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Feedback and Control System

This document discusses the history of control systems from ancient times to present. It begins with early developments in ancient Greece involving water regulation and temperature control. In the 18th century, James Watt developed the flyball governor for steam engine speed control. Modern control theory emerged in the late 19th to mid 20th century. Key developments included Minorsky's ship steering controllers in the 1920s, Nyquist's stability analysis methods in the 1930s, and state space and optimal control methods in the 1960s-1970s. The document outlines the control system design process and provides examples of modern automobile steering, cruise control, and temperature regulation systems.

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James Gupo
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56 views

Feedback and Control System

This document discusses the history of control systems from ancient times to present. It begins with early developments in ancient Greece involving water regulation and temperature control. In the 18th century, James Watt developed the flyball governor for steam engine speed control. Modern control theory emerged in the late 19th to mid 20th century. Key developments included Minorsky's ship steering controllers in the 1920s, Nyquist's stability analysis methods in the 1930s, and state space and optimal control methods in the 1960s-1970s. The document outlines the control system design process and provides examples of modern automobile steering, cruise control, and temperature regulation systems.

Uploaded by

James Gupo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Feedback and

Control System
Lecture 2
Historical Developments in Control
System
i. Ancient Greece (1 to 300 BC)
– Water float regulation, water clock, automatic oil lamp

ii. Cornellis Drebbel (17th century)


– Temperature control

iii. James Watt (18th century)


– Flyball governor

iv. Late 19th to mid 20th century


– Modern control theory
History
18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam
engine.
1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems
1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear closed-loop
control systems
1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory
includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, economic and
socio-economic systems
James Watts's steam engine and governor deployed. The Watt steam engine is often used to mark the
1769 beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. During the Industrial Revolution, great strides were
made in the development of mechanization, a technology preceding automation

1800 Eli Whitney's concept of interchangeable parts manufacturing demonstrated in the production of muskets.
Whitney's development is often considered to be the beginning of mas production
1868 J.C. Maxwell formulates a mathematical model for a governor control of a steam engine
1913 Henry Ford's mechanized assembly machine introduced for automobile production
1927 H.S Black conceives of the negative feedback amplifier and H.W. Bode analyzes feedback amplifiers
1932 H. Nyquist develops a method for analyzing the stability systems
1941 Creation of first antiaircraft gun with active control
1952 Numerical control (NC) developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for control of machine-tool axes
1954 George Devol develops "programmed article transfer" considered to be the first industrial robot design
Soutnik launches the space age leading, in time, to miniaturization of computers and advances in
1957
automatic control theory
First Unimate robot introduced, based on Devol's design. Unimate installed in 1961 for tending die-casting
1960
machine
1970 State-variable models and optimal control developed
1980 Robust control system design widely studied
Introduction of the personal computer (and control design software soon there after) brought the tools of
1983
design to the engineer's desktop
1990 Export oriented manufacturing companies emphasize automation
1994 Feedback control widely used in automobiles. Reliable, robust systems demanded in manufacturing
1997 First ever autonomous rover vehicle, known as Sojourner, explores the Martian surface
Advances in micro- and nanotechnology. First intelligent micromachines are developed and fuctioning
1998-2003
History of Control System
Human System

The Vetruvian Man


Human System
i. Pancreas
 Regulates blood glucose level
ii. Adrenaline
 Automatically generated to increase the heart rate and
oxygen in times of flight
iii. Eye
 Follow moving object
iv. Hand
 Pick up an object and place it at a predetermined location
v. Temperature
 Regulated temperature of 36°C to 37°C
Control System Design Process

If the performance does not


meet specifications, then
iterate the configuration
and actuator
Design of Feedback Control System
• Step 1. Transform requirements into a physical system
• Step 2. Draw a functional block diagram
• Step 3. Create a schematic
• Step 4. Develop a mathematical model
• Step 5. Reduce the block diagram
• Step 6. Analyze and design
Examples of Modern Control Systems

(a) Automobile
steering control
system.
(b) The driver uses
the difference
between the actual
and the desired
direction of travel
to generate a
controlled adjustment
of the steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-
of-travel response.
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Design Example
Design Example

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