10 DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES 6.

856 DAMGHANEARTHQUAKE

1. THE 1556 SHAANXI EARTHQUAKE  December 22, 856

 magnitude of 7.9
 Formerly Shensi
 200,000 deaths
 China
 January 23, 1556 7. HAIYUAN, NINGXIA, CHINA
 Magnitude 8
 Dec. 16, 1920
 Death toll: 830,000
 8.5 magnitude
 ground fissures, uplift, subsidence,
liquefaction and landslides  235,502 deaths

2. THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE 8.893 ARDABIL EARTHQUAKE, IRAN

 Tangshan, Hebei, People's Republic  March. 23, 893

of China  Magnitude not known
 July 28, 1976  150,000 deaths
 Magnitude 7.5 9. KANTO, JAPAN
 Death toll: 242,000
 Great Tokyo Earthquake or Great
3. ALEPPO, SYRIA Tokyo Fire
 Aug. 9, 1138  September 1, 1923
 Magnitude 8.5  8.3 magnitude
 Death toll: 230,000  142,000 deaths
 temblor and subsequent firestorms
4. THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN  6 feet of permanent uplift in Sagami
EARTHQUAKE Bay
 Horizontal displacements of as much
 Indonesia
as 15 feet on the Boso Peninsula.
 December 26, 2004
 Magnitude 9.1 10. 1948 ASHGABAT EARTHQUAKE,
 Death toll: 227,898 TURKMENISTAN
 subsequent tsunami in 14 countries
 October 6, 1948
5. HAITI  7.3 magnitude
 110,000 deaths
 January 12, 2010
 Surface rupture was observed both
 Magnitude 7.0 northwest and southeast of Ashgabat
 Death toll: 222,570
For which country do we locate the most Why is the Philippines prone to
earthquakes? earthquakes?

 Japan has the most recorded  The Philippines lies along the Pacific
earthquakes in the world as it sits on Ring of Fire.
a highly active seismic area.
RING OF FIRE
Which country actually has the most
earthquakes?  Circum-Pacific belt
 Is a major area in the basin of the
 Indonesia is thought to sit on an even Pacific Ocean where many
more seismically active area, but due earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
to its size Japan records more occur.
earthquakes.  In a large 40,000 km (25,000 mi)
horseshoe shape
Some facts about Japan:
 It has 452 volcanoes (more than 75%
 Japan’s physical geography and its of the world's activeand dormant
location along the Pacific Ring of volcanoes).
Fire  90% of the world's earthquakes and
 Japan is also home to 452 volcanoes 81% of the world's largest
 Japan is located at the meeting point earthquakes
of 3 tectonic plates, The Eurasian,
The Deadliest Earthquakes in the
Pacific and Philippines.
Philippines and its Effects
 A tremor occurs in Japan at least
every five minutes, and each year 1. THE 1645 LUZON EARTHQUAKE
there are up to 2,000 quakes that can
be felt by people.  Location: Central Luzon
 Date: November 30, 1645 at around
Some facts about Indonesia: 8:00PM
 Magnitude: 7.5
 Indonesia is home to more than 139
 Death Toll: 600<
volcanoes, and millions of people
 In Manila, damage was entirely
live around volcanic danger zones.
severe: it almost "crumbled" ten
 Indonesia is prone to earthquakes
newly constructed cathedrals in the
because it's on the Ring of Fire
capital, residential villas and other
• Earthquakes greater than magnitude buildings.
6 occur almost yearly in Indonesia.
2. THE 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE 4. BOHOL EARTHQUAKE (2013)

 Location: Northern and Central  October 15, 2013

Luzon. The epicentre was near the  7.2 magnitude
town of Rizal, in Nueva Ecija  Strongest earthquake that occurred in
province, devastated cities of the Philippines for 23 years
Baguio, Dagupan, and Pangasinan  Earthquake strength was equivalent
 Date: July 16, 1990 to 32 atomic bombs in Hiroshima,
 Magnitude: 7.7 Japan
 Death Toll: 2412
5. MORO GULF EARTHQUAKE (1976)
 The earthquake caused 28 collapsed
buildings  Strongest and deadliest earthquake in
3. THE 1994 MINDORO Philippine history also referred as
midnight killer
EARTHQUAKE
 7.9 magnitude
 Location: Verde Island Passage, a  4,700 casualties
strait separating Luzon and Mindoro.  A massive tsunami devastated 700
 Date: November 15, 1994, at around kilometers in North Celebes Sea
3:15 a.m  The maximum height of the waved
 Magnitude: 7.1 reached 9 meters
 Death Toll: 78
6. Casiguran earthquake (1968)
 The provinces of oriental mindoro,
occidental mindoro and batangas city  Casiguran, Quezon of Aurora
were affected by the earthquake and Province
tidal wave.  August 12, 1968
 It is associated with a 35 kilometer-  7.3 magnitude
long ground rupture, called the  Small non-destructive tsunami
Aglubang River fault was generated and at least 207
 Three major power plants--two in people were killed
Luzon Grid and on in Visayas--
tripped during the earthquake
What is an Earthquake? - very little motion deep in the
Earth
 quake, tremor, or tremblor
 Is an intense shaking of Earth’s PLATE TECTONICS
surface
 Greek tecton - one who constructs
Why Do Earthquakes Happen? and destroys
 The 7 major tectonic plates
 A solid crust, a hot, nearly solid - Pacific plate,
mantle, a liquid outer core and a - African plate,
solid inner core. - Antarctic plate,
 Lithosphere - The solid crust and - North American plate,
top, stiff layer of the mantle make up - Indo-Australia Plate,
a region - Eurasian plate,
 It’s actually made up of giant puzzle - South American plate
pieces called tectonic plates
 Faults - When the stresses get too  Relative Plate Movements
large, it leads to cracks - the relative density of oceanic
 Foreshocks - These are smaller lithosphere and the relative
earthquakes that happen in the same weakness of the asthenosphere
place as the larger earthquake that
follows
 Hypocenter - The location below the
 Plate Boundaries
earth’s surface where the earthquake
- Divergent boundaries when two
starts
plates move away from each
 Epicenter - the location directly other
above the hypocenter on the surface - Convergent boundaries, when
of the earth two plates move slower in the
4 BASIC TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES front or in contrary directions
- Transform boundaries, when two
 Two preliminary body waves (P & plates move side-by-side along
S) the same fault with different
- travel through the Earth’s interior velocities or in opposite
- Most important component of directions
ground shaking far from the
earthquake source, thus can be FOUR LAYERS OF THE EARTH
 The Crust
the most destructive.
- composed of two basic rock
 Two slower surface waves (Love and types: granite and basalt
Rayleigh) - Continental crust: Granite
- Travel along the surface of the - Oceanic crust: Basalt
Earth.
 - Lithosphere: crust and the upper  Induced Earthquake/Collapse
layer of the mantle together make Earthquake
up a zone of rigid - caused by human activity, like
- Asthenosphere: below the rigid
tunnel construction, filling
lithosphere is a zone of asphalt-
like consistency reservoirs and implementing
geothermal or fracking projects
 Volcanic Earthquake

GEOLOGIC FAULT
 The Mantle
- located directly under the sima  Fault - The resulting fracture in the
- largest layer of the Earth, 1800 Earth’s crust
miles thick 1. Active fault - are structure
- 1600 to 4000 degrees F along which we expect
- Convection Currents: caused by displacement to occur
the very hot material at the
2. Inactive faults - had
deepest part of the mantle rising,
then cooling, sinking again and movement along them at one
then heating, rising and repeating time, but no longer move
the cycle over and over 3. Reactive faults - form when
movement along formerly
 The Outer Core inactive faults can help to
- composed of the melted metals alleviate strain within the
nickel and iron
crust or upper mantle
- so hot that the metals in it are all
in the liquid state THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
- 1800 miles beneath the crust and
FAULTS
1400 miles thick
- 4000 to 9000 degrees F
1. NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULT
- the rocks are pulling apart
 The Inner Core
- 4000 miles beneath the crust and (tensile forces) so that the rocky
is about 800 miles thick crust of an area is able to take up
- 9000 degrees F and 45,000,000 more space
psi - The rock on one side of the fault
is moved down relative to the
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE rock on the other side of the fault
2. REVERSE DIP-SLIP FAULT
- are caused by a sudden release of stress
- the rocks are pushed together
along faults in the earth's crust
(compression forces) so that the
 Tectonic Earthquake rocky crust of an area must take
- caused by plate tectonics that up less space
occur at plate tectonic boundaries
- account for most earthquakes
 - The rock on one side of the fault  Liquefaction and Subsidence
is pushed up relative to rock on - Liquefaction is when sediment
the other side. grains are literally made to float
o Thrust faults are a special in groundwater, which causes the
type of reverse fault. soil to lose all its solidity
They happen when the  Fires
fault angle is very low. - Ground rupture and liquefaction
can easily rupture natural gas
mains and water mains

WHAT CONTROLS THE INTENSITY

3. TRANSFORM (strike-slip)
OF AN EARTHQUAKE
FAULTS
- Movement along a strike slip  MAGNITUDE
fault is horizontal with the block  DISTANCE
of rock on one side of the fault  LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS
moving in one direction and the  DEPTH
block of rock along the other side
of the fault moving in the other
direction.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTENSITY
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES AND MAGNITUDE

 Ground Shaking  Magnitude - is the quantified value

of seismic energy produced during
- It is a result of the passage of an earthquake
seismic waves through the  Intensity - is the quantum of
ground, and ranges from quite negative impact of earthquake on
gentle in small earthquakes to
surrounding areas
incredibly violent in large
earthquakes DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPICENTER
AND HYPOCENTER
 Ground Rupture
- occurs when the earthquake  Epicenter - is located on the Earth´s
movement along a fault actually surface directly above the
breaks the Earth's surface earthquake´s point of origin or
 Landslides hypocenter
- by direct rupture and by  Hypocenter - is the location where
sustained shaking of unstable the fault rupture starts, and is usually
slopes located at some depth under the
 Tsunamis surface of the ground
- tidal waves
  The waves that spread out radially  SEISMOSCOPE - Zhang Heng in
from the hypocenter are body waves 132 B.C.
whereas both body waves and - gives a qualitative measure of the
surface waves appear to spread out oscillatory motion produced by
from the epicenter. an earthquake or other
 The spread of seismic waves is disturbance of the earth's surface
measured 2-dimensionally from the - wine jar of diameter six feet,
epicenter while it is measured in 3 eight dragon-heads
dimensions from the hypocenter.
EARTHQUAKE NETWORK (SEISMIC
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS NETWORK)

SEISMOMETER - instruments that - is a new earthquake monitoring

measure motions of the ground, including system based on a dense array of
those of seismic waves generated by low-cost acceleration sensors
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other
SEISMOGRAMS - is the recording of the
seismic sources.
ground shaking at the specific location of
 SEISMOGRAPH - it consists of a the instrument
mass attached to a fixed base
- HORIZONTAL axis = time
o Richter Magnitude Scale
(measured in seconds)
- A logarithmic scale for indicating
- VERTICAL axis= ground
the magnitude of earthquakes
displacement (usually measured
using data from a seismograph
in millimeters)
 Classic Seismograms
o Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale  Digital Seismograms
- American seismologists Harry SEISMOTECTONICS - the study of the
Wood and Frank Neumann in relationship between the earthquakes,
1931 active tectonics and individual faults of a
- Roman numerals region
o Moment-Magnitude Scale
- in terms of the energy released
- amount of displacement that
occurred along a fault zone
 ACCELEROGRAPH - used for
recording acceleration of the ground
during an earthquake
- It is used to monitor structures
for earthquake response