CHAPTER 2

MATTER IN THE LIQUID PHASE

Concept Map

MATTER IN THE LIQUID

PHASE

contains

Surface Tension Viscocity Vapor Pressure Capillary Action

Vaporization

Heat of Vaporization

Boiling Point

Learning competencies

 Describe the following properties of liquids and explain the effect of

intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point and molar heat of vaporization.
 Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular
forces.

Body Content

Intermolecular Forces of Matter and Properties of liquids.

The state of a substance depends on the balance between the kinetic energy of
the individual particles (molecules or atoms) and the intermolecular forces.
Surface tension

Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface area of a
liquid due to intermolecular forces. Molecules at the surface of water experience a net
attraction to other molecules in the liquid, which holds the surface of the bulk sample
together. In contrast, those in the interior experience uniform attractive forces.

This can cause things to float which are more dense than water, allowing
organisms to literally walk on water like mosquitos.

Viscosity

Viscosity is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. It often reffered to as the

thickness of a fluid. Water has a low viscosity while, honey has a high viscosity and as
observed “the greater the viscosity the more slowly the liquid flows”. Moreover,
temperature can also affect the given viscosity of a liquid because when the temperature
increases the viscosity decreases.

Capillary Action

Capillary Action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the
assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. It is because of the
combination of adhesion and surface tension. The surface tension makes the water rise
into the tubes, while the adhesion makes the water stick to the sides and cohesion
brings the other molecules with it. The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher the
water will rise due to surface tension. Trees is an example that use capillary action to get
water from their roots to their leaves through their thin veins.

Incompressibility under ordinary conditions is another property of liquids. Since

the molecules in the liquid are already close, touching one another, they cannot be
crowded together anymore unless they are squeeze and deformed, which would require
a great amount of energy.

Vapor Presure

The molecules of a liquid are in constant motion and possess a wide range of
kinetic energies, at any moment some fraction of them has enough energy to escape
from the surface of the liquid to enter the gas or vapor phase. This process, called
vaporization or evaporation, generates a vapor pressure above the liquid. Molecules in
the gas phase can collide with the liquid surface and reenter the liquid via condensation.
Eventually, a steady state or dynamic equilibrium is reached.

It is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium

with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
When a liquid vaporize in a close container, the space above the liquid becomes
saturated with vapor and an equilibrium state exist between the liquid and the vapor.

Vaporization (or Evaporation)

The vaporization is the process of transition of molecules from a liquid to a

gaseous state; the molecules on a surface are usually the first to undergo a phase
change through the apllication of heat. This transformation occurs without changing the
chemical composition of a substance.

Heat of Vaporization

The energy required to change an amount of substance from the liquid to gas
state. The temperature during this phase change remains constant.

Boiling Point

Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals
the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding

environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when
that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point
than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at 100 °C
(212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) altitude. For a
given pressure, different liquids will boil at different temperatures.

Highlights/ Summary

 Surface tension is the tendency of fluid surfaces to shrink into the

minimum surface area possible.
 Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow, “the greater the viscosity the
more slowly the liquid flows”.
 Capillary Action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the
any assistance. This action is seen in many plants.
 The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher the water will rise due to
surface tension.
 As the liquid vaporize in a close container, the liquid becomes saturated with
vapor and an equilibrium exist between the liquid and the vapor.
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs when a liquid transforms into a
 A liquid with high pressure has a higher boiling point than the liquid at
gas while under the boiling point -- the temperature where water starts to boil.
atmospheric pressure.
 For water, the normal boiling point is exactly 100°C.
Chapter Assessment

1. It is the change of a liquid into a gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling
point?

A. Fusion B. Condensation C. Sublimation D. Vaporization

2. Which statement is correct about viscosity?

A. the greater the viscosity the higher the temperature

B. the greater the viscosity the lower the temperature
C. both A and B
D. none of the above

3. ___________ is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

A. Boiling point B. Heat evaporation C. Vapor pressure D. Capillary action

4. Which of the following is false?

A. A liquid with high pressure has a higher boiling point than the liquid at atmospheric
pressure.

B. A liquid with low pressure has a higher boiling point than the liquid at atmospheric
pressure.

C. both A and B

D. none of the above

5. It is the opposite of Vaporization wherein gas change into a liquid state?

A. Condensation B. Heat evaporation C. Vapor pressure D. Capillary action

6. _______ is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. It often referred to as the

thickness of a fluid?

A. Condensation B. Heat evaporation C. Viscosity D. Capillary action

7. The energy required to change an amount of substance from the liquid to gas state.
The temperature during this phase change remains constant?

A. Condensation B. Heat of vaporization C. Viscosity D. Capillary action

8. What do you call the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the any
assistance?

A. Viscosity B. Vapor pressure C. Boiling point D. Capillary action

9. What is the normal boiling point of water?

A. 90°C B. 100°C C. 110°C D. 120°C

10. In these condition, a liquid exhibits a characteristic equilibrium vapor pressure that
depends only on?

A. Pressure B. Volume C. Temperature D. Atmosphere

Resources/ Reference

Robert, C. (April 25, 2017). The difference between Vaporization and Evaporization.
Retrieve March 10, 2019, from https://sciencing.com/differences-between-vaporization-
evaporation-12052824.html

Chemistry Libretext. (June 18, 2018). Liquids and Intermolecular Forces. Retrieve March
9, 2019 from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.
S%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)

Chemistry Libretext. (May 27, 2018). Surface Tension. Retrieve March 9, 2019 from
.https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Proper
ties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Surface_Tension
H. Key to Correction

1. D 6. C

2. B 7. B

3. A 8. D

4. B 9. B

5. A 10. C