
and their acidic salts. The fatty acids can be derivatives of
naturally occurring oils and fats, or they can be synthetic. In
Some embodiments, the fatty acids can be amidoamines, imi
dazolines, fatty amines, fatty diamines, fatty quaternary
ammonium compounds or ethoxylated derivatives. The non
polar tails of the fatty acids are hydrophobic and can align
inward toward the asphalt

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