VMD-511

1. Moist heat injuries produced by contact of hot liquid or steam are called as- Scald
2. The highest court in a state is- High court
3. VCI act- 1984 (The Indian veterinary council act-1984)
4. Sale of food and drink injurious to public health is punishable under- IPC-273
5. How many classes of criminal courts are there in India- 3
6. Killing, poisoning and maiming of animal is punishable under section 428 and 429 of
IPC
7. The Animal Welfare Board of India was established in year- 1962
8. Test done for the detection of blood stain – All- Benzidine test, Teichmann’s test and
Haemochromogen test
9. Direct cause of death from wounds is- All- Haemorrhage, Injury to a vital organ and
shok.
10. Indirect cause of death from wounds is- All- Inflammation of internal organs, septicaemia
or pyaemia and necrosis of internal organs
11. Death due to submersion of body in fluid- Drowning
12. An interference with oxygen interchange in the lungs is- Asphyxia
13. In suspected case of chronic Arsenic poisoning sample sent- Hair

Long Questions:

1. Enlist the different laws existing in relation to animals in the country. Give a short
account of prevention of cruelty to animals act.
2. What are the visceral organs to be collected and dispatched for examination of suspected
poisoning? Describe in detail.
3. Discuss the principles of veterinary ethics. Describe the duties of veterinarians to their
clients and patients; to the profession; and to the public.
4. Describe the common offences against animals in India.
5. Examination of horses for soundness.
6. Write the details of important points in examination of dead animals in veterolegal cases.
7. Livestock insurance in India.
8. Describe the salient provisions of wildlife protection act, 1972.

Short Notes:

1. Enlist different examinations for blood stain in veterolegal cases

2. The insurance of an animal
3. Glanders and Farcy Act, 1899
4. Difference between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds
5. Prevention of cruelty act, 1960
6. Causes and signs of death
7. Signs and post-mortem changes in death associated with drowning and lightning in
animals
8. Principles of veterinary ethics
9. Chemical tests for detection of blood stains
 10. Common offences against animals in India
11. Chronology of manner of recording evidences
12. Kinds of witness
13. The experiment on animals rules, 1968
14. The cattle trespass act, 1871
15. Livestock importation act, 1978
16. Cross examination in court
17. Rules for giving evidence
18. Procedure for collection and dispatch of materials for chemical examination
19. Enlist the types of wounds
20. Salient features of rules on experiments on animals (control and supervision)
21. Manner of recording evidence
22. Frauds in the sale of ghee
23. Veterolegal aspects of death
24. Duties of AWO (Animal welfare officers)
25. Role of veterinarians in animal welfare
26. Functions/policy of animal welfare board of India
27. Duties of CPCSEA
28. General welfare of animals during transportation
29. Appointment and duties of wildlife wardens according to wildlife protection act
30. Enlist various animal welfare organizations

Define

1. Subpoena
2. The court of sessions
3. Trespass
4. Manner of recording evidence in the court
5. Lightning stroke in animals
6. VCI
7. Coma
8. Rigor mortis
9. Algar mortis
10. Drowning
11. Bishoping
12. Burn
13. Scar
14. Judicial proceeding
15. Veterinary ethics
16. Maiming
17. Bestiality
18. Perjury
19. Evidence
20. Oral evidence
21. Documentary evidence
22. Expert witness
 23. Oath
24. Examination in chief
25. SPCA
26. CPCSEA
27. AWBI
28. Doping
29. Syncope
30. Veterinary jurisprudence
31. Veterolegal reports
32. Euthanasia
33. Forensic medicine
34. Animal welfare
35. Indian penal code
36. Court
37. Ring bone
38. Quitter
39. Capped hock
40. Phooka/Doom dev method
41. Adipocere
42. Performing animals
43. Pack animals

Vetero-Legal Duties of a Veterinarian:

The veterinary practitioner may be called upon:-

1. To enforce the legislation about animal diseases

2. To examine animals and carcasses for acts of cruelty, mischief etc.
3. To help in revealing frauds such as bishoping, changing the identity, doping etc.
4. To examine the animals to be insured
5. To give certificates of soundness, health and death etc.
6. Meat, milk and other food inspection.

Contract: In veterinary practice, contract is between veterinary doctor and patients’ owner
(client)

Negligency:

1. It is omitting not to do something which a reasonable man would do/or doing something
which a reasonable man would not do.
2. It is the failure to exercise that degree of care that, in the circumstances, the law requires
for the protection of other persons or those interests of other persons that may be
injuriously affected by the want of such care.

Subpoena/Summons: It is a written document compelling the witness for his

presence/attendance in the court on given dates.
Perjury: The deliberate, willful giving of false, misleading, or incomplete testimony under oath.

Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the willful act of swearing a false oath or of falsifying
an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an
official proceeding.

The Poisons Act, 1919 (Act no. 12, 1919)

Indian Penal Code:

1. Section 192: Making false entry in any book or record

2. Section 193: Giving false evidence in any judicial process
3. Section 197: Issuing/signing false certificates
4. Section 268: Definition of public nuisance (Public nuisance.-- A person is guilty of a
public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any
common injury, danger or annoyance to the public or to the people in general who dwell
or occupy property in the vicinity, or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction,
danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right. A
common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or
advantage).
5. Section 269: Spread of infectious disease in public by negligence (Negligent act likely to
spread infection of disease dangerous to life.-- Whoever unlawfully or negligently does
any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the
infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both)
6. Section 270: Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.--
Whoever malignantly does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe
to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, shall be punished
with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or
with fine, or with both.
7. Section 273: Selling of food/drink contaminated/unfit for consumption
8. Section 274, 275, 276: Selling of adulterated drug or medicinal preparations
9. Section 277: Corruption of water for public supply
10. Section 284: Negligent use of poisonous substance dangerous to life
11. Section 415: Selling of unfit/contaminated meat
12. Section 420: Fraud in sale of livestock

LEGAL DUTIES OF THE VETERINARIANS

 To make a veterinarian know and recognize his exact duties, privileges and
responsibilities in vetro-legal cases both as witness and as an expert advisor it is very
essential that he should have a fair knowledge of all the subjects of veterinary sciences.
 He must be well acquainted with the animal related Acts and the legal procedures in the
criminal courts.
 Veterinarian has the following responsibilities.
o Conducting postmortem examination of the vetro-legal cases.
 o Investigations of common offences against animals.
o Investigations in case of malicious and accidental poisoning.
o Investigations in case of frauds in the sale of livestock and livestock products.
o Issuing health certificates.
o To get the real culprits punished and help in providing justice and fair treatment to
man and animal and also to save innocent people/persons from the false
accusations of crime.
o To prevent cruelty to animals.
o Application and enforcement of state of law meant for animals. (Prevention of
cruelty to Animals, Cattle Trespass Act)
o To protect the interests of society at large and prevent the unethical practices in
relation to animals in the society.
o In fact everything in which recourse to law is necessary in relation to the
veterinary profession.
 The evidence is recorded as follows
o Examination in chief
 This is the first examination of a witness y the party which calls him.
 In Government prosecution cases, the prosecuting inspector as a rule, first
examines the witness to elicit the principal facts concerning the case.
 If the witness is summoned by a private party, he is first examined by the
pleader of that party. Leading questions are not allowed. (Eg.) If a person
x strike or with a stick
 The proper forms of the question in a case of an assault are
 When did this incident occur?
 Where were you at that time?
 What did you notice?
 In that case the witness will narrate the whole incident of a person ‘x’
stricking ‘y’ as he saw it.
o Cross examination
 This may be regarded as the most reliable procedure of testing the value of
an evidence and is held by counsel for the accused who tries to elicit facts
(or) demonstrate the possibility of theories, not necessarily inconsistent
with the evidence the witness has given, but helpful to his own case.
 Leading questions are permissible and witness should be very cautions in
answering them.
 He should not attempt to answer the questions unless he clearly and
completely understands them.
 There is no time limit to cross examination.

Re examination

 The prosecuting Inspector or counsel who conducts the examination inchief has the right
to re-examine the witness to explain away any discrepancies that may have occurred
during cross examination.
  The witness should not introduce any new subject without the consent of the judge or
opposing counsel lest he should become liable to cross examination on the new point thus
introduced.

Question put by the Judge, Juror or Assessor

 The Judge, Juror or Assessor may question the witness at any stage to clear up doubtful
points.

SOUNDNESS

Soundness in horses, cattle and dogs are important in the selection of animals.

SOUNDNESS IN HORSES

 The structural development of the limbs, size and body proportions that make up an
individual horse's conformation can influence its balance and movement during exercise.
The strength of its limbs and conformation in turn, can influence its overall soundness
and ability to perform in competition.
 Conformation and soundness are interrelated in determining the movement, performance
and overall quality of a horse during its competitive lifetime.
 Soundness can be classified in a number of ways relative to the horse's freedom from
lameness but it can also relatet o the horse's suitability for a particular purpose, such as
eventing, jumping, polocroosse, hack and dressage competition, which can include other
measures of soundness for the purpose, such as boldness, temperament and flow of the
stride.
 Soundness can also be influenced by factors such as the type of working surface, shoeing,
dietary balance, body weight and the exercise program, especially as a horse ages.
Accidental injuries such as lower limb lacerations, excessive bone modelling responsesa
nd abnormal growth and balance in the hooves can all influence the relative soundness
for the purpose. A horse with a minor joint or tendon injury, for example, may not be
suitable for upper level equestrians ports, but its soundness as a hack will not be
compromised. As horses age, natural 'wear and tear' and other degenerative changes, that
are not always related or influenced by conformation, can occur and restrict its suitability
for long term training and competition.It is always important to select a horse that is
sound and strong if you plan to compete over a few years, rather than try to rehabilitate
ahorse from the race track which has broken down due to tendon and joint problems and
carriest he legacy of unsoundnessin to retirementa nd equestrian competition.

HOW TO PROTECT YOUR HORSE'S DELICATE LEGS

 Even though horses are big, strong animals, their legs are surprisingly delicate. The
muscles and tendons that make up the legs can get injured quite easily. Your horse might
stumble and cut his front leg with his back hoof. Or he might land awkwardly after a
jump and strain a tendon. Constant pounding on hard surfaces can also damage legs.
  Leg injuries can be serious and many take months (or even years) to heal. Some injuries
never heal properly and you could be left with a lame horse.
 Of course, you can’t cover your horse’s legs in bubble wrap (well, maybe you could but
he would look pretty strange!), but here are 10 things you can do that may help your
horse stay sound.

BREEDING SOUNDNESS EXAMINATION OF THE DOG

Identification

 The identification is not only important for the medical records, but is essential in the
case of a pre-purchase examination.
 Failure to positively identify an animal could cause legal problems in the future.

History

 Has the dog ever been bred?

 Has he ever sired a litter? If has bred, but never sired a litter, you may consider
congenital infertility.
 If he has sired litters, and is now infertile you may consider acquired infertility.
 Frequency of use
 Every other day breeding is usually acceptable.
 Breeding more than that may be overusing the dog.
 Has there been any exogenous drug therapy (testosterone etc.)?
 What is the dog's habitat?
 Is he in a kennel?
 Is he housed with bitch? If so, the bitch may be dominant.
 Is he 'mommies little boy', who has not had any canine contact?
 Has he had any exposure to sex?
 Has he been punished for showing sexual interest?
 Has his libido changed?
 Has he ever been shown?
 Does he have any endocrine disease?

Physical Exam

General exam

 Look for signs of endocrine problems.

 Check for any congenital disorders that would make him an unsuitable potential breeder.
 Reproductive Exam
CATTLE SLAUGHTER

Slaughter is the term used to describe the killing and butchering of animals, usually for food.
Commonly it refers to killing and butchering of domestic livestock (tame animals). This module
deals with different ways of slaughtering.

Slaughter is the term used to describe the killing and butchering of animals, usually for food.
Commonly it refers to killing and butchering of domestic livestock (tame animals).

The animals most commonly slaughtered for food are cattle (for beef and veal), water buffalo,
sheep (for lamb and mutton), goats, pigs (for pork), horses (for horse meat), and fowl, largely
chickens, turkeys, and ducks and increasingly fish from the aquaculture industry (fish farming).

Laws for ritual slaughter

Ritual slaughter of animals is also used for food production. Such slaughter is governed by
various laws, most notably:

 Shechita - Jewish laws of slaughtering animals

 Dhabihah - Islamic law of slaughtering animals

Preparing livestock for slaughter

 At the time of slaughter, animals should be healthy and physiologically normal. Slaughter
animals should be adequately rested. They should be rested, preferably overnight,
particularly if they have travelled for some times over long distances. However, pigs and
poultry are usually slaughtered on arrival as time and distances travelled are relatively
short and holding in pens is stressful for them. Animals should be watered during holding
and can be fed, if required. The holding period allows for injured and victimised animals
to be identified and for sick animals to be quarantined.
 When ready for slaughter, animals should be driven to the stunning area in a quiet and
orderly manner without undue fuss and noise. Droving can be facilitated using flat
canvass straps , rolled plastic or paper, and in the case of stubborn animals, prodders can
be used occasionally. Animals should never be beaten nor have their tails twisted.
Animals should be led in single file into the stunning area where they can be held in
appropriate restraining device(s) before stunning.

Restraint devices

It is very important that slaughter animals should be properly restrained before stunning or
bleeding. This is to ensure stability of the animal so that the stunning operation can be carried out
accurately and properly. Different types of restraints are appropriate for different species:
Cattle

 A stunning box is the most common method of restraining cattle. The size of the box
should be just wide enough to prevent the animal from turning around, and so be difficult
to stun. The floor of the box should be non-slip. A simple neck crush used by farmers to
restrain cattle for weighing is suitable for small-scale operations. Restraining tame cattle
outside the stunning box by securing the head in a halter and then pulling the rope
through a metal ring in a concrete floor is effective. It is recommended that the operator
should be positioned behind protective steel bars.

RELIGIOUS OR RITUAL SLAUGHTER (HALAL AND KOSHER)

Most developed and many developing countries of the world require by law an animal to be
rendered unconscious before it is slaughtered. This is in order to ensure that the animal does not
suffer pain during slaughter. However, exceptions are made for the Jewish (Kosher) and Muslim
(Halal) slaughter of livestock. Here stunning generally is not allowed and the animal is bled
directly using a sharp knife to cut the throat and sever the main blood vessels. This results in
sudden and massive loss of blood with loss of consciousness and death. However, many
authorities consider that religious slaughter can be very unsatisfactory and that the animal may
not be rendered unconscious and suffer considerable discomfort and pain in the slaughter
process.

A number of factors must be given serious consideration before this type of slaughter is
acceptable:

 Animals that are slaughtered according to Kosher or Halal requirements should be

securely restrained, particularly the head and neck, before cutting the throat. Movement
results in a poor cut, bad bleeding, slow loss of consciousness (if at all) and pain. This has
serious implications for animal welfare. The knife that is used to cut the throat and the
carotid and jugular blood vessels must be razor sharp and without blemishes and damage.
This is to ensure a swift, smooth cut across the throat behind the jaw and to ensure
immediate and maximum gush of blood. Poor bleeding causes slow loss of consciousness
and reduces meat quality.
 Animals should not be shackled and hoisted before bleeding. This causes them severe
discomfort and stress. Hoisting should be done only after the animal has lost
consciousness Restraining equipment should be comfortable for the animal.
 Operator competence is of great importance in order to carry out satisfactory religious
slaughter, and the authorities should license all slaughter personnel. A poor technique
will result in great suffering and cruelty to the animal. Religious slaughter should be
carried out paying attention to detail and ensuring the method, equipment and operators
are correct. The slaughter process is slow.

The captive bolt gun is suitable for this stunning when using the mushroom shaped head of the
bolt. The mushroom gun is an improvement on the plain bolt, as this bolt does not penetrate the
brain and cause death. This should be more acceptable to the religious authorities, and its use
would encourage more humane slaughter amongst Muslims in developing countries, thereby
improving animal welfare.

Fortunately, many Muslim authorities accept some forms of pre-slaughter stunning. Many
Muslim authorities permit electric stunning of cattle, sheep and poultry, whose meat is destined
for Muslim communities, because the animals subjected to this stunning method would recover if
no bleeding was carried out. Electric stunning is also the method of choice in meat exporting
countries where stunning of slaughter animals is required by law, for export to Muslim countries.
Similarly, Muslim minorities in countries with stringent animal welfare regulations are allowed
to use Halal slaughter methods, but in combination with electrical stunning.

Any kind of prestunning for livestock to be slaughtered according to the Jewish Kosher method
has not yet been accepted.

DOPING

 Introduced by American trainers in 1903 Administration of drugs to act as a stimulant

before racing dates.
 Doping was defined as the administration to a horse a short time before race, of certain
substances capable of exciting the physical and nervous impulses of the animal, before
and during the race, by an artificial action produced on the nervo muscular system.
 Doping originated from an old Dutch word, doop indicating any thick liquid used as an
lubricant or excitant
 Doping is defined as the administration to an animal of any substance, other than a
normal nutrient, for the purpose of affecting its speed, stamina, courage or conduct in a
race.
 Stimulants compounds used in horse racing an
o Caffeine Adrenaline Sympathine
o Strychinine Leptazol Methamphetamine groups
o Picrotoxin Amphetamine
o Cocaine
 Drugs used for impairing an animal’s performance Sedatives
o Chloral hydras Paraldehyde Strontium
o Barbiturates Bromides
o Morphine Camphor

VETERO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DOPING

 For determining whether or not a horse has given drugs should include
o Clinical examination before the race
o Demonstration of the chemical cleanliness of utensils used in sampling.
o Recovery of adequate volumes of samples fluids.
o Allowing the owner split samples of the fluids to e analysed or right to have an
approved analyst present at the official analysis.
o Use of tests, which distinguish drugs from alkaloids occurring naturally in the
body.
 o Specific identification and precise determination of the amount of any organic
substances defected.
o Provision of signed and witnessed laboratory record protocols by the analyst.

ALTERATION OF DESCRIPTION

 The description of the animal is altered in case it has been stolen or there are signs which
are unsound. Alteration of description is done in the following ways.
o Castration
o Clipping of mane and tail
o Docking
o Colouring of white patches by hair dye

BISHOPING

Bishoping is the act of changing the appearance of equine teeth to make the horse look younger.
This process can involve such processes as filing down the Galvayne's Groove or changing the
shape or length of the teeth, or using silver nitrate to artificially create cups. This dishonest
practice does not reverse other signs of age shown in enamel rings, the shape of the holes in the
smooth-tabled incisors to make new cups which were then blackened with wearing surface or the
angle of the incisors from the side.