INIICS

PRICE 2/B

5f>

'! J *'-.1

Reaction
Timing

ss -
^msgk
: 1
:

MEASURES INTERVAL ' .-X

ELAPSED BETWEEN
^ ' TWO EVENTS ■-■'y
Acceleration
;-:V 1V:^ Four Ranges Covering
Measurement
0-012 -12 seconds
 »
Xaa.S l«:y'

SPECIAL INTEREST ITEMS! ||

CONSTRUCTORS BARGAINS
EXCLUSIVE LASKY'S BARGAIN-SOLID STATE
MULTIPLEX THE SKYROVER
STEREO AM/FM 7 transistor plus 2 diode superhet, De6 waveband Luxe
TUNER/AMPLIFIER portable receiver covering the full Medium Wave-
CHASSIS Gad band and Short Waveband 31.94M and also 4
Model TlOE—made for U.K. uae by ■1separate
9M. andswitched
25M., withbaadspread
Band Spread ranges, 13M., Tuning16M.,
for
famous North American manufacturer accurate Station Selection. The coil pack and
and originally installed in De Luxe tuning heart is factory assembled, and tested.
Hi-Fi consoles costing several hundred Uses 4 U2 batteries. 5 in. Ceramic iMagnet P.M.
pounds. .The chassis is of outstanding § Speaker.wood
Circuit, Telescopic
cabinet,andsizePerrlte
llj x Kod 6} x 3Aerial. Tone
in. covered
appearance and quality
many unique features plus and offers
an extremely comprehehsive specification. with washable material, plastic trim and handle.
an8,8 Car aerial socket fitted.
and Continental T.R.^band •torised AMcover
full FM and FMwithtuners # 3button
5 push AM wavebands
preselectedLW MW
stations Post H.P. Terms: 60/-deposit and 11 monthly
SI- payments of»' 12/9.
12/9. TotalTotal H.P,P. H.P.P. £10.0.3,
S S XThS^^^ T ee8
]A^ m in mUltiplex
decoder ^th nmqSe a sfmnl. Srfili/ i-pfnnl
7 • If!f.1'0'1 pv;0hase T Paymen"
P»rail. £10.0.5.
j Provides 83automatic ,in qUeswitching from facilit
mono toforstereo when stereo A simple additional circuit providrs cover ol theAHU0(I/1950M
parts avail, Long aep. Pbtn Waveband D2 batt. 3'4
All
™ S^nv^th^po" 0a Ce • chl elf
8 nt amp!ifier
y simultaneous plav components with constrnction data. Only 10/. extra Post Free.
a^inarle5^If I.w / I ^ ^"e • switched inputs for tape and
;XMeV[^ ™'>et
0 c : 12output imp. 8 n n.c ■ sensitivity "tfimv UTcocrt SAMP A0MB DAND . SAPRE-AMP '88 TRANSISTORISED
Dt ut
984 P1 iDpQtwatts RMS100perKchannel; STEREO KIT
s'nush hnhtiwi ^'k' and station selection
button wavechange P- - controls,
unique tumbler
vol., typetreble
bass, function
andcontrols
balance
COPtroI: 1
M W^O-So Ko ^? "^mated tuXgS?; ta^'ae can^^ny^buipfualng^lmreTOlaUoM^j^dfsotiirf'^j/dgit'^wh-Ing'Hyatem
10 2 X3 COmP ete kil Wl d ail I 81
Lrs^7p7lctil
POWER SUPPLY KIT 2 .,l for8 kthe..SA-88
F&E£3.10.0 ' Post FREE. "' " « eonatrueAS -
LASKY'S PRICE 59 Gns. Post & Packing 20/-
Co oJe
avadable at almost , Ust price and^*mayCahinsti
be seen hy the «*ine
at our Hi-Pifa.Andio
mo asCentres.
manufacturer is also
J;-AOSDKUYL'ESSM,N,ATURE transistor amplifier
Incorporating
to provide high the sensitivity
very latestand circuitry
good
UHF T.V. TUNERS quality in conjunction with extreme small
size and compactness. High quality
Newmarket
All designedtransistors
to operateused on 9v.throughout.
miniature
VALVE UHF MODEL battery. Add l/-oa each for post & packing
LASKY'S^PRICE 'vfi. 'ith PCC8<ii'D J PCC83 'l1"- TYPE mV.,LRPC 1, 3 transistor.
output 150 mW, output Input sens.
imp.
40QtBize2xiXjin PRICE 27/6
tnmsi3tor lDput 8ens 150 mV
TELEVISION IF AMPLIFIERS 8ize2 X i. X 43in f - - ' output 330 mV, output imp. 150.
PRICE 18/6
38 Mc/h, Contains a large number of components IF 5 6 transls
transformers,2resistors,
P FS0 capacitors, etc., and the follow- tr?f lin - tor. Input sens. 8m V, output 3W. output imp. SO, size 5J
EF184. Overallfl size
9 31J"
. 1^891,
x 3>* xEP80, 4* deep.EFi8C
Idealandfor : gh to PRICE 59/6
servicemen and experimenters. This IF amp. when nSS? 2O k/ohms.
output imp. tSL 1°^ "upedance
Size llXUX jin., matching pre-amp.—input imp.PRICE 1 megohm,10/6
used with the Valve model UHF Tuner (above)
a suitable conversion for B.B.C.2. Circuit supplied. provides a netic ta e
1^1 8 aDr P0, replay the pre-amp. designed so that a 450 mH head
audio amplifier modules listed above. Size
LASKY'S PRICE 29/6 pc^ ^^Xiin nd 1 re !< ea r u e - PRICE 10/6
SPECIAL PACKAGE OFFER the reduced price »
of S£u
7/6 each l .l(?
if bought f ^
with LRPC
the LRPC 1. 4 4.and 5 and are available at
Free standing table cabinet, size
17J X Mahogany.
medium 9 X 5Jin., Scale
finished
markedin FULLY ENCAPSULATED MODULES
t
21 to 68 (UHF band). Designed
to accept the above IF Amplifier f,mrtb,V»Sd
Iimction |7tJ!50?i'1'e"-T
and Installation
al n
instructions.;.° « SendnS.A.E. x 1 forX nm.data. Complete with detailed
with space for a Valve UHF Tuner Public
pnones. on output imp address amp. for use with carbon, crystal or Dynamic PRICEmicro- 30/-
Cabinet only 27/6. Post 3/6. Gram0ph01ie am
Special Package Offer IF Amplifier, ??®SSA
ou output impm Pl'fier—provides sufficient power to fill average PRICEroom. 30/-
UHF
CablMTuner with valves and Table n > ys_ _ TCTE CO-l. Morae code practice oscillator — ior use with morse key and 3(1
'- PACKAGE PRICE 59/6 Poste/- 8P e ker
- ° -' 1 Ie ronome PRICE 20/-
„ ;,,? (for
beats per minute ,i use with 3 O speaker provides andible
or ind. lamp)and visual beat from PRICE 30 to22/6
240
EXPORT TTC B4002 FM WIRELESS MIC,
8 itable for eith
can be picked up ~ by" any FM radio er static
or ortuner
mobile use. receives
which Signal SINCLAIR SUPER MINIATURE KITS
STxI.Tlln11 0 8 ral 1 1 dreJ
T T "" "£ THEt0MirpnTPlet? range- ■nrrlte 1l <ie,ail3x«'1 8fetatre deals.
Bfx SB ml K!cRS:ls:^/^k . ../;.^. . . :'' "
E < OMATIC mlnl radio 104
STE REO M
rue 5 4o 12 a mplifier "
controlaT,d 52
unit fully built W-6. Fully built' ' . V.V.' . V.,.' . ' . ,,.' ; ' . V £3 19 |
£9 ig J
ttu
Kyi™ 13/500. More 7powerful
P C E 10 G,,s
'! , version of above—size
- 7J X 11 X 'in PZ-3
rA-a power pack n" for Z-12
„ .... pre-amplifier. Fully built and tested£4 "/* 96
Operates on one PP3 tyjie battery. LASKY'S PRICF 17 f*A« 63 19 6
Post Free. Anywhere In the World. PRICE 12 Gns.
Thete cannot be operated in the U.K. owhig to G.P.O. regHlalioHt. TRANSISTORS
WATER TEMPERATURE THERMOSTATS ,% 8ocfoip^
"lth I8i,,• ^pi'^ry '"be aod 6in. bulb. Sto6le ioie Srins-S/ietn ipmd,? TRANSFILTERS B, BRUSH CRYSTAL CO. Available from .lock. .
LASKY'S PRICE 15/- P„.t2/.
TO 02B 465 kc/s.
Il ± 1 kc/s.
t |I TF—01D 470 kc/s. ± 2 kc/s. 9/6Poll
EACH64

p7™ S S™; Wt S 2S 2606 SsS"W" »»

Ojsen alieay Satorjiav, «3rlv closing T p.m. Thursday ».« »»
152/3 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E 04 Tel ■ FLEet St 2833 l EDGWARE ROAD. LONDON. W.2 Tel.: 01-723 9789
Open alt day Thursday, early closing 1 p m Saturday " Satutday early closing 1 pm Thursday
ALLMAUj ORDERS AND CORREoPONOENCE TO: 3-15 CAVELL ST..TOWER HAMLETS, LONDON, E.1 Tel.: 01-790 4821

625
■P^
 1
LOUDSPEAKER
c,Stud4t_
WVt It'evMy/c « — — - T _ do |d»
■av. —
ftA
Unretoucbed repro-
duction of perform-
Z«iw V- ance curve taken
Lli-LFri- from a Sinclair Q.I4
15 from stock. This Is
better than curves
from speakers cost-
INDEPENDENT TEST REPORT up to £25.
y a n lnde en
thP Q.I4
the n ki achieves
h™ suchu remarkable
, P dent testing
standards laboratory andSuperb
of rlproduction. shows resoonse
clearly why
is
maintained between 60 and I5,000c's, completely covering listening requirements and
ssurmg the user of getting the best from the equipment to which the speaker is coupled.

WHY THE SIMCUIR Q.I4 IS FAR V

AHEAD IN EVERY WAY

CONSTRUCTION compliance in the cone suspension, a
The sound, or pressure- chamber and massive 11,000 gauss ceramic magnet
mounting baffle are of special high- and an aluminium speech coil. The USING A SINCLAIR Q.I4
density ultra-low resonant materials cone is treated to ensure brilliant
made possible by modern bonding and transient response. SYSTEM
processing techniques. The sound The size and form of the Sinclair Q.M permit it to
chamber is of seamless construction be used in a far wider variety of applications than
and the loudspeaker mounted to CONTOURED PRESSURE with conventionally designed loudspeakers. This
CHAMBER makes it possible to match the speaker to its
ensure complete freedom from spurious environment much more easily and to achieve
"coloration". The shape and proportions of the performance standards far better than anything
sealed sound or pressure chamber in its size or price group. Here are some typical
have been determined mathematically ^ of using the Q.M. The enthusiast for hi-fi
LOADING will find many more.
thereby ensuring maximum energy to
The Sinclair Q.I4 has an input sound conversion ratio with forward
impedance of 15 ohms and will com- sound "presence" and freedom from
fortably accept loadings in excess of any directional effect. This is why
23 watts music power. This rating is the Sinclair Q. 14 is ideal for stereo.
far greater than that required for Connections at the ear are marked
average listening requirements. How- for correct phasing when using two or
ever, using the Q.I4 in module forma- more Q. I4's.
tion (a unique Sinclair facility) enables FREE STANDING
a very powerful system to be built up SIZE BOOK0r SHELF
stereo
ASSEMBLY
base is
efficiently and economically. This whfrk screws
which on- ^for convenience.
supplied with the QM,
makes an ideal quality P.A. system. 9^in x 9fin x 4jin deep. A seoarate
base for free standing position is CORNER SPEAKER
provided as well as a template for wall AT ANY HEIGHT
FREQUENCY RESPONSE or flush mounting. A neat solid The Q.M will fit
As the independently made curve aluminium bar inset is used to comfortably into a
wall corner, taking
shows, a remarkably smooth response is embellish the front of the speaker. up a minimum of
maintained between 60 and I5,000c/s. space. The wall sur-
This extends comfortably beyond SEND FOR YOUR'S TODAY faces then contribute
to the sound radia-
either end of the sound spectrum to tion.
provide true hi-fi standards.
REPRODUCING UNIT
A specially designed driver unit is £6.19.6 MULTI UNIT ASSEMBLY
used. It has an exceptionally high Any number of Q.M's can be m
flush mounted on to a flat
surface, such as a false wall v
AN ALL-BRITISH SINCLAIR GUARANTEED PRODUCT or room divider. They can
also be arranged for P.A.
Hear one in your own home—your money refunded in full if not satisfied. work.

■ ■ ■
Order form and more
I— l1"^ c3lir-
Sinclair products on next pages
627
 DE LUXE PLAYERS STELLA RECORD PLAYER AMPLIFIER BAKER 12 in. MAJOR
4 watt. 2 stage. 3 to 7 obm. Neg. leed tack. DCL82, UYS5.
4-Speed Mono Players 2-tone 200-250?. A.C.knobs.
Gold 'Walnut tappedVolume
input. and
Chassis
Tonesizecontrols
8 x 2Jion4in. high.
separate The ideal High Fidelity
Cabinets I7xl5x8|in. High Polished Wood Panel 6 x 2in. Brand new with TO Loudspeaker for high ^
flux londspeaker and High 0 /Z output at home or
Qaality Amplifiers ready makers'gnarantee. BARGAIN PRICE1 P. & P. 2/8. ' /0 puhlic address, etc.
built. Quality output. Volume NEWvTUBULAR 0 0 ELECTEOLYTICS Built in high efficiency
and Bass controls.
Special instructions 2'350
4/350 v. 100/25 v.v. .. 2/6
250/25 2/- 8/600CAN v TYPES 9/6 tweeter cone.
Voice Coil impedance
16/800 v 12/6 15
enable assembly in
30 minutes, 8/450
16/450?v. 500/15 v. .. 31- 16+16/500 v. 7/6 20 ohms.
watts. Max, BassPower
Res.
wires to join!only 5 88 ++ 8/450 v. 3/6 32+32/450
16/450 v. 3/9 50+50/350 v, 7/- v. 6/- 40/50 cps. Flux "7.
13 months' 25/25 v 1/9 18 + 16/450 v. 4/3 60+100/350 v. 11/6 14,000 gauss. Voice
guarantee. 50/50
— v 32 + 32/350?. 4/6 j 100 + 200/275 v.12/6 Coil diameter liin.
TO BUILD SUB-MIN. ELECTROLYTICS, 1,2. 4,5,8,16,25,30,50.100, Response
cps. Magnet40-14,500 material
YOURSELF 250mid. 15?. 2/6; 500,1000 mid. 12?, 3/6 2000 mid. 25?. 9/6 Alcomax, overall dia.
Post 2/8 per item. CERAMIC. 500 ?. 1 pF. to 0,01 mfd., 9d. Discs 1/-, 121jn., overall depth
PORTABLE 6in. ^ ^
As illustrated.CABINET
To fit SUPERIOR madeAMPLIFIER. 350?.-0.X 9d., 0.5 2/6;PAPER TUBULARS
1 mid, 8/-; 2 mid. 150?. 3 Price Post
standard player /LQ /£. Ready Guaranteed
and tested.
better sound! 5007.-0.00l to 0.05 9d; 0.11/-; 0.25 1/6; 0.5 8/-. Free
or autochanger. , W Fully isolated AC Mains CA TA LOGUE S.A.E.
RCS
WATT, AMPLIFIER
Ready made and3 Transformer 4 watt E.H.T. CONDENSERS. O.OOlmld., 7kV.,1/6;
l,000v.-0.001. 0.0022,0.0047. 0,01,0.02. 6/6;0.047,0.1 2/8.
20kV.. 10/6. GROUP MODELS FOR VOCALS
ontput.
tested with UCL82 triode pentode valve. VolumeECL88 triode SILVER MICA. Close tolerance (plus o rminns ^ pP.}, 5 to BASS. LEAD and RHYTHM GUITARS
pentode valFe ^CQ /If.W and tone controls with 47 pp., 1/-; ditto 1% 50 to 800 pF., 1/-; 1,000 to 5,000pF.,2/-. 30-10,000 cps. Voice Coils 15 ohms. Heavy duty
and londspeaker. knobs. Quality QQ Z TWIN GANG. "0-0" 208 pF.+178 pF., 10/6; 865 pF., minia- •Group 25' 'Group 35' 'Group 50'
SINGLE PLAY MONO
BSR GU7 £4.19.6 Loudspeaker. "07 0 tnre 10/-; 500 pF. standard with trimmers, 9/6; SOOpF.
midget less trimmers, 7/6; 500 pF. slow motion, standard 9'-; U-Sgns. SJgns. ISgns.
Garrard SRP12 £4.19.6 AUTOCHANGE MONO small 3-gang 500 pP. 18/9. Single "O" 865 pF. 7/8. Twin 10/-.
Garrard SP25 £10.19.6 BSR Superslim £5.19.6 SHORT WAVE. Single 10 pp.. 25 pF„ 60 pF., 75 pP.. Quality Horn Tweeters 3-16kc/8. IOw 27 6 Crossnvpp 14 6
Philips AG1018 £12. 9.6 Garrard 1000 £5.19.8 100 pF., 160Solid
pF.,dielectric.
5/8each. Can be ganged.
Garrard
Garrard A70 £19.19.6 Garrard 3000 £8. 9.8 2000 £8.19.6 TUNING. 100 pF., 300 pP.,Conplers 9d. each.
SOOpF,, 3/8 each. LODDSPEAKEES eac
.
P.M Z8m
^ - 22/6; 6|in. 18/6; lOin. 30/.;
L.
Garrard LAB80 £24.19.6 Garrard AT60 Mk. 11 TRIMMERS. Compression ceramic 80, pF.,
50. 750
70 pF.,
pF., 9d
1/9.; pmt ri); if5 , Il 185/-);
Garrard 401 f29.19.r diecast turntable £12.19.6 100 pF., 150 pF., 1/3; 250 pF., 1/6; 600 X 10 X8 6in. 30/-; 8models
0r 15ohm X 6in. 21/-
All with mono cartridge (Stereo 12/6 extra) 250?. RECTIFIERS, Seieninm SPEc£AL OFpiR!
SPECIAL 5SSpp . 111«8 ohm.
?? iV?-'2Jm., 5m.; 15ohm.5m.,7x4in. ' 45/-
GARRARD TEAKWOOD BASE CONTACT COOLED wa?e i60mA
10/- 4; 150mA.
wa?e 7/6
lOOmA 51-; BYIOO
; 85mA 9/6. 10/- 1 5'6 6 x in
w " TyPE 4 -l 35 ohm.80Sin.,hmSin., 7 X 4in •
cut for mounting 1000, 2000. 3000.WB.l
SP25, Ready
AT60. ^ A OZ FaU wa?e 75mA 19/6 ; T.V.rects. 10/-. JACK
chrL. sJmevvi eJ - ■ '' - 2:m.
A.18 TRANSCRIPTION TONE ARM with tracking s ck e ; eopen-circait
OIS 12/8,
3 closed cironit 4/6:
template and two plug-in shells. r NEW B.A.S.F. LIBRARY BOXED TAPE P& 8 , ° .' V - ' . S-Pto 1/6; Lead 3 6,
OriginalDeram
price £13.19.6. OUR PRICE ^ 2^5. 7 in. L.P. 1,800 ft. 45/-; 7 in. D.P. 2,400 ft. 70/- 9rAwl . ?^-'waySs-5m
51 ; w-l/S; DIN 3-pin jack 3/6:PLDOSStJ.
S-cin 5/- Chrome 8/—•
Decca Stereo Diamond Cartridge £4.14." 60 min. Cassette C60 (For Philips, etc.) 17 6 ?l2np.S S;.
N 2 E s WIICHE
12-W8y,* or94P-p.8-way.
.2-way,ororS34p.WITH LONG SPINDLES.
- or
Spare Spools 2/6. Tape Splicer 5/-. Leader Tape 4 '8. ?^ p.4-way
3-way, 3/83/6each,
each.
Q MAX CHASSIS CUTTER Tape Heads: Collaro 2 track 28/6 pair, B.S.R. 4 track Wavechange « MA KITSPrice " 1 p.s inclade
12-way.cIick 2 p. 6-way. 3 p 4.way,
,. Complete:1 a die,/9 a punch, an Alien screw and key . 10/6 spiniles, adjustable
!-l-nn'* i" - J5 liin.
^
li in 18/
. - 18/6- IJin. 22/6
20/6 2|in.
2^in. 44'3
37/9 MAINS TRANSFORMERS ^ TnrrT^^4;J?n«vJ;?'
TOGGLE SWITCHES, sp. '2I-:
aIer 1 0 •" 2wafer, 15/-;
sp.dt. 3/6; dp. 3/6; 3 wafer,
dp.dt.19/6.
4/-.
11^15/6 lAin. 18/- l|in. 20/- 2in, 34/3 lin. sq. 31/6 250-0-250 80 mA. 6.3 ?. 3.5 a. 6.3 ?. 1 a, or 5 ?. 2 a. 25/-
350-0-350 80 mA. 6.3?. ?.1203.5mA.,
a. 6.36.3v. 1v.a,4ora 5 ?. 2 a.29/829/8 P PE
BARGAIN
ACOS LP-78 XTAL PICK-UP
Turnover Head ARM Complete
and Stylii with 30'-
20/-' Stereo MT. 510/300-C-800
MINIATURE 200 ?. 20 mA., 6.3 ?. 1 a 10/6 lor editing and^ repairs. SPLICERWithCuts, trims, joins l/f/Z
3 blades. I 4/w
SPEAKERFRET Tygan various colours.
10/-It.; 26id. wide from 5/- It. SAMPLES S.AJl 5^*. wide?from MIDGET 220 ?. 45 mA., 6.3 ?. 2 a 15/6 musical highlights and sonndmicrophone mixer. Will
effects to recordings. Add
SMALL 250-0-250 50 mA. 8.3 ?. 2 a 19/8 mix Microphone, records,
EXPANDED
NEW GARRARD METAL GRAM GoldMOTORS
or Silver2,600
12 xr.p.m.
12 in XOO-lSOv
6/- HEATER
Ditto tappedTRANS.
sec. 1.48.3?.,?.2,1J3,a.,4, 8/6;
5, 6.36.3?. v.144amp.
a. ..... 10/6
10/6 separate controls into singletapeontpnt.
and tuner with C*) j/ZO
15/-pairfor 200/250y. A.C. (in series), or 10/- ea. Post 2/6. GENERAL PURPOSE 24 LOW
FULL 8, 8, 9,10, 12,15,18, andVOLTAGE.
30 ?, at 2 a Outputs 3, 4.25/-5, Dual impedance 600ohm/50K
6 or 12WAVE BRIDGE SELENIUM
8/9; 2 a.RECTIFIERS- 1 amp., 5,10, 15, 20, 25.30,35.40, 55,60,29/6 ; 2 a.,47/6 n-uwm01 mom ing Ee po,,se
v. outputs. 1* amp., 11/3; 4 a.. 17/8. AUTO TRANSFORMERS 0-115-230 ?. Inpnt/Outpnt. " - ' £6,6.0
CHARGER
lor chargingTRANSFORMERS.
at 6 or 12 v., IJ amps., P. & P.17/6;
2/6. Input 200 ,250
2 amps 21/-v: fi^w. 18/6; 150w. 25/-; 500w. 92/6; 1000w. 175/ AM ■niNEE HEDTOM WAVE. c reu 1
Three Tranalater Snper
4 amps., 25/-. Circuit tree. Ammeter 0 to 5 amp, 10/6. Sizes 5, x3:, xl; . Ideal' for" Tape - Ferrite Aeria], 7(3 l/L
MOVING COIL MULTIMETER TK 25 II X Sin,CRYSTAL
6/6; BM3 1 XMIKE lin. 7/8;INSERTS
ACOS 1| X |in. Recorders, '9/6
O-l.OOOv. A.C./D.C., ohms 0 to 100k. etc.' 47/6 ALL PURPOSE HEADPHONES Sis:
Transistor,
bmlt. Printed Circuit. Calibrated slide dial /o IA Snperhct. Beady
MOVING
0-l,000v. A.C./D.C., COIL MULTIMETERohms O to 3 megEP10K. etc. 79/6 MOVING
H.R. COIL HEADPHONES 100 ohms (ex.ohms
Govt.)...15/-
12/6 tuning. Siae 6" x 4" x 2!' X.O. IU.0
MOVING COIL MULTIMETER EP20K. H.R. HEADPHONES
HEADPHONES 2000 2000ohms...12/6,
ohms Super Quality 4000 ......25/- . WATT QUAIJTY AMPLHTEE. 4 Tranaistor
0-2,500v.
Ohms 0 D.C. to 620,000
meg. ohms per volt. 0-l,000v.
50 Microamps A.C,
fail scale.
s
_ b~FuU Ready bnilt, with volume control 65/-
99/6
★ RADIO BOOKS (Postage 9d.)
6NEW OC7 MULLARD TRANSISTORS 1967 High Fidelity Speaker Enclosures and Plans ... 5/-
9™ 8/6;
A|114 M OC44 2 7/8;8/~; OC81D 6/-; OCI71
OC45 8/-; OC81 9/-;
6/-; OC170
AF115 8/8 8'--: Txsnsiator
Mallardv Audio Superhet Commercial
Amplifier ManualReceivers. 7/$
«/«
AF117 7/-. QC26 12/6; AD140 15/-; OC35 15/-Holders 1/3. GRAM f 1
™ G^ae. Books 1.2, 3. or 5 ./ZVZ^ach
Practical Radio Inside Out _ ?;5/-
ARDENTE TRANSISTOR : 1 Pnsl1
TRANSFORMERS CHASSIS T^anastor Audio Amplifier Manual Book 1,3/6; Book 2.6'-6
SnSH' J*® 1 5 :1 CT Pash PnI1 to 3 ohms for OC72, OC81 Post 51- Shortwave Transistor Receivers s'/.
;' - Driver for OC72. OC81 Three Transistor Commnnication
Radio StationsSets List. oq/a
D3058.11.5:1 Output to 3 ohms
TRANSISTOR MAINS ELIMINATORS.
tor OC72, OC81..
FAMOUS Long., Wa?efaands:
Med., Short. Gram. Five Valves: EBCSl,ECH81,
EL84, EZ80. EF89. International
Modern Transistor CircuitsReceivers
for Beginners " 7/8
mTE". 9 VOLT. SAME SIZE AS PP9 BATTERY. POWER 12-month guarantee,
5 watts 3 ohm. ChassisA.C.
13iin.200-250
X 7in.?.XFerrite
Sin. dialAerial
size Sub-Mmiature
Wireless WorldTranaislorRadio Valve Data ... afi/.a
FULLY SMOOTHED. 150mA. FULL WAVE CIRCUIT 45 13in x 4in, Two pilot Lamps. Fourfrom
Knobs.
WEYRAD PS0 - Transistor Coils Aligned calibrated. Chassis isolated mains */lA * I11/A At a glance valve equivalents g/.
DE LUXE STEREO GRAM CHASSIS V.H.F., MW, SW RESISTORS. Preferred
RA2W 6 in. Ferrite Aerial Spare
with car aerial coil 12/6 Cores
Driver Trans. LFDT4 9/6
6d. 19-50m, SW rect.
6 valve pins 6O-180m.
SizeMagic
15 x eye,
71' xpush buttons,/fc II Q7- Ii O7
6' high | w., 4 w.,T 1 w., 20% 4(L;values,
I ITY
IJ w. 108d,; ohms
2 w.to1/-;10 imeg
w 10% fid
Osc. P50/1AC
I.F.P60/2CC 470 kc/s ...
6/4 Printed
5/7 Circuit, PCA1. ... 9/6 Ditto 5%. Ki/ ^5 Preferred =, w- 101%ohms
P J* values 10 oiLmB
to 22 meg <0 10 "*meg.', 2/
J.B. Tuning Gang 10/6
HIGH GAIN TV. PRE-AMPLIFIER BAND I B.B.C.
3ra l.F, FSO/SCC 6J- Wenad. BooUel __2/_
Tunable channels 105 watt
watt ^1> WIRE-WOUND 0.5 to 8.2 ohmRESISTORS 3 w. / 1/6
Volume Controls 80ohm Coax6d^. Kit price 32/6 or 55/-1 with
to 5.power
Gainpack.18 Details
dB. ECC84
6d, valve. 15 watt J 10 ohms to 6,800 ohms •<^ 2-
1/9
BAND III I.T.A.—same prices. Tunable channels 7 to 13. 2 5
LONG SPINDLES. MIDGET Semi-air spaced Cable Band I or m. Coils and circnit only, 9/6. Chassis 4/9, ^?3 DE/PIE^' ||e^ThSS "
SIZE B.B.C. 2 SUPER BOOSTER transistor model. Ready built 75/-.
LOG or5LIN. K. ohms
L/S 3/-.toD.P.
2 Meg.51- 100 yd. drum 50/- post free. LINE 'cORp'lob ohm,'It.
STEREO L/S10/6, D.P. 14/6. FRINGELOWLOSS Ideal 625 lines I /® /Z
BLANK ALUMINIUM CHASSIS. 18 s.w.g. 2{in. sides.
yd. J+.E-WODND S-WATT | WIEE-WODHD 4.WATT
CDAXLAL 7x4in..
13 x 9m. 5/6;
9/6; 9x
14 x 7m.,
liin. 6/8;
12/6;1115xl4in..
x Sin. 8/6;15/-.llx7in. 7/8; POTS. T.V. Type. Values STANDARD SIZE POTS.
ETS 2/-. PLUG
OUTLET 1/-.BOXES,
PANEL SURFACE
SOCKETS 1/-. OR LINE
PTTT<?TrSOCK-
cr
ALUMINIUM PANELS 18 s.w.g. 12x 12m. 10 ohms lo 30 K., 3/3, LONG SPINDLE VALDES
BALANCED TWIN FEEDEES l7- ,d 80 " .v™?'
TELESCOPIC 4/6; 12x Sin. 3/6; 10x7in. 2/9; 8x6m. 2/-;6/6; 14 x 1/6.
6x4in. Sin. Carbon 30 g, to 2 meg., 3/.. , 50 OHMS lo 100 K.. 7/5.
6, 3 each. CARCHROME AERIALAERIALS, PLDOS 1/6. Si... exknd,
SocSt. l".to late
ALL PURPOSE TRANSISTOR PRE-AMPLIFIER [ BSA
$. ,VBSr
,8G,®;Az Moulded Sf'- MCeramic - Oct. B7Q,
6d.: B70,
Gain 14:1. 250v. or 9t. input. Ready built with Mu Metal 1 Cans 11/-. Valve base plugs9d.
B7G, B9A, Int.1/-. Oct., 2/3. B9A
SPECIAL PURCHASE input transformer for Mikes, Pick-Ups, Tuners. IP/ J
B.S.R. GUT Instructions and circuit supplied. Post 2/6. «|tU<2«.i:lT5ANGAMO
' ^/" | ILABORATORY MOVING
3 inch
COIL SCALE
I METERS
9 volt Battery . 6 , THE INSTANT Vmions cahbrettons and moyemenls. 100 Hicroamp 66/-;
BULK TAPE 1 Milllamp 60/-. etc. Post 5/-ertta. Send S.A.E. lor list.
Operated Record ERASER AND /4 BRAND NEW QUALITY
Player Decks RECORDING HEAD InEXTENSION
tongh cream pl&stio LOUDSPEAKER
cabinet
aa t m a ti Et 0p DEMAGNETISER with
any 20ft, leadradio,
transistor and adaptors.
intercom, For
ift w/t'
/■(With T ^ . f
t+izZ—,stereo cartridge
,? 'I* - Pla ji
7~' e^dsappiure any siM record. Complete 200/250 v. A.C.
o 1 1
12/6Myyiure
extra). aiyius.
stylos,
ONLY - - / - P. & P. Post UU _ _ . rafiio, tape recorder, etc.
f Leaflet S.A.E. £ 2/6 3*5//_ Sixe:3to 157i'ohm matching
x 5i* x 3* Post
216
«DESMrCH P-= ^ Packing I is unless othe"^e s£oterf. C.O.D. SI- extra. Full List //-. CALLERS WELCOME
RADIO COMPONENT SPECIALISTS 337 WHITEH0RSE ROAD, WEST CR0YD0N
Written ?uarant»f> wlet, i /»- . . ^

629
 TAPE AMPLIFIERS TAPE DECKS CONTROL UNITS
20W GARRARD
STEREO PLAYER
AMP. AT-60 TRUVOX AM/FM
AA-22U DECK TUNER

«.;20^W.1!R^SISTOR stereO AMPLIFIER. Model AA- TRUVOX D-106 and 108 TAPE DECKS. High quality stereo/mono
,,(less cabinet).
Outstanding performance-and
Attractive appearance.
walnut veneered Kit £39.10.0
cabinet £2.5.0 extra. tape decks. D106, i track, £39.15.0 D108, i track, £39.15.0
Assembled incl. cabinet, £59.15.0 TR, .NSISTOR INTERCOM. Models XI-1U and XIR-1U. A time-
GARRARD AUTO/RECORD PLAYER. Model AT-60, less saving oevice for office, shop or for the home. Master unit XI-1U will
cartndge£14.12.t0. With Decca Deram pick-up £19.7.4 incl. P.T. operate up to 5 remote stations. Master, XI-1U Kit£11.9.6 Assembled
Many other Garrard models available, ask for Lists. £17.9.6. Rempte, XIR-1U Kit £4.9.6 Assembled £5.18.0. Send for
full specification leaflet.
F ,M
tll: . ?5,OAMPUFIER
W Amplifier, with inputs for - Gram,,
Model MA-S.Radio. AModern generalfunctional
purpose MONC CONTROL UNIT. Model UMC-1. Designed to work with
appearance. Kit £11.9.6 Assembled £15.15.0 the MA12 or similar amplifier requiring 0-25V or less for full output.
5 inputs. Baxandall type controls. Kit £9.2.6 Assembled £14.2.6
TAPE PRE-AMPLIFIERS. TA-1M (MONO); Kit £19,18.0
Assembled £28.18.0. TA-1S (STEREO); Kit £25.10.0. ®' EERE
'^ CONTROL UNIT. Model USC-1. Push-button selection,
Assembled £35.18.0. Will work satisfactorily with almost any
tape deck, deck paccurately
ass fi|t
pass
matched
ers p
filters.
ganged
rjnte(j c
Printed ircuit controls
circuit boards. toKit
boards. KitildB.
£19.19.0
£19.19.0
Rumble and variable low
Assembled £27.5.0
'''''''''''''''''''''"''''"'"''''""'llllllllllll'l'lllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllillllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijn

Build Your Own Electronics

SPEAKER SYSTEMS NEW MODELS!

HI-FI SPEAKER SYSTEM. Model Portable Stereo Record Player, srp-i
SSU-1. Ducted-port bass reflex cabinet
"in the white". Two speakers. Vertical Automatic playing of 16, 33, 45
horizontal models with legs, Kit £12.12.0, and 78 rpm records. All transistor-
without legs, Kit £11.17.6 incl. P.T. cool instant operation. Dual LP/78
The BERKELEY SLIM-LINE stylus. Plays mono or stereo
SSU-1 SPEAKER SYSTEM, fully finished records. Suitcase portability. De-
walnut veneered cabinet for faster con- tachable speaker enclosure for
struction. Special 12^ bass unit and best stereo effect. Two 8" X 5"
4" mid/high frequency unit. Range special loudspeakers. For 220-250v
30-17,000 c/s. Size26" x 17" only yf deep. A.C. mains operation.
Modern attractive styling. Excellent value. Compact, economical stereo and mono record
Kit £19.10.0 Assembled £24.0.0 playing for the whole family — plays anything from the Beatles to Barcok. All
COTSWOLD SPEAKER SYSTEMS. solid state circuitry gives room filling volume.
Outstanding performance for price. Kit £27.15.0 incl. P.T. Assembled price on request.
MFS; Size 36" x 16i' x 14' deep.
Kit £25.12.0 Assembled £33.17.0 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinitiiiiiiiiiiyiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
(in the white) Transistorised AM-FM Stereo Tuner
STANDARD: Size26'x23' 14rdeep. In the same attractive styling
Kit £25.12.0 Assembled £33.17.0 as our well-known AA-22U
Berkeley (in the white) Stereo Amplifier. Features 18
STANDARD Model now available in beautiful walnut finish. transistor, 7 diode circuit.
AH-LW/MW, FM Stereo and
Completely factory assembled and finished at £33.4.0 Mono tuning. Stereo indicator
light. AFC, AGC. Pre- ■w- Q
HIIINiMlllllilllllllll^llllllllllHllllllllllllllllllunillllJIIIIIIIIIIIIilliiliiiiiiiiiiniiii assembled and aligned FH
unit. Separate AM and FM
NEW MODEL ! circuit boards. Self-powered. Handsome,
finished walnut veneered cabinet. {Optional extra).
1AVON HI-FI PERFORMANCE Comprising: Model AFM-2T RF Tuning Unit. Kit £7.17.6 including P.T.
MINI * SPEAKER KIT. A compact, AFM-2A IF Amp. and power supply kit £24.9.6. Cabinet £2.5.0 extra.
bookshelf size, 71" wide x 19i* high
x 8J" deep, speaker with beautiful TOTAL PRICE KIT £32.7.0 incl. P.T.
walnut veneered fully-finished
cabinet, wide frequency response, special 6" bass, 3" H F units
and crossover network. Cabinet Kit £8.18.0. Speaker Kit LOW-COST TRANSISTOR STEREO AMPLIFIER KIT TS-23.
£4.18.0. Total Price £13.16.0 incl. P.T. A really low priced unit yet incorporates all
essential features for good reproduction
from gramophone, radio and other sources,
HeatMuti— FREE ! 3 watts for channel output (15 ohms). Kit
36 page Catalogue. £17.15.0. Beautiful walnut veneered cabinet
SEND FOR YOUR £2.0.0 extra.
u COPY O
NOW ! I To DAYSTROM LTD., Dept. P.E.9, Gloucester Please send FREE catalogue to
| Without obligation please send me (Tick here) my friend.
FREE BRITISH HEATHK1T CATALOGUE □ NAME
FULL DETAILS OF MODEL(S) □ ADDRESS
Over 150 models shown, (Please write in BLOCK CAPITALS)
many in Full Colour NAME
ADDRESS

631
 I NEW UODEL 500. 30,000 o.p.v. With TYPE ISA DOUBLE BEAM
I overload protection, mirror scale. 0/.6/1/
2.6/10/25 / 100B.C.
12501 OSCILLOSCOPE BARGAIN !
500 /l,000v. A high qoality instra-
0100/ 2.5/ /25010 / 500/
25 / ment, offered at a Catalogue \ CATALOGuj
l.OOOv. A.C. fraction of original
0 / 50/JA / 5 / 60 / cost. Timebase 2 c/a-
500mA. 12 amp. 750 kc/e. Separate Electronic ^ ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
0IXC. up toand5.5Y2Mc/s.
Y1 ampliflera
Built- Components
/ 60K / 6 Meg. / 60.
Meg D. £8/17/6 in calibratora at 100
kc/s. and 1 Mc. ★ TEST EQUIPMENT
Post Paid. Operation for 115/ Equipment
J PROFESSIONAL 20,000 o.p.vT ~ * KZai *. 250 v. A.C. Available ^ COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
a in excellent condition,
I LAB.TYPE MULTITESTER a it»4i fully tested and
checked.30/-. £22/10/- ★ HI-FI EQUIPMENT
Carr. We are proud to introduce our first
TE-20RF SIGNAL GENERATOR comprehensive catalogue of Electronic
Accurate
range signal wide
gen- Components and equipment. Over 150
erator pages, fully illustrated, listing thousands
|I mirror
With scale.
automatic overload
Ranges: protection,
1/10;50/250/500/ 320 covering
kc/8-260 of items many at .bargain prices. Free
I 1,000 volte, D.C. and A.C. 0-500 uA, Mc/s on 6 bands.
I 10 mA, 260 mA. Current: 0/20 K, 200 K Directly cali- discount coupons with every catalogue.
I 2 megohm. Decibels — 20 to -f- 22db' brated.attenuator.
R.P. Variable Everyone in electronics should have a
I ^AQ/- P- & P- 2/6. osTT. W, r.Brand new Operation 200/ copy.
TE-900 20.0000 ,T0LT with instructions
£12,10,-. P. & p, 7/6, s.A.E. for details.
GIANT MULTIMETER 6in. CLEAR PLASTIC PANEL METERS
full view meter. 2 colour UFAYETTE TE-46 RESISTANCE First grade quality. Moving Coil panel meters, available
scale.
5,000 V. 0/2.5/10/250/1,000/ CAPACITY ANALYSER ex-stock. S.A.E. foras illustrated
A.C. 0/25/12.5/10/
50/250/1.000/5,000 V. D.C. P.P. 2 -ohms
MFD. megohms. 2,000 quantity. Available follows; Typeleaflet. Discounts
MR. 38P. 1 21/32in for
0/60/iA/l10/100/500 mA/ 200 square fronts.
10 amp. D.C. 02K/200K/20 Also im- 9 lOO-O-lOO/iA .. 27/6 200mA. . ■ 22/6 100V D.C. .. 22
Megohm. £12/19/8. P. & P.
6/-. pedancechecksturns 500-0-500/iA
1-0-lmA 22'6 300mA. . 22,6 150V D.C. .. 22/6
,/6 500mA 22 6 300V D.C. .. 22/8
ratio, insulation, 1mA 22/u
MODEL 2QM TRANSISTOR CHECKER 200/250 v. A.C.
Brand New £15. 2 mA 22/8 1A D.C. .... 22/8
750mA. 22/6 500V D.C. .. 22/8
750V D.C. .. 22/6
It has the fullest ca- Carr. 7/6. 5mA 22 8 2A D.C. . 22/8 15V A.C. ... 22/8
10mA 22/6 5A D.C, ..
|1 on>
pacltyA, for
E checking
and Ico. TE22 SINE SQUARE WAVE 50/iA
lOO^A. . ., .. S3 fl 20mA
50mA 22 86 3V D.C. .. 22 8 150VA.C.
22
22'8 50V A.O........ 22/8
S2;e
Equally adaptable AUDIO GENERATORS 200f*A .. 100mA 22 8 10V D.C.
20V D.C. 22/6 300V A.C, 22'6
for checking diodes, 500/JCA .. 25'- 150mA 22 6 500V A.C.
22/6 SOY D.C. . 22/8 *S"MeterlraA 29/8 .. 22/6
etc. Spec.: A ; 0-7- Sine: 20 cps to 50-0-50u A 29, POST EXTRA. Larger sizes available—send
0-9967,B: 5-200, Ico: 200 kc/a on 4 for lists.
0-60 microamps, 0-5 bands. Square;
mA. Resistance for 20 cps to 30 kc/a. R209 MK. II COMMUNICATION
J diode 200 O — 1 w 6 Output
ance 6,000imped-
ohms, RECEIVER
Meg. Supplied complete with instructions, 200/250 v. A.C.
I battery and leads. £5/19/6. P. & P. 2/6. Supplied brand 11 valve high grade communication receiver suitable
1| ★TRANSI8TORI8EDFHTUNER* new and guaran- for
operation. IncorporatesMc/s
tropical use. 1-20 on 4 bands.
precision AM/CW/FM
vernier driver, BFO.
6 TRANSISTOR
HIGH QUA- tion manual and leads,teed £15.with instruc-
Carr. 7/6. Aerial trimmer, internal speaker and 12 v. D.C. internal
power supply. Supplied in excellent condition, fullv
LITY TUNER, arf-ioo combined AF-RF tested and checked. £15. Carr. 20/-.
t[ 3SIZE ONLY2}m.
x 4in. 6in.
I.P. xstages. SIGNAL GENERATOR
I Double 'tuned AF.- SINE
20 200,000WAVEcps. ADMIRALTY B.40 RECEIVERS
discriminator. Square wave 20- Just released by the Ministry. High quality 10 valve receiver manu-
II feed . , mostx amplifiers. OperatesAmple output to 30,000 cps- O/P. factured
500 Kc/s. IncorporatesCoverage
by Murphy. in 5 3bands 650 Kc/8.-30
crystalMc/s. 1/P
I battery. Coverage 88-108 Mc/s.on Ready 9 volt HIGH IMP. 21 v.
P/P 600 0 3-8 v. <? filter, noise limlter,
2 R.F. and
crystal controlled
I.F. stages,
B.F.O. calibrator. I.F.
bandpass
output,
I built ready for use. Fantastic value for P/P. 100 kc/a-SOO etc. Built-in speaker, output for phones. Operation 150/230 volt
| mopey- £6/17/8. P. & P. 2/6. TP. A.C. Size I9jin. X 13iin. X 16m. Wght. 114 lbs. Offered in good
working condition,
B41 £22/10/0. Carr.of30/-.
above.With15circuit diagrams.
^ ariable R.P. attenuationMc/s. Int/Ext. Modu- Also available
£17/10/0. Carr. 30/-.
L.F. version Kc/s-700 Kc/a
N0MBREX lation Incorporates dual purpose meter to
iRANSJSTORlSED monitor AF output and % mod. on R.P
220/240 v. A C. £27/10/-. Carr. 7/6. LAFAYETTE KT-MO
EQUIPMENT TE-65 VALVE VOLTME' ER COMMUNICATION RECEIVER
© ALL Post Paid SEMI-KIT
High quality instru- Build this wonderful receiver and save Pounds!
With Battery , ment with 28 ranges. Supplied
ready semi-completed,
mounted, R.F. Section main
alreadycomponents
wired and ©
D.C. volts 1.5-1,500 v. aligned. Full and precise instructions supplied.
|I Model j1 "Resistance
A.C. volts 1.5-1,500
up to 1,000r. Specification: 8 valves -f rectifier, 4 bands ©
Audio 22 P.S.U. 0-15v.
Generator 10 D.C.Kc/s
c/s-lOO £14. £19/10
Model 300 j megohms.
| 220/249 v. A.C. opera-
covering 550 Kc/s—30 Mc/s. Incorporates 1 R.P
and 2 I.F. stages, " Q " multiplier. B.F.O.. A.N.L.
a1, ^AF-,,Model
I Mc/a £12,10/0. Generatc,r 150
KC/8.350*
27 Signal Generator tion. with probe
j Complete
"S" meter, bandspread. aerial trimmer, etc.
Operation I15/230v. A.C. Price 25 GNS. Carr. 10/-
II Audio
150 Kc/8-350
GeneratorMc/s. £10/10/0.
10 c/s-lOO Model 63
Kc/s£16/15/0 and instructions, £16,
P P. 6/-.
II Model
ductance62 Bridge
C.R. Bridge
£18. £9. Model
Model 61 66 In-
P.S.U J; available:
Additional Probes HAM-I. 4 BAND
0.5-15v. D.C. £6/10/0. H.V. 42/6. R.F. 35/-: COMMUNICATION RECEIVER
4 wavebands covering 533 kc/8-30 Mc/s 5-valve
superhet circuit. Incorporates S meter. B.F.O.
JI. 200200 v.v.SILICON
P.I.V. 200mA
P.I.Y. 6 amp.
RECTIFIERS 2 8
s/g
F.M. WIRELESS BANDSPREAD
SPEAKER. FERRITE TUNING. AERIALBUILT-IN
AND EX- 4iD.
I 400 v, P.I.V. 3 amp | 7/8 MICROPHONE TERNAL TELESCOPIC AERIAL. Operation
II 4001,000v.v.P.I.V.
P.I.V.6 amp
5 amp. 7/g 94-104 Mc/s. Transis- © 220/240v. A.C. Supplied brand new with hand-
5'8 torised. Operates from book. £16/16/0. Carr, 10/-.
J 400 v. P.I.V. 8 amp 7/8 9with
v. additional
battery. secret
Complete
tie- NEW UFAYETTE MODEL HA-700 AM/CW/SSB
I 1,000 v. P.I.V. 650 raA 86 dip microphone. last AMATEUR
| 800 v. P.I.V. 500mA
IJ 400 800 v.v. P.I.V, 5 amp
5,.'8
7/6 £12/10/0. ONLY 18/15/0. 8 valves, 5 bandsCOMMUNICATION RECEIVER
incorporating 2 MECHaNICAL-
P.I.V. 500mA 3/8 P. & P. 2/6. FILTERS for exceptional selectivitv
tivity. Frequency coverage on 3 bands and sensi-
150-
I 70 v. P.I.V. 1 amp 3/g These cannot be operated 400 kc/s, 550-1,600 kc/s, 1.6-4.0 Mc/s, 48.-
[ 350 v. P.I.V. 163mA 1/- in U.K. 14.5 Mc/s, aerial
10-5-30trimmer,
Mc/s. noiseCircuit incorporates
150 v. P.I.V. 25 amp ig.'g R.F. stage, limiter, B.F.O..
J 700 v. P.I.V. 100 amp 49/6 COSSOR 1035 MK HI product detector, electrical bandspread, S meter, >1
I 400 v. P.I.V. 3 amp. (S.C.R.) 10/- DOUBLE BEAM slidespeaker
rule dial.
II 200 100 v.v, P.I.V. 5 amp. (S.C.R.) .13/6 OSCILLOSCOPES or 4 or 8Output
ohms. forOperation
phones, 220/240
low to 2Kn'
volt
I 400 v. P.I.V. P.I.V. 55 amp.
amp. (S.C.R.)
(S.C.R.) 15/8
17/8 Litest model using miniature valves. A.C. Size 7|In. x loin. : lOin. Supplied brand
new and guaranteed with handbook 38 GNS. carr. OpenCALLERS WELCOME!
I Discounts for quantities. Post extra. Perfect condition. £45. Carr. 30/-. 10/-. S.A.E. for leaflet. 9 a.m. ^to 8 p.m. every day
Monday to Saturday. Trade supplied.
'///?/^
(RADIO) LIMITED
Phone; CERRARD 8204/9)55
Cables- SMITHEX LESQUARE
3-34 LISLE STREET, LONDON. W.C.2

633
 0~-

SINCLAIR Ib.

COMBINED 12 WATT HI-FI AMP & PRE-AMP

• ULTRAUNEAR CLASS B OUTPUT Eight special H.F. transistors are used in the Z.I2 to
• 12 WATTS RMS CONTiNUOUS SINE achieve results to compare favourably in every way with • 3in. x I|in. x l-i-in.
WAVE OUTPUT (24 W. Peak) the costliest equipment you can buy. But the Z.I2 is
• IS WATTS MUSIC POWER OUTPUT • 15-50,000 c/s J-fclB
(30 W. Peak) smaller, is more versatile and certainly saves you • IDEAL FOR USE
0 INPUT—2mV into 2Kohrm money. It is preferred not only for mono and stereo
1
» °ut a,so enjoys enormous popularity fitted in WITH BATTERIES
• OUTPUT suitable for 15, 7 5 and electric guitars, used for P.A. and intercoms and many BUILT. TESTED
3 ohm speakers. Two 3 ohm speakers AND
may be used in parallel other instances where power and dependability are
imperative. This superb amplifier with integrated pre- GUARANTEED 89/6
SINCLAIR PZ.3 Transistorised mains amp is supplied ready-built, tested and guaranteed A NEW SINCLAIR
power supply unit with ample output for together with the Z.I2 manual which details matching,
two 2.12's and * volume and tone control and selector switching circuits LOUDSPEAKER
Stereo 25 together. 79/6 using one Z,I2 in mono or two in stereo. See previous pages

SINCLAIR For use with two Z.i2's or any good hi-fi stereo
system. The front panel is elegantly styled in solid
PU UK VrtUm Basl brushed and polished aluminium with well styled
solid aluminium knobs. Frequency
CTIRfO response 25c/s to 30kc/s _ldB con-
nected to two Z,l2's. Sensitivity BUILT, TESTED
Mic. 2mV into SOkn: P.U.—3mV AND
BfTTCZlBir- into SOkQ: Radio —20mV into 4-7n. GUARANTEED
PRE-AMP AND Equalisation correct to within
-IdB on RIAA curve from SO to £9.19.6
CONTROL UNIT 20,000c/s. Size 6|in x 2iin x_ 2^
plus knobs.
If you Prefer not to cut this page, please quote PE.9 when writing your order

L" SINC LAIR RAD1 !

| Please send; items detailed°NICS
below: LTD., 22 NEWMARKET ROAD, CAMBRIDGE
.
| ADDRESS..
I

j^^for which I enclose coshjcheque,1 money order j

635
 MAINS MOTOR
made CA-VVD BARQAIN Easily
best by Garrard-Jaboratory
changers. for their
fCONIRoT* veburrdabl® to short wave radio
balanced, size 2Jln. x 2}iD. DRILL CONTROLLER
Suitable for 315 V or 230/ DRILL » This is the 46
240 V working by re-arrang- SPEEDS. Electronically
ing lead connections.
each. P. & p. 4/6. 15/- mately 10 revs, changes
to max. Full speedpower fromat allapproxi-
speeds
ACOS TYPISTS STETHOSCOPE by fingertip control. Kit includes all parts, case,
everything and 2/6 fullpost
instructions. 19/6 or readv I PRlili jftv/CS approx. It has a range
5 miles.of
Ma d f0 r u e wit!l
.
suitablet, ,
for '
radio or Ti' P "'
amplifler, Becorder
or for a but
deaf equally
person made 82/6 plus and insurance Operates
dry from
batteries.
15'- each. Complete with
SiMMERSTAT THE VECTRONOME This is a truly portable self-contained [ six valves and
TYX-FL and TYX-F. Both popular tvpes fitted nstnunent with built-in microphone in metal case.
to many cookers. Suitable for 230/240V up to 16 CAPSTAN DRIVEN and loudspeaker using a 5 transistor "jBize approx.
amps. Handy device to have around the workshop TAPE RECORDER amplifier with PP output and suit- .... slim. ,Complete , but less crystal, w^l2in x 6innorx
not tested
la/o each. able for operation from mains or by guaranteed. 19/6 plus 7/6 post and insurance,
SATCHWELL chargeable batteries. Tape capacity is should not be operated as a transmitter in the U.K.
OVEN THERMOSTAT 25 minutes on easily changed spools.
Type TO. With capilliary tube and sensor. 20A A tape position indicator gives quick See in the Dark
A.C. type and as fitted to many cookers. Adjust- reference to any .part of dictation. INFRA-RED BINOCULARS
able by control knob (not supplied) 12/8 each. Recording
set during level is automatically
dictation and can be pre-
ad-
laOft Scotch MESSAGE
Tape TAPES
on 3inforspools. justed to suit operator. Interlock
each. We offer 4 tapes 10/-. Normal I v 4/6 prevents unintentional erasures. Tape
speed controlled by fly wheel driven
TAPE CASSETTE capstan. Very portable in neat case
Holds 2-3m spools. Supplied with one emptv with carrying handle, overall size of
spool only. Fits the "Arrow" and several other which is approximately 6i x 7i y.
tape recorders. 7/- each or 3 for £1.0.0. Sin. Price with tape, nickel'cadmium
FANE 20 WATT HI-FI SPEAKER rechargeable
battery chargerbatteries
£9.19.6. and (rathermains
less
This is a 12in model with 2m voice coil. Keallv than £ original price). Postage and These infra-red binoculars when fed from a high
voltage source will enable objects to be seen in the
fantastic performance which will do justice to the insurance 7/6. Unused and in perfect dark, providing the objects are in the rays of an
best amplifier. Heavy cast frame, normally these working order. infra-redlensbeam. Eachaseyewell
tubeascontains a complete
retail at £/ or £8 each. We can offer a limited optical system the infra-red cell.
quantity a6^3.9.6.15 ohm coil onlv. Carriage and These optical systems can be used as lenses for
msurance 7/6. Similar model, especially
for guitar amplifiers, same price. Please specifv designed GARRARD T \ . cameras—light cells, etc. (details supplied).
when ordering. AUTO RECORD PLAYER The binoculars form part of the Army night
Model 2000 driving (Tabby) equipment. They are unused ami
WHITE CIRCULAR FLEX This is one of the latest products without believed to be in good working order but sold
Idea! for lighting drops, twin made bv B1CC of the World's most experienced a guarantee. Price £3.17.6, plus 10 - carr
Usually 8d per yd. 100yd coil for 30'-."plus 6'- maker of fine record reproducers. Its and ins. Handbook 2/6.
pnatage. superior features Include—automatic
EDGEWISE CONTROL playing of up to 8 mixed size records— Heavy guageRECORD pressed metalDECK plynth. size 13m x
Morganite. as fitted stopping playing—pick-up
and starting without pivotsrejecting llin. Fitted with Motor, Decca pick-up on-off
SK with switch. 2/6many
each ortransistor
24/- perradios.
dozen.2K or . . ylu. ress r . —manual to give switch
working
and lOin turntable. Motor normally mains
but 73 r.p.m. only. Could no doubt be
•a i | ? P p "height «—'argepiekdiameter turn-table for max. stabi]itv—adjustments altered to 33 or 45 r.p.m. Limited
SCR'sAfltZV (THYRISTORS)
TArtYr c/\niT 400V 134 13* xV lim-
1?- r'clearance
Ji .T. above
4|in. :uP topping position andwithstylus
2im. below-fitted latestpressure. Size is 29/6 each, plus post and insurance 6/6.
hi-compliauce quantity onlv
P'"
13 amp
amp 50
6/8 100
7/6 V 300V
8 6 fo8heestereo—and mono L.P. and 78. Supplied complete with mounting
7/6 8/6 9/8 9/8 gfiTfi Ah
£6.8.6
0£fered
plus* i/o carnage and^.msurance. month at- the Special Snip price of Intended for driving battery 9 VOLT PRECISION MOTOR
25 amp 30/- 35/- 47/6 10/8
operatedplayers.
record tape recorders
Laminated. and
Tested SILICON
and guaranteed RECTIFIERS "THiS MONTH'S SNIP' Pole armature with Brush Gear6
750mA IOOV 1/3 1A 100V and rapid
25/-. start7/8,
Our Price switch.
plusNormally
post and
200V 1/6 200V 4/- BECKASTAT insurance 1/6.
3A 100V 400V 3/6 400V 6,'-
200V 5/- 10A 200V100V 9/6 An Instant Thermostat. Simply push it into MAINS TRANSISTOR
400V 7/8
600V 12/8 your wall socket and plug your fire or other POWER PACK
hub-miniature glass9/8encased—oulv400V approx. 14/6Sin appliance into it. Knob setting. Will
cost in a season. Normally £3. We offer at 18/6 save its Designed to operate transistor sets and ampli-
long, wire ended. plus 2/- post. When ordering state whether fiers. Adjustable output 6V, 9V, 12V for up
400mA 50V 1/8 100V 2/8 200V 4/ to 500mA
for 33A or 15A socket. any of the(class B working).
following batteries:Takes
PP1,the PP3placePP4of
TypeT PP6, PP7, PP9 and others. Kit comprises:
iV o. Price Type ifo. Price Type A'o. Price
mains transformer rectifier, smoothing and load
resistor, 5,000 and 500 mfd. condensers. Zener
2N1728 10/- MAT
MAT12I 120 7/9 OC72 diode and instructions. Real snip at only 14/6
2N1742 25/- OA5 8/6 OC75 F.M. TUNER plus 3/6 postage.
2N1747 25/. OA10 -"" 5/- OC76 Of exceptional quality, giving real I v
OA47 6/-
3,- OC77 fantaatic results with virtually no noise. SENSITIVE HAND
AC107
AC127 fl/- 9/- OA70 2/- OC78 OC78D Suitable for mains or battery operation.
6 transistors—three IP stages—double MICROPHONE
Dynamic type. Low impedance, moving
ACY17 8/6 OAS1 2/8 OC81D OA79 2/6 OC81 tuned discriminator. Complete, new, and ion. fitted in unusually neat plastic head
ACY18 5/8 OA85 2/6 OC82 built up all ready to work on chassis. with anti-microphonic coupling to15/-handle.
ACY19 6/6 OA90 2/8 OC83 Size 6m xmotion
and slow 4m xdrive.
2in with tuning tuner
A £12.12.0 scale Extra small size, very sensitive. each.
ACY20 5/6
ACY21 6/- OA200 3/3 OC139 8 6OA91 2/6 OC84 for only £8.19.6 plus 3/G post and POLYESTER FILLED
AGY22 4/6 insurance. FLUORESCENT CHOKE
AF114 7/- OA202 12/8 4/3 OC140 12/6 Extra silenttubes.
operation, suitable
AF115 6/8 OC20
AFI16. 7/- OC23 17/6 OC200 OC22 10/- OC170
OC171 19 h " . U RSEAL
automatic time switch 240V 40W Price only for13/6230/
or
API17 5/- OC24 15/- OC201 etc. Regular with two bi-pin push on ends, two spring
AF118 10/- tube clips, starter and starter holder
AP139 12/6 OC28 15/- OC26 7/8 OC202 17/6 complete. Postage for
only is 4/6. SOW as above, price 17/6 kit or choke
AF186 17/6 OC29 17/6 OC203 OCP71 HEAT AND LIGHT UNIT for the clmke or 21/- for the kit. Post 4/6.
AFZ12 15/-
ASZ2I 15/- OC36 15/- ORP12 OC35 12.6 Bring luxury to your bathroom—have STUPENDOUS OFFER—£11 for £2
BC107 14/6 OC42 6/8 SB078 ORP60 comforting
light—all the heat where you now only have
BYIOO 4/6 OC44 m parts
ode are to build a full size (16in. The Princess Superbet
BYZ13 7/8 OC45 3/6 3B251 4/- SB305 . ! now
vnu build it in an hour—-1210. 750W available—you
MAT100 7/9 OC70 4/- ST140 circular
MAT101 8/6 OC71 3/6 i ST141 forsilica-glass
bowl reflector—white
up to 100W encasedlamp—non-rust
element—opal
enamelled base heat shield, pull switch
33 norma!ly at £4 £5 0 on
'wA^.h. ^3 pole, 2 way—3 pole. 3 way—i pole, SmSSnce ^ - 'y 49/8 plus 7/6 carr.'
* "^ay—2 pole, 4 way—3 pole, 4 wav
/ at
-72 Pole. 6 way—1 pole.
8/8 each 38/- dozen, your 12 way. All
assortment. TERY
12v INVERTER r^l ,f^ICapstan
With OPERATED
control. TAPE well
This unit is extremely DECK made
Fully transistorised for operating a and measures approx. 6m x 5in x 2in deep. Has three
20W fluorescent tube. Size 6in long piano key type controls lor Record, Playback and
by 1'jn by I'in. £3.10.0. Post and Rewind. Motor is a special heavy duty type intended
insurance 3/-. for operation off 4/5 volts. Supplied complete with 2 Only recently sold for £10.9.6. Note these features*
5 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER spools ready to install. Record, Replay head is the pull • Long & Medium Wave • Long dial • Push
sensitive M4 type intended tor use with transistor output • A.V.C. and feed back # Ferrite
Mounted on a printed board, size approx. Gin x amplifier. Price t4.15.0. Post and insurance 4/6. aerial • Six transistors • Cabinet size 4/in x 3in
with volume control, iqput microphone ■v llin with carrying strap. You get everything
socket
An excellentand push-pull output rated using
at JWpair for ofgram
OC81or you need and instructions. 39/6 plus 3/6 p. & p
tape recorder. amplifier
Price £2.10.0. Lattery 3/9 extra. Data separately 2/6.
Where postage isover
not definitely stated as an ELECTRONICS (CROYDON) LIMITED
!5
£3 add ^ 2/9. ^,v0rders ^ are Posadd
Semi-conductors t free.1'-Below
post
y (Dept. P.E.) 102/3 TAIVlWORTH RD., CROYDON, SURREY (Opp. W. Croydon Stn.)
Over £1 post free,
also at 266 LONDON ROAD, CROYDON, SURREY

637
 VOL, 3 No. 9 PRACTICAL

smB iw ELECTRONICS

MICROELECTRONICS AND THE AMATEOR THIS MONTH

Microelectronics has been described as the most
significant development in the field of electronics
since the invention of the transistor.
Last month we discussed the probable effects upon the CONSTRUCTIONAL PROIECTS
industry as integrated circuits become widely adopted in
place of traditional discrete components. We now ELECTRONIC STOPCLOCK 645
propose to consider microlectronics from the amateur SCREENWIPER DELAY UNIT 661
point of view.
In contrast to industry where the future trend will lead CHEMOSTAT 668
toward large scale conversion to integrated circuits, it is TRANSISTOR TEST SET 682
safe to predict that amateur constructors will contir ue to
rely mainly on traditional components.
It is certain that lower prices and general availability
will in due course make the integrated circuit an attractive
proposition for some amateur purposes. Suitable applica- SPECIAL SERIES
tions will be found for the IC to augment discrete com-
ponents, but certainly not to replace them. However it
must be admitted that the majority of "one-off" projects COMPUTER EVOLUTION—4 654
hardly justify the use of ICs, nor have these devices the
nexibihty required for experimental work in circuit MICROELECTRONICS—2 673
design.
Nevertheless, from a novelty aspect alone these devices
will naturally appeal to many. Building some relatively
simple project like, for example, a compact audio amplifier,
will provide a practical introduction to the new world of GENERAL FEATURES
microcircuits. Such a project will, in fact, be presented to
our readers next month.
But we think the most important and exciting contribu- ELECTRONIC TELEPHONE
tion of -the IC will be in making feasible the kind of EXCHANGES 640
projects which previously have seemed too ambitious for INGENUITY UNLIMITED 681
the private individual. The seeming complexity of many
exotic electronic equipments is largely accounted for by
the rnultiplicity of a number of quite ordinary "standard1,
circuits; the real complexity lies in the system of inter-
connections. Thus we can surely expect that the amateur
designer, like his counterpart in industry, will find him- NEWS AND COMMENT
self becoming more "systems" orientated.
With these new building blocks the drudgery of repetitive
wn-mg work will disappear. Thus one of the disincentives EDITORIAL 639
to building complex equipment such as organs and cal- MARKET PLACE 660
culating machines will be removed. With more extensive N.P.L. OPEN DAY
circuitry employed, the advantage of miniaturisation 663
becomes immediately apparent. Spatial demands will be AUDIO TRENDS 664
less- -a not insignificant factor when limited accommoda- ELECTRONORAMA ! 666
tion has to be shared with other members of the family.
It would seem that the amateur will, in short, be able DETACHED PARTICLES 693
to enjoy the best of both worlds. The range of his potential
activities, already of some magnitude, will be expanded
further as the new devices become available. The limit Our October issue will be published on
will be set by his ambition—and his pocket.
Friday, September IS
66 NevTnes
House, Southampton Street, London, W.G.2. Advertisement Omces- PRACTIcTlTELECTRONUrs ^ oe Ltd-. Tower
London W.C.2. Phone: 01-836 4363. Telegrams: Newnes Loiidnn n?, n ludin Geors 8 eNewnes Ltd., 15/17 Long Acre,
the world, 36s. (g) George Newnes Ltd., 1967. Copyright in all drawings nhnfnOraohc
is specially reserved throughout the countries sfgnltory to fh^e^^oivfSion nnd * ^ S Pp tag for one year, to any
^CTIGAL ELECTRONICS part of
these are therefore expressly forbidden. y t e erne c.onventton and the U.S.A. Reproductions or imitations of any of
 time division multiplex (t.d.m.) group, the speech high-
ways are time divided and as many as 100 conversations The register selector chooses a free register, and the
can be time shared on one highway. Each con- calling subscriber's number is passed into it The
yersation is sampled at, say, 100 microseconds (us) register then demands access to Call Control, this access
intervals for l//s and the speech amplitude al that being regulated by the register finder which prevents
instant is passed forward. This is known as "amplitude more than one register gaining access at any one time.
modulation". CALL CONTROL
However, the amplitude may be coded in binary
torm and passed forward as binary digits and this is Call Control instructs the register to pass the calling
known as pulse code modulation (p.c.m.) The subscriber s number to the decoder. The output of the
principal disadvantage with this system is the cost of the decoder is a potential on a unique lead representing the
modulators and demodulators which are required for calling subscriber. This lead is threaded through the
every subscriber. class of service field and then to its line circuit to operate
the marker relay, which marks the A switch of the
6 Space division
•iV?
vided group,
for each conversation and athis
discrete path isuse
path makes pro-
of switching network to which the subscriber is connected.
reed relay crosspoints, "ferreed" crosspoints (a ferreed At the same time the Call Control instructs the
is a magnetically latched reed relay), or semiconductor electronic speech path selectors to select a free "own-
crosspoints. The control of such an exchange is exchange" supervisory relay set and a path through the
simpler than that of a time division exchange but the C H, and A switches to the calling subscriber. The
speech switching network requires more equipment than chosen relay set is connected to the register via the
that of the t.d.m. exchange. register switch and the completion of the path is
detected over a common lead from the line circuit to
Call Control.
CENTRALISED CONTROL Call Control is then released from the register, which
The system, now being built for up to 2,000 lines
is register controlled providing a separate physical path returns dial tone over the established path. This
lor each established speech path connection; switching process from lifting the handset to dial tone being
actions are separated from the controlling actions. heard takes approximately 50 milliseconds.
Moreover, all calls through the switching network for all The calling subscriber now dials the digits of the
lines are directed by one centralised electronic control, subscriber he wishes to call, for example 2132. The
comprising a combination of magnetic cores, semi- pulses generated by the dial are received in the register
conductors and reed relays. This central control counted, and stored. When he has completed dialling,
processes calls on a one-at-a-time basis but, because of
last electronic switching speeds, it can handle calls
occurring almost simultaneously.
When calling through the new electronic system (see
.rig. 2), the subscriber s telephone is connected to a line
circuit which responds when the subscriber picks up his A two-motion selector and T"
telephone. A pulse is produced and this is converted relay set used in
by the calling number generator" into a pulse pattern conventional electro-
mechanical exchanges
representing the calling subscriber's directory number
for example 2114. -t CD

Fig. I. How two subscribers are linked MS

together. Subscriber 2114 lifts his handset,
connecting him to his own uniselector which
2114 Subs. searches for a free first group selector which
Uniselectors returns dial tone

2132
S.T. D. Junction Junction to
Equipment Relay Set Adjacent
1st Group I 51 Exchange
Selectors I

:—zJ To other Groups of

999 1
— Second Selectors
Equipment
^nd Group rT"
Selectors L
(2"') =
\Group/ ~
To other Groups of
Final Selectors ?

Final
Selectors |[21]
121.. t
\Group/ ir= I
To Lines 2111 to 2100
representing a digit of the subscriber's number.
The wire from the subscriber's line circuit carrying
the calling pulse (and threaded through the cores
according to the subscriber's directory number)
induces a pulse in the secondary winding of each core so
threaded. The resulting pulse pattern is amplified,
shaped and written into a queueing store awaiting the •>? g'■ a.
agf
connection* of a free register; this queueing store ■q
utilises small square-loop fcrrite cores. tbf- ViSf
A signal from the store control causes the register m W
selector to choose a free register, which is then connected S{m
.-*4
to the queueing store. The information is read out of 1
the store, amplified, lengthened, and used to switch Y!#. -vvsh
reed relay stores in the register. The store is then -4^ ISP**'
released. i
The queueing store can handle two calling numbers
provided they occur more than 1ms apart; choosing
a register, connecting it to, and releasing it from the
store takes approximately 10ms. (These speeds are
quite fast enough for exchanges in the small to medium
range.) To cover spurious induced pulses the amplifiers
of the store are arranged to ignore the first 5//s of any The supervisory relay set in the electronic exchange
calling pulse.
The secondary register finder is brought into use when
PATH SELECTION more than one register is demanding access to Call
The selection of a path through the switching net- Control at the same time. The registers are divided
work is performed by a combination of the B switch into groups of five, and the secondary register finder
selector, C switch selector, and supervisory selector. chooses a group of registers with a demand signal.
The choice of a register is arranged by the primary and The start signal comes from the primary register finder.
secondary register selectors; the secondary selector All those gates with a demand signal and a start
chooses one of a group of registers, the primary selector signal begin to operate but the lowest numbered gate
chooses a register in that group; similarly with the immediately inhibits the higher-numbered gates, result-
register finders. ing in its own full operation and the cutting-off of all
Each selector consists of five or six input gates in a the others.
logic circuit allowing only one gate to be operated at a
time. Each gate receives its input signal from a switch, POWER SUPPLIES
or register, indicating that the switch or register is free. The exchange operates from a conventional nominal
The input gates are also controlled by a "start" signal. 50V (negative) exchange battery, i.e. a battery whose
Each gate has an output circuit which is connected to voltage can vary between 46 and 52. A 50V positive
the same switch or register as the input lead. An supply also is needed for some of the circuits and if no
output signal is generated only by the gate which has suitable supply already exists it can be derived fsom the
operated as a result of the selection process, and exchange battery by transistor inverters.
"marks" the chosen switch or register. To avoid the distribution and security problems of
providing further voltage rails, 60V transistors have
been employed and the majority of the circuits use
LINE INCOMING CV8760 transistors. An avalanche diode CV8805 is
CCT SUP'Y ItS used for marking reed relay crosspoint switches and all
other applications in the circuits.
1st D G T
RELIABILITY AND SERVICE SECURITY
Production of equipment possessing absolute
reliability is not practicable. Therefore, the exchange
has been designed to be fault tolerant, allowing calls to
QUEUEING be processed continuously and accurately despite the
occurrence of occasional faults.
STORE In the setting up and control of each call, use is made
r 2nd DIGIT of equipment common to the whole exchange; such
equipment is duplicated. Each set of common equip-
ment is brought into service alternately every eight
(2nd 3rd & minutes under normal working conditions. On
4th DIGITST0
PRIORITY detection of a fault, the affected set is locked out and the
other maintains service continuously; in the meantime,
START a signal is given to the maintenance control centre
STORE REGISTER REGISTER requesting the attendance, when convenient, of a
CONTROL 2 maintenance engineer.
When any call fails to mature, owing to a transient
REGISTER fault, call control makes a second attempt in setting-up
SELECTOR the call. The original path chosen, together with the
numbers of the calling and called subscribers, is
fig. 3. Block diagram of the calling number generator recorded on paper tape and this, together with alarm
lamps, will enable the maintenance engineer to identify
043
 A CONSTRUCTIONAL
PROJECT USING
PRE-PACKAGED
CIRCUIT MODULES

A
ID fD

O LID JD By M. I. Birch

The instrument to be described in the following

1 ar t ,cle fo
. c 1 ' r want of a better name, has been termed .. .Tt?ere 's nothing revolutionary about the design of
this instrument and there are indeed several instruments
f" r fCtf0,nic StoPc|ock". Basically, it measures the on the market which will do the job in the same way
u u of time elapsed between two events or stimuli However, the disadvantage with the latter is that the
a
Wh^r. m t0rfromlnstrument
here it-fHdiffers as electrical
a conventional analogues.
stopclock is in the cost tends to be in the region of hundreds of pounds.
range of times it can measure. the following design is adhered to in detail and
The instrument to be described has four pre- assuming every component including the cabinet has to
determmed ranges each having maximum periods bv, bought, the total cost should not exceed £18
a
ai u
Although 0-012 seconds
the instrument respectively
is capable of resolving each LOGIC BLOCKS
o these ranges into 60 individual units of time (i.e. it is j J.he Tajor
theoretically possible to measure a period of 0-2ms designed aroundpart of this
standard equipment
ready made "logicis therefore
blocks".
on the fastest range), there are other factors such as Developments are now such that it is more economic on
component tolerance and accuracy of meter reading v nentiItCOS it alone ' forthat
the amateur
to use these new
which limit the usefulness to a resolving power of lacilities. also means a great deal of the tedium
approximately 5 per cent of the selected range, and a of wiring multiple circuits is removed and the designer
tolerance of 10 per cent of the recorded value can spend more time and thought on the system rather
The instrument, therefore, does not make great tnan on the circuitry.
claims for accuracy in its present form (even though It IS not intended to go into great details on defining
this can quite easily be achieved by using more expensh e the logic symbo s or terms used in describing this unit!
components). However, it is an invaluable tool for the as these have already been extremely well covered in
laboratory, school, photographic department or dark- th frwherever
u ' aHo wever, it isis made
necessary
room Alternatively, it can be used with special input reference to ato"logical
define the
1" fact
(as
circuits to act as a velocity meter or a reaction time opposed to a 0) this is a negative voltage of a magnitude
meier. between -4 and -8 volts. A "logical 0" is a voltage
between-0-5 and +1-0 volts vonage
645
 ilQ Sib

7*,
I
/VR2 Ii /
r ima I / iyF I VR3 o-w O-OOi
ina
_C1 -02 .C3 -,C4
^mOOO! •aof .ai
MF iiF yF
S3a -9V
^^7777777777777/^77777}
viaSJa 1 —6 ^
to-9V
6(3 > >
^Output Wy
Register /,

Fig. 2. Multivibrator with

external range switch and timing
capacitors. The NOR gate
(TR3) and associated resistors
are Included in the module. The OOV
shaded area shows the circuitry
inside the module. Pins con- From liwJt
nection numbers are given OR 6«te
5 +4.5V
I
greater than one pulse less, and will only be significant at
low counts. In Figs. 2, 4, and 5 the areas within the shaded boxes
Thecount of 24 or 25 will be displayed as an analogue are the parts of the circuits contained within the
output on the meter, which is directly calibrated in modules.
seconds and of course the reading would be 0-5 second, If the home constructor so desired he could under-
this figure is permanently held on the meter until the take fhe job of wiring up his own circuitry to cover that
reset button is depressed, when the reading will once withm the logic modules. Component values have not
more return to zero. been included in this article, but the circuits used are
If we allow the input to hold condition 0 for 1-5 tairiy standard and equivalent circuits with component
seconds, we should count 75 pulses, but as soon as 60 is values can be found in several textbooks.
reached, the inhibit circuit comes into operation, arm
applies a level 1 on to the multivibrator nor gate thus MULTIVISRATOR AND CONTROL "NOR"
entry of any further pulses. GATE
The meter will indicate that this has happened by Fig. 2 shows the basic module and the associated
reading full stale, which means that the pulse repetition cross-coupling capacitors wired externally to the
frequency of the multivibrator must be reduced by module If one ignores TR3 the module is a simple
multivibrator circuit with the cross-coupling left out.
repeated0 SWitCh and the measurem
' ent The circuitry is such that if a theoretically perfect
Various types of input transducers and circuits will eapactor is used to cross-couple, the dwell time for that
be described later in this article, but of course, there are side will be 1ms for every O-Ol/iF.
many possible ways of creating the correct input con- I' must be realised though that to get continuous
pulses both sides must be cross-coupled to each other
whlrhSthe
which fhPnf-timer is6 ,to
W1
ube depend
put.
on the
application to
ft?- ,?arn.e criittef'
this application
ori
is mostfor convenient
dwell time to
willuse
apply. In
a mark/
space ratio between pulses of 1 : 1 and therefore it is
necessary to use two identical capacitors for each
range of frequency.
The actual time between identical points on output
levels will therefore be 2ms per 0 01/tF of coupling.
In this design values of 1/iF, 0- 1/tF, 0-01/rF, and 0 001/tF
J ^ USe. h 7ese gIve Periods between pulses of
' fV' and 0-2ms respectively. For all the ranges
except the slowest, using the 1/tF electrolytic capacitor,
S ngUre n
tr*7 |7 purely
trolled f ef be tolerance
by the taken as of
accurate, and are con-
the capacitors.
Due to the high leakage of electrolytic capacitors, the
Per.,od the slowest range will be found to be approxi-
mately 20 per cent longer than calculated, but this can
be compensated for by including a preset 1 megohm

647
 RADIO
INCREASE

TELEVISION
YOUR

ELECTRONIC

KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING

MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION

OF BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGES
THE right
COURSE FROM
iNnTi?Tp^ATD EVISION
Ii^ engineering,
THERE IS AN ICS COURSE FOR YOU
AK?S'MS 0TELEMF?C1 ^^ R VCXM^ZCH-
^OSPRI^ST VP Whether you need a basic grounding, tuition to complete
7 . t^hrncal qualifications, or further specialized
ALSO EXAMINATION COURSES FOR: knowledge, ICS can help you with a course individually
Electronic and Radio Engineers adapted to your requirements.
>;■ f X' telecommunication Techns". Cert.
c.&O, Supplementary Studiesv There is a place for you among the fully-trained men.
R-T.E.B.Certificates.
r.M.G. Radio/TV Servicing Cert. They are the highly paid men—the men of the future,
Radio Amateurs' Exam, if you want to get to the' top, or to succeed in your own
LEARN AS YOU BUILD hands688' PUt yOUr technical train n
i g in our experienced
rsrayJSa!bSld YOUR a OUnd kn wled
? ° 8<= °f Radio 5<
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9/67

649
 +4-5V supply, so these have also to be linked externally.
Pins p and 8 are what are called "direct entry points", or
"set" and "reset" respectively.
If a logic level 1 is applied to, say, pin 8 this will Table I: TRUTH TABLE FOR DIVIDER
cause the output point 15 to go to level 0 and this will NETWORK
override any signals which may still be entering the
bistable by way of the capacitive inputs. -Assuming State of Outputs
that no signals are arriving on the capacitive clock entry Mode Pulse Binary number
point, the bistable will stay in the condition of output 2 4 8 16 32
point 15 at state 0 after the "reset" pulse is removed
Whatever state the output at pin 15 is at, the output RESET
at pin 17 will be the opposite; we therefore define in, COUNTING
this article, pin 15 as the "output" and pin 17 as the
"complementary output".
^ When the final equipment is in operation and the
reset button is pressed, all the binary divider outputs and so on up to
go to level 0, therefore, pins 8 on all the six stages are 57 I 0 0 I I |
linked together so that the reset pulse is applied 58 0 I 0 I I 1
simultaneously to all the units. In order to achieve 59 ' I 0 I | |
binary division down the chain, it is only necessary to 60 0 0 I I | |
couple the output (pin 15) of the first binary to the STOP
linked capacitive inputs (pins 25 and 26) of the following
stage and this is repeated down the line.
At this stage it is worth showing part of the truth
table for a divider network of this type, so that the state At the count of 60 pulses the outputs of binaries
of the output points on each stage can be clearly 4, 8, 16, and 32 are all at level I. This means that their
defined for any number of entry pulses. This is complementary outputs are at level 0. This satisfies
extremely important here as it has a direct bearing on the condition which will operate the inhibitor nor gate
the function of the digital-to-analogue converter. and prevents any further pulses entering the register. It
is for this reason that the complementary outputs of the
y77/777?-/777777\ last four stages are fed to the inhibit gate.
r S3a
INHIBIT "NOR" GATE
The inhibit nor gate is shown in Fig. 5. The four
To Input inputs are coupled to the complementary outputs of the
O- 0ft Gale last four binary dividers, and the output is coupled back
^AAvA to the simple diode or gate of Fig. 3. The power
To Pin<7 A A —^v'and "M 5V W tfl a
' " theSe moc u es
' ' ' are
again
Binaries.,
;-S-vv^ DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE CONVERTER
The digital-to-analogue converter has a direct bearing
O" Jhe accuracy and linearity of the instrument and
although the circuit (as shown in Fig. 6) looks simple it
is oerhaps too simple to be true.
Digital—to-analogue resistor networks are probably
one of the biggest headaches the system designer has to
\^/zzz/yvy/////A o-— S3b contend with. In this application the problem is not
5. Inhibit NOR gate too great as we are only dealing with a 6-bit register
however, with larger storage chains up to 10 bits the
problems of designing these networks to operate with
available components can be extremely difficult and can
involve considerable component cost.
What are the hidden problems? The first is fairly
obvious, and that is the fact that the resistor values
called lor are not standard and cannot therefore be
0- 500 obtained off the shelf". It will also be noted that the
values alter as a binary ratio, starting at 2 kilohms and
ending at 64 kilohms. For a 10-bit register, the top
value would be 1 024 megohms.
While the actual values of these resistors are not
critical, the ratio between them is extremely important
and this must stay constant to within a fraction per cent
tor perfect linearity of scale. They must also match
each other under different temperature conditions, i.e.
all have exactly the same temperature coefficient.' In
our case, where the equipment will probably only ever
L.L I -1 I T be subjected to room temperature, the latter problem is
BINARY not critical, and as we are only working to 6 bits, the
32 actU
/g. 6. Digital-to-analogue resistor network j:J[0'erance on ratio, while still important, is not
too difficult to achieve.

651
 RACTICAL

LECTRONIC8

S* RECORD

/ £0 ELECTRONIC SOUNDS
&
<<^^4 AND EFFEC

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mj ELECTRONIC MUSIC TECHNIQUES
This special article defines electronic music, de-
\ .4 scribes how it is composed and produced, and
includes details of electronic tone sources,
storage devices and techniques employed by
professionals, plus circuits and hints for the
amateur. With the help of the record, it shows
how you can find a fascinating new creative field
of personal expression in this exciting musical
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653
 is passed through the centre of a core, the direction of
magnetisation can be changed by means of the current
the wire carrying the current is known as a "drive" DRIVE WIRES
or co-ordinate" wire.
, ^ msdium-size core store, however, there may be FERRITE CORES
j;-? million cores, and this would need a large number of
drive wires The M.I.T. arrangement gets round this
by setting the cores out in a matrix (see Fig. 4 1) This
enables one drive wire to be used for several cores
When it is desired to switch a particular core, drive DRIVE WIRES
currents of approximately half that required to switch
tu - padoes
1 his .ssed little
downmore
each than
of thedisturb
appropriate drive
most of the wires.
cores
on a wire, but where they cross at a core, they add up to
sulhcient drive to switch the core. By using this Fig. 4.1. Magnetic core store matrix
coincidence principle, the number of drive wires is
considerably reduced. In the example drawn in
Fig. 4.1, only eight wires are needed to switch sixteen
cores. rY DRIVE WIRES
It is possible to achieve a further saving in drive 2x RUNES
wires by breaking the "bits" up into words. If the
sixteen bits were to be composed of eight words, each of X DRIVE WIRES
two bits, the number of wires required could be dropped
to six, by arranging the bits in "planes" (see Fig 4 2)
Now eight computer words are stored with one bit in
each plane.
This is not the end of the story however. As the
store stands, if a drive current is sent down the drive
wires appropriate to a particular word, then all the
bits in that word will switch.
To enable a word of any combination of bits to be Thes« two Cores can store one
written, a third wire is needed. This wire is known as Word of two Bits
the inhibit wire; each plane has its own inhibit
wire, and this wire threads each core in the plane in the Fig. 4.2. Arranging "bits" In planes
opposite sense to one of the drive wires. When a
0 is to be written into a core, an inhibit current
is passed down the inhibit wire for that plane, and this
prevents the drive currents from reinforcing each other, One disadvantage of this system is that when a word
and hence stops the core from switching. is read out of the store, the store is left empty. If it is
There is one further refinement to be added before required to save the word read out, then arrangements
the store is complete. It is all very well being able to must be made for it to be written back again after it
write information into the store, but how is it to be has been used.
read out again? This is where the fourth wire of the Although this is a very popular type of store, it is
tour wire system comes in. not the only type. In general, a core store can be used,
A wire known as the readout wire is also threaded either as a direct' store, to which the computer can
t rough each core in a plane. When a word is to be gain access directly; or else as a "buffer" store for a
read out, the drive currents are reversed; hence any slower type of storage such as magnetic tape.
core that was switched to a "1" originally, will now A temporary_ store for use during an operation is
switch back to a "0". Those which were a "0" will not known as a register. This usually consists of a string
do anything. When a core switches back, the mag- of bistables, which can store one word at a time.
netic disturbance registers on the readout wire, and a Other forms of storage in common use are magnetic
1 is recorded. tape, magnetic discs and drums, punched cards and
punched tape.

Magnetic storage core matrix

plane containing 4096 cores,
manufactured by Mullard. Very
fast switching times (O-IJfis) are m
obtainable from the smaller
matrix under the magnifying A;
glass
 PRACTICAL!

VISUAL!

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657
 •H6V
■£>
SUM
W
-K- JD-

D2
-M-
F/g. 4.6. Electronic AND gate CARRY •
•O-
ItWERTOR
Fig. 4.8. Half-adder configuration

SUM
02
KA. Half adders HA
CARRY
OV
Fig, 4,7. Electronic OR gate Fig, 4.9. Two half-adders make an adder

C can only be "1" when both A and 5 are "1". two binary numbers is known as a "half-adder".
The use of the and "-f" signs for the and and One such is shown in Fig. 4.8.
or functions is deliberate, since Boolean equations The reader may like to verify for himself, by means
can be manipulated in just the same way as the equiva- of a truth table, that this circuit really does work.
lent algebraic ones. For instance, When two half-adders are connected as in Fig. 4.9,
A.{B + C) = A.B + A.C the result is known as a full-adder, and can add three
binary numbers together.
in both Boolean and ordinary algebra. This is just one of the many functions that logical
elements can perform on binary numbers. It can
ELECTRONIC ARITHMETIC probably be seen that the story does not end there,
Electronically, none of these Boolean functions is and that any arithmetic function, and quite a few non-
difficult to imitate. _A transistor makes a very good arithmetic ones, can be performed by means of Boolean
inverter for a start, and it is partly for this reason that logic.
Boolean algebra is used at all. The next article will delve into the manner in which
An and gate is shown in Fig. 4.6. numbers are represented in different types of computer,
A "1" is defined as, say, +6V and a "0" as 0V. and into the way negative numbers are taken care of.
Then when both A and B sit at "0", current can flow
through D1 and D2 to 0V. If either A or B rises to The line printer opened for maintenance on the I.C.T. 1901
6V, current can still flow through one of the two digital computer
diodes to 0V. However, once both A and B have risen
to 6V, there is no further path to earth for the current,
and the output will rise to 6V.
The or gate functions in almost an identical fashion
and its circuit is given in Fig. 4.7.
Using these three logical functions and their negative
counterparts, it is possible to perform arithmetic opera-
tions on binary numbers. Suppose, for instance, that two
numbers A and B are to be added together. The
truth table for this operation is given in Table 4.2.
When both A and B are 1, their sum is 2, which in
binary is written as 10. This means that any logical
circuit capable of adding the two numbers must also
deal with the sum and the "carry" bits of the answer. •0
A typical circuit that performs this function for just

Table 4.2. TRUTH TABLE OF 53^

A PLUS B ***.
S-'Kl
A fl C = (A plus B)
0 0 0 5*: •7*.
Sti
0 I 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
 calibration preset potentiometer (VR2) which is also
intended for matching arbitrary samples of AC126
transistors within their manufacturing tolerance range. m
Calibration checks should be made at monthly or
quarterly routine overhauls of the equipment. m
STARTING CONDITIONS 5KV.
At the start of each session of photographic work
it is necessary to have some means of determining
when the system has reached the selected nominal
temperature and is ready for operation. In principle, ' 'tMt
the nominal temperature has been reached as soon as yj,
the circuit switches for the first time. However,
this may take up to half an hour or even more, so that
it is inconvenient to watch the panel lamps.
Fortunately this is quite unnecessary. The manual
temperature selection control may also be used as
search control to take readings of the actual tempera- since it proved possible to reduce its hysteresis to less
ture. If it is slowly turned to the point at which the than a fifth of the photographic bath temperature
circuit switches, then the scale reading at that point tolerance without undue circuit complication. The
is the actual temperature of the liquid and feeler at the perlormance accuracy of the complete system is there-
time. If the nominal control state has already been fore determined entirely by the suitability of the
reached, displacement of the manual control through, at plumbing system. The ultimate aim is to match the
most 0-2 degrees C in the appropriate direction causes heating or cooling time constants of the plumbing
the circuit to switch. system to the time constant of the temperature feeler in
The switching time constant is about 0-5 seconds, such a manner that corrections are not made so rapidly
so that response delays up to 2-5 seconds may result. that overshoots beyond the tolerance range result, and
These are essential to avoid spurious responses to mains not so slowly that random temperature drifts can again
voltage or water flow transients and to suppress hunting exceed the tolerance range.
at critical hysteresis cancellation setting. Therefore
move the manual control VR1 slowly and in small steps Temperature adjustments always take place according
to an exponential law which is of the same form as the
when using it to take a temperature reading. discharge of a capacitor through a resistor. The so-
The nominal control state is not significantly dis- called thermal time constant is the time taken for the
turbed by a temperature read-off search adjustment of temperature difference of a body with respect to its
the manual control, provided the latter is returned .o surroundings to drop to a fraction I/e of its initial
the nominal setting within 30 seconds. This allows value. In the same way, the electrical time constant of
adequate time to take a temperature reading. If a resistor-capacitance combination is the time taken by
continuous temperature indication is nevertheless the capacitor to discharge through the resistor to a
desired, an ordinary mercury thermometer or some fraction l/e of its initial voltage.
form of simple electronic thermometer should be When this exponential law -is expressed mathe-
suspended in the controlled liquid in addition to the matically and differentiated to find the corresponding
Chemostat feeler. rates of change, we find that the rate of discharge of a
capacitor (volts per second), or the rate of temperature
THERMAL TIME CONSTANTS change of a body (degrees per second), is always equal
In most cases, performance would be very disappoint- to the existing voltage or temperature difference,
ing if a haphazard plumbing system were to be used divided by the time constant. This simple rate law is of
without due consideration. The accuracy of the fundamental importance in the design of any thermo-
electronic circuit in the Chemostat is beyond reproach, static control system.

3-CORE MINIATLRE SCREEN TR1

PL1 SCREENED CABLE TAGSTRIP Mullard ACt26
X

SS
SPf1'
AFTER WIRING TAGSTRIP. WRAP IN TAPE COOLING FIN WOUND IN
AND COAT EXTERNALLY WITH DUROFIX LOOSE SPIRAL TO FIT TEST TUBE
(a) WIRING
BUN G t AP E W 0UN0
T //|/- TyT T nB P TAGSTRIP WRAPPED IN p.,.c. TAPE STANDARD THIN- TRI AND
GLASS TEST TUBE COOLING FIN
A.

t&WxWWWWV
ARALDITE
(b) ASSEMBLY
Fig. 6, Temperature feeler constructional details

669
 MATCHING THE RATES DES|GN PARAMETER
We will be using some form of heating or cooling This is the nominal design parameter for the Chemo-
device to apply continual corrections to the temperature stat plumbing system. As long as the feeler tempera-
of the photographic bath, according to the errors ture is below the selected threshold, the photographic
sensed by the feeler. The rate (degrees per second) of bath should be subjected to ambient air which is
the temperature correction is given by the temperature 10 degrees C hotter than the nominal bath temperature.
difference impressed with respect to the photographic When the feeler is above the threshold, the ambient air
bath, divided by the thermal time constant of the bath should be switched fo 10 degrees C colder than the
with respect to the heater/cooler. The thermal time nominal bath temperature.
constant of the bath depends upon the manner in which
heat is conveyed to or from the bath and thus differs TWO-WAY CORRECTIONS
profoundly for different physical arrangements. We have assumed that uVo-way corrections will be
The temperature feeler attempts to follow the heating applied, i.e. heating if the temperature is too low and
or cooling of the photographic bath, but will thereby cooling if it is too high. This practice is indeed quite
lag behind due to its own thermal time constant. The essential, because room temperatures normally tend to
temperature lag will rise to a value enabling the feeler be above 20 degrees C, so that the Chemostat would
temperature to rise at the same rate as the bath tempera- lose positive control if only a heater were to be
ture is increasing. Thus if the lag, which is the ultimate employed. Two-way corrections with positive heating
temperature error of the entire control system, is not to and positive cooling make the system inherently
exceed the bath temperature tolerance, the rate of bath insensitive to room temperature variations over a wide
heating or cooling must not exceed the bath temperature range and thus provide the only reliable method of
tolerance divided by the feeler time constant. On the working for all seasons of the year.
other hand, the rate of bath temperature correction
should not be slower than this value, because dis- COOLING
turbances are then not corrected as rapidly as inherently Cooling is problematic when a good water main is not
possible with a given system. available. In such cases, electrical refrigeration equip-
ment is essential. Commercial units are available for
cooling running water. Experiments may also be
MEASUREMENTS carried out with adapted domestic refrigerators, with
The feeler time constant is easily measured by keeping tepid tapwater running through folded tubing on the
the bath temperature constant manually and plotting a freezer plate. Such problems require individual
graph of the rise or fall of feeler temperature against attention in consultation with appropriate contractors.
time. The feeler temperature is thereby measured We will assume that a cold water main connection is
with the help of the manual temperature control VR1, available, and that after an initial stabilising period, the
searching for the switch-point at successive intervals of steady temperature of the water issuing from it lies
time. Section (a) of Fig. 9 shows such a plot. The between 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. This con-
curve "in water"' is the relevant one here. The thermal dition is normally satisfied for British and other
time constant is read-off from the graph as the time temperate climates. Refrigeration equipment will
taken for the curve to drop to a fraction 1 je of its initial then not be required.
height. The temperature tolerance of the photo-
graphic bath is rtO'5 degrees C and the thermal time HEATING
constant of the Chemostat feeler was measured to be A normal immersion heater dipping into the photo-
100 seconds in water for the prototype. Thus the graphic bath would give far too short a time constant,
heating/cooling system should apply temperature resulting in greater overshoot errors than original
corrections to the photographic bath at an optimum random drift errors. Such a system would impair, not
rate of 1/200 degree C/sec. A faster rate of tempera- improve, the bath temperature stability. Suitable low-
ture correction would lead to overshoot, whilst a wattage immersion heaters with mechanical stirrers may
slower rate would take longer than necessary to correct be used in principle, but it is then difficult to apply a
random disturbances. matched cooling cycle. Indirect heating methods are

AMBIENT VARIATION Se
1-0
Using variation of ambient air temperature as -/Vctnr=100 "C £E
y oO 0*8 '"ievelopsr 000
=2
correction method, the relevant time constant of the
bath is readily measured by filling the developer tray rflir = 250 sec
with water raised to a certain temperature above room 0*6 o V, 0-6 750cc developer
temperature and then plotting the cooling curve in the *• o in light yellow
absence of draughts (section (b) of Fig. 9). The same 0-4 E_ plostlc troy
- iJ 0-4 __ T"* 9" in still
tray as will be used in the final system should be used, •— 4U 0 room oir
and the amount of water (or preferably actual '2
developer) in it should correspond to the average o*
amount which will be used in the tray during normal v Zero
processing. The thermal time constant came but at 0 100 200 300 400 500 §iz'ro< 5000 10000
Seconds / Seconds
about 2,000 seconds for prototype measurements with a
light yellow plastic tray 7in x 9in containing 750cc of Hours
developer solution. (o) DETERMINING THE FEELER (b) DETERMINING THE DEVELOPER
According to the rate law, we require an impressed TIME CONSTANT DRIFT TIME CONSTANT
temperature difference of 10 degrees C to obtain the Fig. 9. These curves indicate how the optimum heating/
required heating/cooling rate of 1/200 degrees C/sec cooling correction gradient for a given feeler and bath
with this thermal time constant of 2,000 seconds. may be determined
671
 f

I he two pellets of indium form the emitter and

collector contacts respectively; the narrow band of
original n type germanium left between them forms the
base area. The gain of the transistor is rough'y
proportional to the width of this base region- the
breakdown voltage is proportional to the quality and
concentration of the doping material in the vicinity
of the junction.
The same principle applies in making a planar
transistor, except that, as the name implies all diffu-
sions are carried out in a single plane and from only
one surface of the device.
DIFFUSION
To make an upn planar transistor, it is necessary to
start with «-type silicon which will ultimately form the
collector (see Fig. 4a). By forming a thin layer of
silicon dioxide on the surface of this silicon—usually
by heating to a high temperature in an atmosphere of
steam—it is possible to passivate the surface, or protect
it from chemical attack or contamination (Fig. 4b).
If a small window is cut into this passivating layer by
a photolithographic process using a powerful etch

PART TWO

i ly rvi.j. hui
hushes m.a.

T'HE first part of this article last month delved into the
intricacies of thin film circuits. A glossary of such as hydrofluoric acid, a p-type impurity such as
terms was included which is completed this month boron can be diffused into this selected area (Figs
v 6
4c
Now let us continue with a close look at silicon planar and 4d). •
semiconductor integrated circuits. The boron usually originates from boron tribromide
a gas, which is passed over the surface of the hot
Sll 0 n
SILICON PLANAR DEVICES '9 . -, .The Iength of time, and the temperature at
Ibc concept of making integrated circuits from which this operation is carried out controls the depth
semiconductor materials stems back to the basic of penetration, and also the concentration of boron
method of manufacturing conventional silicon planar on the surface. The remaining passivating oxide
transistors. It is worth describing the simple tran- prevents diffusion elsewhere on the surface. The boron
sistor before complicating the issue by introducing diffuses sideways through the silicon as well as down-
other types of components. wards; therefore the all important junction between
A planar transistor comprises three electrodes the the new p-type region and the original «-type material
base, emitter, and collector. In the case of an' npn is under the surface of the oxide, thus being protected
device the emitter and collectors are of «-type silicon from outside influences.
whi,e the base is p-type. The difference between /; The actual depth of penetration of this p material
and p-type materials is the method by which current or base region, is usually not more than 2 or 3 microns
flows; m the former case by electron mobility, and in (a micron is a millionth of a metre). By regrowing a
the latter case by hole mobility. new layer of thermal oxide on top of the p-tvne
To obtain these two types of majority carriers material the window can be closed (Fig. 4e).
accurately controlled amounts of dopants have to be If now a smaller window is etched in this oxide
introduced to the silicon. exacth' over the same centre as the first, it is possible
In the case of pnp germanium alloy diffused tran- to diffuse in an n-type impurity—for example phos-
sistors, this is effected by alloying a small amount of phorus (again from a gas such as phosphorus
doping matenal (e.g. indium) into each side of a oxychlonde) (Figs. 4f and 4g). The protective covering
of silicon dioxide again prevents diffusion taking place
f'lver o* ""type germanium. Under the action of heat except over the window area.
rf,.lnd'um atoms diffuse into the germanium from Careful control of this second diffusion a'lows the
both sides and form fronts, more commonly called n-type layer to penetrate the base region by an amount
junctions, between the indium pellets and the original
germanium. which must be less than the original base diffusion
which in this case would be approximately 1 micron.
 manufacture involving epitaxial isolation can be used
to overcome this. We will deal with the subject of
epitaxial deposition in detail a little later.
, ^lth?.U8h th's has been an extremely rudimentary (CONTINUED)
description of how a silicon planar transistor is made
a large number of production details have been omitted Large scale integration—The process of fabricating
6 c ar,ty complex circuits by interconnecting adjacent circuits
'
method of manufacture - is.The
the important
fact that asfeature of this
all processes on a wafer of silicon to form larger working circuits
are carried out on one surface of the silicon, there is no on a single substrate.
reason why a large piece of silicon should not be used -Ogic family—A term used to define certain types
to tabncate several transistors simultaneously of c.rcuitry which are often ideal designs for making
The only requirement for this would be to have integrated circuits. Some typical family names
photographic negatives carrying multiples of the base follow;
emitter, and contact patterns, each negative being CML- -Current Mode Logic.
CTL Complementary Transistor Logic.
DCTL Direct Coupled Transistor Logic.
DTL—Diode Transistor Logic.
ECCSL Emitter Coupled Current Steered Logic.
0 Etch windows for contacts ECTL—Emitter Coupled Transistor Logic.
to BASE and EMITTER BASE jl'hTTL High Level Transistor Transistor Logic.
Si02 RCTL Resistor Coupled Transistor Logic.
5i02 RTL--Resistor Transistor Logic.
TTL Transistor Transistor Logic,
ask- -A very high quality photographic negative
u i c®rr'es a steprocesses.
photolithographic P anc' repeated pattern could
The pattern for use in
very
well be of bases, emitters, or metallisation.
Stencil Mask- -A thin piece of metal foil etched with
windows which is used to define areas for metallisa-
EMITTER tion in the thin film vacuum process.
Metallisation—The deposition of metal—usually
aluminium—over the surface of a silicon wafer to
form contacts and interconnections. Deposition is
Si Op usually carried out by vacuum deposition.
j) Deposit ALUMINIUM X Micromodules—Assembly of miniature components.
and remove excess Micron -A millionth of a metre, or 0-00lmm.
for contacts
Monolithic -A monolithic integrated circuit is one
m which all the components are fabricated from a
single piece of material.
Mosaics- -Registered trade mark for metal oxide
silicon (transistor) array integrated circuits.
• Hetal oxide silicon transistor, a type of
field effect transistor.
MTBF—Mean time between failures. This is a term
used to define the reliability of a device, and is parti-
cularly used when referring to the reliability of
intergrated circuits.
Multichip circuits—As opposed to monolithic
circuits, these are made by using several different
crips o silicon each containing independent circuit
elements. The chips may be mounted on a conven-
Ultrasonic weld^ tional header, and interconnected by wire bonding, or
ALUMINIUM wire they may be of the flip chip type, and can be mounted
on to circuit board, or thin film circuits.
Ultrasonic weld Ohmfc contact—Any contact whether mechanical,
Gold plated soldered, or welded which does not have rectifying
Kovar lead
out post - properties, and where the current through the con-
EMITTER tact is directly proportional to the potential differ-
BASE Gold plating ence across it. Simply a contact which obeys Ohm's
COLLECTOR Law.
'>a,'as'tlc A parasitic is an undesirable stray capaci-
KOV, tance, inductive coupling, resistance leakage, or similar
BASE effect such as undesirable transistor action. The first
CONNECTION and last are the most serious in monolithic integrated 6
GLASS SEAL circuits.
OF CAN
Passivation—The protection of a surface from
chemical attack. Surface passivation is often used to
describe the use of oxide layers which prevent diffu-
sion in the planar process.
Phoiolithographic etching—A term used to des-
cribe the process by which materials can be etched
r preferentially in some areas and not in others by the
rnnf!lfJtfrom
transistor fge'by Stage >roce 0
an~ n-type
* wafer
" to
f making a silicon planar
final connections use of photo-sensitive chemical resists.

675
 \
\\
ar 1*

=~r i

A Marconi SCIC oscillator. The

coyer and gold electrodes on the A metal oxide silicon transis-
circular crystal have been left out tor circuit An enlarged view of the
MOST disc
material loses its semiconducting properties, and
becomes "ohmic". By careful process control it is resistivity stays the same) will all increase the value of
possible to produce regions of accurately controlled resistance. A feature of a resistor produced this way is
resistivity, and these areas form the basis of resistors in that its boundary comprises a pn junction (provided, of
1 n 8rate course, that the dopants are suitably selected). /Under
.^ d circuits. If a controlled resistivity region is correct bias conditions this serves to'isolate the resistor
diffused to a known depth (7") and the region is in the from the rest of the dice or wafer (Fig. 8).
shape of a rectangle with dimensions IV x L, th
resistance along the length (L) is simply (p x Ll/iiv'x T) As the dimensions of a resistor control its ohmic
where/) is the average resistivity of the region. value, there are obviously some practical limits to
Increasing the length, decreasing the width, or possible values which can conveniently be used in
decreasing the junction depth (providing the average miniature circuits. Usual resistance values which can
be accommodated range from 10 ohms to 10,000 ohms.

BUILD UP OF EPITAXIAL
LAYER OF n-TYPE SILICON COLLECTOR EMITTER
VAPOUR OF SILICON ACT CONTACT ALUMINIUM CONTACT
TETRACHLORIDE DOPED n-TYPE "MATERIAL
EMITTER SILICON
DIOXIDE
GAS IN
GAS OUT
n-TYPE
EPITAXIAL
WWWWWWW& LAYER
R.F. HEATING COIL COLLECTOR
HEATING PEDESTAL />-TYPE SILICON SUBSTRATE /J-TYPE SUBSTRATE
ig 5m
?heated
' . byEpitaxial deposition system.
the coil, shown in section here Thefor
glass envelope is
clarity
Fig. 7. Detail of a single epitaxially isolated planar
transistor

CONTACT AREAS n-TrPE

EMITTER DIFFUSION
P-TYPE
BASE DIFFUSION
r:

SOLATING fi-n fi-n ISOLATION

JUNCTION JUNCTION
p-TYPE SUBSTRATE
n-TYPE EPITAxTaL LAYER />-TYPE SUBSTRATE n-TYPE EPITAXIAL
Fig. 6. Cross-section showing the basic structure of layer
epitaxially related planar transistors di
Inl'oLy^matTriaT ^ ^d
677
 the Wyndsor Vanguard.. You can depend on

the most versatile Shure quality

MICROPHONES
recorder at its price*
For amateur radio
oflering so many
communica tions
outstanding features...
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• Separate Record • Recording meter and Microphone
and replay amp- Playback indicator
lifiers Specially designed for radio
• Double play • Straight through amp- communications, giving
lifier facility optimum performance from
• Sound-on- • Bass, treble, volume
Sound and record gain con- single sideband transmitters
• Detachable lid trols as well as AM and FM units.
fitted 8'speaker • Many other features Response cuts off sharply below
• Tape Monitor- 300 c/s and above 3,000 c/s,
ing facility with a rising characteristic to
•All British 3,000 c/s. This results in
Before you buy and full value optimum speech intelligibility
an ordinary for money at
tape recorder only S9 gns. and audio punch to cut through
write for full inc.1800 ft. LP noise interference. High
details of the tape and Tape impedance. Dependable under
Vanguard and manual. (less all operating conditions.
other models. mike).
WYNDSOR RECORDING CO. LTD. (Dept. RES) Complete with switch for
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This immensely readable book sets out to voice reproduction of high
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*No humidity ortemperature
however, is devoted to practical descrip- problems •
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computer designs. 20s net
If you would like more information about this book write to Setting the
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Museum Press Ltd. SHURE ELECTRONICS LTD.
39 Parker St London W.C.2 84 Blackfriars Road, London, S.E.I. Tel. WATerloo 6361

679
 IN THIS feature we hope, from time to time, to be able -to
publish suggestions submitted by some of our readers on the
possible improvement of projects previously described in
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS; short contributions on other subjects
may be included. The aim is not to find fault or undermine the
abilities or knowledge of our contributors. It may well be that the
original article is par exe//ence but it could be improved or adapted
Sis to suit individual requirements. The views expressed by readers
are not necessarily those of the Editor.

NO-THUMP TREMOLO

I thought you might be interested in a "no-thump" -9V

electronic tremolo.
The flashing lights in the circuit cause the cadmium 470 470 3-3
sulphide cell to alter its resistance. 6V kD 6V
MSA O-OSA
The cell is wired in place of the grid leak resistor in
the preamplifier.
When illuminated the cell short-circuits the signal IH To suitable point
to earth and when no light is present the amplifier acts 2uF on amplifier
normally. TR1 2uF TR2
Thus a flashing bulb produces a tremolo effect.
One of the bulbs may be used as a flashing pilot to 0C81
•indicate that the tremolo is on. 0RPI2
H. Hughes, ioka
Sheeffild 9.
Sranol

< old
c'resistor
0RPt2

ANTI-SURGE FOR PROJECTOR LAMPS

-To Equipment

Metal Case The attached circuit was devised for automatic

current surge limiting designed for slide or movie
Ri projectors up to 500 watts.
w The unit was ccffistructed inside a 6in x 4in x 2Jin
BY tOO aluminium box type chassis.
All the components being mounted on an 18-way
group board (except the relay), the thermistors are
mounted vertically from the group board and away
CZ4 3VS>97 from other components. The relay is a surplus
American P.O. type with its contacts adjusted to close
at 6mA at 20 volts.
Neon Heat-proof sleeving should be used on all wires near
Panel the thermistors.
CZ4 Indicator It is essential that the equipment being used from the
j 3500 | 1=^ limiter should be switched on before operating the
RLA I
switch on the limiter.
P. G. Holland,
Castleford,
Yorkshire.
R2 is3-9kfl. +6.6kfl. in Series
51b

MAINS INPUT
240 V AC

681
J
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r
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683
 PARAMETERS AND SYMBOLS
Fig. 1 shows the symbols for transistors and diodes
together with some typical physical outlines. The
positive and negative signs show the normal biasing
conditions. The small signal current gain for a
transistor in the common emitter mode is defined as
lUr J the small change in collector current
small signal change in base current which caused it
(ignoring the leakage current), and can be written
mathematically as SIc/SIb.
This fraction varies with the absolute value of the
collector current (7c), and so when stating the he of a
transistor, the collector current at which it was mea-
sured must also be stated. The circuit described
below allows he to be measured for collector currents
between 1 and 7mA.
Fig.. 2 shows the 7c//b curve and Fig. 3 the variation
of he with 7c for the OC201 transistor. The slope of
the 7c/7b curve (called the transfer characteristic)
varies with 7c. Now /;fe is defined as Ic/Ib, whereas

If any transistor is connected so

that its collector is correctly
biased with respect to its emitter,
but the base is left open circuit,
it will be found that a very small
residual collector current con-
tinues to flow, even though the
base current must be zero. This
current is known as the collector
leakage current (7ceo) and is
temperature dependent. In
general germanium transistors
have a larger 7ceo than silicon,
and the variation of this current
may well effect the thermal
stability of a circuit. For this
reason it is useful to have a
rough guide to the magnitude of
this leakage, since a transistor
which shows a good ho value
but has' a very high value of 7ceo
should not be used.
A typical diode characteristic is given in Fig. 4.
Note the change of current scale between forward and
reverse bias conditions. The diode has a low forward
resistance but high back resistance. This can be
checked with the test set. For a diode which has
broken down the resistance will be low in both
directions.

NULL INDICATION
The circuit diagram is given in Fig. 5 and comprises
three basic sections. Section A is a simple astable
multivibrator. Each transistor is alternately switched
hard on or hard off by the charge/discharge actions of
the capacitors, and this results in the generation
of a square wave. The frequency of oscillation is

approximately „1
0'7 {C1R2 -)- C2R3)
Section B includes the connection of the transistor
under test. Switches Sla and Sib are two switches
ganged together. Sla and b provides the polarity
Wimi the experts said about

the Eleclroniques Hobbies Nanual

op fiCTlCAL ELECTRONICS

SEiSilisi Whatever your particular interest in

electronics, you'll find the
PRACTICAL WlRFt FQQ Electroniques Hobbies Manual a
first-class investment. Over 600 pages
packed full of tips, kits and details of
over 11,350 different parts from 85
sssm. leading manufacturers.
It saves you time. No searching
R.S.G.B. BULLETIN around for the parts you need. Every
type of equipment —from stock
components to sophisticated
SS!S58W5^g5gSS| professional items —is here. All
constructor-appeal, and q Manual must ^ostD,Pr 2 available by mail order on fast
than^ha't tp1 produce. K didn't get one at th^RSOB despatch.
It aids your projects. Complete
designs, and details of kits available
DO IT YOURspi c for beginners and experts, are all
contained in the Manual. Inside, too,
there's a wealth of technical data,
practical tips and formulae to help
you build with confidence.
It costs just 10/6 post free. And it
puts the whole electronics industry
n uavn MAGAZINE at your service, including the
deuTcoveri^S a" specialised knowledge of
AO0 pages, I Electroniques. Behind this brilliant
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manual a first-class service! Be sure of your
Electroniques Hobbies Manual. Clip
the coupon and send today —while
stocks last!
eLeo^-j ideas
Please send me a copy 1 Electroniques (Prop. STC Ltd.)
Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex,
of the Electroniques saPP^ ele^0"'t
Hobbies Manual. Enclosed ftf ^ enth"51 I Telephone: Harlow 26777.
aiiri f®
is a cheque/P.O. for 10/6.

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ADDRESS

r E8
J

High-grade components for amateur communications

electroniques
687
 COMPONEMIS...

Resistors Switches
Rl lOkH R8 IkH 1% highstab. 51 Four-pole changeover (2 two-pole switches
R2 lOOka R9 47k H with toggles mechanically linked or
R3 lOOkQ RIO 47kn rotary wafer switch)
R4 iokn Rl 1 82k n 52 Single-pole on/off toggle
R5 lookn RI2 4-7ka 53 Single-pole on/off toggle
R6 iokn RI3 ikn
R7 ioka
All 10% y watt except where stated Battery
BY1 9V type PP9 or equivalent
Potentiometers
VRI 50kn linear carbon Meter
VR2 IMQ linear carbon Ml 0 to 10mA moving coil, 2jin diameter
Capacitors Loudspeaker
Cl •0'02fiF polyester 150V LSI 3 ohm, 2^in diameter
C2 0-02/xF polyester ISOV
C3 4/IF elect. 12V
C4 0-IftF polyester ISOV Transformer
C5 0-I^F polyester ISOV Tl 11-5: I (Ardente D30S8)
C6 lOO^F elect. 12V
Transistors Miscellaneous
Wood for case lO^in x S^-in x 3in
TRI, 2, 3 OC7I (3 off) Crocodile clips (3 off)
. TR4 OC72 (I off) Knobs and dial plate for VRI

MAKING THE BOX be found by carefully adjusting the control about the
A simple wooden box may be constructed as in null position. Read off the hte from the dial setting
the photograph. It may be made with ^in plywood or obtained.
similar. Alternatively a metal box may be used provided /ceo. The collector-to-emitter leakage current is
no wiring connections are made to it. Strips of normally very small, so it will not be possible to obtain
aluminium or other suitable material are required a good reading on the meter used. However, if the
for making battery and transformer retaining clips. transistor is faulty, a high leakage current (greater than,
The component mounting and wiring is carried out say, 0-lmA for small signal transistors, or 1mA for
by using stand-off insulated terminal strips. Fig. 6 power transistors) will be directly detectable.
shows the front panel layout. Gonnection to the Select pnp or npn as before, and then /ceo position
transistor under test is by suitable flying leads on the function switch. The meter will then give a
terminated with crocodile clips. direct indication of the collector leakage current in
common emitter mode, with a collector voltage of
DIAL CALIBRATION approximately 9V and with the base open circuit.
It is theoretically possible to calibrate VRI by
calculation corresponding to a given hie, but the
arithmetic is rather protracted. Consequently it is
much more convenient to calibrate practically from
the scale given in Fig. 7. Trace the diagram and
transfer it to white paper giued to the box front.
Turn the knob to its clockwise extremity (i.e. where
the wiper is at the end nearest R5 corresponding .to
the * marked on the circuit diagram). Line up the
hte = 10 mark with the pointer. This gives the
position of fixing the scale.
MAKING TESTS
The following procedure should be carried out
when making measurements. It must be noted that
at no time should the connections to the transistor
be touched during test, otherwise an incorrect reading
may be obtained.
Make the required connections to the transistor
using Fig. 1 as a guide if necessary. Switch on the
set, and select the p (Are) position of S2. Select pnp or
npn as appropriate. If you do not know which type
of transistor is being tested, choose the pnp position
first, and if no positive result is obtained, then switch
to npn and try again. PosrtershouJd faifsh inUus
Adjust the collector current by VR2 to a value between portion when turned to the end
of its travel marked * VRf on
1mA and 7mA and then vary VRI until a minimum theclrcait <6agrom
of audio output is obtained. This should quite easily Diai scale for VR!

689
 BUILD YOURSELF A QUALITY TRANSISTOR

RADIO—FULL AFTER SALES SERVICE!

THE MAGNIFICENT

ROAMER
SEVEN WAVEBAND PORTABLE AND CAR RADIO WITH A
SUPER SPECIFICATION.
• 7 FULLY TUNABLE WAVE- • Famous make 6x4 in. P.M.
BANDS—MW1, MW2, LW, speaker.
SW1, SW2, SW3 and Trawler • Air spaced ganged tuning con-
Band. denser.
• Extra Medium waveband pro- • Separate on/off switch, volume *
vides easier tuning of "pop" •i
control, wave change switches
stations. and tuning control.
• Built in ferrite rod aerial for • Attractive leather look case with
Medium and Long Waves, hand and shoulder straps. Size
• 5 Section 22 in. chrome plated 9 x7 x4 in, approx.
telescopic aerial for Short Waves • First grade components.
—can be angled and rotated for • Easy to follow instructions and
peak S.W. listening. diagrams make the Roamer 7 a
• Socket for Car Aerial. pleasure to build with guaran-
teed results.
• Powerful push-pull output.
• 7 transistors and two diodes Total building costs
including Philco Micro-Alloy
R.F. Transistors. £5.19.6. %%'■ Parts price list and easy build
plans 3/- (^REE with kit).
TRANSONA FIVE POCKET FIVE
MEDIUM WAVE, LONG WAVE TWO WAVEBAND PORTABLE
AND TRAWLER BAND WITH 3in. SPEAKER
PORTABLE Attractive black and gold case. Size 5} x 1J x
3Jin.
WavesFully tunable over
with extended M.W.bothbandMedium andtuning
for easier Long
Attractive case withtunable.
red speaker grille. transistors
Size 61 x
andX2 IJm.
41 FnHy
diodes—ferrite 7 stages—5
rod aerial, tuning condenser, of " pop " stations. All first grade components,
7sensitive
stages—5
volume
Total building costs all control,
first grade fine tone super
components. Easydynamic speaker,
build plans ami ferritetransistors
rod aerial,and
fine 2tonediodes—super-
Sin. moving
Tot^J building costs coil speaker, etc. Easy build plans and parts
"" " " P. & P. parts price list 1/6 (FREE with kit).
Medium Wave. Short Wave and Trawler Band price list. 1/6 (FREE with kit).
POCKET FIVEminiature Medium and LongONLYWave
version can be supplied if preferred. version
3/6 42/6 29/6. P. with
& p. 3/6. speaker

MELODY SIX MELODY MAKER 6

TWO WAVEBAND PORTABLE THREE WAVEBAND PORTABLE
WITH 3in. SPEAKER WITH 3in. SPEAKER
Handsome
with leather-look
gilt trim and handcase,and
sizeshoulder
6? x SJ xstraps.
Ijiii. Smart pocket size case, 6i x 3J x l{in. with gilt
Fully tunable over both Medium and Long Waves. fitt^fegs.
Long Waves Fullywith
tunable
extraover
M.W.both
bandMedium and
for easier
Incorporates pre-tagged circuit board, 8
6 transistors and 2 diodes—ferrite rod aerial,stages— tuning of " pop "stations. 8 stages—6 transistors
Total building costs push-pull output, wave change slide switch, and 2 diodes—top grade 3in. speaker, 2 R.F.
tuning condenser, Total building costs stages
aerial. forEasyextra
buildboost,
planshigh
and"Q"
partsferrite
price rot!
p. & p. coil speaker, etc. volume control,
Easy build plans3in.andmoving
parts list
price list 2/- (FREE with kit). 21- (FREE with kit).
3/6 69/6
ROAMER SIX SUPER SEVEN
SIX WAVEBAND PORTABLE
& WITH 3in. SPEAKER THREE WAVEBAND PORTABLE
Attractive WITH 3in. SPEAKER
1and Worldcase
iin. Long widewith
Waves,
gilt fittings, size on
reception.
two ShortTunable
7J x 5i x
Waves, Medium
Trawler Attractive case size 7i x 51 x IJin. with gilt
fittings and carrying strap. The ideal radio for
of "pop" stations. Sensitive ferrite rod tuning
Band plus an extra M.W, band for easier aerial home, car orandoutdoors.
Long Waves Covers Special
Trawler Band. Mediumcircuit
and
and telescopic aerial for Short Waves. AH incorporating 2 R.F. stages, push-pull output,
Total building costs top grade components, 8 stages—6 transistors Total building costs ferrite rod aerial, 7 transistors and 2 diodes. Sin,
_ and 2 diodes including Philco Micro-AJloy
P. & P. Transistors, etc. (carrying strap 1/6 extra). Easy R.F. speaker (will drive larger speaker) and all first
79/6 build plans and parts price list 2/- (FREE with P. & P. grade components. Price list 2h (FREE with
3/6 kit). 79/6 3/6 kit).

RADIO EXCHANGE Ltd 61a HIGH STREET, BEDFORD

Callen side entrance Barratt's Shoe Shop. Open ».5 p.m. Saturday 9-12.30 p.m. Telephone: Bedford 52367

691
 detached

particles
JOHN VALENCE

COLOUR WITHOUT VALVES The success of the auto landing Indication Device). For obvious
systems for aircraft seems assured. reasons the equipment is simple and
The decision of the British Radio It is likely to be only a short time compact; it operates in the X band,
Corporation to develop an all- before this automated operation and uses frequency modulated c.w.,
transistor colour receiver was becomes quite standard at the larger and the range is 100 yards maximum!
obviously a shrewd, carefully airports, so permitting safe landings 3 yards minimum. An interesting
deliberated business move. It must in conditions of zero visibility. But feature is the electronic scanner, a 4ft
have been based on hard realistic now the supplementary problem length of horn-loaded waveguide, and
thinking, as befits the launching of arises. How do the airport service thus there are no moving parts.
any large scale production. vehicles find and reach aircraft under As the designers explained, the
It appears that some 18 months ago such conditions? radar is still very much in experi-
a small team of engineers were This matter has concerned the mental form. One of the important
assigned to this project. In facing authorities for some time, and a study problems to be resolved is the
the many new problems of an all- group has been set up at Birmingham method of display for the driver.
transistor circuit, these designers University to investigate possible Quite unofficially of course, I
knew they had a chance of gaining "a radar type systems for land vehicles. offer my own opinion that with full
first" for British industry. Perhaps it Various methods, including ultra- use of microelectronic techniques this
is not altogether too fanciful to sonics, infra-red and "normal" radar equipment might well provide the
imagine that they were spurred are being considered for this par- answer to the fog menace on public
towards this goal by the knowledge ticular application. Similar research roads. Not tomorrow, I realise.
that in their Enfield laboratory they is being undertaken in industry, But electronic technology moves on
were working but three or four miles sometimes in collaboration with this at such a pace that it seems a safe
from Alexandra Palace, scene of university group, and sometimes as a enough bet that some indicating
that unique event in television purely private venture. device on the lines of AVOID will
history. Having read accounts of these become available for the ordinary
Be that as it may, the success of activities during the past 12 months or motorist before many years are past.
their efforts has certainly added so, I was pleased to have just recently And certainly before the M.O.T.
another important chapter to the the opportunity of seeing some have removed for good all those
television story. And it has given tangible evidence of progress in this bottlenecks on our roads..
this country a boost, I think, in a potentially important branch of
field which once we pioneered but in applied electronics. This was at the
recent years have played but minor Mullard Research Laboratories, Red- SELF SERVICE DEFT
roles—that is colour wise. hill, Surrey, where an experimental
Let us then applaud the B.R.C. short range radar equipment was It is generally known of course
The victory they have achieved is in demonstrated. The function of this that the good business enjoyed by
no way diminished by the news that equipment is explained by the name supermarkets is explained by the
Motorola of U.S.A. were breathing AVOID (Airfield Vehicle Obstacle open display and immediate access-
hard down their necks in this race. ibility to the shopper of a large
The American firm (unfortunately variety of goods.-
for them) could not find the way to Such a system has its weakness
dispense with one remaining valve in and more and more supermarkets are
the e.h.t. circuit 1 having to devise ways and means for
defeating the would be filcher. One
^ | idea that I believe has already been
LOW RANGE RADAR tried out involves the fitting of a
magnetic tag to each article of
One of the complexities of life is merchandise on display. Af the
the fact that by solving one problem iJllljP exit, the articles are de-magnetised
you then immediately create another by the cashier as she registers the
one, or more. Road users are all too amount. Should the shopper walk
well aware that construction of a A
past this point without declaring
multiway flyover usually means IPPP lllll some item, its presence will be
merely the transfer of the bottleneck betrayed by a sensitive pick-up device
elsewhere. As Barbara Castle no and a warning flashed to the cashier.
doubt soulfully intones to herself If you want to ensure there are no
"you can't win". embarrassing moments in store
However, the particular transport (sorry!) for you, check over your
problem 1 have in mind at the moment "/ could be out there like a
shot—if only 1 could find my pockets beforehand. The chances
concerns her colleague the Minister are that pocket screwdriver you carry
of Aviation. coach"
will need degaussing!
693
 MISCELLANEOUS (eentlrmed) ELECTRICAL SITUATIONS VACANT (continued)
j 1iJifcmW™ 240 VOLT ELECTRIC POWER FROM RADIO TECHNICIANS
^ ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL COMPUTER KITS YOUR 12 VOLT or 6 VOLT CAR BATTERY A number of suitably qualified
Run your mains
Jobs galore for Computer a.c./d.c. equip- candidates are required for permanent
Trained men at higher than ment direct and pensionable employment (mostly in
from your car
ever salaries! Now is the battery with Cheltenham, but from time to time there are
this compact
low battery con- some vacancies in other parts of the
time to learn FIRST HAND m sumption dyna- U.K. including London). There are also
what makes the giant motor. Size opportunities for service abroad.
computers tick! Sturdy construction. Convertsonly a 12Sin.
vpltXinput
3in.
to a 240 volt output. Huge purchase enables us Applicants must be 19 or over and be
Analogue Computer 1 and Digl- to offer them at only 39/6 each, post and packing familiar with the use of Test Gear, and have
Comp 1, designed to meet the 5/-. 6 volt
packing 5/-. input modelalready
Thousands only sold.
35/-, post and
had practical Radio/Electronic workshop
needs of people with little or no S. & R. SUPPLIES experience. Preference will be given to
knowledge of computers—helps (Dept. P.E.2 ), 14 Clifton Grove, Leeds 9 candidates who can offer "O" Level GCE
you to do that. No scientific passes in English Language, Maths and/or
background needed—if you can Physics, or hold the City and Guilds Tele-
read you can build and masterthe communications Technician Intermediate
first fundamentals of computer SITUATIONS VACANT Certificate or equivalent technical
technology in next to no time. qualifications.
Pay according to age, e.g. at 19-E812,
LONDON BOROUGH OF HOUNSLOW at 25-£l,046 (highest age pay on entry)
sss ISLEWORTH POLYTECHNIC rising on 1/1/68 lo-at 19-£828, at
ES» LABORATORY TECHNICIAN 25—£1,076.
"j Prospects of promotion lo grades in
An experienced engineer is required as Tech- salary range £1,159-£1,<'41. There sre a
nician-in-charge of the well equipped electrical
and electronics laboratories and workshops in few posts carrying higher salaries.
besk Top AC! is battery operated and has the Department of Science and Engineering.
a fully transistorised Audio Sinewave genera- Annual Leave allowance of 3 weeks
tor. It computes heights of objects, solves Duties will include preparations for laboratory 3 days, rising to 4 weeks 2 days. Normal
mathematical problems, teaches fundamental and workshop periods, maintenance of equipment, Civil Service sick leave regulations apply.
theory of Analogue computers, measures stocks and records.
unknown resistors, capacitors and inductors A 38-hour, five-day week is worked and this Application forms available from;
with AN ELECTRONIC MEASUREHIKrr will include some evening duty during term time.
BRIDGE. It can handle many different Recruitment Officer (RT)
problems in arithmetic, geometry, trigo- Salary: Grade T.3. £895—£l)095 Government Communications Headquarters
nometry, algebra, mechanics, electricity, Application forms, returnable within 14 days, Oakley
electronics, heat, light and sound. The may be obtained from the Registrar, Jsleworth Priors Road
further you advance in your knowledge, Polytechnic, London Road, Isleworth, Middlesex.
the more applications you will find for the CHELTENHAM, Glos.
computer. Supplied complete with all parts,
hardware and accessories, including bat-
teries, large pjctorial wiring diagrams and
clearly written manual. Ingenious patented
design requires no soldering. Beautifully TECHNICAL TRAINING by
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year. Minimum Retail Price £10.14.6.
Special Introductory Offer only £8.14.0. IN RADIO, TELEVISION AND
+ 5/6 p. & p.
cs
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First-class opportunities in Radio and Electronics await the I C S trained man.
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aid is the first of-its kind. It is a binary • RADIO AMATEURS' EXAMINATION.
computer kit that anyone can assemble and • P.M.G. CERTIFICATES IN RADIOTELEGRAPHY.
programme and learn first hand about the Examination Students Coached until Successful.
operations hidden in the circuits of a giant NEW SELF-BUILD RADIO AND ELECTRONIC COURSES
computer. They can see while they carry Build youi own S-valve receiver, transistor portable, signal generator, multi-
out a total of 15 experiments how a com- meter and valve volt meter—all under expert guidance.
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Comp 1 is a highly successful and revolu- MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGES
tionary concept in teaching the ABC of
computers. Supplied complete with 32-page r
instruction monuoi and large pictorial International Correspondence Schools *
diagrams for assembly (about 1-2 hours).
For those who want to know more about INTERNATIONAL { (Dept. 152), Intertext House, Parkgate Road,
Boolean Algebra, Programmirig, computer I London, S.W.I I. I
logical design, use of truth tables and flow
charts and the detailed mathematical de- CORRESPONDENCE NAME
rivations of the programmes in the Digi- Block Capitals Please
Comp I Instruction Manual, an "Advanced SCHOOLS
Text Book" has been prepared. Digi- ADDRESS
Comp I. ONLY 54/- +4/6 p. & p.
Advanced Text Book 12/6 Incl. p. & p.
Electronics and computers are fast progressing.
Don't delay, act nowl This could be the best A WHOLE WORLD
investment for your future. OF KNOWLEDGE
ELECTRONIX LIMITED (P.6) 9.67
One The Hamlet, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5 AWAITS YOU !

697
 RECEiVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS (continued)
(cordinued) TIME SWITCHES. Reconditioned 14-day RE PAN CO Translator Colls and Transformer#
clock, once on once off every 24 hours. Fully for the Constructor. Send stamp for lists
guaranteed. 5A Horstmann 29/6—ISA RADIO EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTS
MICROMINIATURE MICRQPHONES Vernier 37/6. Postage 2/6. A. R. BATCHELOR LTD., 33 Much Park Street, Coventry.
Sensitive dynamic type.from
Will30pick- (Dept. P.E.), 4 Park Road, Bromley, Kent.
up rustle of newspaper feet. JOHN'S RADIO (Dept. B)
Size 9 mm. X 9 mm. X 3-5 mm. OLD CO-OP, WHITEHALL ROAD
Impedance I KQ. DRIGHLDfGTON, .BRADFORD
ONLY 28/6 BRAND NEW FAMOUS ARMY SHORT-WAVE TEAKSREGEIVER
Post free—C.W.O. ME. m
MICRO DATA SYSTEMS NORB1T UNITS
30 BAKER ST., LONDON, W.I
25/- Post Free «
;q,
CONSISTING OF
9" x 3" CHASSIS 25^
CON STRIPS, RESISTANCES
2-OC29s 2-OC35s This set is up of 3 separate units: (1) a two
MAI HI-FI valve amplifier using a 6VG output valve: (2) (some
only, not built in
transreceiver covering the 229-241
very latestMc/amodels)
using 4a valves;
V.H.F.
IN A MINIATURE ENCLOSURE M.A.C. LTD. (3) the main shortwave transmitter/receiver
in two switched bands, just below 2-41 Mc/a, and covering,
TROY ROAD, MORLEY, Nr. LEEDS 4i-8E.T.,
For Mc/a (approx.
C.W. and160-37*5
M.C.W. mctrce) using 9ia valves,
The receiver super-
The Phone: Morley 2334 heterodyne having 1 R.F. stage, frequency changer,
two I.F. (465 kc/a) signal detector, A.V.C. and
Revolutionary 'AUDIMAX I' output stage. A B.F.O. included for C.W. or single
aide-band reception. T.X. output valve 807, other
Loudspeaker with Pneumatically valves flick
quick octal dial
basea.settings,
Many extraa, e.g. etc.
squelch, netting switch,
Power re-
suspended diaphragm. 150 NEW ASSORTED Capacitors, Resistors, quirements I/.T. 12 volts, H.T. receiver 275 volts
Silvered Mica, Ceramic, etc. Carbon, Hvstab, d.c., H.T. transmitter 500 volts d.c., size approx.
Vitreous, J-20 watt, 12/6. Post Free. WHIT-
Size; 8J in x 4^ in x
lOiin deep.
SAM ELECTRICAL, 18 Woodrow Close, as new condition in carton with book includingor
17J x 7J x llins. Every set supplied in new
Finish: Perivale, Middlesex. circuits, only £4.10.0, or Grade 2 slightly used
Power: Oiled
8 W, teak.
12 W Pk. A50/-FULL
carriage
KITboth 15/-. new attachments for this
of brand
impedance: 4-Sil. set including all connectors, control box, headphones
Frequency Response: and mike, aerial 5/-.tuning
50 c/s—6dB. 100 c/s—
4dB, 500 c/s. OdB, I Kc + TRANSISTOR PANELS only 45/-carriage WEunit,
MAKE co-axial
A MAINSlead, 200/230
etc. at
IdB, 2K/cs + 2dB, 5K/cs + New boxed, size 9' X 6' X IJ' with " Valvo" direct into set power shekel to run (1) receiver, plug
VOLT POWER UNIT in louvred metal case to 70/-
4dB IOK/cs
2dB, + 2dB. ISK/cs—
(intermediate varia- transistors
length leads,type also OC45
an equalor similar,
number with full
of OA85 P09t 5/-. (2> TX and EX, £6.10.0 post 7/6. (3) 12
VOLT D.C. P.U. for receiver,
tions <IdB), at 20 Kc/s—
8dB (intermediate varia- diodes, H/S resistors, etc. Built on perforated
board in a metal frame. charge
these setaof ia10/-
made to only
unpack and test the receiver ofA
50/-
if requested.
carriage 5/-.
tions <3dB) Panel of 20 transistors, diodes, etc. 20/-
£12 each or £23 a pair 30 — V.H.F. TRANSRECEIVER MK. 1/1
postage free 40
50 —— 25/-
30/- 80
35/-
60 — 40/- Postoge 2/-per (jone/.
70-45/-
— 50/-
Computer boards, two types average 30 planar
Silicon Rectifiers: 0-SA at 70:5C (no heat sink epitaxial transistors, ZT.708 or equiv. 300 megs.
required). 400 P.I.V. 2/9, 800 P.I.V. 3/-, 1,250 30 diodes, Histab resistors. 19/6. P. & P. I/-.
P.I.V. 3/6, 1,500 P.I.V. 3/9. I at 50=C (no heat ZENER DIODES
sink
1,250 required). 400 P.I.V.
P.I.V>8/4.
5/6,2-5A
800 atP.I.V.
50oC6/9, 2-4v. 2-7v, 3v. 3-6V, 4-3v, 4-75v, 5-25V. 5-7Sv,
P.I.V. 7/6, 1,500
heat sink required). 400 P.I.V. 6/-, 800 P.I.V.
(no 6-2v, 6-8v, 7-5v, 9,lv, 13v, 15v, I6v, I8v, 20v,
7/6, !.250 P.I.V. 8/3, 1,500 P.I.V. 11/3. 27v, 30v, 33v, mostly IW at 3/6 each.
Potentiometers: Long life, low noise, iW at Pkts. of 5010/-transistors
pkt. 50/- all fornew, unmarked and
705C. Body Jin dia., Spindle 1 in x Jin 1/9 untested 6 pkts.
each. Linear;IM,Ik,
250k, 500k, 2-5k.SM,5k,I0M.
2-5M, 10k,Logarithmic:
25k, 50k, I 00k,
5k, Polystyrene Capacitors, 350v. 680, 820, 1,800,
10k. 25k. SOk. 100k, 250k, SOOk, 1 M, 2-5M, 5M. 2,200,
I25v. 2,700,
1,000, 5,600,
1,200, 6,800,
1,500, 01,800,
018. 03,300,
022, 03,900.
033. Thiapowered
low is a modern sclf-coutalucd
frequency tunable V.H.F.
modulated transreceiver for
Jack Plugs (screened): Heavily chromed Jin 4,700, 8,200, 0 012, 0*015, 2/-dozen any selec- R.T. uommunicatiun up to 8-10 miles. Made for the
2/9
Jackeach.
Sockets: With black or white bezel and tion. Heat Sinks I0W finned, 5/-, Miniature Ministry of Supply at an extremely high cost by well
chrome nut. 2/9 each, available with: Break Relays, I'X i'X I', 950
10/-. Electrolytics, ohm,
5,000 MFD,2 pole
50v.change over
6/6. 1,000 known British makers, using 15 midget B.G. 7
Break, Make/Break, Break/Make, Make/Make valves, receiver incorporating R.F. amplifier.
contacts. MFD, 60v.5/-. 1,000 MFD, 30v.
lOv. 2/-. Gold Bonded Diodes, 75v. P.I.V. 4/-. 3,000 MFD, Double superhet and A.F.C. Slow-motion tuning
Transistor with
apart.theThe
dialfrequency
calibratedcovered
in 41 chauuels
ia 39-48each
Mc/a.200 Also
kc/s
Id. each. Mounting Pads: TOS and TOI8 75mA. cards of 25, 10/-. Wire Wound Pots 5,
10, 25,25k,
50, SOk,
100, 250,
20k, 100k,500,notIk,presets,
2k, 2-Sk,2/-5k,each.
10k. has built-in Crystal calibrator which gives pips to
coincide with 4jrmarks
OC23 6/-; NKT452 6/-; NKT453 6/-J NKT2I6 required L.T. volts,onH.T.
the 150
tuning
volts,dial.tapped
Power
at
DUXF0RD ELECTRONICS 5/-; OA81 2/-, Minimum orderS/-, post 1/-, 90 volts for receiver. Every set supplied complete
with valves and crystals. New or as new in carton,
D<JXFORD, CAMBS. NEW CROSS RADIO complete with adjustable
Price £4.10.0. whip aerial
carriage 10/-. Headset andorcircuit.
hand
C.W.O. P. & P. 11- (cheques 7 days clearance) 6 0LDHAN ROAD, MANCHESTER 4 telephone 30/-. Internal power unit stabilised for
Minimum order value 5/-. 200/250 A.C. input, £8.10.0 eztra.
TOP VALUE SEMICONDUCTORS JW 10% 1/9 doz. mixed, 13/6 100 mixed, 12/-
Silicon Transistors (ISV) 3/6, NKT2I4 (32V) 3/9. 00 of one value, JW 5% 21- doz. mixed, 16/-
Low-noise high gain AF, NPN: BCI09 4/6, 2N3707 100 irnxed,
are to yourE4/6specified
100 of values.
one value.LargeAll quantities
mixtures
5/-; PNP; 2N4058 5/6. G. P. switching, PNP: ACYI7 (60V IA) 8/3, NKT2I7
General purpose AF: 2N2926 from 2/6: high gain: (60V 125mA) 7/-, ACY22 (20V I A) 3/6. stocked. Quality Carbon Skeleton Pre-sets, 10012,in
BCIOS 3/11,NPN:
6645/RBCi07
3/-. (40V 0-3W) 4/3, 2N3704 High power PNP: NKT405 (8100-200) 50V 13/9, 250f2, 500O, etc. to I0MQ. All values available
AF driver. 2N2I48
High O overPNP:
voltage 60) 40V
200V11/9.3A lOW 2N3730 12/6, vertical
Volume orcontrols:
horizontal mounting
lOOo, I/-, each.
2500 5000, etc. to
(30V 0*3W) 4/-. BFY50 (80V 0 8W) 7/6, BFX85 320V I OA SW 2N373! 16/3. tOMO linear 2/6 each.
each. 5k«,
5kQ,lOkO,
lOkQ,ISkD,25kO,etc.etc,
(lOOVO-SW) 10/9.
AF driver. PNP: 2N3702 (25V 0-3W) 4/-, 40319 AF driver and O/P PNP: NKT26I 3/6, 2NI305 to-SMQ leg. 2/6 to
(40V IW) 13/3, 40362 (70V) 14/9. 4/-. NPN: 2NI304 4/-. 2MD log., DP switch 5/3 each.
High power O/P. NPN: 40465 (40V 70W at 70oC Germanium diodes: 0A47, OA70, 0A8I, OA90
0A95 I/- each. Silicon 0A202 3/-.
case) 16/3, 2N3055 (100V 65W at IO0cC case) £1 Special types PEAK SOUND PRODUCTS
only. CIR-KIT pack No. 3 12/6, strip: 15ft x Jin or -A-in
High voltage; 120V 0-2W. C407 6/9. UHF 1,200 Triac
400V (SCR5A for
max.AC)41/6.
sensitive—only 20mA to
Sub-miniature trigger,
transistor, 7/6, sheet 6in x I2fa 7/6. Transistorised Stereo
MHz 2N3663 11/3. BCI22, low noise AF/RF amplifier/switching NPN, Amplifier SA3-8. Amplifier Kit £10/10-. Power
Ultra high gain NPN: 2N3390 400-800 6/6. 5/9. supply lot £3.
G a l r an l > rS
Low "o JsT A F p NP : NKT265 3/6, 2G308 6/9. NEW CARBON FILM LOW NOISE RESISTORS For full semiconductor data and equivalents, see our
High gampurpose
General 2G309 7/9.
AF, PNP: NKT264/274 high gain . per decade covering the range from 4-7Q catalogue, price 6d, All stock is brand new, not
12 values
to lOMD. surplu*
TOP QUALITY—FAST SERVICE—10% DISCOUNT OVER £3
ELECTROVALUE 6 Mansfield Place, Ascot, Berkshire

699
 RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS (continued)

FOR SEMICONDUCTOR
WWWMMM&M- r
BARGAINS !!
A25 12/6 CR74 22/6 OC77 10/3 2NI302 5/-
2N3819 FET16/: ACI26 *1- GET105 71- OC8I 3/- 2N1303 5/- BARGAIN PARCELS 10/: !!
AC 128 41- GM290 18- OC8ID 3/- 2NI304 «/-
AC 176 61- OAS 3/- OC8I2 »/- 2NI305 6/-
2N3528 SCR 18/: ADI6I 7/6 OA 10 31- OC82 4 6 2NI306 60 Transistors unmarked untested
AD 162
ADTJ40
7/6 OA70 l/i OC82D 4/6 2NI307 8/- 8/- 25 Transistors npn silicon unmarked
untested pnp silicon unmarked
12/6 OA79 I'6 OC83 4/- 2NI308 10/6 25 Transistors
AFII4 61- OA8I 1,6 C C84 !/- 2NI309 10/6 untestedplanar 2N706 fully tested
2N1599 SCR 9/6 AFII5 6/- OA90 3- OCI39 12/- 2N2I47 17/- ■4 Silicon
AFII6 6/- OA9I 1/6 OCHO 9/6 2N2,60 14/9 34 Silicon
Silicon epitaxial
AFII7 Sh OA200 4/- OCI70 4/- 2N2925 7/- epitaxial planar
planar 2N2926
BCI 13 yellow"
0CP71eqyiv. 9/6 API 18
AF!39 91- OA202 4/ ■■ OCI7I 6/ 2N2926 3/9 5 Germanium 2G374 (OC75) Texas
2 Silicon power 2S0I2 full tested
15/- OC20 22/6 OC205 10 6 2N30S3 11/6 36 square inches of O I5io matrix Vero-
B3M 17/6 OC28 15/- OCP7I 19/6 2N3055 25/6 board
BCI08 5/- OC29 15/ ORP12 104 Silicon
Zeners rectifiers.
I-2 V 250 mW
BG107 5/8 BCI 09 61- OC35 12/- ORP60 «/- 2N3826 8,-9/6 2N3702 5'6 lOOpivfully3 Atested
tested
BCY3I 16/- OC36 20/- 2G374 5/- 2N44I6 47/6 8 Studs 100—400 V 3 A unmarked untested
BCZ1I 10/- OC4I 3/6 2G38I 5/- 2N44I7 54/6 2 V30/30P power transistors plus heat
SPECIAL OFFER! BFY50
BFY5I
12/- OC42
916 OC44 4/- 2N385A
0 15/- R53 23/- 2 sink!
NKT404 power transistors new and
BFY52 3/- 2N6 6 9 '6 IS44 41- marked
400piv3Amp 12/- OC45 3/- 2N697 9 5 IS423 14/9
BSY27 91- OC7I 3/6 2N706 4/1 ST2 13/- MORE BARGAINS!
.. S.C.R. BSY53 21/- OC72 4/6 2N706A 6/6 STI40 3/-
B$Y95A 51- OC73 3/- 2N9;4 8/6
BUY 1 1
BY 100 fs/- OC75 5/9 2NII32 19 6 ST14I V405A 5/-
13/- 44 OA2IO
BY 100 Sil.
Sil. rectifiers
rectifiers800piv
400piv 5S0 550 mA
mA 13/-
12/—
5/- OC76 4/- 12 Silicon diodes equivalent to OA200 6/—
Mullard output set 2 X OC8I 4- OC8ID 7/- 12 Silicon diodes equivalent to. OA202 9/-
" 9/: Mullard RF set 2 X OX45 + OC44 8/6 25 New marked diodes germanium and
3 silicon 20/- kit If I, IF2 and mixer 6/-
STC superhet
POSTAGE & PACKING TRANSISTORISED TRANSMITTERS 35/: 16 Page FREE Catalogue "O
PLEASE ADD 9d.
2N2646UJT12/6 Have youthese
contains sent for
tinydetails of our "X"
transmitters, ready Line
builtwhich
and Containing: Mullard, Newmarket, STC.
QUOTATIONS BY tested? Also, amplifiers, sirens, light flashers, Fairchild,types.Motorola,
JEDEC Sinclair, reners.
Silicon rectifiers, Texas.
RETURN FOR QUANTITY metronome intercom, etc., " X " Line is
sulated, you can get inside! Send S.A.E. fornot encap- thermistors, TV transistors, thyristors,
details now. capacitors, amplifiers, our famous ** X "
Line modules, meters, books, field effect-
24lioiir postal service transistors, planars, photocells, tunnel
diodes, varicaps, unijunctions, integrated
circuits, veroboard, heat sinks, neons,
L8.T. COMPONENTS 23 NEWRD.BRENTWOOD. E88EX.(tel: 7904) resistors,
Please sendpreset
S.A.E.potentiometers, etc., etc.

R & R RADIO WANTED

51 Burnley Road. Rawtensrall COMPONENTS
POSTAL S E R VI C E
Rossendale, Lanes ★ RECHARGEABLE
Tel.: Rossendale 3152 (Sealed DEAC Ni-Cad)BATTERIES HIGHEST prices paid for certain Q.E.C. anc
PP3 Equiv.: 9v. 37/- (p. & p. 2/-> other relays in any condition. Also wanted
Salvage Valves Good Emission Guaranteed U2 Equiv.: 1,25v. 32/6 (p. & p. 2/-) notched relay contacts. S.A.E. details ELEU
EF80 1/6 30P4 V- 30FLI 5f- U7 Equiv.: 1.25v. 12/- (p. & p. |/6) ELECTEOMTCS, 112 Groby Eoad, Glenfleld.
ECC82 31- EB9I 1/- PL82 4/6 U I 1 Equiv.: 1.25v. 26/- (p. & p. (/6) Leicester.
ECL80 3/6 EF85 5/- PL36 5h ★ OC8ID
TRANSISTORS — Matched Output Kit:
30F5
PCF80 41-
5/- 30PLI 51- PCC84 4/-
EY86 4/- PY8I 3/6 R.F. Kit:and 2.0C81
OC44 and 2-OC45 9/6
9/6
PL8I 5/- OC44, 45, 70, 71, 72, 81 and SID Equivalent,
U30I 6/- PY33 6/- each 3/_ HIOH
★ ASSORTED CAPACITORS—New lin.). SPEED
4 digit. MAOKETIC
12/24/48V. C0DHTEBS
(state which)(4 8/8
x each,
1 X
post ExT.V. 5 Inch rnd. 3/6. 6X4 3/6. Min. Polyester, Ceramic, Electrolytic, 100 off...Paper.
10/6 P. & P. 3/-.
BY 1002/6.and equiv. rects. with 10 watt res. 5/6. ★ ASSORTED RESISTORS EE-SET H.8. MAGNETIC COUNTERS (3 XP.1 &P.2/6.
X Jin.).
Fireball tuners, less cover can 9/-.
Ekco Button
line O/Ptuners,
Trans, U26 (5%, Tfr.i, £ watt, worth £3)—Hi-Stab. 30015/- off 3 digit. 12/24/48V. (state which) 82/8 each.
COPPER LAMINATE BOARD (8| X 5J x A In.).
Push usingtype 35/-,andpost
30LI5 paid.valves,
30CIS (P. & P. 1/6 per order) C.W.O. 8/8 each. 5 for 10/-.
rectangular buttons 27/6, post paid. PRINTED CIRCDIT CONNECTORS. 13 way •in-line'.
Postage
S.A.E. withon valves 6d, over three, post paid,
ail enquiries. ELMBRIDGE INSTRUMENTS LTD. Gold Plated Pins, 4/6 Pair. P. & P. 6d.
Closed July 21 st to August 5th. Island Farm Avenue, West Molesey, Surrey BULK(latest
COMPONENT
100 Capacitors types) 50pFOFFERS
to -B/jF.
260 Carbon Resistora i & JW. (Transistor types).
260 Carbon Resistors J & 3W.
160 High-Stab Resistora J, § & 1W.
Lord Alexander House 100Vitreous
CeramicWfWCapacitors 2—1000
ADROIT ELECTRONICS Waterhouse Street 26 Resistors (5%).pF.
lemel Herppstead, Herts 12 Precision Resistors (-1%).
TRANSISTORS TRANSISTORS DIODES ETC. SMALL SILICON BRIDGES 25 Close Tolerance Caps. (2%).
OC28 . . 4/6 2N696 .. 4/6 OAS ANY ITEM 10/-. ANY 5 ITEMS £2.
OC35 10/- 2N697 5/- OA8I 1/3 PIV IA i-5A 6A IDA SILICON
OC36 8/6 2N706 4/3 OA200 1/3 50
2/6 100
17/6 27/6 47/- 60/-
40/- 49/- 65/6 (360 P.I.V.CONTROLLED
I amp) 7/6 each.RECTIFIEES.
CRS 3/40 (460CRS1/30
P.I.V.
OC4I .... 2/3 2N7II .. 9/6 OA202 3/6 200 ijf- 42/- ill- 80- 3 amp) 10/- each.
OC44 .... 2/3 2N2646 .. I2'6 OA2IO 6/6 300 45/- M;- 85 L THYRISTOR LAMP DIMMER/SPEED CONTROL
OC45 2/3 2N2926 .. 2/6 BZYI3 7/6 400 25/- 52/6 49/- 95'- KITS. 200 watt kit. 27/6, P.P. 2/6 ; 600 watt kit.
OC70 .... 2/3 2N3053 .. 10/- 600 35/- 87/6, P.P. 2/6.
OC7I .... 2/3 2N3055 .. 19/- 55/- — ELECTEOLYTICS 100/aF, 60V. 2/8; 200^F, 250V.
OC72 2/3 2N3702 4/- 8/6; 100 & 400MF, 276V. 6/8; 500^F, 100V. 4/-;
OC8I .... 2/- 2N3704 5/- lOOOfxF, 60V. 5/-: 3000uF, 100 V. 7/6: BOOOuF, 50V.
OC139 . . 2/6 2N3705 . . 5/- 7/6. P. & P. 2/6 in £1.
OCI40 .. 4/6 2N3706 .. 4/6 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, RTL PATTRICK & KINNIE
OCI70 .. 2/3 2N370S 5/- Dual Buffer 35/-
OCI7I ..2/6 Dual J-K 55/- 81 Park Lane
2 l/P Gate 35/-
Send 9d. stamps for complete lists Transistors, Rectifiers, Cash with order please. Postage 9d. Romford, Essex
Integrated Circuits, Etc. Air-nail extra ROMford 44473

701
 7-STATION INTERCOM 18 Gns.
1 Master and 6 Suts in strong metal cabinets. Fully VflRlflBLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
transistorised
for the Office,3Hotel,
J" speakers.
HospitalCall/talk/listen.
and Factory. Com-Ideal
plete with 60 yds. Cable and batteries. P. & P. 32/6.
ou^pVt va0rTablCe 0o02«7i light sensitive switch
4-SWION INTERCOM BRAND new l-a -"^- Kitofparts,indudingORPI2Cad-
rBuy direct fromCarriage Paid.II Transistor
the importer, mium Sulphide Photocell,
and Circuit, etc..Relay,
6-12
r
P 'f« /" 'he country. |t D,C. op1 ice 25/. plus 2'6
(and Svoares
PORTABLE TYPE f, L to 50 "amn termr P ) f"" ;■ P.|0/6& ea(
P. .ORP 12 including circuit,
h p|us i;. p & ^
IS. 10. 0. OPEN TYPE (Panel Mounting) I A.C. MAINS MODEL Incorporates
j amp, £3, 3. 0, I amp, £4. 10. 0.' Mains Transformer, Rectifier and special
2^ amps, £5. 12. 6. I relay with 3, 5 amp mains c/o contacts.
SHROUDED TYPE
£6/9/
£3.3.0 I amp, £4. 10. 0. 2.5 amps,'. Price inc. circuit 47/6 plus 2/6 P. & P. -
£5. 17. 0. 4 amps, £8. 7. 6. LIGHT SOURCE AND PHOTO
Solve your communica- 5 amps, £9. 0. 0. 8 amps, CELL MOUNTING
tion problems with this
4-Station Transistor Intercom system (1 master and £13. 10. 0. 10 amps, £17. 0, 0. Precision engineered
3 Subs), in de-luxe plastic cabinets for desk or wall 12 amps, £19. 10, 0. 15 amps, lightsource with focusible '
mounting. Call/talk/listen from Master to Sabs and £22. 0. 0. 20 amps, £32. 10. 0. lens assembly and ventilated
Subs
gery, toSchools,
Master.Hospital,
Ideally suitable
Office andforHome.
Business,On/off
Sur- i 50 37.5 amps, £65.0. 0. 50 amps, lamp housing, to take MBC bul^ Separate
switch. Volume control. Complete with 3 connect- AMPS 1.5 amp. portable £85. 0. 0. photo celt mounting assembly for ORP.'l2
ing wires each 66ft. and battery. P. & P. fitted metal case, or similar cell. Both units are single hole
voltmeter, lamp, switch, etc. £8.10.0,
P. & C. 10/-. Similar to above 2.5 fixing. Price per pair £2.10.0. P. & P. 3/6.
IE amp. £9.17.6. P. & C. 10/-. MINIATURE UNISELECTOR SWITCH
Originally 3 banks of I I positions plus homing bank.
- vCbns. 100 WATT POWER RHEOSTATS (NEW) /jL,- , 40 ohm coil. 24-36 v. D.C.
Its AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING VALUES operation. Carefully re-
moved from equipment
57/6 I ohm, 10 a.; 5 ohm, 4.7 a.; 10 ohm, 3 a.; ^ and tested. 22'6, plus 2/6
25 ohm,2a.; 50 ohm, 1.4 a.; (00 ohm, I a.; P. & P.
Same as 4-Station intercom for two-way instant 250 ohm, .7 a.; 500 ohm, .45 a.; 1,000 ohm.
communication. 280 mA; 1,500 ohm, 230 mA; 2,500 ohm, .2 a. Diameter "" uTTlSELECTOR SWITCH Es"
Phone. Complete Idealwith as66 Baby AlarmBattery
ft. wire. and Door
2/6. 3i-in. Shaft length gin., dia. Min. AM at 27/6 each. 6 Bank 25 75 ohm coil 24 v. D.C.
position, 5 non-bridging I
P. & P. 3/6. P. & P. 1/6. Bridging Wiper
IMWi'MlillliW M/;. 50 WATT POWER RHEOSTATS 6 Bank arranged togive3 bank,50 positions.
boost bus- I ohm; 7a.; 5 ohm, 3a.: '0 ohm, 2.25a.; 25 ohm, !.4a.; Carefully removed from equipment.
t mess em 50 ohm, la.; 100 ohm, .7a.: 250 ohm, .45a.: 500 ohm, All at 35/- each. P. & P. 2/6. - ^
ciency .3a.; 1,000 ohm, .22a.; 2,500 ohm, .14a.; BRAND NEW 4 Bank 25 ■
with this 25 WATT POWER RHEOSTATS Way Uniselector, 3 Bank -f
incredible
Telephone Amplifier. Take down long De-luxe
telephone (0 ohm, 1.5a,;25ohm, I a.;50ohm,.75a.: 100ohm,.5a ; Homing 25 ohm coil. I2-24v.
messages or converse without holding the handset. 250 ohm, ,3a; 500 ohm, .2a; (.000 ohm,. 15a; 1,500 "^—1 D.C. operation £4.17.6 plus 2/6 P. & P.
A useful office aid. On/off switch. Volume control. .12a.; 2,500 ohm, .1 a; all at 14/6. P. & P. 1/6. I S COOP ' 'I
Battery 2/6 extra. P. & P. 2/6.
169 WEST LONDONHIGH DIRECT SUPPLIES (PE/9)W.8. DIG, AL oLTMET RS
KENSINGTON STREET, LONDON ZA/VWA Hulti Range 3 Meters!la/ a ^fraction y f
of makers
We now stock just one | price ' ' '
m lti range 6 1
SAN WA. theu ultrmat
l "T" " . AUTOMATIC
in test four digit DECIMAL display POINT
with
meters. jFour types from | Ma„ufictured_by Dawe Instruments eg
stock. Price from £3.2.0.
WBLtOm LIGHT li Full range of spares and repair service . Ltd. Type 652A D.C.. Voltmeter,Vo/ts D.C.
avuilab e. Descnpt.ve lenflet on j 2new in makers packing
millivolt to ran
I.OOOv. 0.2»;, accuracy
reques^ 'n ^0ur Ses of Iv, lOv, lOOv,
NIGKEL CADMIUM BATTERY ^C.'Ks operation, 110 v and 200-
Smtered Cadmium Type 1-2 v. 7AH.'2S0v 50-60c/s.
inZ Weight
Tp\fpH 15/6 approx"
P A P* Via ^ transIst°with
ia'oz Ex RK-AA hF- II offered
^ rised
Portable unit
forweighing only 9 lb.
inci.is
With a SELCON Automatic ^ostaSe complete handbook,
(U.K. only). Descriptive only
leaflets £39.(0.0.
on request.
Photo Electric Control Switch. INSULATED TERMINALS JtHYRISTOR 400 piv. 3 amp. 9/6 post paid.
Safety-security-convenience.
lighfs automafically on af sundown Available in black, ' TH YR1STOR 400 piv. 8 am^2£ 6^post paid.
off af dawn. Selcon gives btue a^g/Le/^^f ^J L , VOLT A C. GEARED MOTORS ""
ONLY porch lighfs, . infor nurseries,
SOLAR-confrol garage and
shop ^5 • net doz. r & '£A
1AO If. windows, etc. 200/250v. A.C. . T < P. & P. 2/6.
»7/0 Comparable controls cost 36 VOLT 30 AMP AC or DC
p. & p. double.
2/6 Send C.W.O., or details from: VARIABLE LT SUPPLY UNIT DOUBLE WOUND VARIABLE LT
PHOTAIN CONTROLS LTD. (K) input 220/240 volts A.C. output TRANSFORMERS Fully isolated low tension
Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey continuously variable 0-36v. secondary winding. Input 230 v. A.C. Output
Fully isolated. Fitted in robust continuously variable 0-36v. A.C.
metal case with Voltmeter, Am- 0-36 Volt at 5 Amp. £8,10.0. P. & P. 8 6.
meter, Panel Indicator and Chrome 0-36 Volt at 20 Amp. £19.10.0. P. & C. 15/-.
Resistors Handles. Input and output fully These fully shrouded Transformers designed to our
iW, 10%, High Stab, low noise 3/- per doz. fused. Ideally suited for Lab. or specifications are ideally suited for Educational and
_Capacitors
. 18/6 per 100 Industrial use. £55 -f 40/- CP. Industrial Laboratory use.
Min. Electrolytic. Pack of 12 9/- COMPACTL.HEAVY, DUTY 6v. D.C. RELAY 2 change-
Polyester and Foil. Pack of 12 6/- over, 3o ohm coi' * " 3 «»-
coil. 7/6 each. ~P. & P.~ 1/6. for |■ Fantastic
SUPER POWER ex-W.D. MAGNETmagnets
Transistors (See Lists for large selection) 20/-. Post paid ■ weighing only 4 lb. will lift" well
Matched Output Kit I over 100 lb. Swivelled handle and
OC8ID-f2 xOC8I 7/6 per set CONSTANT VOLTAGETRrNSFORMTfi' keeper. Size 4 in. X 3J in. X
T pye 1020 PN P Germ. AF. 50m W 8/- per doz. input 185-250 v. A.C. Output 230 in. Packed in two's. Price 30/- %
Type 1021 PNPGerm. AF. v. A.C. Capacity 250 watt. Attrac-
200mW 12/6 per doz. tive metal case. Fitted red signal | MOVING COIL HEADPHONE AND^IKE
OC44, OC45, OC70, OC7I, lamp. Rubber feet. Weight IT Soft rubber ear-pieces with M/C Mike fitted 5-way
OC8I, OC8ID, 2/3 each !bs. Price £11.10.0. P. & P. 15/-. (plug as on No. 19 set. New in makers packing,£
BCI08 Silicon NPN Epitaxial 16/6 plus 3/6 C. & P.
Planar S/6 each
OC26 7/6 each, OC25 8/6, OC36, 10/-
^rsp„ta list of l-aboratory Components send
SERVICE TRADING CO
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT (ELEC)
38 CRAWFORD STREET, LONDON, W.l * All Mail Orders Also Callers—Ample Parking Space Personal callers only
57 BRIOGMAN ROAD, LONDON, W.4 Phone 995 1560 » LITTLE NEWPORT ST.
SHOWROOM NOW OPEN CLOSED SATURDAY LONDON, W.C.2. Tel. GER 0576
703
 VALUABLE HEW HANDBOOK

TI9 AMBITIOUS
I

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ENGINEERS
Have you had your copy of " Engineering Opportunities " ?
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THE CtfAPEL RTv'fr pfRtF«rn0An'lby»?EuR?E ^WNES LIMITED Tower House, Southampton Street, London, W.C.2. Printed in England by
postage for one year: To any part of the World f 1 16. 0. inciuuing
 1All HP3 Mono preamplifier. All silicon low noise zener stabilised circuit. cireuit. Full
Tull range CHOICE
r OF
HOICE OF
of controls—tails' equalised Inputs [for xta pu, dvn'xtal Innc rad.o tuners, PREAMPLIFIERS
tape head and preamp. replay. Supplied built and tested on metal MAINS UNITS
with grey/silverOverall
liOToltsSmA. front panel, alu. knobsIs and
size 91x1" in. handbook. Output
MP3fioO
PricenV£6.19.0.
Supplyr.r.1- to POWER AMPLIFIERS
12 WATTS MONO
SP6-2. Mono/stereo preamplifier. Uses 8 silicon/germanium deviee.Zcnerstabiliscd TO AO WATTS STEREO
Completely new low noise design. Full range of controU and fi,.lers- I"rt8
magnetic,vtal/ceramic cartridges, radio tuners, tape preamp. nucropbones. tape MAINS UNITS
head, etc. Record output socket. Supplied built and tested on metal chassis w lh 110,240 volt 50/60 c/s input. .AC/DC
grev,silver front panel and matching knobs. Complete w.tb input ^ket' a"d '""f - fused. Fully smoothed and isolated.
MU seriesfiltering
has andadditional choke/
book. Output 950 mV per channel. Supply 12 to 60 voU^ m^ ^ capacitor panel voltage
3^x3Jin. selectors. All types on metal chassis.
SP4 Mono,stereo P^mplifler a, previously advertised. PS24'40. Output 24 and 45 volts
and knobs. Mze 9 x 3i x ia m. 1 amp Fororuse1 with
3IPA12/15, 1 or 2 MPA12/3.
3IPAI2+12.
MPA12 + 12! MPA12
MPA18/83 andana MPA12
MfAia/io.15. 12xz watt
watv power
|iv«^ _ p. ,o Price 70/-, P-P- 3/-. _ • ,
MPA25 response and performance with even lower distortion levels. MfA110-'3 for MD24/40, Choke1 smoothed.
amp. For useOutput
3f PA 12/3 Improved
3 to 5 ohm speakers, 24,28 volt supply. MrA12,15 for 10 to ,6 ohm speakers 40
^ 04 and 45 volts
1 or 2 MPA12/3 and MPA12/15 or
with
and volt supply, uses S silicon and germanium devices. Inputs 100 m\ for 12 watte 1 MPA12 + 12. Price 87/6, P-P- 3/6.
31 PA 12/1 £ response ± MB. 30 c,s to 20 kr's, THD 0-2% at 12 watte Hwhja'^aMe MU60.
output designs. Built on to metal chassis as illustrated. Overall size oX-,,31m. volts I Choke
amp. smoothed.
For use withOutput1 50
or
2 3fFA25. Price 95/-, P-Pi_4/li
MPA12/3 Slcheh£4AO,o! P.p. 2,6 MPA12 15 Price £5.5.0. P.P. 2,6 RECOMMENDED SYSTEMS
MPA12+12. Twin amplifier for monc/stereo use with abovd preamplifiers, S+MI,A .1",15.+ £14.12.6, P.P. 6/6
of two matched MPA12/15 amplifiers (sec above) on single chassis. Output for 10 to 16 MPp3+MpAI2,3+ sl317ejP,p.6/6
[ifeuo viaH ***-*•:" ohm speakers. 40'45 volt, supply. Overa.Uize ^^^pp ^ MPA 25+
: 1S . + 12
SP6-2+3IPA12 • £18.5.0. P.P.6;-
# MM # MPA25 25/3(1 watt power amplifier for use with above preamplifiers. Mew desipi and 2 12/15
lavout with improved resp nse and retail performance. for to " +3 IU4? £28.5.0. P.P. 10/-
speaker svstems. Input 180 mV for full output. Push-pull circuit. 1 ses 10 silicon SP
and germanium devices. Supply 50,60 volts. Overall p p. ^l4MPAl2/3 £26.15.0. P-P. 10/.
50UD HTHTI 5TT2.ID "" SP6-2+2 3IPA25 £33.5.0, P.P. 10/6
. © XP2 and XS4. Xew preamplifier modules for use where controls of above pream^iaets +MU60
SP4+2 MPA 12/15 £24.0.0, P-P. 9/-
mav not be necessary. XP2 Mono. XS4 Stereo. Input 47 k 4 mV. Equalisation KIAA + PS40
•%:t# ft W # ft. for mag.,dvn. cartridges, also tape head for li in./seo. to 7i ln.,see. and also50 k ohm SP4+2 MPA12/3 £22.15.0, P-P. 9/-
+ PS243fPA12/15
3IP3+2
srric
opemieti. +3IU40..
3IP3+2
£20.17.6, P.P. 8/-
+MU24MPA 12/3 £19.7.6. P.P. 8/-
THE EINEST VALUE IN HIGH HDELITY—FULLY GUARANTEED 16.page brochure
FREE ON REQUEST
PHnnsE fl SVSTEH TO suit" nilR HEEDS AHD SAVE POUHDS
REGENT-6 MW/LW ■ uavchid nnDTARl
POCKET RADIO TO BUILD MAYFAIR PORTABLE
NEW SCOOP 6-Transistor superhet. Geared tuning. Push*
pull speaker output. Moulded cabinet ELECTRONIC ORGAN
3TOTAL
X 3 XCOST llins. Phone socket., . \f_- 2
CAR RADIO OFFER TO BUILDFnll tomng on .bothb Damu_ /- NOW AVAILABLE AS;
• COMPLETE KIT OF
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BRITISH MADE. £7.19.6, P.P. 4/6 3-waveband superhet Portable Radio as PARTS • BUILT AND
TESTED • PRE-BUILT
— S/SS. £7.19.6 ^ ASSEMBLIES. REVERBERATION
TOURMASTER TRANSISTOR
T-Transistor CARMW/LW
RADIO Car British Made 12 volt UNITS
Radio.
AND RECOM-
MENDED SPEAKERS
operated. 3 watt output. Push-button wave- IN STOCK. AND AMPLIFIERS
change. RF stage. Supplied built, boxed, Designed by
ready to use with Speaker and Baffle. Car
fixing
guarantee. kit Special
and Bargain
manufacturers'
Offer. Buycurrent
Now!
LIST PRICE 15
Push .button GNS. I.'
version /7 •'1 Q7 ,\fA 4/t>
£11.19.6. P.P. 4 6 VALUE AND PERFORMANCE. Start to build for as little as £5.
VHF FM TUNER TO BUILD • Plug-in printed circuits • 170 transistors a"d devices *10
87/105 Mc/s Transistor Superhet. Geared selected tone colours • Fully sprung keyboard * V,brato »6
tuning. Terrific quality and sensitivity. Octaves of generators • Simple lock6d;i n 0
For
Qiin. valve or transistor
Complete with amplifiers.
dial plate. 3a X mains unit • Cabinet size SOr* 15^x9' • Weigh •35Vlb.h '^
45 XMullard Cabinet
Transistors, Plus 4 Diodes. (Cabinet Assem- with detachable legs, music stand and foot swell pedal ^ • Fully de
bly
TOTAL 20/- COST
extra).TOLeaflet
BUILDon reojiest.
£0. I a .O^P-P- 2/6 tailed building manual with photos, drawings and full circuits.
FM STEREO DECODER
7Design
Mullard Transistors. Printed Circuit
with Stereo Indicator. For use with REQUEST. CALL FOE DEMONSTRATION AND ^AY THE MAYFAHL ^
any valvedesign
Mullard or transistor FM.and
and ger. Usessilicon
pot cores to • TOTAL COST
tran- building details.
sistors. Leaflet on request. As used by OF COMPLETE circuits,photographs
AND de aii s a a
and G.P.O.Kit Prjcgj £5.19.6 2/-
Complete KIT VVens. t - v ilable
BUILD A QUALITY
TRACK TAPE RECORDER 2 OR 4 + FREE DESCRIPTIVE BROCHURE^^^AL^PARTS ABE
3-speed version usingDeck
'SBS' £10.10.0.
decks Martin o ^r^f/RT^Q^lf/AN—PU LL SIX^E—^ETA/L^^TN REQU EST.
•Amplifier.
TWO-TRACK.£14.19.6. Cabinet and speaker LISTS AVAILABLE 1967 CATALOGUE , —
(incorporated in full catalogue)
7 gns. Complete kits with FREE 7m. 1200ft. 9 Transistors
tape, spare spool. 7? / Rectifiers / SCR's / Valves/ Have
detoi/ed a copy?, ru//y II RtMVS l«W LT»
youand///ustrated.
m Today's gns. p.p. 15,-
Value £45. Deck £13.10.0. Crystals/Zeners, etc. 24 pages, 1/-.
• FOUR-TRACK. Martin
—- — • 4-page hi-fi stock list with discounts. Over 200 pages
components, equip-
I
Amplifier £15.19.6. Cabinet and epeaker • Car All popular
radio and makes.
tape Free on request.
recorders. Free. ment, etc. Over 5,000
WE CAN SUPPLY FROM STOCK 7tape,
gns.spare
Complete kits with FREE nn. 1200ffe 0 Organs and components lists. Free stock items. FULLY
MOST OF THEINFARTS
ON CIRCUITS SPECIFIED Today's Value
THIS MAGAZINE. spool.
£o0. 5, , x>P-■P. 15/- DETAILED
ILLUSTRATED. AND
PRICE
mi
SEND LIST FOE QUOTATION. BUILD THESE PW PE DESiGflS HENRY'S RADIO LTD. 8'6, post paid. 5 Free
OR
1967BETTER STILL—BUY
CATALOGUE. THE NEW EXPLORER (less chassis)
EVERYTHING 79.6 303 EDGWABE ED., LONDON, W.2 discount vouchers, at
YOU NEED IS LISTED AND orMULTI-BAND
with drilled chassis
SUPERHET 99 6
"-O-JO-S Telephone 01-723-1008 value 10/- with every
AVAILABLE FROM STOCK PHOTO FLASH SLAVE UNIT 42/6 Open Mon. OpenTo all Thurt. 1 p.m. catalogue
Sal.day9-6.Saturday -ft
See page 704 for further SOLID STATE IGXITIOX £8.19.6 All items fully guaranteed 200 PAGES—PLUS!
range of stock items (Post and Packing 2/6 extra any type)
 NEW Hl-GAIN EXPORT AMAZING
VHF'FM AERIALS FOR CIGARETTE RADIO
MOMC STEREO Total Building 25/-
Price
No soldering
Yet, & perlectly ordinary packet ol cigarettes 1
But
rangewatch your friends'
of atations ioud andastonishment
clear. Holdson10^aring ita
cigarettea
new -yet conceals eenaitive, fully transistorised circuit
fincluding tiny battery;. A young
it in 2 hours. No aoldering. Only 19 connectiona to
Full band width spacing make. ALL etc-
ABC Plans, PARTS ONLYIncluding
25/- plus^^oodactors.
2/6 P- & P-
High forward gain Parts available separately.
VARI-STAT High front to back ratio
Fibreglass moulding Frnatrated Import Shipment Offered
Universal damp for up to 2^ masts BELOW HALF PRICE to Clear.
The perfect answer to Mono Stereo m 600 Only Fly.
thermostatic reception
HGFM'3 3 .ement 40" TRANSCEIVER SETS
HGFM/4 4 element 75,- (Illustrated) □ □ Our Price
soldering iron ALSO HIGt PERFORMANCE UHF £6.18.11
625 COLOUR AERIALS
High Production Model D PRICE Type C 500 3 element 25 - Highly sensitive two-way transistor ^transceiver
Miniature Iron 50 watt Type C 570 7 element 32,6 seta have individual volume control and talk-listen
Voltage 12-250 volt SSI- Type C 510 10 element 40 - switch. Telescopic aerial pulls in the voice from
Type C 514 14 element 47 6 the other set over tremendous by distances—no wires--
"Screw ori*M5it'sizes 3/32in,, I/Bin., 3/l6in. • Full range of masts and fitt igs on request aforces.
genuineBOOtransceiver
sets onlyasatused
£6.18.11.official bodies
including and
acces-
I/4'"*range also
Our , .includes.
. . • State channels required when ordering
• C.W.O. irC.O.D. p. & p. 4;6d. sories, batteries, etc. Plus 4/7 P. & P. These can
not be used in U.K.
Standard Instrument Model SOW "C" AERIALS LTD. MAKE 5
Standard Instrument Model 70W DIFFERENT RADIOS
High Production Instrument Model UiW 14-15 QUARRY STREET, GUILDFORD, SURREY
Industrial Model 500W TEL.: GUILDFORD 67704 TotalPrice
Building QO ,""""
All these irons give excellent bit and element Amazing Radio Construc-
life since the thermostat completely elimin- tion Set! Become a radio
ates overheating and controls reserve expert for 39/6. A com-
heating capacity which makes possible con- BATTERY ELIMINATORS vr-c plete Home Radio Course.
tinuous soldering without chilling of the bit. No
Partsexperience needed.
including instruc-
The consistant temperature makes these The ideal way of running your TRANSISTOR tions for each design.
RADIO, RE .ORD h^AYER.TAPE RECORDER, Step-by-Step plan, all
irons ideal for printed circuit work. AMPLIFIER,
4lv icc Typeseach.
available: 9v; 7iv; 6v : Transistora, loudspeaker, personal phone knobfL
9* +(single
9v 6voutput)
+ 6v; 39/6
or 4Jv + 4ivP. &(two
P. 1/9.
separate screws, etc. all you need. Box size 14 xlO x2
CARDROSS ENGINEERING CO. LTD, outputs) 42/6 each. P. & P. 2/9. Please state (parts available separately). Originally £6. NOW 38 o
output required. All the above units are plus 4/6 P. & P.
Woodyard Road, Dumbarton. completely isolatedensuring
wound transformer from mains by double
100".. safety. CONCORD ELECTRONICS LTD., P.E. 35
Phone: Dumbarton 2655 R.C.S. PRODUCTS (RADIO) LTD. 77 New Bond St., W.l. (Hail crder^only)
(Dept. P.E.), II Oliver Road, London, E.I7

704
 WENTWORTH RADIO BAR 3087 104 SALISBURY ROAD, HIGH BARNET, HERTS,
Suppliers of High Quality Semiconductors
9/-. XKT272 3/6 12/10 OC44 2/6.20303 5/3 2N717 10/9,2X1209 6/6,2S322A 16/-
11/3,2X3706 7/10'28323
NKT0003 12/- XKT2044 110/11 NKT226
NKT12 9/- XKT2J2 4/7 XKT228 8/6'XKT273
6/3 NKT211 5/- X KT227 3/6 NKT451
XKT452 12/6
13/9
OC45
OC70
2/6 20304
5/- 20306 8/3;2N718A
12/3,2X1420 30/-I2X3707
7/-; 2X718 18/10, 2X1507 14/8 2X3708 5/-28501 15/7
4/4 NKT274 3/6INKT4S3
XKX321 6/3 NKT213 4/9 NKT237 8/3 NKT275 3/6 NKT603 6/- OC71 2/6 2O30H 6/9,2X719 25/6 2X1613 - 18/9'2X3709 5/1,28502 24/-
NKT123 3/9 NKT238 5/- XKT292 3/6 XKTG12 4/tl OC74 5/-2O309 7/9;2N719A 22/6 2X1711 28/6 2X3710 5/6! 28503 27/-
NKT124 8/5 XKT2I4
NKT21fi 8/6 NKT239 5/7 NKT301 15/9 NKT613 5/7 OC7u 5/-20371 3/52N720 37/6 2X3011 12/-2X3711 6/3 28512 9/6
NKT125 6/4 NKT217 NKT302 14.'9 NKT874 5/2 OC77 3/-12S216 0/-2N720A 45/- 2X3563 6/6 2X3712 20/-12S7O1 12/-
NKT126 5/2 NKT218 81- NKT240 4/7
4/4 NKT241 5/7 NKT303 12/9 NKT675 4/3 OC78 5/-!2N219 6/-2X721 47/- 2X3564 7/7)28102 17/28702 15/3
NKTI27 8/11 6/-2S722 vv, 50/- 19/6 28703 17/9
6/6 2S103 24/3
NKT128 6/- NKT219 4/10
XKT129 5/2 NKT221 4/11
XKT242 4- XKT304 11/9
XKT244 4/1 NKT35I
NKT676 4/4 OC81
10/9 NKT677 4/4 OC170
2/6I2N404
3/-|2N408 6/-2N726 18/6 2X3565
2X3691 6/62S104
6/6-28131 11/10
28731 10/9
28732 11/10
NKT141 6/- NKT222 4/3 NKT245 4/6 NKT36I 10/- NKT713 6/6 OC371 6/-2N649 7/-12X727 22/3' , 2X3602 6/8:28301 11/8128733 12/9
NKT142 5/2 NKT223 30/- NKT362 10/-
4/4 XKT26I 3/6 XKT40L 00172
NKT773 5/- 20102 ^0/9 2X743 21/6,2X3693 9/9:283010 6/10
7/6128302 7/10
NKT143 5/- NKT22331 17/7 OC20
XKT262 3/6 XKT402 18/6 5/- 20104 36/1'2
NKT774 37/6 12/3 2X753 14/8:2X3694
K 697 22/612X1305 6/6 2X3702 6/10;2S302A 283020 7/10
NKT162 4/11 NKT224 3/9 XKT263 3/3 12/9 ;2N 698 8/312X1300 8/8 2X3703 7/10!2S303 15/7 283021 7/4
NKT163 4/11 NKT2241 30/- XKT264 3/6 NKT403 16/6 OC35 10/- 2G106 15/712N706 8/8,2X3704 7/10
9/9 j2X 1307 11/3
4/6 2N706A ll/9i2X1308 2S321 10/9
XKT164 XKT22421 30/- XKT265 3/6 XKT404 13/3 OC36 10/- 20301
NKT2024 4/11 NKT225 3/9 NKT271 3/6 NKT405 14/3 OC42 6/- 2G302 5/4 2N708 2X3705 7/1 28322 10/6
110/11
SIX PAGE LIST NOW AVAILABLE. S.A.E. TERMS, CASH WITH ORDER. P.P. ADD 9d,
SEMICONDUCTORS AND MAIL ORDER ONLY. WE REGRET, NO CALLERS,

YUKAfK SO P/fOPSSSIONAL TH£ YCXAtf

For men who like doing srif-svw^ ua^I^CD"
Get these AIR DRYING GREY HAIVIIVIcK
a job ^'^.cnc/x. nr_ or BLACK WRINKLE (CRACKLE) Finishe:
Other Yukon Air
Yukan Aerosol spraykit contains 16 ozs. fine quality Drying
properly durable easy instant spray. No stove baking required. include:Aerosols
Hammers available in grey, blue, gold, bronze.
nioforisf Modern Eggshell Black Wrinkle (Crackle) all at 14/1 I Zinc Chromate
at our counter or 15/11, carriage paid, per push- Primer.
button self-spray can. Also Durable, heat and water Clear Lacquer.
resistant Black Matt finish (12 ozs. self-spray cans Anti-Tornish
ond Metallic
Gold
only) 13/11 carriage paid. finishes.
SPECIAL OFFER : I can plus optional transferable
snap-on trigger handle (value 5/-) for 18/11, carriage
paid,Choice of 13 selfspray plain colours and primer
(Motor car quality) also available.
Please enclose cheque or P.O. for total amount io :
YUKAN, Dept. PE '5 307a Edgware Rd.p London W.2.
Expert advice, instruction and up-to-the-minute ideas Lppcnn all day Saturday. Closed Thursday afternoons^

The most accurate TECHNICAL TRADING Co.

pocket size -•vh 'JM. All items previously ad- JASON TAPE Tmylar/P.V.C.
°"sntw-
vertised available, also see Standard Play Double Play 4/-
iCAX CU tATiOf^ items advertised in Prac- 3' 150ft. 2/3 3' 300ft.
tical Wireless. Huge Hi- 4' 300ft. 4/8 6001t. 8/-
4" 1200ft.
CALCULATOR Fi and Components stocks 5' 600ft. 7/8 5' 1800ft. 15/- 19/8
at all branches. 900ft. 10/6
5} 1200ft. 5$'
13/6 1' 2400ft. 27/-
in the world Long Play Triple Play
900ft. 13/-
EOBOPHONE ORDERS 3' 225ft. 6/6 2/9 4" 1800ft.
Your C.O.D. order exceeding £1 4' 450lt. 6' 2400ft. 25/- 34/-
can be telephoned to 900ft. 10/6 5?"
5' 1200ft.
The 66 inch OTIS KING scales give BRIGHTON 680722 5} 18/- 7' 3600ft. 44/-
you extra accuracy. Write today at any time day and night 7' 1800ft. 18/8 q adruple Play
for free booklet, or send 75/- for Post 1/- 3" 600ft. 8/-
this invaluable spiral slide rule a&EF 10 TOTTENHAM COURT RD., LONDON, W.I Tel.; MUS 2639
on approval with money back 350,352 FRATTON RD., PORTSMOUTH. Tel: 22034
guarantee if not satisfied. BOOKLET ON 72 EAST STREET, SOUTHAMPTON. Tel: 25851
^request 132 MONTAGUEALL MAILSTREET, WORTHING.
ORDER AND RETAIL SHOP TEL: 2585
CARBIC LTD.(Dept. PHI2) PARK CRESCENT PLACE, BRIGHTON
54 Dundonald Road, London, S.W.19

CURRENnY FITTED TO DYER 100 MORELS RY MAJOR M1NUFACT0RERS

bring your record player UP TO DATE WIT"

Sonotone c E
HIGH FIDELITY STEREOPHONIC CERAMIC CARTRIDGES
Sonotone 9TA SERIES. Superior quality cartridges offering extremely
high compliance for a cartridge with dual styli. Tracking weights as low
as 1-3 gm. allow reproduction from heavy modulated records without
distortion on most changers. Standard i'fixing centres. Prices: Sapphire
£2.18.10. Tax paid. Diamond £3.16.7. Tax paid. Other types available.
Other types available. Send for leaflet. . metrosound mJnufacturing co ltd.
bridge works, Wallace road,
0 metrosound london, n.I. te|. 01-226 8641/2/

702
 RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
(continued) (tsntinued) fconfmueJj

TAPES AND TRANSISTOR BARGAINS PHOTOELECTRIC KIT SPEAKERS. Sin and Tin, 3 ohm 10/y Ex
Std. play L.P. D.P. E.R. brand new equipment. Many other sizes in
7" 1,200' 7/9 1,800' 12/- 2,400' 20/J 2/} Build 12 EXCITING stock. P. & P. 2/6 all, BARRY HEATH,
Si' 900 6/9 1,200' 8/9 1,800' 15/3 11- PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICES 175 Xewbury Gdns., Stoneleigh, Surrey.
5'
3- 600' 5/6 900'
ISO' 2/3 225' 7/33/9 1,200' I III V-9
300' 4/9 on a Printed Circuit Chassis
Post and packing, 2/9 per order CONTENTS: 2 P.C. Chassis Boards, Chemicals
Money refunded in full if not satisfied Etching Manual. Infra-Red Sensitive Photocell, COMPONENT BARGAINS
OC22 8/- OC83 41- API 17 41- Latching Relay. 2 Transistors, Resis. Cond.
OC23 SI- OC82D 4/6 31- API 18 4/- Pot. Terminal Block. Elegant Case. Screws, Silicon
OC24
OC25
8/- OC84
8/- OCI70
AFZI2
4/- BCY33
8/-
6/6
etc.
simpleIn fact,
but everything you need to build a
efficient Photo-Switch/Burglar sulatedBridge Rectifiers
in cylinder I cm byI.A I 400
cm. P.I.V. encap-
15/6
OC26 SI- OC17I 41- BCY34 6/6 Alarm/Counter, etc. (Project No. I shown Unijunction transistor 2N2646
OC28 SI- OA8E II- below) which can be modified for modulated
OC30 8/- OA202 II- BCY38
BFY50 6/6
5/6 "ight operation (Projects Nos. 2 & 3)- 2N2925 high-gain NPN silicon planar hfe 235
min. 470 max 76
'
OC3S
OC44 10/- AC
31- AC 126107 SI- BFY52
41- BY 100 5/6
4/6 2N2713 NPN with' low saturation voltage and
OC45 31- AC 127 41- BYZI2 8/- good current gain up to 200mA hfe 60. wer...8,6
OC46 31- ACYI7
AC 128 4/- GETI03
BYZ13 6/6 2NI893 for switching at medium Po 203W6
OC70 31- 41- 4/- hfe 60 /
OC7I 3/- ACYI8 4/- GETII3 4/- Midget Plessey pots IM I in 2/6
OC72 31- ACY19 4/- GETII6 10/- PHOTOELECTRIC SCRs 400 PIV, IA 9/-, 3 A 11/6
OC75 31- ACY20 5/6 GETIIB 4/6 tDftCLKP BEAU TYPtJ
{IMVISISLE
OC76
OC77 3/- ACY2I
4/- ACY22 5/6
4/- GETII9
G|T887 4/6 4/6 Cir-kit No. 3
OC78 3/- AD 140 8/- CET889 4/6 Postage and packing 6d.
OC78D 31- AD 149 8/- GET890 4/6 Send II- for i/iustrated cotofogue
OCBI
DCS ID 31- 3/- API
API 14
15 41-
41- GET896
GET897 4/6 4/6
OC82 3/- API 16 41- GET898 4/6 NESLO ELECTRONICS
All fullyorders
testedonand guaranteed. Discount for (Dept. P.5), 53 GROSVENOR PLACE
quantity request. Also
buildingEssential Data. Circuits PROJECTS.
12 PHOTOELECTRIC and Plans for
(I) NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE 2
Post and packing, I/- per order Simple Photo-Switch. (2) Modulated Light
Alarm. (3) Long Range Stray-Light Alarm.
Relay-less Alarm. (5) Warbling-Tone Alarm. (4)
A. MARSHALL « SON (LONDON) LTD. (Dept. P.E.I4) (6) Closed-Loop Photoelectric Alarm. (7) Pro-
28 Cricklewood Broadway, London, N.W.2 jector Lamp Stabiliser. (8) Electronic Projector
Teh 01-452 0161 Modulator. (9) Mains Power Supply Unit. ( 0) SILICON PRODUCTS
Automatic Car Parking Lamp Controller. (II) 2N3053,10/4. 2N3055.22/-. AII2N2926, 3/9.
Super Sensitive Relay-Less Modulated Light
ME4001 4'6 2N3819 18/6 UJT TIS43 13/- Alarm. (12) Car Automatic Headlamp Dipper. 2N696, 6/4. 2N697, 5/-. 2N706, 3/9.
ME4002 Basic Kit: 39/6. Post and Packing 2/6 (U.K.) Miniature N-Type, 25V, 200mW, FET, 10/4.
ME4003 45 93 2N3820
2N3055 23/- IN4004ST2 4/3
19,'6 Diode 8/6 OPTICAL KIT 2N1302-9, all types, 4/4.
ME6003 4 9 2N2926 4/- 2N339IA 8/6 Everything needed (Except plywood) for build- S.A.E. for full lists
ME30II
ME0404 44 99 TRIAC BTR403. 400V. 3A. 32/6
TRIAC BTR406. 400V. 6A. 55;- ing t Folded-Beam
Receiver to suit PHOTO Projector and IPROJECTS.
ELECTFLIC Photocell
MILLTRONICS CONTENTS: 2 lenses, 2 mirrors, Infra-Red C.W.O. Add postage
I ULLSWATER ROAD, LEVERSTOCK GREEN Filter, 2 45 deg. Blocks. Projector Lamp
Holder and Bracket. Plans, etc. PREMHIT LTD., Components Div.
HEMEL HEHPSTEAD, HERTFORDSHIRE Optical Kit; 19/6. Postage and Packing 1/6.
C.W.O.- Post Free. S.A.E. List. Mail Order Only^ 31 Queen Anne's Gate
London, S.W.I
D.C. TO A.C. CONVERTOR KIT EXPERIMENTER'S PRINTED
Inputvolts
250 voltage 1250~volts D.C. Ideal
Output voltage
fluorescentA.C.lights in40caravans,
watt. tapeforrecorders,
running CIRCUIT CHASSIS KIT
fans, etc. Complete
£5.10.6 +TRANSISTORS
5/-p.p. kit with simple circuit, BUILD 40 TRANSISTORISED PROJECTS SPECIAL OFFER
TEXAS on a printed
GMO290 V.H.F. cut of freq. 700 M/cs, 19/6 each
p. paid. 2S30I Audio. 2/6 each. 2G339A transistors fromcircuit chassis box.
your spares with Latest
parts very
and
1 Watt S.T.C. 300 MC/S N.P.N.
= AC 127, 2/6 each. 2G302 — GET872,. 7/6 efficient designs for Radios, Amplifiers, Scientific Silicon Planer. Transistors. With
each. 2G30I - GET873. 6/6 each. 2G38I, Devices,
interests.etc.,The
etc.,kittocomprises
suit everyone's needs and
4 assorted PC
5/6. laminate boards, etchant, resist, solvent, data. Limited Stocks. £lfor6.
Diodes HSI0I0 gen. purpose, I/- each 4d. p.p. degreaser, 16-page etching manual "Printed
any quantity. HGI005 Silicon =* OA200, 1/3 Circuits for Amateurs," 2 miniature Radio
each -1- 4d. p.p. any quantity. OA8I, 1/6 + Dials. Also Essential Design Data, Circuits and 3/- each. OC44, OC45, OC70,
4d. p.p. OA79,
CADMIUM SULPHIDE 1/6 - 4d. p.p.CELLS
OA9I. i/6 + p.p Printed Circuit, Chassis Plans for building. OC7I, OC8I, OC81D, OC200,
Light sensitive, 7/9 each p. paid. Maida 40 SUGGESTED PROJECTS Get 16, Get 20.
6U2
quantity.ECC85 OC44.valces, 4/6 OC8I.
OC45, OC72, 4d. pp.. any
OC8ID,
2/6 6d. p.p. any quantity. OCI70, AFII7, 41- each. API 14, API 15, API 16,
AFII6.
OCI72, 3/63/-.p. paid.MAT 121.ASY28,8/6.7/6.MATAFYI9, 7/6.
120. 7/9. y
OC71, 2/6 -r 4d. p.p. ACI26. 7/6. AFII5, API 17, OCI70, OC17I.
4/-. AF118, 3/-. MAT101. 8/6. OC26. 6/6.
ACY22. 3/6. OC83, 3/-. AFH9, 3/-. HAT 100, 5/- each. OCI39, OCI40, Get
7/9.
Acos ACY18,
record 3/6. player cartridge suitable . f
for
B S.R. Garrard, Collaro, etc., 12/6 with needles. 7, Get 8, Get 9, XCI4I, BY100,
MIN TRANSISTOR CONDENSERS OA2I!.
I MFD-12V II- 0'25MFD 1/3
10MFD 12V
30MFD 12V 1/3 00'5MFD
1/3 01,0 02 7d. each 1/3
50MFD 12V 1/3 0 04, 0 05 8d. each ZENER DIODES
I00MFD 12V 1/4 0-1 9d. Many recently developed circuits published for 3.9v. to 26 volt, iw. 3/6 each,
Plus 4d. p.p. any quantity. the first time
Labgear V.H.F. transistorised TV booster for
poor reception areas, 75/- each all channels RADIOS IN including
THE WORLD:THE SMALLESTRing Rad,o3 I.Sw. 5/-, 7w. 6/- each.
available. (•70 X 70 X -SSin.), Wristwatch Radio (I-15 X
B.B.C.2 V.H.F. aerials by Labgear. 18 element •80in.)t Postage Stamp Radio (1-6 • X *95in.). Send 6d. for full lists: inc. S.C.R.
high gain outdoor type, £2.16.0 + 4/- p.p. Recently regeneration.
adjusting invented Triple Reflex Neutralised
(Pat. Pen.). with self"
14 element outdoor type, £2.4.0 -F 4/- p.p. Double Reflex. Pocket Transceiver (licence Zeners.
18 element high gain
p.p. loft type, £2.19.0 +p.p.
4/- required). Solar Loudspeaker Radio, Bacteria
Double14 18element
elementIpfthightype,gain,£2.7.0 4- 4/-areas,
difficult Powered Radio. Control of Models by Induc-
tion (not radio). Light-Seeking Robot. Guided BSY 27, 7/6 each. OC20, 10/-
£10.17.0 - 6/-p.p.
BTY-79-400R thyristors grade (I) 200 P.I.V. Missile. Electronic Man/Woman Discriminator.
4-7 amp. EAR
37/- p.PIECES
paid. Perpetual Motion Machine. 4 Pocket Transistor each.
ACOS Radios. 4 Amplifiers. 2 Intercoms. Burglar
High quality types 10 ohm, p.p.
150 ohm, 300 ohm, Alarm.
All designs suit PC boards enclosed. etc., etc..
4 Unusual Crystal Sets, C u r s o n s
1,000 ohm,
OC82, 6/6 set8/6p. each
paid.4 4d.
I OC44 +I 2OC82D OC45 ++ 2I Price of Kit: 8/6. Post and Packing 1/6 (U.K.)
OAS I 4 I OC81D + 2 OC81, 12/6 + 4d. p.p. Send a S.A.E. for full details, a brief description 78 Broad Street
2in, 3 ohm loudspeakers, 7/6 F 6d. p.p. and Photographs of all Assembled,
S2 Radio, Electronic and
J. ROBINSON Photoelectric Projects. Canterbury
DEPT. (RADIO
P;E TV)
4MANCHESTER
HiG HCLIFFE 9.ROAD, BLACKLEY
Tel. 061-740 1175 "YORK ELECTRICS" Kent
(MAIL ORDER ONLY) 333 YORK ROAD, LONDON, S.W.I I

700
 SITUATIONS VACANT (contmued) | BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS
SURPLUS HANDBOOKS
19 set Circuit and Notes 1(1 po Id
1155 set Circuit and Notes .... 4/e P.r. od
H.R.O. Technical Instructions .. 3/6 P.K. 6d
ENGINEERS 38 set Technical Instructions.... 3 6 P.P. 6d
46set Working Instructions .. 3 6 p.r. oo
88 set Technical Instructions.... 5/-P.P. 6d
BC. 231 Circuit
Wavemeter and DTech.
Class Notes......
Instr. 33/66 P.P.
P.P. 6d
6d
18 set Circuit and Notes 3/6 P.P. 6d
BC.I000 (31 set) Circuit & Notes 3/6 P.P. 6d
CR.IOO/B.ie Circuit and Notes 8.6 P.P. 9d
R.107 Circuit and Notes....... ■ 5/- PpP-
A.R.88D. Instruction Manual
62 set Circuit and Notes ... 15/-
J P.P. 1/6
/ 1
52 set Sender & Receiver Circuits 6/-. post free
Circuit Diagrams 3/- each post free.
R MIS/A, R. 1224/A, R.I355, R.F. 24, 25, & 26
A 1134, T.I 154, CR.300, BC.342. BC.3I2
BC.348.J.E.M.P. BC.624. 22
Resistor colour code indicator, 1/6 r.r'.
S.A.E. with all enquiries please.
Postage rates apply to U.K. only.
Mail order only to:
Instructional Handbook Supplies
Dept. P.E., Talbot House.
Leeds 828 Talbot Gardens

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ing Customer Engineer, you need more than
engineering qualifications. You need to be
ZN1305 Transistors, short leads, 1 6 plaa
able to talk confidently and well to any level postage. S.A.E. List. B. GREEX, 24 Goodhart
of customer management, and to have a Way, Wickham, Kent.
pleasing personality in your work. As a RESISTORS
D P C E, you work in direct contact with your J watt carbon film 5%
customers, on some of the world s most from 10 ohm* to 10valoei
All preferred megohm*in stock
2d. eacn.
advanced data processing equipment. Send S.A.E, for free sample.
You must have a sound electronic and CAPACITORS
electro-mechanical background, such as Multard Miniature Metallised Polye*ter
P.C.,01 Mounting
mf, .012mf, all.047mf,
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ONC/HNC Electronic or Electrical, or Radar/ all 6d. each. .22mf,
Radio/Instrument Fitters course in the Please include
on allI/-orders
for postage and packing
under tu
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You will getthorough training on data pro- BREHSAL ELECTRONICS LTD.
cessing equipment throughout your career. CHARLES STREET, BRISTOL I
Starting salaries depend on experience and
aptitude, but will not be less than £1,100 a HOME CONSTRUCTORS. Veroboard, Tran-
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year, Salary increases are on merit—vyithmd Send stamp for lists. CRO\\ EOB.OL GH
ELECTRONICS, 3 Rotherhill Road, Cro^v-
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initiative are always well rewarded at IbM;
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within the company. Medium Power, 250mW 630mW
If you would like this chance to become 2N696 , 6/6. 2N697,, 5/-. 2N706, 4/3.
2N3702/6/8/9/10, 4/6. 2N3703, 5/-.
part of a rapidly expanding and exciting com- 2N3704/5/7, 5/6.
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Ycb. Ic. Pd. Each
of work in one of the foremost companies in 2N30S3 40 0-5A 5W II/-
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to IBM. . , Single Phaie Silicon Bridges
Send details of training, experience and Full range from 1 Amp to 16 Amp, 25 PIV to
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age to Miss S. A. Jones, IBM Umted C.V/.O. Add postage
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Road,
— RECTRA COMPONENTS LTD.
London, W4, or simply **
telephone 01-995 1441, 25 Victoria Street
quoting ref.DP/PE/893. IBM London, S.W.I

698
For a Lovelier, More Productive

MM
Garden . . .

YOU NEED AMATEUR GARDENING

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FOOTBALL POOL COMPUTES CIBOTnT rod three New 1967 Ed. By Tec-Press 22/6
BRS 26,444 using a 0 other analogue circuits, 4/0.
"JOYSTICK" aerial %o DIGITAL f 'HPTITEE CIRCDIT Transistor Electronic Organs for the
z A simple
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o Binary ithmetic. Full circmt, mrmg diagram
■WE HAVE SOLVED your aerial problem for and notes on the Binary system, -/o. Silicon Controlled Rectifiers, by Lytel.
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Or enquire your local deafer 36 Villlers Avenue, Surblton, Surrey

694
 When you are I

ready ^or 1

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If you're a skilled
move up to 1
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you don't feel
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fast enough..
microphones : audio equipment
Join the Army.
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send for illustrated information

married). And that's only the start.
lustraphone ltd.
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Jt proCSto Staff Sergeant, -re Pay -d London, N.W.I
ff you're in the field of electromcs every chance

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692
 THE CHEMOSTAT
Diodes. Set switch positions to and '^ceo'. continued from page 672
Short circuit the emitter lead to the collector lead on
the test set and note the meter reading, say h. Dis
connect them and connect the anode of the diode to
the emitter lead and the cathode to the collector lead.
The meter should at once read another current say /^
The diode forward voltage and resistance at FLOW CONTACT , v. , ■
current can then be found as follows; Fig. 11 sketches a simple flow contact for the blocking
Forward voltage = Ff loop This may be connected at the final water output,
to monitor that water is actually flowing through the
Diode resistance = Ra- entire system. The screw cleat (3) on the cflow contact
cylinder should be adjusted to dram the ylindermta
Rd = 9000 (^- ohms rate slightly slower than the working flow rate through
the system, i.e. considerably more water should be
coming out of (3) than out of (2). Serious reductions of
Kf = Ra. h millivolts the water flow rate will then trip the blocking loop
where L and h are in milliamps. It should be noted almost immediately, drawing the attention of the
that this gives the "d.c." and not the small signal value onerator to .the need for readjustment.
Now chsmge the switch SI to npn. The current Under normal conditions, it should not be necessary
indicated by the meter should at once fall to a very to readjust the flow system during a working session.
low value; it may not be possible to detect any current All adjustments are carried out during the initial
at all This shows that the reverse current Zr is very preparatory half hour. , . , ,. ,
small when the diode is reverse biased with a voltage It is of advantage to maintain the ambient tooiu
™ of approximately 9V. If several milhamps of temperature on the high side of the nominal bath
current flow is detected, the diode has broken down temperature. This ensures stable air stratification
and is no longer useable. above the jacket tray most of the time and thus
minimises convectional interchange between the
developer liquid surface and the general room air.
Avoid draughts.
SMALL FILM TANKS
When small tanks are used for film processing, these
may be stood in a layer of water in the jacket tray, with
the Chemostat feeler dipping into this water layer.
Mixing takes place by convection on the heating cycle
but the water layer tends to assume stable stratification
on the cooling cycle, so that it is advisable to ht a
motor-driven stirrer in this arrangement.
ROOM AIR CONTROL ,ju ^
A structurally simpler method of working would be to
fig. 8. Direction of use the Chemostat to sense the ambient room tempera-
current flow in a pnp transistor ture and to switch forced convectional heaters accord-
ingly. The relevant time constant for the Chemostat
feeler is then 250 seconds (upper curve, in section (a) ot
Calculation of a. Fig. 8 gives an indication of the Table 1), so that the rate of change of room temperature
direction of the current flow in a pnp Jpn that should ideally be 1/500 degrees C/sec, i.e. just under
ignoring the leakage. It can be seen that 10 minutes for a change of 1 degree C. According to
t = _ (/B + /c) since, by convention, the current room size, this is a reasonable figure for small domestic
flowing into a transistor is positive, and that flowing turbo-heaters in the range 500W to 2kW. It is possible
OU
Now ^defined as the current gain in common base, to fit series/parallel switching to a multi-element
heater, to obtain a greater selection of wattages.
= Zc/Ze assuming small current changes. Faster rates of room heating are generally tolerable,
— Zc because of the considerably greater thermal time
Therefore a = _ (/b + /cj 1 + Zb constant of the developer baths. Indeed, this would
Zc give fastest correction of random disturbances of the
develoner temperature, but it necessitates two-way
Zc control with positive heating andpositive cooling, since
But — = 'hie bath temperature fluctuations remain attenuated with
IB respect to room air temperature fluctuations only on
1 hte cvclic temperature variations. . .
therefore a= 1 1 + hte The optimum cyclic amplitude would be given by th
+_L ratio of feeler and bath time constants multiplied by the
hte bath temperature tolerance, which comes out to a
temperature swing of 8 degrees C peak-to-peak for the
Hence a maybe found from the measured value of room air. Such pronounced cyclic temperature
variations of the room air are physiologically dis-
^The value usually lies in the range 0-9 to 0-996, concerting, so that a proper plumbing systern according
showing that the current gain of a transistor operating
in common base is always less than unity. to Fig. 10 is definitely preferable in the long run.

690
 1B22 30 - 3Q5GT 7/0 6AL5 6K7GT 4/9 12AT7WA6/8 38 4/-
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22/6 1
CY31 ECH35 12-/-I 6 El V- OC170 5/6 BCZ11 7/8 2N1090 20/6 803
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808
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W118 5h 9h I1 815
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832
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F/6063 54,- ' IV]
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DF73 ---
EF36 3,' 8 FW4/500 8/6 EL38 18/ X81M 18/- 7C6 30F6 866A 14/-
884 10/-
DF91
DF92 EF40 6/- ', G60/2G
FW4800 8/6 PLSi //
5/- ELS- 6 6 XI45 91-
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YF 955
BF96
DK96
EF41 2/6 1 GM4
EF50 cif OZ324 10/-
45/- EUg 6/
EL84 io6,60 Y63 lh 5h
Ah
4/- 7H7 30FLi4 131 956
967 21-
5h
I>Ju63 10/— PL500 1*65
YGO 8h 7Y4 9D8A 41-
DL92 EF65 i: 7/0
i SI sio'
HKo4 22;6 JTl"
«:
13 Z246A/1K OHfiGT 1/9 7Z4 30F19 13/- CJ6. Tabes
DL93 EFi 190/- (iHfiM 2/- 09J 751-
DL94 EF7 6)- HL2K |;8 rX4 14<
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30PL1
30PL13 15/
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DL96
X)L810 8/- EF74 Z801V 10/- 6J5 9D6 21- 35L6GT 7/ VCB517 50/-
DYSe 7/6 EF80 1A3 91- 6J5G 2/- 10F9 35T 17/6 VCR517B55/-
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E80F
E88CC 23/- 6J6W 12A6 15/- 10 1 3FP7 45/-
2
12/- EF86 6 6 S3A KT32 30- 8/- rV|2
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EA73
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EH90 7'8 KT76 8/6 QS95/10 5/8
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18 element, C-mplete with
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688
 LSI
R\ R2. .R3 R4 R12
10 100 k100 iO
kO. kfi" kQ kQ ka 10mA
SI a Set \VR2 S3
ON/OFF
; 51b IMO Sid R11
P-AA/^-t-aaa-
1
0-1 yF 47 kQ 82ka

I- 1
0.02M F O-OZuF BYt
TR2 TR3 TR4
TR1
„ o£ k
(*12 v J* *•
AMF TRANSISTOR*/,*? 0C7 0C72
0C7 0C7I 100 UNDERTEST

RHO RI5
VR _II_A^V- 100 ika
kil > fe OImF 47kn

NPN
Fig. 5. Complete circuit diagram of the test set. The three sections A, B, and C are the different functional circuits as
described in the text
reversal required for testing pnp and npn transistors, obtained directly from the oscillator. Since an inver-
whilst Sic and d reverses the meter connection sion occurs between base and collector of the transistor
to cope with the changed direction of current flow. to be tested, the two signals are added in antiphase,
S2 removes the base current bias from the transistor so that when they are of equal amplitude the resultant
when /ceo is being checked. When closed, S2 provides is zero. This state can be obtained by adjusting
the nominal d.c. bias condition necessary to fix the VR1 according to the he of the transistor under test,
working point on the output characteristic of the since the proportion of oscillator voltage required will
transistor under test. Variable resistor VR2 varies the depend on the voltage gain and hence Ate of the tran-
base current and hence the collector current of the sistor. The summed signal is then applied to a simple
transistor (as /c = /'fe /b). audio amplifying stage for driving a loudspeaker,
A proportion of the oscillator voltage is selected by rience, by adjusting VR1 until the audio output is a
VR1 and applied through a series resistor to the base minimum, a direct reading of Ate can be obtained by
of the transistor under test. Current amplification calibration of the potentiometer.
occurs and a larger signal appears at the collector.
The gain between the wiper of VR1 and the collector
of the transistor under test is directly proportional to
the transistor current gain, assuming
that R6 effectively swamps any Hole piercing pattern
changes of input resistance to the for L S 1 sound
transistor. Since
sv ^ )Sla/b
S/b Link
Re
and Sic =Ate x Sla
/
~ te Rs
V7 VR2
where V = voltage at wiper of VR1 O
therefore, small change of collector 5/2
voltage VR1
D
, 3V4 O
= SVc = hie -pr X Rh
Ks
Rh is the load resistance equal to
jRs< therefore the voltage gain 4-A HolesAtfiDia
SVc . Rl 17-B Holes group V4 Dia
Av = 2 -C Holes Dio
J^ = h!e Re- 7'/2 ( -D Hole mode to.suit meter used
Hence if Rl and are fixed, Av depends onl> on MATERIAL; Aluminium or Plywood
Fig. 6. Front panel drilling 16 SWG
Ate. This amplified voltage is added to a signal
686
 FOLLOW THE LEADERS
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a
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KING OF THE il AK

684
By P. Edwards

TRANSISTOR TEST SET

Many types of transistors and diodes can be quickly (c) No indication that the unit was switched on,
checked by using this particular test set which (d) D.C. systems where the actual parameter
measured was Afe, the large signal current gam
caters mainly for those with similar or closely related rather than foe (A)-
parameters. In some instances elegance of design has
been traded for low cost outlay, and so the constructor The set described here largely overcomes these
is free to introduce his own improvements where difficulties and gives a direct dial reading of foe
applicable. , ^ . indicated by the null effect of an audio output.
The layout suggested is not obligatory, but the
form shown was found to offer ease of operation.
The following facilities are provided; TRAHSISTOS
(a) Measurement of /ire (also called /? or a) iov pnp
or npn transistors with collector currents adjust-
able from 1 to 7mA;
(b) A check on /ceo (or /'co);
(c) Measurement of diode forward voltage (Kf) at a
given forward current (/f); Forward bms
(d) A check on In diode reverse leakage current; c collector a anode
(e) Calculation of a from the measured value of b bas e k catbodc
hte- e emitter
s screen
The test set was designed in an attempt to eliminate k £2.
some of the disadvantages experienced by the author
when using commercially manufactured units. The
most important of these were;
(a) The need for several knob adjustments and/or e b s ?ci c b e e b c cbe k a
no direct reading of hie;
(b) Adjustment of the hte control affected the preset Fig. tf Symbols and connections of transistors and diode-
collector current;
682
 NOW ADDED TO

The COMMON ^ CORE Series

co~"vO^-conE

THE 'NUMBERS GAME'

Play it with TRAINER-TESTER Response Sheet No. E3 and the eleven
adjunctive programming supplements to

basic electricity and

basic electronics

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You'll find it eo.y to loatotith
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mm.

680
 COLLECTOR
+ 6V
COLLECTOR EMITTER
LOAD |mm
OUTPUT approx/ BASE
-O
INPUT INPUT INPUT 4
INPUT

:y
a

O-lmm
appro*
Fig. 9. A simple DCTL gate
TYPE SUBSTRATE
INTEGRATION s of making epitaxially n_TYPE EPITAXIAL
LAYER
Armed with the p resistors we can now
isolated planar
simpl
transistorSfand resis^ F.g 9
consider a ®J^i eram 0f a very simple logic gate,
shows the schematic diagr transistor logic) nor CONTACT
This is a DCTL (direct coup through resistors to the AREAS
gate, it comprises fo P common collectors On
baSe
n,efto rsingle conecto'r load resistor. The output
O
pcdnt is taken from the c0^°g^fnto'two discrete Q
The circuit can be quitetheasily ^
splitas'the
mto^ transistor
the other %
sections, one containing
containing the resistor • O
have this part of the
section is concerned we a y ^ wafer containing
circuit as good ^ ™ . lated transistors, described
a
individual ePltax' 7 collectors of the transistors on

?» .cjuany fo™ed from the

5 ISOLATED RESISTORS
epitaxial layer itself (rig. 'f fore i,e made merely ON A SINGLE DICE
The transistor section can th^ groups of four
by breaking sllgn gf^odification is needed; all the
transistors. A , ne(i but this can be done
emitters also have to be > .re usin a
later on by interconnecting them operation is an Fig. 10a. Four common collector transistors on o single dice
SStoKotSS ultrasonic ot thermo-compr.ssioh Fig. 10b. Five isolated resistors on a single dice
b0
C&f.or section cat, be formed by «^
of five strips of p-type ^op r.er jbe pn junction
smroundln^^chrfthS^«i^om ydU iscdate^it from hs

of one end ases

ot eacn oi m msistor to any one of
respective b ' |^mrJ the lead out connections to the
Probe testing o Plessey integrated circuit
and one from the commoned
C0
Eurs; this Circuit L rn^de from mor^than on-chip
if*j
#3f iti" pletely separate types of wafer aa p
perh'apS a
causing comphcations i p circu t is the large
i
■U worse problem with this so . , carry out tbe
number of manual 0Perall°" Although these circuits
i^ i) stitch bond mterconnections. quantities, they are
•^1 f*r p
fading1 out'of favoior due to the rapid developments in
v "monolithic" circuits.
Next month: Monolithic circuits
&
V
 capable of accurafe
produced by the others A he ^tual size^^
signal type of planar ran^ d;ameter) it is possible
•ct l1-ignt
Photo resist ipht sensitive
sensiii material usually applied
wafer or sub- exceeding .>00 micr°n ' n0 inciividual transistors on a
to make as many ^^ J?* in diameter. This
strate" They'a^'used to establish the patterns for piece of silicon nomoretha microns
controlled etching and diffusion. piece of silicon which is usually about aii the d,ffu_
oianar process-The ^P^.P^r^omponennTs (0 2mm) thick is called ions have been carried
integrated circuitsan surfaCe for referencing
based upon the use of a s g planar process tF&ZtSXJf-* di«-"ch dlce com
'
each successive operation The^pla^^ P.^.^ prising an individual transistor.
?rrct i —o, .1
,S
Probing—A term »"d "V^J'Ld cir- ?heAbu*0o?the dicec^^in^^|an|uUansastor
regl
'".fKtoi:: r Lsr: forms the collector
int0 a mela
° the can wouid inevitably
was bonded , , |he collector of the transistor.
rl" fSVont" .o ..err
contact to the circuit. , , - , ; This'may ^eCpepectly desiraHe m'prcTduce6^
Propagation ay—The finite jnput; signal is S ^ !»£.<. from
SS;ISrS.. oorpo. b.. rr.rb.d l» "nrl vino.
R.w chips—Unmounted chip, confining =«"'«
components.
S"co„d«.,=bTh.yp.p™ .« -»-
Resistivity value for a given
Balk resistivity—A cons"". the resistance of the ventional substrate of sii • in an atmosphere
is
ofcarried out which
hydrogen by heati ng ^ne/"bpst'^rwithout
contai of a chemical
going
material "when' engtneered into ^
kfsmeasuredinohmcent^et various geometries.
of a
called silicon tetrachloride (Fig. 5) Witn ^ t
Sheet ^.st.vjty-Effecuv J |t into the complexities tetra
f/^t 'ide decSposes at the
material in a smgie H,d. . ^op\ng concen- is that the silicon u tlm and Sts silicon on
is a term often used to determine th6^^ p^g^^ surface of theatsilicon f bf
tration in extreme y sheet resistivity
the substrate the rate of ^
about ! micron per
P minute.
An important fea ure of this process ^
introducing extremely sma ^ it is p0SSible to
vapour into the main hy = ^ tbe value of
Resolution—The ^l^YtaUon^S^ssocTated with control the type of conduct v.ty asla^ll as^m ^
conductivity of the depos ted >erbut
photographic emulsion, lenses, and etching processes^ i.ciiflllv crown to a thickness ot iu to zu 11 uw
Saturation voltage-The voitag^ drop^ao-oss^ varies somewhat according to theapphc^no . of
As one can control, at w. 1,
wrenTtranTi^rTs in a ^j'/^^^esistance of
KS^d^l^ bl kept as iow as possible. ggiBSgssssws
SCIC —An abbreviation commonly used for semi
conductor integrated circuit.
SIC—Silicon integrated circuit—a circuit or 3=triSSSiSSSS2
entirely on a silicon chip. transistor except that ^ ^ the materiai.
between the collector and t: . t0 a reverse
This junctioft has ldentic P s P ver high resistance
separated into chips.
Substrate—A piece of material used to support to'currem^flow^to^he rest of the substrate, therefore
components fers containing now make contact widt tje
JSS cot;r«»W»P» «bich Chin f.l» T. collector of th® tran
f ;p fXeforeTus necessary to
to
deposited. reramic or other insulat- through this high resistan , oxide layer on
p
i^L^fupon which thin film components can etch a third window int 0f the collector
the front surface Remounted into a
Thermal
the thermalSi0 2—Protective
oxidation layer of silica, grown by
of silicon. Sca^SStor effectively isolated from the
Thick film c-cuit Silk screened ^.rcuit^ cerm^ "T^ess of epical
0
tnsulating 'substrate and' burning o^f the organic complex integrated circut , . t features of the
matter tl leave a purely mineral componen ^Siur^^SveSdoping and the depth
Thin film circuit—A circuit in^ wh.c^ all
of the junctions.
rPfZr3v\;U^Uir. o.P-ol.»g ..bff.-
Tp.n.l.P.r sn.:;;
base region of a transistor, 5
silicon. lislisssffi

676
 Contact to the collector is made in this case by
Again an oxide layer is grpwn over ths window to
passivate the surface completely (Fig. 4h). rfenaVmagofd ^edptform ^^0^
MAKING CONNECTIONS
The transistor is now complete fPf1 very fine aluminium wires (perhaps lOnucronsm
connections to the respective electrodes. This .IS diameter) to the evaporated ^^'mumandthentothe
carried out by opening up an an^\s^Pae1f• clr ^ular
the oxide over the base region, and a small e acuiar
hole over the emitter (Fig. 4i). Aluminium is v P° '
ated over the whole of the surface of the device by the t°£.oSSAiSi" Si."pe
same method as described for thin hint circuits. of transistor is that the collector connection is not
Excess aluminium is removed by
methods leaving a contact annulus over the base and
a spot over the emitter (Fig. 4j-).
Si02

d) N Type wafer
C^Reqrow oxide to
close BASE window
'Type
Type Type

5i02
SiO?
f) Etch window for
EMITTER region
b) Grow layer of SILICON
DIOXIDE

N Type

SIO,
Si02

C) Etch window for BASE 9) Diffuse PHOSPHORUS

for N Type EMITTER
region

. -A
"Type

SiO,

h) Reg row oxide to

close EMITTER
d) Diffuse BORON for window
P Type BASE region

PTyp
Type
a

Fig, 4.

674
 30 degrees C. About 40 kcal are required to heat the
therefore preferable, since they may be integratea with (approximate) 2 litre contents of the heatmg vesse
the cooling cycle, and have inherently longer time through the difference of 20 degrees C. An dectncal
constants. rating of 2kW produces roughly 30 kcal/mmute, so tha
the correction inversion time constant is aPPr0^ima'e^
PLUMBING SYSTEM eaual to the Chemostat feeler time constant. The
Fig. 10 sketches a complete system which is strongly sunnle arrangement of a transistor in an ordinary test
recommended and relatively easy to install in a dark- Vu -e as feeler, with its rather long time constant com- .
room. A deep double-walled jacket tray (1) contains pared to a conventional mercury thermometer, is thu
the photographic baths. The latter stand on wooden
blocks, so that they are affected only by the tempwature fUl
U wouffbe'pointless to devise special mountings
of the air in the tray, which in turnisdetermmedbythe with shorter time .constants, becaas® ^^l^ssaw
temperature of the water flowing between the walls of large electrical heating ratings would then be necessary
th o exploit them fully and the resulting short-period
With^reference to Fig. 10, the following details require control cycles would be much more sensitive to
comment The optimum input water temperature is inevitable departures from optimum conditions.
loTgrees C, and when the 2kW immersion heater is (However, make sure to use a thin-walled test tube 0f
swifched on the optimum output water temperature is the ordinary kind, not a thick-walled special type, and
fit the feeler transistor with a small cooling fin bent to
Bell,0hfloot Softty wedge against the glass in the bottom region of the
' " UMrilo. tube see Fig. 6.) The resulting thermal time constant
Main Sink Flow rote should not differ too greatly from 100 seconds in waten
tep Set
Chemostat (litre/minute) The volume of water contained betweenthewallsof the
Set jacket tray (I) should be approximately equal to the
\ o Tout o volume of the heating vessel (E).
0Cold wottt 25 Cr30 C- Summer
mem rheotwoves
15^——-kZO-C-krZSt A
20°C-F30°C Normal FcHnput'water temperatures above 15 degrees C, the
(B)Smell conetont working
nominal photographic bath temperature must be
head reservoir 35 C Li— increased above 20 degrees C accordingly, as shown in
(10-20 litre)
©Mercury pTg lO lt is convenient to fix an instruction scale
thermonieter ochind the water input thermometer (D). This
@ Screw cleat Scales the nominal setting of the Chemostat and the
regulator Moins nominal output water temperature at (H) on the heatmg
cycle, corresponding to each input water temperature
©Bimetol contoct ineqluse tube
oyens ot about 60 C CHEMOSTAT ^ByHfhe^time the Chemostat has reached the steady
Blocting loop control state, (D) and (H) will also have reached steady
readings which remain tolerably set for several hours,
^F)lramerslon
W heater i e throughout a normal working session. It normally
2kW Mains out Temperoture
feeler suffices to switch on about 30 to 60 ^inutes
k Tout intending to commence processing. The screw-cleat
(C) should be adjusted until the thermometer (H) reads
; Mercury - the appropriate temperature on the heatmg eyde.
thermometer ©Developer Corresponding approximate water flow mtes are als
0 „ bath ^
marked against (D) merely to permit rapid coarse
©Stop kath adjustment at the start (collect output water for 1 minute
etc. in a measuring cylinder). Fine adjustments to (C)
Sink should be made only with reference to thermometer (H).
Thick-walled pressure-type rubber tubing should
©Double welled ©Wooden block* used for all interconnections. This is largely unaffected
(D Closed heater vesse water-jacket tray
(approx. 2 litre) bv positioning and movements. A simple screw-cleat
gives accurate^and steady control of the flow rate when
Fig. 10. A plumbing system for colour photographic used on thick-walled rubber tubing The flow rate
processing should be adjusted coarsely to 3 litres/minute or a little
...Blocking loop more with the cleat fully open, by choosmg an appro-
(DMicroswitch -of Chemostat priate mounting height of the cistern (B) on thebe wall
The ball-valve cistern (B) is quite essential caus
water-main pressures tend to fluctuate, and normal taps
© working straight from a high-pressure main mtoalow-
Table tennis pressure discharge circuit do not give steady flow rates
ball ^Si even with constant main pressure. Such arrangements
would be extremely unreliable.
The cistern (B) is readily made by adapting a w. .
cistern. Any watertight insert ™ay be used for
Waste water from Screw cleat mounting the thermometers (D) and (H). The inser
Chemostat plumbing
system ® L--Z= must be as small as possible. It is also possible to
I# Sink make a small hole in the rubber tube, push-in the
© thermolneter bulb and seal with some watertight
adhesive. continued on page 690
Fig. II. Flow contact for blocking loop
672
 TO TEMPERATURE FEELER (TRp VR3 HYSTERESIS CANCEL
'Emitter Eorth Collector Bon" VR2 CALIBRATION ADJUST
2 4 13
fl A fl its
Rn
-1

POWER + C12 +tC9

INPUT R12 TT u
VR3 VR2 1 Hysteresis
^ C6
..<* k ccftctl
R16 f contacts
CJ—P ^^>6) (RLA/1)
R19 TO RELAY
TRo RIA
T R18
Coil
C11 TR7
c e TRS s
If RIO 04

rr»«B— oslJ CIO collector emitter

P5. TR6-
It —ftra-*
y w TT c base
■ R9 S-®+ TR2-8 BSY53
TR2 TR3 TR4
Fig. 7. Printed Circuit Board, component layout

®6

F/g. 8. Printed Circuit Board (actual size)

670
 The switches are wired in a double-
pole loop system, a negative voltage
being applied to one leg of the loop
and a positive voltage to the other
nWRKGI leg. This ensures that if any wire is
cut or if they are shorted together in
)P an attempt to override any switch then
the alarm will sound.
FincE h The Chubb mortice dead lock is
fitted with a switch which is operated
Items mentioned in this feature are usually * by the bolt, and is wired in the loop
available from electronic equipment and com- circuit.
ponent retailers advertising in this magaalne. The alarm is powered by the mains
However, where a full address is given, supply with automatic changeover to
enquiries-and orders should then be made direct the battery supply in the event of
to the firm concerned. Stoneleigh charger mains failure or interference, and
reverts back automatically once the
mains supply has been restored.
The fireswitches, if required, can be
wired in the loop circuit and operate
when the ambient temperature
equipment reaches 160 degrees Fahrenheit or 71
As a result of experiments into the degrees Centigrade.
problems of designing battery "if correctly installed and main-
chargers, specifically for the purpose tained the "Burgalarm" will comply
of charging batteries used in ultra- with insurance company specifica-
sonic aids for the blind, Stoneleigh tions.
Electronics Ltd., Factory No. 8, Test gear is another field where
Bridge Close, Ro'mford, Essex, have personal taste and pocket play
produced a sub-miniature charger important parts in stocking out the
which has a mains isolated input workshop. The Nombrex Ltd.,
circuit. Exmouth, Devon, signal generator,
Called the "Stoneleigh" the con- type 31, is certainly reasonably priced
stant current charger has a transistor at £12 10s Od. The main features of
stabilised circuit and will charge, this transistor signal generator are:
without any switching, either one or Nombrex signal generator type 31 frequency range from 150kHz to
twc Deac Nickel Cadmium batteries 350MHz in eight overlapping ranges
(type 7/150DK.) at a constant current with an accuracy better than 2 per
of 15mA ± 1mA. The charger cent. The signal unmodulated or
weighs only 5 ounces and measures modulated is approximately 3 per
4in x Ifin x 21in, including bat- cent sine wave at 400Hz. A contin-
tery holder. uously variable r.f. signal attenuator.
The charger can be modified to Directly calibrated frequency scales,
suit other batteries and with the discrimination within 1 per cent of
increasing use of alkaline batteries in the selected frequency. The average
all domestic equipment it should save output is lOOmV according to the
on the cost of battery replacement in frequency selected and the output
such items as radios, tape recorders, impedance is 400 ohms maximum.
and other portable appliances that
are in constant use. WARNING
One excellent point about the The Home Office warns readers that
Photain Burgalarm Kit is that it can soldering irons from Japan and sold
also double as a fire alarm, and is Burgalarm kit from Photain Controls in this country under the trade manes
claimed to -"provide a foolproof of Hilka and QQQ can be potentially
installation which can be fitted by the dangerous. These names are printed
average handyman or any electrician. in red on a small metal plate on the
ObFainable'from Photain Controls side of the handle which includes the
Ltd., Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Hilka or QQQ soldering iron iron rating 40W 220-240V and may
Surrey,-the kit cost £60 complete plus also give the serial number 1513.
15s for each fireswitch and comprises: The trouble is that a protective
control unit, three sets of encap- spring surrounding the cord where it
sulated magnaswitches and magnets, enters the iron can be pushed further
two 6in gong 12V d.c. bells, Chubb into the handle than the manu-
Castle mortice dead lock, 100yd Suspect facturers intended, and can make
twin cable for loop circuit wiring and spring contact with a live terminal resulting
two 12V d.c. batteries. in electrocution.
The control unit is housed in a Trade associations representing
pressed steel case with hinged lid and importers, wholesalers and retailers
contains the electronic circuit, opera- have undertaken to warn their
tional relays, batteries, automatic members of the defect and to advise
a.c./d.c./a.c. changeover circuit, them against selling any of the irons
tamper-proof screw contact and without first replacing the coil spring
key on/off switch. with a non-conductive flex protector.
The magnaswitches and magnets It is recommended that members of
are fixed to the door or window in the public should not use these irons
such a position that when the door is unless they have been examined by a
closed the magnet is in close prox- competent person and if necessary
imity with the magnaswitch which is modified to make them safe.
screwed or stuck to the door frame.
660
BRAND NEW T.V. U.H.F. TUNER AND QUALITY RECORD PLAYER AMPLIFIER Mk 11 3-VALVE AUDIO AMPLIFIER
SOUND AND VISION l.F. PAKEL Aheavy top-quality
duty double record
woundplayermainsamplifier
transformer, employing
ECC83, MODEL HA34
By world famous maker. Suitable for use in con- EL84, EZ80 valves. Separate Bass. Treble and Designed for Hi-Fi repro-
version of T.V sets to B.B.C.2 (625 line reception). Volume controls. Complete with output trans- duction of records. A.C.
OFFERED (less valves) AT THE BARGAIN PRICE former matched for 3 ohm speaker. Size 7in. w. Mains operation. Ready
OF ONLY 27 6. Post Paid. (The components are x 3in. d. x 6in. h. Ready built and tested. PRICE built on plated heavy gauge
worth metal chassis, size 7%\n. w.
and duefartomore
the than
very our
highprice
valueforwetheregret
complete
thatunit
no 69/6. P. & P. 6 -.
ALSO AVAILABLE mounted on board with out- x 4in. d. x 4§in, h. Incor-
porates ECC83, EL84, EZ80
correspondence can be entered into regarding this put transformer and speaker ready to fit into valves. Heavy duty, double
item.) cabinet below. PRICE 89/6. P." & P. 7/6. wound mains transformer
HIGH GAIN 4 TRANSISTOR DE LUXE QUALITY PORTABLE R/P CABINET and output Bass, Treble and for
transformer matched 3 ohm controls.
speaker,
PRINTED CIRCUIT Uncut motor board size I4iin. x I2in. clearance 2in. separate volume
AMPLIFIER KIT below. Slin. above. Will take above amplifier and Negative panel can
feedback line. Output 4^ watts. Front
be detached and leads extended for
Type TAI any
PlayerB.S.R.Unit or(except
GARRARD AT60 and Autochangcr
SP25). Sizeor I Single
Sin. x The remote mounting of controls.
IS n. x 8in. PRICE £3/9/6. P. & P. 9/6. HA34 has been specially
our quantity order enables us to offer f A Hdesigned tor us and
• Peak them complete with knobs, valves,
output in 4-SPEED PLAYER UNIT BARGAINS
excess of
J j watts. Mains Models. All brand new in maker's original etc., wired and tested for only P. & P. 6/-.
• All stan- packing, SINGLE PLAYERS HSL * FO UR' AMPLIFIER KIT
dard British B.S.R. 5/6. A.C. Mains 200 250v., EL84, 4 watt, EZ80using
valvesECC83,
components.
• Built on GARRARDTU/12 SP25 De Luxe £10/19/6. £3/9/6. Carr.
Carr. 5/6. + Heavy duty double-
printed circuit panel, size 6 x 3in. B.S.R. GU7 with unit mounted pickup
£4/18/8. Carr. 5/6.arm. wound mains transformer
• Generous size Driver and Output Transformers. AUTO. CHANGERS Carr. 6/6 on each. with electrostatic screen.
• Output transformer tapped for 3 ohm and 15 Latest B.S.R. UA25 Super slim — .... £6 2 6 -k volume
and Separatecontrols,
Bass, Treble
giving
ohm speakers. • Transistors (GET 1 14 or SI GARRARD 1000 with Hi-Fi cart. £6 19 6 fully variable boost and cut
Mullard OC8ID and matched pair cf OC8! o/p). GARRARD 2000, £7 10 0 with minimum insertion
• 9 volt operation. • Everything supplied, GARRARD 3000. -. £8 15 0 S3 loss, -k Heavy negative
wire, battery clips, solder, etc. • Comprehen- LATEST GARRARD AT60 Mk. II £12 0 0 feedback loop over 2 stages
sive easy to follow instructions and circuit diagram All
2/6 (Free with
SPECIAL PRICEKit).
45/- AllP. parts
& P. 3sold Also separately:
ready, and the abovestyli
sapphire unitsorarecancomplete
be supplied withwith
t'o compatible
mono head
excellent quality with
ensures high output at
very low distortion factor.
built and tested, 52 6. P. & P. 3'-. A pair of stereo head for 12/6 extra. k Suitable for kuseProvision
with guitar, microphone or
TAIs are ideal for stereo. BRAND NEW CARTRIDGE BARGAIN ! record player. for remote mounting
ACOS GP69-I MONO CARTRIDGE. For E.P. size of controls or direct on chassis. k Chassis
STEREO AMPLIFIER and L.P. Complete with stylus, ONLY 12,6. P. & 4/ in.onlyk7/ All in. wide x 4 in. deep. Overall height
components and valves are brand
Incorporating P. IK new. k Very clear and concise instructions enable
double wound 2mainsECL86s and I E280,Output
transformer. heavy4 watts
duty BRAND
ohm. NEW.
Current 12'
productionI5w. H/D
by Speakers,
well-known 3 or
British15 even the inexperienced
with !00"f» success. k Supplied amateur to construct
complete with
per channel into 3 ohm speakers. Full tone
-jume controls. and vol-
Absolutely maker. Offered below list price at 89/6. P. & P. 5 -. valves, output transformer (3 ohms only), screened
complete. Guitar models : 25w, £5.5.0 ; 35w. £8.8.0. lead, wire, nuts, bolts, solder, etc. (No extras to
BRAND NEW 3 OHM LOUDSPEAKERS ' Comprehensive buy.) PRICE 79 circuit 6. P. &diagram,
P. 6/-. practical layout
ONLY 5 in., 12 6; 6i in.. I5/.J 8 in.. 22/6; 10 in.. 27 6; and parts lists 2/6 (free with kit).
£4.19.6 7 in. x 4 in., 16 -; .10 in. x 6 in., 27/6, This kit although similar in appearance to HA34
E.M.I. 8 in, x 5 in. with high flux magnet 21,-. employs entirely different and advanced circuitry.
LJ P. & P. 8 - E.M.I.
42 - (15131ohm, x 845/-).
in. with
P. & high
P. 4 ' flux
& 5' ceramic
2/-, 61' &magnet,
8 2'6,
Super De- 10" & 12 3/6 per speaker. 10/14 WATT HI-FI AMPLIFIER KIT
luxe version E.M.I. PLASTIC CONED TWEETER.
with ECL86 2t • 3 ohm. Limited number: I2'6eaeh. P. & P. 1/6. A stylishly fin-
valves, scp.
_ bass, treble and balance
trols, full feed back. 4 watts con- VYNAIR AND REXINE SPEAKER AND ished monaural
CABINET
yd., our price FABRICS13 6 per app. yd.
54 in.length
wide. Usually 35/- amplifier with an
min. I yd.)
per channel into 3 ohm speakers. 8 gns. P. & P. 8/-. P. & P. 2,6. S.A.E. for samples. outputof 14 wattsin
from 2 EL84s
SPECIAL PURCHASE! TURRET TUNERS 7-10 watt OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS to push-pull. Super
By famous maker. Brand new and unused. Complete match pair of ECL SS's in push-pull to 3 ohm out- both music andof reproduction
with PCC84 and put. ONLY II P. & P. 2/6.
MAINS TRANSFORMER for transistor power speech, with neg-
for Channel I toPCF80
5 andvalves
8 and34-38 Mc/s IF. diagram
9. Circuit Biscuits
supplies. ligible hum..Sep-
supplied. ONLY 25-each. P. & P. 3/9. amp (with Tapped electrostatic pri 200-250v.
screen) andSec. 6-3v.40-0-40
at -5 ampatfori aratemike
inputs for
and gram
dial lamps etc.
x3J*x3i" 27/6. Drop
P. & thro
P. mounting. Stack size tj' allow recordsand
4/6.
GORLER F.M. TUNER HEAD MATCHED PAIR OF 2 WATT TRANSISTOR announcements to follow each other. Fully shrouded
88-100 Mc/s 10.7 Mc/s. l.F., IS/-, plus 2/- P. & P. DRIVER AND OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS, section 3-l5£/>
wound output transformer to match
speaker and 2 independent volume controls,
(ECC85 valve. 8 6 extra). Stack size I i x H x £ in. Output
ohm and 15 ohm output. 10- pair plus 2/- F. P. givingtrans, tapped for 3 and separate bass and treble controls are provided
ECC83, good lift
EF86, and cut.
and2/6.EZ80 Valve line-up
rectifier. 2 Simple
EL84s,
ACOS CRYSTAL MIKES. High imp. For desk SPECIAL OFFER! FM AM TUNER HEAD instruction booklet (Free with parts.) All
or hand use. High sensitivity, 18/6. P. & P. 1/6. Beautifully designed and parts sold separately. ONLY £7 9 6. P. & P. 8/6.
ACOS HIGH IMPEDANCE CRYSTAL STICK precision
Dormer and engineered
Wadswerth by Also available ready built and tested complete
MIKES. Listed at 42,'-. Our price, 21P.&P. 1/6. Ltd. Supplied ready fitted with scd. input sockets, £9/5/-. P. & P- 8/6.
with Carrying Case for above 28/6. P. & P. 7/6.
SPECIAL PURCHASE! densertwin for.0005 tuning con-
AM connection. MATCHED PAIR AM/FM I.F.'s. Comprising
Prealigned FM section I st l.F. and 2nd l.F. discriminator. (465 Kc/s/10.7
covers 86— 102 Mc/s. l.F.
9B.S.R. GUT
volt Battery output 10.7 Mc/s. Complete
with ECC85 (6Lt2) valveand
Mc/s). head
Tuner SizeonI"left.xI4'x2i'
11.-pair.H. P.Will
& P.match
2.'-. FM/AM
Operated Record full circuit diagram of tuner
Player Units. head. Another special bulk
4-speeds, Automatic purchase enables us to offer HARVERS0N SURPLUS CO. LTD.
stop. Plays any size these at 27 6 each . P.&P.
record. Complete 3/-. Order quickly! 170 HIGH ST., MERT0N, S.W.I9 01-540 3985
with mono t/o head Limited
and sapphire styli.
ONLY 69,6, P. & P. 5,6. able withnumber
precision alsogeared
avail-
A
Open all day Saturday
few minutes f rom South Wimbledon Tube
Early closing Wed., I p.m.
Station. (Please write clearly)
(With stereo cartridge 12/6 extra). 3:30;-.I reduction
P. & P. 3/:drive. OVERSEAS P. & P. CHARGED EXTRA. S.A.E. with all enquiries

BAKER MAJOR
Mini-DrillconSlptinDRiLLs
"MODULE "
A new Loudspeaker system featuring the This BATTERY OPERATED
famous 12 inch Baker Majo'r Full range precision miniature drill is
speaker on 19'
2i" tweeter and ' crossover.
12^'baffle board
Outputwith
20 only 5'long.lt incorporates a
watts. motor of exceptional power
Impedance 15 ohms. Ideal monoc.p.s.
Response 30-17,000 or & speed. Drills plastic, alum
stereo conversions of existing -inium, woods etc. Comes
cabinets, furniture, etc. mEATHCRA FT
complete with a set of spec
£12.10.0 Post Free jyi mi Dril! 1 -ial ly designed MINI-TOOLS.
* Also available in kit form with Indispensable to all enthus
instructions £10.19.6 o na'stsi ACT NOW
Cob/net Plans and Catalogue Free -rush4T chequeorPO.to;
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under
(Dept. P.E. 21) Baker Reproducers Ltd money 33 Southey St.
back / plus 16 p. p. Nottingham
Bensham Manor Road Passage, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 01-684-1665 guarantee-y

658
 x>
ens Fig, 4.3. Basle AND gate symbol
Frrrrrr

_jm E£

Fig. 4.4. Basle NAND gate symbol

c-,:
J&
?.
Fig. 4.5. Basle OR gate symbol
mr '
An early electronic digital computer—Ferrantl Mk. I—using large valves

The use of the term "memory" for the computer The second function is the and operation. This can
store has been deliberately avoided until now. This is be represented in diagrammatic form (as in Fig. 4.3) or
because it could be mistaken as being analogous to else in algebraic form by C = A.B where the dot is
human memory. The store is the memory of the used to mean and.
computer only in the sense that it can store numbers All that this and unit does is to give an output C of
previously written there by the programmer. "I" only when both A and B are "1". An extension
of this unit consists of an and followed by an invertor.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA In this configuration (known as a nand element), the
Turning now to the other two sections of the com- output C is only a "0" when both the inputs A and B
puter, it is necessary to digress for a while into the are "1". At all other times the output is a "1".
realms of Boolean algebra. This is a most amusing A nand unit is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 4.4;
algebra that produces such results as 1 + 1 = 1. its algebraic form is C = A.B
Beneath a light-hearted exterior though, lurks a The third logical function is the or operation
highly sophisticated and powerful tool for performing (Fig. 4.5).
mathematical functions on binary numbers. It also This is written algebraically as C = A + B, where the
has its applications in the control and routing of + sign represents the word or. In this case C will be a
signals in the computer, so this is a convenient place "1" if either A or B becomes a "1". This unit also
to study it. has its counterpart in "negative" logic in the nor
There are three main functions in Boolean algebra, element, in whirvh the output is the inverse of that of an
the simplest being "inversion". This changes a or unit.
"1" into a "0", and vice versa. In algebraic terms, if a These logical elements or "gates", as they are called,
binary number A is inverted, it becomes A (pronounced are very important in binary arithmetic, and control
"not A" or "A bar"). units of a digital computer. A useful way to keep
track of the 'T"s and "0"s in a Boolean expression
Currently use I.B.M. System 360 digital computer is to use a "truth table", which sets out in tabular form
iin all the possible combinations of 'T"s and "0"s that
TT will satisfy the expression. For example, the truth
table of the and element of Fig. 4.3 is as shown in
Table 4.1.

Table 4.1. TRUTH TABLE OF FIG. 4.3

B
l
~0~
I
0
 The digital computer is the so-called "electronic
K brain" of today which is revolutionising our way
of life. By applying its fantastic speed and accuracy
to routine problems, it can take from our shoulders the
burden of such things as accounting, book-keeping,
m ii .sT, ; g -i | payrolls, statistical analyses, ordering, and so on. The
list is almost endless.
M-t s t i : ts f* I It may be remembered that in the first article of this
series, it was explained that a digital machine could only
. i , work in terms of exact numbers. This is not such a
w\'L 1 great disadvantage as it may seem, especially in such
•J: ~
r: v . - , , ;--■ ■ -r MS fields as finance. The progress of the digital computer
was left (in Part 1) at the stage where Babbage had to
abandon development of his computer through lack of
i !
' f: 1 sufficient technical advance in his day. He did not,
however, abandon it until he had formulated the basic
, layout of his machine. This layout is in use in modern
; a«
« gr computing machines.
8 Babbage's computer was to consist of three main
units: the "mill", the "store", and the "control".
Since it was envisaged that all the operations could be
performed faster than a man could enter numbers, all
U ■ g i data used had to be put into the store beforehand.
Then the "mill", or "arithmetic unit", as it would be
I-- called today, would operate on the numbers in the
i store under the supervision of the control unit. The
v one difference between Babbage's machine and a
l modern one, is that his had to work with decimal
■ ^ - i numbers, whilst most modern computers work with
■3 ms- binary numbers.
■
TWO STATES
:r With the advent of electronics, it is a common
o c ii I: C ^ experience that electrical or electronic conditions come
in pairs or duals; on,'off, short-circuit/open-circuit,
conducting/non-conducting, forward-biased/reverse-
biased, and so on. Seldom, if ever, does an electronic
5i -U v u device have more than two states.
Suppose now that the number 153 were to be rep-
resented using such two-state devices. Thirty would
Ul De needed (10 each for the hundreds, tens, and units).
If, instead of units, tens, hundreds, and so on, the
numbering system had columns of units, twos, fours,
eights, etc. then the highest number in any column
would be "1". Hence each column has only two
Ui ^-v iH states: "1", and "0", and can thus be represented
completely by one electronic device. This numbering
m 1 system is called "binary notation". Returning to the
iP number 153, in binary this becomes 10011001. There-
fore only eight devices are needed to represent it.
r These devices may be valves or transistors.
A number such as 10011001 is referred to as a
computer "word", and is said to have eight "bits".
J The word "bit" is an abbreviation of "binary digit";
I , ^"4 each "1" or "0" is a "bit".
Turning now to the three parts of the computer, the
a b n -4 whole machine revolves about its store. There are
i . - ?;■■ Ipil many types of store; one that is quite widely used, and
will serve as an example, is called a "four-wire, co-
5 ^ f i incident current, core store", developed by the Massa-
1 -r " ;■-ii
. ,;;;>? chusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.).
MAGNETIC CORE STORE
■ •; IJ A magnetic core is a ring of magnetic material that
□ DIGITAL can be magnetised in either a clockwise or an anti-
clockwise sense. One core can store one "bit" of
CIRCUITS information, the "1" or "0" being signified by the
. I; sense of magnetisation of the core.
•J mm It is well known that a wire carrying a current
i mM generates a magnetic field around itself. If the wire
ii 0
S
;
• ":V; ' C\4 :•. gi-t.;.-, 3.1 i
^ j
 The total resistance between the output point on
COMPONENTS... binary 1 and earth is made up from 64 kilohms plus the
total effective parallel resistance of 32k £2, 16kn, 8k£2,
4k£2, 2kft, and l-2kn.
Total resistance = 64,000 + 554 64,554 ohms.
(The parallel resistance of the meter can be neglected.)
Resistors The total current flow is therefore
Rl 64kQ R4 8k n 6 X I03
R2 32kn R5 4k O 0093mA
R3 I6kn *R6 2kO 64,554
R7 l-2kn The potential difference between point A and earth is
(See text for details) tnerefore 0 093 x 0-554 = 0 051 volts.
Potentiometers If this same calculation is carried out for each com-
VRI 25kn skeleton preset bination of logical condition of register, it will be
VR2 IMH skeleton preset found that for every pulse input the potential at point A
VR3 I MO skeleton preset will rise by (to the first approximation) 0 05V incre-
*VR4 5kn skeleton preset ments.
*VR4 can be used in place of R6 (see text) To obtain the binary values of resistance necessary
for this network, it is best to use conventional i watt
Capacitors solid carbon resistors, to the nearest preferred, value
Cl O-OOI/xF below the value required. If the surface of the resistor
C2 0-01/iF polyester 400V
C3 0-1 ftF is gently filed, so as to remove some conductive material,
C4 I'O^FV the value of the resistor will increase. This process can
C5 IO/xF / elect. 15V be done while monitoring the actual value on a good
C6 0-1 /iF quality meter, or resistance bridge.
C7 0-0 IfF polyester 400V An alternative method is to use preferred values for
C8 0-001 ftF the larger values, matching them to the binary ratios as
Logic Modules accurately as is possible. (Remember that there is a
Register/bistable type 43A (6 off) tolerance associated with every resistor, and if you are
Multivibrator type 43D (I off) lucky you may hit on a precise binary value.) It will
NOR gate type 40A (I off) almost certainly be necessary to adjust the lower values,
All available from Electroniques (Prop STC) Ltd., particularly the 2 kilohms. To overcome this problem,
Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex. the author used a preset potentiometer for the 2 kilohm
resistor, and selected values for the rest of the chain.
Diodes The worst that can happen if there is a mismatch in
Dl. D2 OAS I (2 off) the binary ratios is that the increments between voltages
Meter associated with the incoming pulses may vary, and in the
MI SOO^tA moving coil type MR52P (Electroniques) worst case might even cause a drop back of meter
reading, as the register steps from, say, binary 1111
Switches (decimal 15) to binary 10000 (decimal 16).
51 Two-pole, 4-way rotary wafer switch Although this network obviously controls the
52 Single pole, on/off, push button, normal open display accuracy of the instrument, it should be
53 Double-pole, on/off, toggle switch remembered that there is a certain amount of error
Plug and socket associated with reading a meter, and as the full scale of
PLI and SKI 3-way pane! mounting the meter will display, in this case a total of 60 pulses,
it will hardly be possible to detect any movement of the
Miscellaneous needle for a single pulse difference. (Normal accuracy
Datum box type DDS8S (Electroniques) of reading a moving coil meter is 2 per cent.)
Veroboard, 61 x 44 holes, 0-lin matrix with copper Next month constructional details will be given
strips (2 off) (Electroniques type VC695-44) followed by suggestions of input circuits to make this
Batteries 4-5V flat pack (3 off) stopclock suitable for:
(a) Camera shutter speed measurement;
(b) Human reaction timing;
The binary ratios are chosen so that for every single (c) Velocity and acceleration measurement.
pulse into the register the current through the resistor
chain will increase by one unit, two pulses would give
an increase in current of two units and so on in linear
steps. This can best be shown, by a simple calculation.
RESISTOR NETWORK
Let us assume that the register is in the "reset"
condition. This means that all the outputs will be at EVERfi
level 0, which is, to'all intents and purposes, zero volts.
As the other end of the resistor network is also held at
earth potential no current will flow. On the entry of
one pulse into the register, binary 1 will change its
output to level 1, which is — 6V. We will now have
current flowing through the 64 kilohm resistor which
can be simply calculated by Ohm's Law.
652
 POCKET MULTI-METER 8-VALVE STEREO 3-4 WATTS
Size 3-Jx2Jx l|in. Meter size 2| X I gin. Sensitivity PER CHANNEL
1000 O.P.V. on both A.C. and D.C. volts. 0-15, RADIOGRAM
0-150, 0-1000. D.C. current 0-150mA. Resistance By Famous
0-100k Q. Complete with test prods, battery and full
instructions, 42/6. P. & P. 3/6. FREE GIFT for CHASSIS Manufacturer
limited period only. 30 watt Electric Soldering Iron Superb new 8-valve chassis covering long, medium and short waves on
value 15/- to every purchaser of the Pocket Multi-Meter AM, also VHF transmissions on FM. AM circuit's high sensitivity
permits internal aerial for most stations. Well-known Gorier tuning
ANTI-THIEF CAR BURGLAR ALARM heart in separate FM input. Tone and volume controls. Extra large
illuminated dial. External AM and FM aerial cia 1A rt
The Melguard Safermatic consists of an electrical device housed in small inputs. Gram, pick-up socket. Standard 3 fcl4*. w
metal box 4" x 2" X 1^", which has been designed and developed to ohm speaker. 200/250 volts A.C. n o n n
provide protection required by the average motorist at an economic cost. Size 17 7 52 in, deep. P. & P. £1
Using this system, an alarm and the immobilised condition is set auto-
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ignition, no one but you can drive the car away. Upon entering the TRANSISTORISED U WATT AMPLIFIER
vehicle the method of starting the car is by switching on the ignition,
depressing two hidden switches and simultaneously operating the starter.
Location of the switches is known only to you. Should the alarm be set comprising Mullard 2AC 128, 20C 75 and
oft" it can be stopped by following the normal starting procedure. For 2 AA129 separate bass and treble volume
12V operation. List price 79/6 our price 29/6 plus 2/6 P. & P. Full controls. Complete with Power Supply AC
easy-to-follow instructions supplied. mains 240 v. Size 7^" x 32" 2". Price 50/-
plus 2/6 P. & P.
to 4 WATT AMPLIFIER
3-4 watt Amp- POWER SUPPLY KIT
B lifier built and A.C. MAINS 200-250 V
tested. Chassis Incorporating "C" core type mains
size 7 X 3? X transformer, full wave metal rectifica-
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bass, treble output 250 v. 250 mA and 6-3v. 4 amp.
EXTRACTOR ^ FAN and volume control. Double wound for Heaters. 25/-. P. & P. 9/6.
mains transformer, metal rectifier and
AC Mains 230/250v com- output transformer for 3 ohms speaker.
plete with pull switch. Size Valves ECC81 and 6v6. £2.5.0 plus FIRST QUALITY P.V.C. TAPE
6" X 6" X 4". Price 27/6 5/6 P. & P. The above in Kit Form, TV
plus 5/- P. & P. £1.14.6 plus 5/6 P. &P. 52" Std. 850ft. . 9/- L.P. 850ft. 10/6
7" Std. 1200ft. . 11/6 T.P. 600ft. 10/6
3" L.P. 240ft. . 4/- T.P. 1800ft. . 25/6
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holder. 11/6. P. & P. 5/6. P. & P. on each 1 (6, 4 or more post free
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formers ensures maximum efficiency and frequency response. Auto-
matic heat compensation. Combined AC/DC feed back. Class B
Special offer output stage, i.e. output power is proportional to total current
consumption, this ensures long battery life. Under no signal condition
(IQ) current drain is approx. 12mA at 9 volts (4mA in the output pair).
ELEGANT SEVEN_mk n. Printed circuit construction, size: 22" x I* x Speaker output
impedence 12 ohms. Output power 600mW at 5% distortion, 400mW
SPECIAL OFFER. Rower supply at 2-5% distortion, 750mW at 10% distortion. Supply 9 volts. Total
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and smoothing condenser, A.C. mains output is lOmW. Frequency response -3db points 90 c/s and 12 Kc/s.
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size 11^x2". to High
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board back printed for foolproof construction, -fc Fully comprehensive valves. For use with Std. or L.P. records,
instructions and point to point wiring diagrams, i? Car aerial socket. musical instruments. All makes of pick-ups
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RADIO AND T.V. COMPONENTS (ACTON) LTD. Also at

323 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2
2ID HIGH STREET, ACTON, LONDON, W.3 Early closing Thursday
Shop hours 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Early closing Wednesday. Goods not despatched outside U.K. PERSONAL SHOPPERS ONLY
All enquiries stamped addressed envelope. Terms C.W.O. All orders by post must be sent to our Acton Address

650
potentiometer on each side of the unit. In practice, Input
these can be used to calibrate the slowest scale when the 0A8I
equipment is completed. The ranges are selected by To Pin 2 on Multivibrator
means of a ganged, double-pole, four-way switch. NOR Gate
On close inspection TR3, which is contained within To Inhibit
the module, forms the active element of a double input NOR Gate ^
0A8I
nor gate, one input being taken straight from the
emitter of TR2, the second via a resistor from pin 2. Fig. 3. Input OR gate
This nor gate is used to control the outflow of pulses
from the multivibrator.
A logic level 1 on pin 2 will cause TR3 to go into inputs go to level 1 the output will rise to level I and
conduction, or "bottom", and the output level at pin 25 therefore block the output from the multivibrator.
will stay at level 0 irrespective of the state of the multi- Although it is possible to buy this circuit ready made as
vibrator. It should be noted that the gating operation a module, it was felt hardly worth while due to the
merely controls the outflow of pulses and does not stop simplicity of this particular stage.
the multivibrator running.
Although only four ranges have been chosen for this BINARY STAGES AND REGISTER
instrument, there is no reason why this should not be The six stage binary register comprises six identical
extended in the "slower" direction with higher value modules, the circuit of one being shown in Fig. 4.
capacitors. Rather than have ranges as multiples of 10 The module used is a type 43A bistable/register
it might be better to have overlapping scales, which element. Generally speaking, this module can be used
could lead to higher accuracies on the final instrument. as a "set", "reset" bistable, a shift register stage, or a
There is, however, a limit to the fastest speed of binary divider, depending on which input points are
operation and this is set by the parameters of the used, and also on the interconnections between pins.
modules. The manufacturer specifies a maximum In this application, we wish to use the latter facility
pulse repetition frequency of 10,000 p.p.s. which means and, in order to achieve a complementary changeover
the shortest period would be OTms, which would be on the entry of puhes from a single line, it is necessary
obtained using cross-coupling capacitors of 500pF to provide the internal pulse steering circuits which will
each. route the incoming pulse to the correct side of the
The power requirements for this stage are — 9V at bistable. Without going into great detail, this is done
15mA, and +4-5V at 300mA. The preset potentio- by coupling the output of one side back to the capacitive
meters across the 1/iF capacitors are taken straight to input of the same side, this is then repeated for the
the — 9V line. complementary side of the bistable. Thus we have to
link pin 7 to pin 2 on one side, and pin 4 to pin 9 on the
INPUT "OR" GATE other side externally.
The circuit shown in Fig. 3 comprises two germanium As we have only single-line entry, it is also necessary
diodes. If both input points are in condition 0 the to couple the two capacitive input points together
output will stay at 0; however, if either, or both the (pins 25 and 26). Pins 1 and 10 both have to go to a

7
y77r777V7's777777777/7777r7777'//77777777'/777777777/
o S3a

Complimentorj Outputs i
from Binaries f4 —o Jo next stage and
"D to A con vert or
resistor
I*32
To Inhibit NOR Gate
o— — —

r
o OV
"25? T26
Ys//////////////////}v//S\////.

S3b
Fig. 4. Single binary stage in the register.
The shaded area shows the circuitry inside the
module Input c -o Reset line
648
 This is termed "negative logic" and all descriptions of This signal is fed back through the input or gate to
operation will be based on these criteria. Germanium tne multivibrator nor gate, which blocks the flow of any
transistors are used throughout, and this in part further pulses. Apart from preventing overflow, this
accounts for the fact that negative logic is used in this simple arrangement allows us to work with a total
system. register count of 60 which is a much simpler figure
(arithmetically speaking) than 63.
BASIC SYSTEM It will be seen from Fig. 1 that the output of each
Fig. 1 shows a block schematic diagram of the timer binary stage of the register has associated with it a
unit. Basically, it consists of a built-in "clock", the resistor which is commoned at one end, and taken via a
multivibrator, which can be switched to run at various 25 kilohm potentioineter to a meter. This simple
pre-determined frequencies. The output from this resistor network is, in effect, a digital to analogue
clock is a series of square pulses having constant mark/ converter. This circuit converts the total count held in
space ratio. These pulses are fed through a nor gate the register into an output current, which is displayed
into a binary divider unit, sometimes called a ripple on the meter; the higher' the count, the higher the
counter. reading on the meter.-
Each stage of the register is a clocked flip-flop with
outputs coupled back to the inputs, thus on entry of OPERATING FUNCTION
each clock pulse, the stage will divide by a factor of 2. Whenever a level 1 appears at the input point, clock
Each stage is cascaded to the next and, with six stages pulses are prevented from entering the register,
as in this unit, the final stage will divide by 32. irrespective of whether or not the inhibit circuit has
Assuming that the register starts in a "reset" state, been brought into operation.
i.e. all the binary outputs are at level 0, the register will Let us assume that at the time of switching the
accept a total of 63 clock pulses before it completes the instrument on, the input level is at level 1. When
full circle and returns to the condition when all outputs switched on, the register will take up a random con-
are at 0. dition depending on internal tolerances of the individual
The nor gate between the multivibrator and the binaries, the output meter will therefore give a reading.
register is present to allow the external stimulus to Before any measurement can be carried out, the
control the flow of pulses from the clock into the register must be reset so that all the binary outputs are
register. Assuming the input stimulus continued for at level 0. This is done by applying a level 1 signal to
more than 63 clock pulses, the register would return to all the direct "reset" entry points of the binaries
the reset state, and continue counting on a second lap. simultaneously. In this instrument, this is accom-
It would, therefore, be very difficult to tell what figure plished merely by pressing the reset button. The
had been counted at the end of a period such as this. output meter should now read zero.
To prevent this "overflow" and recycling occurring, an Assuming that the multivibrator is generating pulses
"inhibit circuit" is incorporated which prevents any at the rate of 50 pulses per second, and we allow the
further pulses from the clock entering the register when input logic level to drop to state 0 and remain in this
the register is full, or, in this case, nearly full. condition for 0-5 second before returning to level 1, we
This "inhibit" circuit is simply a further 4 - input nor should theoretically allow 25 pulses to pass into the
gate coupled to the complementary outputs of the last register.
four stages of the register. When the register has There is, however, a chance that the multivibrator was
counted to 60, the complementary outputs of the last already halfway through a cycle as the nor gate was
four stages will be in condition 0, then the output from opened, therefore we may only count 24 pulses—this is
the inhibit nor gate changes from level 0 to level 1. one source of error in the equipment, but it can never be
Sib
Cr
^—
0—500>jA 25 kQ

multivibrator
INPUT

Roorv. VR4
S0R

BINARY BINARY BINARY BINARY BINARY BINARY

C r
RESET
NOR j

Fig. I. Block diagram of the main timer unit

646
 A further facility is abbreviated dialling whereby -a
subscriber is allocated a list of short dialling codes
representing directory numbers he frequently calls.
Other facilities which are being developed include
3-way conference calls, call-waiting, and an alternative
transfer facility enabling calls to be transferred to any
number rather than to an allocated group.
■E& .
vr-- CONCLUSION
7«V The exchange at Ambergate is currently serving 700
<Kt & m subscribers and by the end of 1967 a further six
«sr exchanges should be serving the public; thereafter new
exchanges of this type will be put into service at a rate
■ of more than one a week. This new system, embracing
the use of the latest electronic techniques and com-
ponents, and by virtue of the centralised control system,
has exceptional flexibility in adapting to and providing
V/ew of a typical switching unit incorporating new services and facilities.
fifty reed relay sets With the progressive introduction of faster signalling
in the national trunk network and the introduction of
quickly the faulty section. Test points on the front of push-button telephones, the system will enable sub-
the units then enable strategic parts of a circuit to be scribers to enjoy "instant" switching and improved
checked before the replacement of the faulty unit. transmission performance.
To eliminate any possibility of a fault remaining
undetected for long periods, as could occur during a
low calling rate period, test calls are passed through the The calling number generator and jumper frame of the
system evety eight minutes. Pentex electronic system

IN SERVICE
The modular design and use of registers and high I
speed electronic circuits combine to give an inherent
flexibility to improve certain features and to introduce
new services as the demand arises.
Among the improved features is the simplified method
of barring outgoing and incoming calls, which is
readily imposed by the appropriate threading of a lead
through the class-of-service field.
An improvement in the private branch exchange
(PBX) facility dispenses with the customary practice of
reserving groups of numbers for possible PBX exten-
sions; any directory number can be used for a PBX
group of lines.
As the dial pulse counter can accept' pulses at a lr
greater rate than 10 pulses per second, a higher speed
dial is now practicable. Even more useful in these days
of subscriber trunk dialling (STD) when up to 10 digits
are required on national calls and up to 15 digits on
international calls, is the introduction of push-button
telephones in place of dial telephones. In local calls I I! 7
within the exchange, the called subscriber will be rung
by the time the last button is released.
On calls to exchanges of the electro-mechanical type,
push-button signals have to be converted into 10 p.p.s.
signalling until such time as multi-frequency signalling
is introduced between exchanges.
Another new service is the ability for a subscriber to
transfer incoming calls made to his directory number, to
any of a specified group of subscriber stations, by
dialling an appropriate code. This subscriber is .also *
allowed an ex-directory number so that close associates
having this private information are able to com- 'iiilisi!
municate with the subscriber, such as an off-duty doctor,
while normal incoming calls are on transfer. A variant i lilt.' 1
of this facility allows transfer of incoming calls to a
recorded announcement to indicate that the subscriber
does not wish to receive calls. - "< nil,"
The Pentex system also makes it possible for a
subscriber to dial the extension of a private automatic
branch exchange without being routed through a L * III
switchboard operator.
644
X
N
 Fig, 2, Block diagram showing the essential control and OUTGOING
switching circuits of the Pentex system JUNCTION
RELAY-S

LINE A, B, C AND 0 INCOMING

H - CIRCUIT SWITCHING NETWORK JUNCTION

OWN-
EXCHANGE
RELAY-SET TOCAUINC WJUt
(JkUINC
WJHBt R
EN MKEMTOH
CALLING
STORE NUMBER CALL SELECTION
CONTROL GENERATOR CONTROL CIRCUITS
AND QUEUEING
STORE
T
DN
IKTEMOCATE
REGISTER REGISTER
SELECTOR ACCESS
KJUK OKKfK MGISTEH SWITCH

CLASS • SPEECH AND DIALLING PATH

SERVICE - DIALLING PATH
AMPLIflER CONTROL PATH

the register again requests access to the Call Control been designed to receive pulses at speeds up to 20 per
which instructs it to pass the called subscriber's number second.
to the decoder, resulting in the marker relay of the called Having compared the two systems let us now take a
subscriber (2132) being operated. closer look at the equipment used in Pentex.
Call Control checks over the test lead that the called
subscriber is free, and then instructs the speech path REED RELAYS
selectors to choose a path from the originating exchange The whole of the speech sw itching network is made up
relay set, which is already connected to the calling of reed relays. Four reed contact units are mounted
subscriber, via the D, C, B, and A switches to the called inside a screened coil which provides the required
subscriber's line circuit. electromagnetic force to operate the reed contact units.
The establishment of this path is confirmed over the The reeds, which are gold-plated over their contact
test lead by Call Control which then releases the register areas, are sealed in a glass tube containing a gas
and itself-from the call. This sequence also takes mixture ensuring a long life free from contamination.
approximately 50 milliseconds. The "own exchange" The overall dimensions of the relay are 2in x lin x lin,
relay set sends ringing tone to the calling subscriber and which compares favourably with the conventional
ringing current to ring the called subscriber's bell, and 3000 type of up to 4in X 2+in x lin.
supervises the call throughout its duration. The reed relay is quite fast in operation, taking
approximately 1ms to operate and 0-5ms to release. It
LITTLE SIMILARITY is, therefore, suitable for many applications in the
From these very brief descriptions of the two systems, common control of the exchange. It is used exclusively
it can be seen that there is little similarity. The step-by- for storing digits in a 2 out of 5 code, the four contacts
step final selector and the "own exchange" relay set per relay providing an easy means of decoding into
perform similar functions in that each supervises a call, decimal. Circuits which have to operate faster, such as
giving ringing tone and ringing current, providing the selectors and the calling number generator, use
meter pulses, monitoring the end of the call and semiconductors.
arranging release. Each must be provided according
to the number of calls established in the exchange; a CALLING NUMBER GENERATOR
final selector can give access to 100 directory numbers In some types of electronic exchanges, the identity of
and must be provided according to the probability of a calling subscriber is discovered by scanning all lines in
how many of these 100 subscribers will be making sequence. The Pentex system is too small to allow the
simultaneous calls. In Pentex, the "own exchange" cost of such scanning equipment, so the calling sub-
relay set is available to all subscribers and must be scriber is identified in the following manner.
provided according to the probability of the number of When the subscriber lifts his handset the line relay is
simultaneous "own exchange" calls. operated. A contact on this relay discharges a charged
In the step-by-step system the setting up of the path is capacitor producing a pulse of current approximately
geared in time to the pulses produced by the dial. The 1A in magnitude and 20//s in duration. This pulse is
frequency (nominally 10 pulses per second) and feu along a wire to the calling number generator
duration of these pulses are critical. In the electronic (Fig. 3), which consists of an array of metal tape
system, it is not critical and the dial pulse counter has transformer cores arranged in rows of ten, each row
642
7HE END of 1966 marked the beginning of a new
era in the field of telecommunications. A major
step in Britain's aim to "go all electronic" with
its telephone switching system was achieved with
Europe's first production electronic exchange
entering public service at Ambergate in Derbyshire.
Known as the Post Office TXE2, it was developed
by Plessey in conjunction with the Post Office under
the auspices of the Joint Electronic Research
Committee. A similar system is marketed by Plessey
under the name PENTEX. TXE2 is intended
primarily for rural and small urban areas
where subscriber demand lies in the appropriate
range of 200 to 2,000 lines. It is the first full-scale
electronic exchange to be integrated into the
national network and the forerunner of many
similar exchanges now in full production.
The new exchange at Ambergate operates on the
space division principle with a sectionalised and
duplicated common control.

CONVENTIONAL EXCHANGE
In order to appreciate the differences between electronic
exchange systems and conventional electro-mechanical
exchanges, let us first briefly look at the basic working
methods employed in the conventional exchange.
The existing step-by-step electro-mechanical exchange
is a sectionalised control system where individual
switching stages are associated with and controlled by
the pulses made by dialling particular digits of a
telephone number.
Briefly, this system uses uniselectors and two-
motion selectors for its switching stages. A uniselector
is an electromagnetic rotary switch with wipers scanning
25 groups of outlet contacts; in the two-motion
selector the wipers are stepped vertically by the dial
pulses, past banks or levels of contacts to the selected
bank or level; at this level the wipers make a rotary
horizontal scan over ten groups of contacts in the bank.
ELECTROMECHANICAL ROUTING
The subscriber's telephone is connected to a sub-
scriber's uniselector (Fig. 1) which, when the subscriber
lifts his handset, searches for a free first group selector,
which returns dial tone. If a subscriber (number 2114).
dials 2132, the pulses representing the digit 2 lift the
wipers of the first group two-motion selector to "level
2" bank of contacts, over which they hunt horizontally
for a free second group selector connected to that level.
This group selector will respond in a similar way to
the second digit 1, extending the subscriber to a free
final selector connected to level 1. The third digit 3
will lift the wipers of the final selector to level 3, and the
final digit 2 will step the wipers to the second outlet on
that level. This outlet will be connected to telephone
2132 and the final selector will send ringing tone to the
calling subscriber and ringing current to ring the called
subscriber.
When the called subscriber answers, the ringing tone
and current are removed and one pulse is recorded on
the calling subscriber's meter for charging purposes.
When the call is completed, the final selector detects this
condition and releases all the switches held in the
connection.
TWO ELECTRONIC GROUPS
Electronic telephone exchanges can be classified into
two groups: -time division and space division. In the
HOME RADIO LTD., Dept. PE, 187 London Road, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 T(Q,.Phone:MiT3282

Two Home Radio directors making a quick exit from

the Crazy Horse Saloon, following' an unsuccessful
attempt to find some new components. (What we did
see was' certainly not new—neither was it very
adequately insulated!)

You can take the above cartoon just as round the world's exhibitions. You simply
seriously or as unseriously as you choose. have to spend nine shillings (our catalogue
The fact is that two of us from Home'Radio costs 7/6 plus 1/6 p. & p.) and a minute or
did go to Paris last April to visit the Elec- two of your time sending the cheque or P.O.
tronic Components Exhibition. It is one of with the attached coupon. Your catalogue
the finest exhibitions of its kind in the will be sent by return post. We guarantee
world—we have been regular visitors for you will be delighted with its contents—
several years. Moreover, wherever there is especially with the page containing 5
an important exhibition of this kind you will vouchers, each worth a shilling when used
find us there, for we are keen to keep up as directed!
with the very latest developments in
electronics, and to list the cream of the
components in our catalogue. Only in this
way can we ensure that our catalogue is Please write your Name and Address in block capitals
really comprehensive and up to the minute,
and that it will maintain its reputation as Name
one of the finest component catalogues Address
available.
If you wish to keep up to the minute,
electronically, you certainly need not spend
a fortune and weeks of your time touring
Home RaOio Ltd., Dept. PE, 187 London Road, Mitcham, CR4 2YQ

638
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BIO. -50V trans, germ. PKP latest tvpe .... 10/- 5 /S: STUD RECS. 10/- 10 srasm„n TRANSISTORS 10/-
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B21. -Sil. recs. 10 amp., 50-100 PIV 10/- AC107.. 6/- BSY25 10/- OC200..
OC17i. - 4/- 2S303 2/6
B52. -Trans, new tested, but unmarked 10/- AC126 . 2/8 BSY26 5/- 5/- POWER TRANSISTORS
B42. -Switching trans. TK22C STC 10/- AC 127 . 2/8 BSY27 5/- OC201.. 8/- OC20 10/-
B45. -Power trans. ADY22/TK400A VCB60 ACI28 . 3/- BSY28 .. 5/- 2G301 2/6 OC23 ... 10/-
IC 8 amps. PNP ACY17 . 6/- BSY29 .. 5/- 2G303 2/6 ocas 8/-
-Sii. etud recs. 3 amp. unmarked, AFli4 4/- BSY95A 5/- 2N697 . 5/- OC26 ... 5/-
B49. untested
-Power trans. GET 9 VCB64 IC 8 amp. AFI15 . 3/- OC41 .. 2/6 2N706 5/- OC28 .. 5/-
germ. PKP 10/- AF116 . 3/- OC7I .. 2/6 2N711 10/- OC35 .. 5/-
B50. -Light sensitive ceils ORP60 type . 10/- AF117 4/- OC72 2/6 2N1302 4/- DIODES
AF118 3/8 OC73 5/- 2N1303 4/- AAY42 ... 2/-
C2. 1—Uni power
junction. 2N2160 orand
2N2646 AF119 8/6 OC81D
OC81 2/8 2N1304 , 5/- OA10 .... .. 3/-
C4. 2—RF trans., OC22 BUY 11 .. 15/-
15/- AF178
ASY66 10/-
"' OC83 .. 2/6 2N1305
2N1306 . 5/-
6/- OA70
OA79 .. . 1/9
L!31. 4—Sil. recs. 800 PIV } amp. top hat BCZU 2/- OC139 .. 4/- 2N1307 , 6/- OA81 .. . 1/9
C32. 2—Power trans. TK400A/NKT404 VCB64 15/- OC140 .. 2/6
5/- 2N1308 . OA 182 ... 1/9
IC 8 amp. 8/- 1N914 2/-
'FREP ^ ^
Packs ofvalue
yourofown choice
SEND FOE OUR FREE LISTS AND LARGE RANGE—LOW COST GREAT NEWS ★★
CATALOGUE OF ALL OUR PRODUCTS. CHECK "We now give
toall the
orders over £4. 10/- with YOUR OWN EQUIVALENTS WITH OUR FREE SILICON
FULL CONTROLLED
RANGE AND RECTIFIERS.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS. SEND FOR
FREE OF guarantee with a allwritten
our
SUBSTITUTION CHART. CHARGE. semiconductors.
iTBSX EVER LOGIC KITS. Learn for yourself how MAKE A REV. COUNTER FOR YOUR CAR. THE NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER FIRM.
computers work, even make one for yourself. Full "TACHO BLOCK'. This encapsulated block will turn
instructionstimers,
for aetc.
noughts and crosses machine,
gns.L.2.Nobinarv
need any O-lmA formeter accurate MINIMUM ORDER 10/- CASH WITH ORDER
counters,
to purchase both kits,L.I.you5 gns. L.2. 10with
can start which rev. counter anyinto
car. a perfectly linear and
Ofl/_ AC*#*!* PLEASE. Add 1/r post and packing per order. OVER-
incorporates L.l DETAILS FREE. State 4 or 6 cylinder. ^ w/ C Ct C ■ 1 SEAS ADD EXTRA FOR AIRMAIL.

RADIOGRAM CABINETS
ONLY £5.19.6
An attractive discreetly designed TWO COMPUTERS
space saving cabinet in natural
grained polyestered sapele. Press-
drop flap for autochanger and record
storeage compartment. 10" x 5" Two kinds of computers—anolog and digital. Two different animals. Analogs
speaker position. Complete with are a bit like guinea pigs; you can experiment with them without having to test
legs. DIM. 29i" H >- \4L" D x 29" W. the real thing. Analog circuits simulate the conditions of complex mechanical or
Carr. Ins. 25/-. electrical systems. Digitals are like dogs trained to cross a busy road—they need
to be progrommed. You hove to analyse the situation and produce a step-by-step
OTHER MODELS—SEND FOR LIST description of the task to be performed; the digital device will then faithfully follow
your instructions.
17 in
m TWO-YEAR GUARANTEE /■.../»/, HAC-I issimulates
circuitry the Mini-Analog Computer.
the conditions of a wideItsvariety
electrical
of
• EX-RENTAL TELEVISIONS £n i00 calculations
3 star Guarantee Tube * Valves ★Components trig, powers and square roots can be ascertained atlogs,
and problems. Mu/t/phcot/on, division, the
Channels for all areas Insured Carriage 30/- touch of a button—and rotation of the calibrated dials. •» *
The Experimental Instruction Manual lays down a
simple step-by-step procedure for each of these opera- « a
FREE ILLUSTRATED LIST tions;accurate
get with justresults
a littleinpractice 9 year-oldsThe
a few seconds. are Manual
able to
also relates the computer to the wider problems of
Slim line models electronics, physics and mechanics.
17" — 19" — 21" — 23" Now available in a wooden instrument case, MAC-1 costs £4.18.6 (inclusive).
It is expertly built using the latest cable-form techniques, and supplied with 4^-
A wide range of sizes, models and volt
returnbattery.
guarantee.A Complete
Write forkitdetails.
can be purchased at 4 gns. There is a 10 day
prices.
Demonstrations daily
DIGI-COMP is an operating digital computer. It
TRANSISTOR represents the nerve-centre of a giant
you canelectronic
7/6. 9r X 6i' CASES X 41- TAPE RECORDER
CABINETS
brajn; and because it is mechanical, actually
P. & P. 3/6. Dia. I6'X I2i'x 7Y49/6
Red and see' how computers make 'decisions'. The highly
descriptive Instruction Manual (written with 10 year-
Grey. Cut out for BSR deck. oldsorganised
in mind) offers
TRANSISTOR CASES
19/6. Cloth covered, many P. & P. 7/6. are aroundmany
the different experiments;
basic operations they
— of binary
colours. Size 91'X 6i'X 31' arithmetic, logical problems, and the theory
such as 'Guess the number' and 'Nim'. The 50 page of games
P. & P. 3/6. Similar cases Advanced Booklet lucidly analyses the programmes,
in plastic 7/6. and is intended for those seriously interested in the
SINGLE PLAYER CABINETS 19/6. logic of computer design.
P. & P. 7/6. DIGI-COMP
T.V. TURRET TUNERS 2 6. New Less This computercosts onlyavailable
is now 59/1 Id to(£3.10.6
schoolstoandinclude the Advanced
the public Booklet).
on a free trial basis.
Valves. Slim P.Models
Models 19/6. 5/-. Press Button
& P. 4/6. Please write for the trial-offer leaflet.
DUKE & CO. (LONDON) LTD.
621/3 Romford Road, Manor Park, E.12 '—COR SYSTEMS («.. P.B,.).
Phone : 0I-478 6001-2-3. Stamp for Free List.

636
 4':
-5''

% E-kS
%

SttlW
SINCLAIR MICR0MA1IC
To the fantastically small size of the Sinclair Micromatic
must be added its brilliant performance. This British-made set
assures you at all times of. choice of BBC and many other
stations in the medium waveband. After dusk, even more
stations come in all round the dial with amazing power and
excellent quality. Vernier type tuning takes full advantage of
ACTUA^ % the set's selectivity. This remarkable set provides good
SIZE listening no matter where you are—indoors, in car, bus, train—
everywhere. The Sinclair Micromatic brings a
refreshingly new approach to personal listening
SINCLAIR MICRO FM and for its size, appearance, price and per-
formance, there is nothing to equal it anywhere
7 TRANSISTOR COMBINED FM in the world.
TUNER AND RECEIVER
Less than using
Superhet 3in x Ipulse
Jin x Jin. F.M.
counting Technical description
discriminator for superb audio The Sinclair Micromatic is housed in a neat plastic case,
quality. Low I.F. makes
ment unnecessary. Tunes 88- align- size I tin. x / in. x $/n. with ottroctive aluminium Complete kit in new
i08Mc/s. The telescopic aerial front panel and spun aluminium calibrated tuning dial. " see-for-yourse/f "
suffices for goodareas.
reception Special Sinclair transistors are used in a six-stage pack with earpiece
but poorest Signalin all
to circuit of exceptional power and sensitivity—two instructions and solder
** noise ratio^—30dB at
volts. Takes standard 9V 30 micro- R.F. amplification; double diode detector; and a high
battery. One outlet serves for gain three stage audio amplifier which feeds to a
feeding to amplifier or recorder, specially matched high quality lightweight earpiece.
the other allows set to be used A.G.C. counteracts fading from distant stations.
as a pocket portable. Brushed Bandspread brings in "pop" stations extra easily. 59/6
and polished aluminium
spun aluminium dial, A front, The set is powered by two Mallory ZM.3I2 Cells
fascinating set to build which obtainable anywhere for 1/7 each.
gives excellent reception by any Built, tested and guaranteed with earpiece and batts. 79/6
standards. Complete kit inc.
aerio/, case, earpiece and
instructions. It (Micro FM) works very well and gives a i am absolutely lost for words, it (Micro-
quality very close to my hi-fi records.
W./.A.. Natal. S.A. matic) is oneknown.
I have ever of the most amazing
L.L.,inventions
Norwich
£5.19.6
I am very impressed with the quality of
NEEDS NO ALIGNING FASCINATING TO BUILD Without doubt the Z-l 2 is the best yofue of reproduction (StereoS.M.W., 25).
London, N.W.IO
the present doy. A.W., Lanark
FULL SERVICE FACILITIES AVAILABLE

1 • SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., 22 Newmarket Rd., CAMBRIDGE

indm Telephone OCA3-52996
634
 BARGAIN GARRARD TRS MULLARD AMPLIFIERS
UNITS & PLINTHS STEREO 10-10 5-10 MONO
OPPORTUNITIES Valve amplifier to exact Milliard 5 valve, 10W basic amp kit
LH 3000 Record Player with 9T.A. Stereo spec. With pre-amp, tapped o/p complete.
FROM Cartridge. Brand new as from factory .. 8 gna transformer 3 and 15 Q all controls, (p. & p. 7/6) £9.19.6
AT.60 Jdk II De-lure Auto-changer, die- H T. and L.T. outlet, mono, stereo with passive control network and
cast turntable. Less cartridge ... . .£10.19.6 and speaker phase, switching. Com- panel £11.19.6
SP,25 De-luxe single record player, die- plete with escutcheon, knobs, plugs, 2 valve pre-amp kit £8.12,6
cast turntable. Less cartridge 91 gns etc. Ready built
Packing and carriage on any one of above 7/6 (p. & p. 12/6) £20.0.0 3-3 MONO
extra. 3 valve 3W amplifier with con-
Qarrard Plinth. Ideal mounting for the trols, absolutely complete kit in-
Garrard Units offered here. Will readily Kit form due short- cluding panel, knobs,
suit any hi-fi set-up. In fine Teak. ly (p. & p. 12/6) £17.10.0 etc. (p. & p. 7/6) £7.10.0
Complete with useful soft plastic dust
cover. Packing ami carriage 5/- 75/-
VESOBOARD—All standard sizes in- Oarrard clear-view rigid perspex c ONLY FROM T.R.S.
cluding 21in x 6in3/8;2im x 3^in 3/-; (carriage 3/6) 67/6
3|in x Sin 5/2; 3Jm x 3Jin 3/9; 2iin
I7in 12/6. All accessories anil tools in . Garrard Mono Cartridges from 15 - Stereo from FREE LIBRARY WALLET WITH EVERY REEL
stock. 25/-. With each reel of this tape by an
internationally famous manufac-
RESISTORS—Modern ratings, full
OUR NEW J-iW, 4d each; 20% 1W, 6d each: 2W, 9d each: 5% HUstab. range 10 ohms to 10 megohms. 10% turer we give you a beautifully
0 }W, 5d each; made wallet strongly made in simu-
LISTS iW, 6d each; l-2-l6 meg. 10% iW, 4d each; IW, 5d each. l / o Hi-stab. JW, lated leather with space for a reel
1/8 each (below 100 Q, 2/- each). of tape each side. This is professional
feature more lines WIREWOUND RESISTORS—25n to lOkfi 5W. 1/6 each; 10W. 1/9 each;
than ever at 15W, 2, 3 each. quality full frequency tape with
money saving CONDENSERS—Silver Mica. All values 2pF to l.OOOpF,, 6d each. Ditto metallised leader/stop foils. These
prices. For latest library wallets solve once and for all
issue please send ceramics. 9d. Tub. 450V T.C.C.,etc. 0-001-0 OlmFd, XOd each; 0 1-350V, lOd
each; 0 02-0 ImF, 500V, 1/-each. TCC 350V 0 25.1/9 each; 0 5, 2/-each. the problems of storing tapes
6d. CLOSE TOL.S,'MICAS — 10% 5-500pFf 9d; 60O-5,000pF. 1/-. 1%, efficiently and tidily.
2-100pP. lid; 100-250pP, 1/2; 270-800PF, 1/-; 80O-5,00OpF, 2/-. 5in reel, 900ft . ^ ojin reel, 1200lt
Please include AT.TTMTV CHASSIS—18g. Plain imdrined, folded]2in four' sides. Sin deep. Gin
6in, 7/6;' 12in Sin, with wallet. 22/6 p. .t p. 1/6 per 12/6
Tin reel 1800ft . . with wallet or 7in reel 1200ft 17/6
S-A.E~ with all 4m, 4/6; Sin 6in, 5/9: lOin Tin, ( reel
enquiries. 8/-, etc.
TYGAN FRET or Vynair
speaker fabric, I2in x
7 VALVE AM/FM RG CHASSIS 3/-; 12m 2/-; 12in x 18in
max. 12in x48in.
width 24 in 4/-, COMPONENT
Athesuperbly powerful high performance instrument for
keenest enthusiasts. Provides tuning on long, BONDACODST Speaker SPECIALISTS
medium and tuning
F.M. wavebands. Excellent sensitivity. Cabinet Acoustic Wadd- Established 1946
Permeability on F.M. Large clear dial, A.V.C., ing, approx. lin thick
any length cut TRS RADIO
good neg. feedback. Magic eye. 3W output. A.C. iSinftwide,
200/250V. Circuit diagrams available. Aligned, tested 2/8 6/- yd.
All latest Sinclair kits and 70 BRIGST0CK ROAD, THORNTON HEATH, SURREY
and ready
7/6). for use
S.A.E. (Carr,
brings fulland ins.
details. ^17
11 J. II OT.OA advertised.
prodncts in stock as Te/.;
A few01-684 2188.Thornton
doors from Hours 9Heath
o.m.—6 p.m.(S.R.I p.m.
Station Wednesdays
Victoria section)

PEOPLE PREFER MARTIN

FOR RELIABILITY, FOR QUALITY, FOR
ADD-ON-ABILITY, FOR ECONOMY
You can do so much with MARTIN so that your installation is always
kits. The system of using pre-fabri- up to date. Most important of all
P.M. TUNER cated transistorised units which can is the power and quality which
be interlinked in a variety of ways MARTIN Audiokits give you. Their
enables you to assemble the com- sturdy construction assures com-
bination of your choice and then pactness without sacrifice to quality
extend it unit by unit until you or efficiency. They offer excellent
possess a full stereo gramophone value, are very easily installed and
and radio assembly. When new units will give years of unfailing service.
(£08* are produced, they can be added to That is why people prefer MARTIN
existing equipment very easily with — it's simple to instal, good to
iheadvantagethatyou can continue listen to, and looks completely
to use equipment you already have, professional.
STEREO CONTROL
ASSEMBLY AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS • TUNERS • RECORDERS
5-stage input selector £2.7.6
MARTIN AUDIOKITS are available for ■ ■ ;
Mono, and can be doubled up for
Pre-amp'tone controls £3.2.6 ■ S MARTIN ELECTRONICS
stereo, or as complete stereo units. 3
10 watt amp. (3 ohms) £5.12.6 ■ [ 154 High Street' Middlesex :
ohm and 15 ohm systems are available.
10 watt,, amp. (15 ohms) £6.12.6
There is a special pre-amp for low out- _
■ i; Please send RecordakiljF.M.
Hi-Fi Leaflets. Tuner.Audiokit
(Strike out items not wanted) s■
put pick-ups and escutcheon panels to
Mains power supply £2.15.0
suit the arrangement you choose. The ~1
tuner is styled to match.
F.M. Tuner £12.17.6 ■ ■ Name :
■ ■
From Radio and Hi-Fi Stockists Trade enquiries invited ; Address .
MARTIN ELECTRONICS LTD. 154/5 HIGH STREET, BRENTFORD E ■
MIDDLESEX. ISLeworth 1/51/2 ' ;
A ........!
632
 HI-FI AMPLIFIERS TUNERS RECORD PLAYERS

FM 10W 9W
TUNERS POWER STEREO &&
FM-4U AMP. AMP.
TFM-IS MA-12 S-99

HI-FI FM TUNER. Model FM-4U. Available in two units. R.F. HI-FI MONO AMPLIFIER. Model MA-12. 10W output, wide freq
tuning unit (£2.15.0 incl. P.T.) with I.F. output of 10-7 Mc.'s range, low distortion. Use with control unit.
and I.F. Amp. unit and valves (£13,13.0). Total Price Kit £16.8.0 Kit £12.18.0 Assembled £16.18.0
HI-FI AM/FM TUNER. Model AFM-1. Available in two units HI-FI CABINETS. Full details available. MALVERN; Kit £18.1.0.
which, for your convenience, are sold separately. Tuning heart GLOUCESTER: Kit £18.10.0.
(AFM-T1—£4.13.6 incl. P.T.) and i.F. amplifier (AFM-A1 —
£22.11.6). Printed circuit board, 8 valves. Covers L.W., M.W., DE LUXE STEREO AMPLIFIER. Model S-33H. De luxe version of
S.W., and F.M. Built-in power supply. Total Price Kit £27.5.0 the S-33 with two-tone grey perspex panel, and high sensitivity neces-
STEREO DECODER SD-1. Available as extra for above sary to acceptthe DeccaDeram pick-up. Kit£15.17.6 Assembled £21.7.6
models. Self-powered. Kit £8.10.0. Assembled £12.5.0 HI-FI STEREO AMPLIFIER. Model S-99. 9+9W output. Ganged
Hear the BBC stereo FM programmes on the TRAN- controls. Stereo/Mono gram, radio and tape inputs. Push-button selec-
SISTOR STEREO FM TUNER. Elegantly designed to tion. Printed circuit construction. Kit £28.9.6 Assembled £38.9.6
match the stereo Amplifier, AA-22U, Available in two units,
sold separately, can be built for a Total Price: TRANSISTOR MIXER. Model TM-1. A must for the tape
Kit (STEREO) £24.18.0 incl. P.T. enthusiast. Four channels. Battery operated. Similar styling to Model
Kit (MONO) £20.19.0 incl. P.T. AA-22U Amplifier. Kit £11.16.6 Assembled £16.17.6
inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniKiiiniiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiN

9 Enjoy Yourself While You Save

RADIOS TEST INSTRUMENTS

Complete your motoring pleasure with this Our wide range includes;
outstanding car radio, Model CR-1 3' LOW-PRICED SERVICE OSCILLO- E. HSB
Will give you superb LW and SCOPE. Model OS-2. Compact size 5"
7rx12* deep. Wt. only 9ilb. "Y" bandwidth
MW entertainment wherever 2 c/s-3 Mc/s ±3dB. Sensitivity lOOmV/cm
you drive. Tastefully styled to T/B 20 c,'s-200 kc/s in four ranges, fitted mu-
harmonise with- any car colour metal CRT Shield. Modern functional styling.
scheme. 8 latest semi-con- Kit £23.18.0 Assembled £31.18.0
ductors (6 transistors, 2 diodes) 5* GEN.-PURPOSE OSCILLOSCOPE.
for 12V positive or negative Model 10-12U. An outstanding model with
earth systems. Powerful output (4 watts) will drive two loud- professional specification and styling, " Y "
speakers. Pre-assembled and aligned tuning unit. Available bandwidth 3 c's-4'5 Mc/s ± 3dB. T/B 10 c/s- OS-2
for your convenience in two units. Can be obtained for a Total 500 kc/s. Kit £35.17.6 Assembled £45.15.0
Price; Kit (excl. L.S.) £12.17.0 incl. P.T. 6" x V 3n loudspeaker DE LUXE LARGE-SCALE VALVE VOLT-
£1. METER. Model IM-13U. Circuit and speci-
fication based on the well-known model V-7A
"OXFORD" LUXURY PORTABLE but with many worth-while refinements. 6"
Model UXR-2. Specially designed for Ernest Turner meter. Unique gimbal bracket
use as a domestic or personal portable allows operation of instrument in many posi-
receiver. Many features, including solid tions. Modern styling.
leather case. Kit £14.18.0 incl. P.T. Kit £18.18.0 Assembled £26.18.0 VVM, IM-13U
Oxford TRANSISTOR PORTABLE. Model AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR. Model AG-9U.
UXR-1, Pre-aligned I.F. transformers, 10 c/s to 100 kc/s, switch selected. Distortion less than
printed circuit. Covers L.W. and M.W. 0-1%, 10V sine wave output metered in volts and dB's. -ft
Has 7" 4" loudspeaker. Real hide case. Kit £23.15.0 Assembled £31.15.0
Kit £12.11.0 incl. P.T. VALVE VOLTMETER. Model V-7A. 7 voltage
ranges d.c. volts to 1,500. A.C. to 1,500 r.m.s. and 4,000
JUNIOR EXPERIMENTAL WORK- peak to peak. Resistance 0-1 n to 1 ,OOOM n with internal V-7A
SHOP. Model EW-1. More than a toy! battery. D.C. input resistance 11MCJ. dB measure-
UXR-1 Will make over 20 exciting electronic ment, has centre-zero scale. Complete with test prods,
devices, incl.; Radios, Burglar Alarms, leads and standardising battery.
n etc. 72 page Manual. The ideal present! Kit £13.18.6 Assembled £19.18.6.
Kit £7.13.6 incl. P.T. MULTIMETER. Model MM-1U. 'Ranges 0-1-5V to
F "MOHICAN" GENERAL COV. RE- 1,500Va.c. and d.c.; 150M to 15A d.c.; 0-2nto20MB
CEIVER for Amateur or Short Wave 4t'50,'iA meter. Kit £12.18.0 Assembled £18.11.6 RF-1U
listening. Send for leaflet. R.F. SIGNAL GENERATOR. Model RF-
GC-1U Kit £37.17.6 Assembled £45.17.6 1U. Up to 100 Mc/s fundamental and 200
Prices quoted are Mail Order, retail prices slightly higher Mc/s on harmonics. Up to lOOmV output.
Kit £13.18.0 Assembled £20.8.0
SINE/SQUARE GENERATOR. Model
WELCOME TO OUR LONDON HEATHKIT CENTRE IG-82IJ. Freq. range 20 c/s-1 Mc/s in 5
bands less than 0-5% sine wave dist. less
233 Tottenham Court Road, W.I than OTS/x sec. sq. wave rise time.
We open MONDAY-FRIDAY 9 a.m.-5.30 p.m. Kit £25.15.0 Assembled £37.15.0 1G-82U
SATURDAY ... 9 a.m.-1.0 p.m. TRANSISTOR POWER SUPPLY. Prices and specifica-
Telephone No.: 01-636 7349 Model IP-20U. Up to 50V, 1-5A output. tions subject to change
RETAIL AND MAIL ORDER PURCHASE CAN BE MADE Ideal for Laboratory use. Compact size. without notice
Kit £35.8.0 Assembled £47.8.0

630
 RADIO & ELECTRONIC
iRADIONIC
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
mDISPHJ^AIILC: ALIKE TO:
STUDENT
TEAUHEK
AMATEUR EXPERIMENTER HIS IIIbi • •
This simple, rugged and versatile eonstruelion system Is used for
electronic instruction In many hundreds of educational establish-
ments throughout Britain—Universities, Technical Colleges, Schools,
the Armed Forces—are already using Radlonle for electronic
instruction. Enthusiastic experimenters range from 9 to 83 years of
age.
Selected by the Council of Industrial Design for all British Design
Centres. Featured In Sound and Television broadcasts. ■> 4
The system is beautifully engineered from top quality British components. No soldering.
No mains. No prior knowledge needed. Simply arrange components on perforated
transparent panel, position brass connecting strip underneath, fix with 6BA nuts and circuit
works with full efficiency. You can then dismantle and build another circuit. Your results A No. ■* SET and 6-TRANSISTOR SUPERHET
are guaranteed by our Technical Department and News Letter Service. All parts available
separately for conversion or expansion of sets.
UNIQUE I Our "No soldering" printed circuit board for supei het port- ctE-ctrr*
able. Simply insert components and tighten nuts.
No. 1 Set £5.18.6. 14 Circuits (Earphone)
No. 3 Set £6.19.6. 20 Circuits (Earphone) ::;
No. 3 Set £10.19.6. 22 Circuits (7 x 4in. Loudspeaker output . • • • h3
B&esJ-
No. 4 Set £14.19.6. 26 Circuits (include 6 Transistor and reflex ^==1
Prices (Post Free) supcrhets)
PLUS: P.T. Surcharge of 1/8<1; I/lld; 3/ld; 4/2d, respectively.)
Full details from:
RADIONIC PRODUCTS LIMITED
STEPHENSON WAY, THREE BRIDGES
CRAWLEY, SUSSEX
Tel.: CRAWLEY 27028 Trade Enquiries Invited Our '£' Series of basic electronic circuits ore available separately at 9d each.
See Electronic Organ (E/507) above.
ERSIN PARKERS SHEET
for quick METAL FOLDING
MACHINES
7J easy faultless
HEAVY VICE
CORE SOLDERsoldering MODELS
With Bevelled former Bars w _ free
Cau.
Containing 5 cores of non-corrosive flux, instantly No. I. Capacity 18 gauge mild steel x 36in. wide £12.10.0
cleaning heavily oxidised surfaces. No extra flux No. 2. Capacity 18 gauge mild steel x 24m. wide £7.5.0
required. Ersin Multicore Savbit Alloy reduces wear No. 3. Capacity 16 gauge mild steel x I8in. wide £7.5!o
of copper soldering iron bits. Also new bench models. Capacities 48in. x 18 gauge £40. 36in. x 18 gauge
£25. 24in. x 16 gauge £24. Carriage free.
End folding attachments for radio chassis. Tray and Box making for 36in.
model, 5/6 per ft Other models 3/6. The two smaller models will form
SIZES SIZE 15 flanges. As supplied to Government Departments, Universities, Hospitals.
HANDY SOLDER 21 ft coil of 60/40 One year's euarantee. Money refunded If not satisfied. Send for details.
DISPENSER Alloy. 22s.w.g. in A. B.-PARKER,FoldingMathineWorks, UpperGeorgeSt., Heckmondwike,Yorks. Hetkmondwike 3997
Contains 12 ft. a dispenser. Ideal
coil of 18 s.w.g. for small compon-
Ersin Multicore ents, transistors, The safest, quick and handy connector
Savbit Alloy. diodes, etc.
2/6 each 3/- each for electrical appliances
11 MAINS .
BIB MODEL 8 £5*
SIZE 12 n£ynEctor
WIRE STRIPPER
Ideal for home AMD CUTTER Only 5 X 3 X llins, the MAINS
constructors. Strips insulation KEYNECTOR is made of non-
Contains 102 ft. without nicking combustible urea-formaldehyde.
* * of 18 s.w.g. Ersin Designed in modern style and 'V
Multicore Savbit the wire, cuts attractive two-tone colour. The unit
Alloy on a plastic wire and splits eliminates the need of terminating
reel. 15/-each plastic twin flex. the mains input lead of any electrical
2 Plastic cushioned instrument or appliance with a
handles. 8/6 each plug. Also enables more than one
appliance to be connected in parallel
From Electrical or Hardware shops. If unobtainable write to: and used simultaneously.
\i^Niulticore Solders Ltd., Hemel Hempstead, Herts. Co/ours: Duo-Grey
Duo-Green Rot/ng: 13 amp. British and foreign
Duo-Fawn inc. p. & p. Patents applied for
CyBERNAUT CONTROLS LTD. (Ref. P.E.O), 28-30 Rivington St., London, E.C.2
628
FROM SINCLAIR

SINCLAIR

ACOUSTICALLY CONTOURED The Sinclair Q.I4 is an entirely new sound reproducer

SOUND CHAMBER designed and developed in Sinclair Radionics' Cambridge
laboratories. The application of fundamentally proven
WIDE ANGLE OF acoustic principles and the use of new materials has resulted
SOUND DISPERSION . in exceptionally good standards of performance. The uniquely
formed pressure chamber of the Sinclair Q.I4 allows the
NEW DESIGN PRINCIPLES instrument to be positioned in a variety of ways to take full
AND NEW MATERIALS advantage of the surroundings in which it will be used. Its
FOR BRILLIANT shape and size will be found more adaptable in use than
TRANSIENT RESPONSE conventionally styled cabinets. At the same time, it presents
a functionally elegant appearance used singly, paired for
MAXIMUM LOADING IN stereo or in multiple unit assemblies. In performance, the
EXCESS OF 14 WATTS AT Sinclair Q.I4 compares to advantage with loudspeakers
I kc/s R.M.S. costing over four times its price,
15 OHMS INPUT IMPEDANCE
IDEAL FOR THE SINCLAIR Z.I2
ALL-BRITISH DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURE AND OTHER GOOD AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS

SINCLAIR RADIONICS LIMITED

22 NEWMARKET ROAD, CAMBRIDGE OCA3-52996
626
 ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSERS
}6uf. ..150 I OOuf. .6V. . 3V.
25uf.
luf. .10V.
.3V. 4uf. .. .4V.
4uf. . 11V. 20uf. . .3V. V. lOOuf.
lOOuf. ..10V.
luf. ..40
!5V.V. 4uf. ...100V.
.25V. lOuf. ..6V. lOOuf. ..11V.
luf. .50 V. 4uf. lOuf. • .9V. lOOuf. . 15V.
t PRODUCTS LIMITED J luf. 5uf. .. ..15V.
6V. 10uf.
15uf. ..15V.
..6 V. I50uf. ..12V.
luf. .350V. 5uf.
(Regd. Trade Mark) ■25 uf. .16V. 5uf. ...50V. 15uf. ..I IV. 150uf. ..25V.
.
2uf.
2uf. .9V.
.3 V. 5uf. .70V.
6uf. ...15V.
.12V.
15uf. - .15V.
15uf. ..30
lOOuf.
V. lOOuf. . .. 4V.
3 V.
SOLDERING EQUIPMENT 2uf. .10V. 6uf. 30uf. . .6V. lOOuf. ..16V.
30uf. ISOuf. ....1-5Y.
luf. ..70
luf. .I50V,
15V.V. 6-4uf. . .40V.
8uf. , .3V. 30uf. ..10V.
.. 15V. ISOuf. ..15V. 9V.
luf. 8uf. ...50V.
.6V. 32uf. .. I *5V. ISOuf. 320uf. ..2-5V.
..t6V.
1-Suf. ..15V. Suf. 32uf. . .25V.
40uf. . .3V. 500uf. .. 4V.
Par the l-Suf. . .3V. lOuf. .. .10V.
.6V 640uf. ...18V.
.1-5V.
3uf. lOuf. 40uf.
50uf. ..6-4V.
. .6V. 750uf.
3uf. .. .11V. lOuf. ..11V. SOuf. . .9V. 1 OOOuf. . . 6V.
3uf. . .15V. lOuf. . .15V. 64uf.
DISCRIMINATING 33 luf.
luf. . .6V.
12-5uf. ...40V.
.6-4V. 11-Suf,
.4V. 64uf. ...9.1-5V.
V.
3-luf. ...64V..40V. I6uf. ..16V. 64uf.
64uf. ....40V.
10V.
3-2uf. 16uf, . .30V.
All at I/- each, 9/- per dozen. Mixed packet (our selection) 10 for 10/-.
ENTHUSIAST 100/1 OOuf. 175 V.: 100/200uf., 275V.: I25/300/S0uf.. 275V.: 5/- each or
for 10/-,
0-001
OOOIuf. uf. ..500V.
..1000V. O-OOSuf. I uf. •■-■7SSOV.
.,750V. 00 luf.
0-02uf. ..600A.C. 0-5of. ..150
50,/. 0-5uf. ..350V.
V.
0 002uf. ..500V. 0-02uf. , .3S0V. 0 25uf. .. .35pV ,„T ..500V.
All at 15/- per 100, or mixed packet (our selection) 50 for lv/-.
VERY SPECIAL VALUE! SILVER MICA, POLYSTYRENE,
CERAMIC CONDENSERS
Very well assorted. Mixed types and values. 10/- per 100.
Very'fmS iSwatt. 5% long leads, ideal for transistor work 10/- for 50.
i watt assorted values including printed circuit types, 10,- for iw,
4* watt to 3 watt mixed values and types. 10/-for 100, 55/- per 1,000.
TO CLEAR: 10 Meg.
WIRE-WOUND l/6th
3 watt, watt resistors,
5 watt—6d each. £1 per 1,000.
7Most
watt,values,
10 watt—9d. each.
1 (l to 47K il.
TRANSISTORS _ .
AFZ12.
OC44, 45, Screened
81D—l/6d V.H.F.each.
oscillator transistors, 5 - each.
OC71 eauivalent.
Switching 1/-each,
Transistors ASY11£3(pnp)
per or100.' B.M.
_ (npn).
. . 6. .
Car radio type UNTESTED
UNMARKED. Output Transistors type NKT405,for10.-
TRANSISTORS—50 10/-.each.
LIGHT-SENSITIVE TRANSISTORS SIMILAR TO OCP7I—2 - each.
TELEVISION VALVES. BRANDpcl NEW AND BOXED
PCF80, 7/6; PL8I.7/6; PCL81, 7/6; -85- 7J*; 0?Ci-,8'4'
PY81, 6/-; ECC01. 6/6; PL36. 9/-; EY86. 6/-; PCL83. 9/-; PY33. 9,-, ECL80,
6/6; PCC89, 91-.
Silicon diodes. Make excellent detectors. Also suitable for keying
BY^r^pV^lVls'^N'H^RlcTiFlEfe. SPECIAL PRICE 5,- „ch,
30/-dozen.
TRANs'sVof^BATTERY^EU pfl'N ATC3RS^—same size a, PP9, 30/-; PP6, 20/-
BATTERY CHARGERS,
SOLON with meter and fuse. 4Irons,
amp. 6/I2V., 35 - eacn.
WELLERMODELDUAL-HEAT615 Slim Pencil-bit
SOLDERING Soldering
GUN 57/6. 25 - each.
NUTS. SCREWS and WASHERS, very useful
TRANSCEIVERS (not for use in U.K.), £7/10/- pair. assorted packs, 6 - each.
SIGNAL INJECTOR,parts
SIGNAL TRACER, partsandandcircuit
circuitto tomake.
make,10/-10/-only.
only. -
MOTOR CAR REV. COUNTER (less ImA meter), parts and circuit to make,
TRANSISTORS. COMPONENTS AND CIRCUIT to convert ImA meter to
0 to 10 Meg. ohmRUMBLE
TRANSISTORISED meter, 10/-.AND SCRATCH FILTER (for improving repro-
duction of old records), all components and circuit. 30/-.
SINCLAIR. All products in stock including latest version of MICRO-6
World's smallest radio—and only 59/6!
NEEDLES FOR RECORD PLAYERS. HALF PRICE!
P S
TCBLpf
Studio GOC2Lp/'GCBLp/bMOLP;
LP. GP67LP; GP37; GP59; TC8 Stereo LP
EA*TH ^ONOTONI^MON0,
DIAMOND, 17/6. All10/-.complete ACOS,with 15/-.needles!
ACOS STEREO SAPPHIRE 12/6;
LAPELRECORDER
TAPE MICROPHONES, Magnetic or Crystal,
MICROPHONES, Fantastic10,-each.
value at 11/- each.
ACOS MIC. 45, 30/-. Many others, both crystal and dynamic m stock.
THIN CONNECTING WIRE. ICVd., I/-: 100yd., 7/6; 500yd., 25/-
/aUSTRATED: Post 4/6- 1.000yd., 40/-. Post 6/-.
L64 BIT INSTRUMENT IN LOUDSPEAKERS, llin. Richard Allen, 37/6d. llin Bakers Guitar.
£5/5/-.
11/6: lin.3in.,80 ohm.
4in., 7/6.
Sin. and Sin X 3in., all at 10/- each; 8in. x llin
L700 PROTECTIVE SHIELD EARPIECES. Magnetic or Crystal, 5/- each.
RC B
APPLY DIRECT TO: 2ifnTerminal
X 5?n^3/n;
Pins, 50l^in. x 3i5n..
for 3/-; Spot3/3;Face33in. x Sin..
Cutter. 7/3;5/6;Pin3iin x 33in
Insert Tool,3/19/6.
SALES & SERVICE DEPT. Special Offer—Cutter and 5 boards. Ijin. x hn.,9/9^
ADCOLA PRODUCTS LTD. ORDERS BY POST-TO G. F. MILWARD. 17 PEEL CLOSE
DRAYTON BASSETT. STAFFS.
ADCOLA HOUSE PLEASE INCLUDE APPROPRIATE POSTAGE COSTS
GAUDEN ROAD No Enquiries without stamped addressed envelope
LONDON, S.W.4 For customers
TELEPHONE 01-622 0291 RockinExchanges,
the Birmingham23 I Alumarea, Rockgoods
Road,may be obtained
Birmingham 8 from

ii