ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY

CBCS/SEMESTER SYSTEM
W.E. From 2016-17 ADMITTED BATCH
Common for All UG Courses except BCA/B.Sc Animation

Information & Communication Technology-I

(Computer Fundamentals and Office Tools)
Unit-I: Basics of Computers
Definition of a Computer - Characteristics and Applications of Computers - Block
Diagram of a Digital Computer -Classification of Computers based on size and working
- Central Processing Unit-I/O Devices.
Unit-II: Primary, Auxiliary and Cache Memory - Memory Devices
Primary, Auxiliary and Cache Memory-Memory Devices, Software, Hardware, Firmware
and People ware-Definition and Types of Operating System- Functions of an Operating
System - MS-DOS - MS Windows - Desktop, my Computer, Documents, Pictures,
Music, Videos, Recycle Bin, Task Bar-Control
Pane
Unit-Ill: MS-Word
Features of MS-Word - MS-Word Window Components - Creating, Editing, Formatting
and Printing of Documents - Headers and Footers - Insert/Draw Tables, Table Auto
format - Page Borders and Shading - Inserting Symbols, Shapes, WordArt, Page
Numbers, Equations-Spelling and Grammar-Thesaurus
-Mail Merge
Unit-IV: MS-PowerPoint
Features of PowerPoint-Creating a Blank Presentation -Creating a Presentation using a
Template - Inserting and Deleting Slides in a Presentation-Adding ClipArt/Pictures -
Inserting Other Objects, Audio, Video -Resizing and scaling of an Object-Slide
Transition-Custom Animation
Unit-V: MS-Excel
Overview of Excel features-Creating a new worksheet, Selecting cells, Entering and
editing Text, Numbers, Formulae, Referencing cells - Inserting Rows/Columns-
Changing column widths and row heights, auto format, changing font sizes, colours,
shading

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(Q) What is computer?
(Q)Write about the characteristics and limitations of computer?

Definition: Computer is an advanced electronic programmable device that takes raw

data as input from the user (keyboard) and processes these data under the “control of
set of instructions” (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for
the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.
(OR)

A Computer is an electronic device that can perform Mathematical, logical and

graphical manipulations. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices
that function together as a system. A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Input

b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
It can also perform all arithmetic and logical functions according to user instructions.
Data: It can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instruction, which
should be suitable for processing by human or electronic machine. Data is
represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or
special characters (+,-, /,*, <,>, = etc).
Information: It is an organized data so that it has some meaningful values to the
receiver. Information is the processed data.
Input: It is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the
collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process: It process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal
process of the computer system.
Output: It is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also
called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future
use.

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 CHARECTERSTICS OF COMPUTERS:
1) High Speed
 Computer is a very fast device.
 It is capable of performing addition of very big data.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds.
 The computer speed can be measured in mili second (10-3), micro second (10-6),
nano second (10-9) and even the Pico seconds (10-12).
2) Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
 The computer has performed calculations 100% error free.
 Computers accuracy depends on the data which is given by user
 i.e. Wrong input leads to wrong output (GIGO- Garbage In Garbage Out)
4) Storage or memory
 Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
 It can store large amount of data than human beings
 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any other
type.
 In computers memory can be measured in the form of bits (0 & 1). The group of
bits is called Byte. Some memory capacity of computers as follows:

4bits nibble
8 Bits 1 Byte
1000 (or) 1024 Bytes 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1000 (or) 1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB)
1000 (or) 1024 MB 1 Gega Byte (GB)
1000 (or) 1024 GB 1 Terra Byte (TB)

5) Diligence
 It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom.
 It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
6) Versatility
 A computer is a very versatile machine.
 A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done (feeling bored).
 This machine can be used to solve the problems relating to various different
fields.

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7) Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have failure free long lives.
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
8) Automation
 Computer is an automatic machine.
 Automation means ability to perform the task automatically.
 Once a program is given to computer i.e. stored in computer memory, the
program and instruction can control the program execution without human
interaction.

 LIMITATION OF COMPUTER:

No I.Q (Intelligence Quotient)

 A computer is a machine and has no intelligence of its own to perform any task.
 Each and every instruction has to be given to computer.
 A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
No Feeling
 Computer has no feeling or emotions.
 It cannot make Judgments based on feeling, taste, and experience.
Dependency
 It can perform function as instructed by user it is fully dependent on human
being.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Q) What are the advantages of computers (or)

(Q) Applications of computers (or) uses of computers (or)
Need of computes?
 Definition: Computer System is an electronic device which does the following:
 Accept data
 Store an input data.
 Process the data input.
 Output the processed data in required format.

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1. Business:
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility
which made it an integrated part in all business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for:

 Payroll calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales analysis
 Financial forecasting
 Managing employees database
 Maintenance of stocks etc.
2. Banking:
Today Banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide following
facilities:
 On-line accounting facility
 Current balances, deposits, shares.
 ATM is used for customers to deal with banks.
3. Insurance: Insurance companies are keeping all records up to date with the help of
computer. Insurance Companies are maintaining a database of all clients with
information
 procedure to continue with policies
 starting date of the policies
 next due installment of a policy
 maturity date
 interests due
 survival benefits
 bonus

4. Education: The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the Education System.
The uses of computer provide a tool in the Education system.

 CBE (Computer Based Education).

 CBE involves Control, Delivery and Evaluation of learning.
 Prepare a database about performance of a student
analysis

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5. Marketing: In Marketing uses of computer are following:
 Advertising: with computers, advertising professionals create art
and graphics, write and copy, and print and with the goal of selling
more products.
 At Home shopping: that provide access to product information
and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers
6. Health Care: Computers have become important part in all Medical Systems. The
computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines and
also maintain:
 System Lab-diagnostic System
 Patient Monitoring System
 Pharmacy Information System
 Surgery
7. Engineering: Computers are widely used in engineering purposes. CAD stand for
Computer aided design. CAD provides creation, edition, and modification of image and
also used in:
 Structural Engineering (design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc)
 Industrial Engineering (people, materials and equipments.)
 Architectural Engineering (planning towns, designing buildings, determining a
range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.)
8. Defense: Computers are largely used in defence; Missiles, weapons etc. employ
computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used
are:
 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons
9. Communication: Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or
speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person. Some main
areas in this category are
 E-mail
 chatting,
 use net,
 FTP,
 video-conferencing.

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10. Government Applications: Computers play an important role in government
applications. Some major fields in this category are
 Budgets
 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Male/Female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
 Computerization of Driving Licensing system
 Computerization of PAN card
 Weather Forecasting.
11. OTHER USES: They are also used in stores, shops, hotels, schools, colleges,
hospitals, sports, ticket reservation counters, photo designing graphics for video
conferences and even agricultural field etc.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(Q) Explain about the logical Organization of DIGITAL Computer (or)
Q) Explain about Block diagram of a computer.
Computer System is an electronic device which does the following:

A computer system has the following main components:

1. Input unit
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU).
3. Output unit

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INPUT UNIT:
This unit contains devices; with the help of this device we enter data into
computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate
the human being information into the form understandable by computer.
Examples: keyboard, Joy stick, track ball, mouse (pointing devices), scanner etc.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:

The function of any computer system revolves around a central component
known as central processing unit (CPU). The CPU which is popularly referred to as the
"brain" of the computer, it is responsible for processing the data inside the computer
system. It is also responsible for controlling all other components of the system.
The main operations of the CPU include four phases:
 Fetching: Fetch/retrieve/bring the instructions
from the memory.
 Decoding: The instructions to decide what
operations to be preformed.
 Executing: Executing the instructions.
 Storing the results back in the memory.
This four-phase process is known as the “CPU cycle”.
The central processing unit consists of the following subsystems:
 Arithmetic Unit (AU)
 Logic Unit (LU)
 Control Unit (CU)
The CPU also makes use of the following memory subsystems for carrying out its
processing operations:
 Main Memory Unit
 Cache Memory
 Registers
Arithmetic Unit (AU):
 It is a part of the CPU that performs “arithmetic operations” on the data.
 The arithmetic operations can be addition, subtraction, multiplication or division.
 Some CPUs contain separate AUs for integer or fixed-point operations (integers)
and real or floating-point operations (real/decimal).
 AU takes the input in the form of an instruction that contains an opcode,
operands and the format code.

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  The “opcode” specifies the operation to be performed.
 The “operands” specify the data on which operation is to be performed.
 The “format code” suggests the format of the operands, such as fixed-point or
floating-point.
Logic Units (LU):
 It is a part of the CPU that performs logical operations on the data.
 It performs 16 different types of logical operations.
 The various logical operations include greater than (>), less than (<), equal to
(=), not equal to (*), shift left, shift right, etc.
 LU makes uses the various logic gates, such as AND, OR, NOR, etc for
performing the logical operations on the data.
Control Unit (CU):
 It is an important component of CPU that controls the flow of data and
information.
 It maintains the sequence of operations being performed by the CPU.
 It fetches an instruction from the storage area, decodes the instruction and
transmits the corresponding signals to the AU or LU and the storage registers.
 CU guides the AU and LU about the operations that are to be performed and
also suggests the I/O devices to which the data is to be communicated.
 CU uses a program counter register for retrieving the next instruction that is to
be executed.
 It also uses a status register for handling conditions such as overflow of data.
Main Memory Unit (MU)
 The main memory is referred to as the internal memory or primary memory of
the computer.
 It is also known as Random Access Memory (RAM).
 It is a temporary storage medium that holds the data only for a short period of
time.
 Once the computer is switched off, the data stored in the RAM gets erased.
 The memory space of RAM is limited and therefore all the files and instructions
cannot be stored in it. Only currently executed instructions or programs are
stored.
 The memory space available in RAM also affects the speed of a computer
system.

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  If the memory space is more, more number of instructions can be copied and
executed at the same time.
 The main memory is also responsible for holding intermediate data transferred
between CPU and the I/O devices.
Cache Memory

 Cache memory is a small, fast and expensive memory that stores

the copies of data that needs to be accessed frequently from the
main memory.
 The processor, before reading data from or writing data to the
main memory, checks for the same data in the cache memory.
 If it finds the data in the cache memory the processor reads the
data from or writes the data to the cache itself because its access time is much
faster than the main memory.
 The cache memory is always placed between CPU and the main memory of the
computer system.
There are usually two types of cache memory found in the computer system:
 Primary cache:
It is also called as level 1(LI) cache or internal cache. The primary cache is
located inside the CPU. It is smaller but fastest type of cache that provides a quick
access to the frequently accessed data by the microprocessor.

 Secondary cache:

It is also known as Level 2 (L2) cache or external cache. The secondary cache is
located outside the CPU. It is normally positioned on the motherboard of a computer' The
secondary cache is larger but slower than the primary cache.

REGISTERS:
Central processing unit contains a few special purpose, temporary storage units
known as registers. They are high-speed memory locations used for holding
instructions, data and intermediate results that are currently being processed.
A processor can have different types of registers to hold different types of information.
They include:-
 Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the next instruction to be executed.
 Instruction Register (IR) to hold instructions to be decoded by the control
unit.

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  Memory Address Register (MAR) to hold the address of the next location in
the memory to be accessed.
 Memory Buffer Register (MBR) for storing data received from or sent to
CPU.
 Memory Data Register (MDR) for storing operands and data.
 Accumulator (ACC) for storing the results produced by arithmetic and logic
units.
Many computers employ additional registers for implementing various other
requirements. The number and sizes of registers therefore vary from processor to
processor. An effective implementation of registers can increase considerably the
speed of the processor.
Buses:
 Data is stored as a unit of eight bits (bit stands for binary digit, i.e. 0 or 1) in a
register.
 This group of eight wires that is used as a common way to transfer data between
registers is known as a bus.
 It is actually a connection between two components to transmit signal between
them.
 A bus can be of three major types. These types are as follows:
1. Data bus-- It is used to move data.
2. Control bus-- It is used to move address or memory location.
3. Address bus-- It is used to send control signals between various components of a
computer.
System Clock:
 A clock is another important component of CPU. It measures and allocates a
fixed time slot for processing each and every micro computer.
 The clock speed of CPU different from one model to another and different in the
range 4.77 MHz (in 8088 processor) to 266 MHz (in Pentium II).
 The speed of CPU is also specified in terms of Millions of Instructions Per
Second (MIPS) or Million of Floating Point Operations Per Second (MFLOPS).

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(Q) Explain various types (OR) classification of computer.
 Definition: Computer System is an electronic device which does the following:
 Accept data
 Store an input data
 Process the data input
 Output the processed data in
required format.
 (or)
It can also perform all arithmetic and logical functions according to user instructions.

Types of computers according to their purpose:

1. Analogue Computers: These computers are used to measure the physical

properties like voltage, pressure, speed and temperature of
physical quantities.
Eg: thermometer, voltmeter and automobile speedometer,
etc.
2. Digital Computers: These are high speed electronic devices that perform
mathematical calculations, comparing values and storing the
results. They represent data in the form of binary codes i.e.
0’s or 1’s.
Eg : Personal Computer

3. Hybrid Computers: These computers have combined capacities of both

Analogue and Digital computers they receive the signals
and covert them into values and store them in the form of
binary codes.
Eg: ECG machine

 Classification of computers according to their size:

1. Mini computers
2. Mainframe computers
3. Super computers
4. Micro Computers

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1. Mini computers:
 It was first released in the 1960s and developed by Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC).
 It is a midsize computer.
 A mini computer is a multi-processing system capable of supporting from up to
200 users simultaneously
2. Mainframe Computers:
 It is a very large in size and is an expensive computer.
 It has the capable of supporting 100’s or even 1000’s of users simultaneously.
 Mainframe executes many programs concurrently or continuously.
 Mainframe computers are used in large organizations such as insurance
companies and banks, and large business organization for holding major
applications such as financial transaction processing, enterprise resource
planning (ERP) and census.
 Mainframe computers maintain database that can be accessed by remote users
with a simple terminal.
 It is also known as super servers or database servers.
 The different manufacture companies of mainframe computers are IBM,
Amdahl, Hitachi etc. A typical mainframe computer has 16 microprocessors but
some of modern mainframe computers have more than 16 microprocessors.
 The RAM capacity of mainframe is up to 8GB
 This can be divided into two types: intelligent and dumb terminal
 Intelligent terminal has their own CPU for processing
 Dumb terminal has no CPU, it has only monitor and it’s purely depends on
SERVER.
 Examples: IBM 3000, VAX 8000 and CDC 6600.
3. Super computers:
 They are one of the fastest computers currently available.
 Supercomputers are very expensive and are developed for specialized
applications.
 Super computer are first presented in the 1960 by Seymour cray at control data
corporation (CDC).
 Examples of super computers are CRAY Research, CRAY-1 & CRAY-2, Fujitsu
(VP2000), Hitachi (S820), NEC (SX20), PARAM from India. Anupam by BARC,
PACE Series by DRDO.

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  The use of super computer in fallowing applications:
 Weather forecasting
 Scientific simulations
 (animated) graphics
 fluid dynamic calculations
 nuclear energy research
 electronic design
 analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).
4. Micro Computers:
 It is a small and cheep digital computer.
 They are designed to be used by only one person at a time.
 They are work based on micro processor technology.
 I.e. A microcomputer uses a microprocessor as its central Processing Unit
(CPU).
This can be divided based on sizes as fallows:
a. Desktop computers.
b. Workstations.
c. Laptop (or) Notebook computers.
d. Tablet computers.
e. Handheld computers.
f. Smart phones.
a) .Desktop Computers
 They can be small, medium, or large in style, and usually sit on a desk.
 Many people use desktop computers at work, home, school, or the library.
 Most desktop computers are easy to upgrade and expand, or add new parts.
 Other benefit of desktop computers is the cost. These are often called all-in-one
desktop computers.
 Different manufactures of desktop computers are Apple, IBM, Dell and Hewlett-
Packard (HP).
b). Workstations:
 It is also a single user computer system which is similar to personal computer.
 But have more powerful microprocessor.
 It is used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing and
software development.

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  Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large
amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface.
 Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT.
c. Laptop Computers:
 Laptops are battery or AC-powered personal computers.
 Those are more portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them
almost anywhere.
 Since a laptop is smaller than a desktop.
 A laptop computer is sometimes called a “notebook computer or briefcase”
computer, because of its size.
 The manufacture companies of laptops are Acer, Apple, Panasonic, Sony and
HP.
d. Tablet Computers:
 These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation.
 Since they don't require a keyboard or mouse.
 Tablet computers are even more portable than laptops.
 The iPad is an example of a tablet computer.
e. Handheld PCs:
 Handheld personal computers are computing devices to fit in your hand.
 A popular type of handheld computer is the personal digital assistant (PDA).
 A PDA is no larger than a small appointment book and is normally used for
special applications, such as taking notes, displaying telephone numbers and
addresses, and keeping track of dates or agendas.
 Many PDA’s can be connected to larger computers to exchange data.
g. Smart Phones:
 Many mobile phones can do a lot of things, a computer can do, such as
browsing the internet or playing games.
 Because these phones have advanced features that not found in the mobile
phone. These phones are called Smartphone’s.
 These features can include web, e-mail access and special software’s personal
organizers or special hardware digital cameras or music players.

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Q) WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES? (OR)
Q) HOW TO FEED THE DATA TO THE COMPUTER?
Input devices are used to provide data or information to the computer. The
computer follows the instructions given to it by and input device. Following are few of
the important input devices which are used in Computer Systems.
1. Keyboard:

2. Mouse:

3. Scanner:

4. Track ball:

5. Track pad or touchpad:

6. Touch Screen: Handheld devices

7. Light pen:
8. Joystick:
9. Optical Mark Reader (OMR):
10. Bar Code Reader(BCR)
11. Optical Character Reader (OCR):
12. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR):
13. microphone
14. web cameras
1. KEYBOARD.
 It is known as the standard input device.
 It is similar to type writer but contain additional keys.
 It is used to enter or give or feed data into the computer.
 It contains upto 108keys. They exist in QWERTY arrangement.
 When any key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced. This signal is
detected by a keyboard encoder (a tiny chip) that sends a binary code
corresponding to the key pressed to the CPU.
 Every keyboard contains the fallowing types of keys
Alphabetical keys, Numeric keys, Modifier keys, Function keys, Special keys.
 The Alphanumeric Keys:
 The alphanumeric keys are looks like a typewriter's keys; it contains (a-z).
 Those are arranged the same way on almost every keyboard.
 Sometimes this common arrangement is called the QWERTY layout.
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  The alphanumeric key group includes four keys having specific functions.
The TAB, CAPS LOCK, BACKSPACE, and ENTER keys are described
Alphanumeric keys.
 That are used to type all alphabets, numbers and special symbols like $,
%, @, A etc.
 The Modifier Keys:
 The SHIFT, ALT (Alternate), and CTRL (Control) keys are called modifier
keys.
 Because they modify the input of other keys.
 For example, if you press the “j” key, you input a small letter. But if you
hold down the SHIFT+J key, you input a capital.
 Modifier keys are extremely useful because they give all other keys
multiple capabilities.
 The Numeric keys:
 The numeric keypad is usually located on the right side of the keyboard.
 The numeric keypad looks like a calculator's keypad, with its 10 digits (0
to 9) and mathematical operators (+, -, *, and /).
 The Function Keys:
 The Function keys such as <Fl>, <F2>, <F3>……. <f12>.are used to give
special commands depending upon the software used.\
 They are usually arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard.
 Special keys
 Scroll Lock, Num Lock and Caps Lock, insert, delete, home, end, page up,
page down and Print Screen are some of the special function keys that are
included on a PC keyboard.
 Each one performs a different function on its own, while some are also used
in combinations for keyboard shortcuts.

*(POINTING DEVICES)
2. MOUSE:
 A mouse is an input device and also called as pointing device.
 That (mouse) you can move around on a flat surface (usually on a desk or
keyboard tray) and controls the pointer.

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  The pointer (also called the mouse pointer) is an on-screen object, usually an
arrow, that is used to select text; access menus; and interact with programs,
files, or data that appear on the screen.
 Every mouse has 3 buttons:
 Left button: used to select an object (text or image).
 Right button: perform an action or operation on selected object or image.
 Scroll button: navigate the page from top-bottom or bottom to top.
 Mouse can perform various Functions:
Clicking or single click:
 Used for click or select an item or object on the screen. Such as a menu,
command, or button, you click it.
Double-clicking
 It means pressing and releasing the mouse button twice in rapid succession.
Double-clicking is primarily used with desktop objects such as icons.
 For example, you can double-click on “my computer” icon on the desktop it
launch the “my computer window”.
Dragging
 Dragging an item means positioning the mouse pointer over the item, pressing
the left mouse button, and holding it down as you move the mouse.
 As you move the pointer, the item is “dragged” along with it across the screen.
You can then drop the item in a new position on the screen.
 This technique is also called drag-and-drop editing, or just drags and drop.
Right-clicking
 Right-clicking usually opens a shortcut menu that contains commands and
options that pertain to the item to which you are pointing.
 The mouse can mainly divide into two types:
1. The mechanical mouse
2. The optical mouse.
 The MECHANICAL MOUSE is the most common type
of pointing device.
 A mechanical mouse contains a small rubber ball that
can see through a hole in the bottom of the mouse's
case.
 When you move the mouse around on a flat surface
the ball rolls or moves inside the mouse case.

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  So Inside the mouse, the rollers and sensors placed beside the ball used to
send signals to the computer, telling it the distance, direction, and speed of the
ball's motions.
 The computer uses this data to position the mouse pointer on the screen.

 The OPTICAL MOUSE is a non-mechanical mouse.

 This type of mouse emits a beam of light (LED light)
from its underside.
 It uses the light's reflection to judge the distance,
direction, and speed of its travel.

3. SCANNER:
 It is an input device which works more like a “photocopy machine”.
 It scans or reads or captures text and images from photographic prints, posters,
magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display, printed
on a paper and enters them directly into the computer
memory for further manipulation.
 Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types
and for scanning black-and-white or color.
 Graphic scanners convert a printed image into video image
without converting it to digital code.
 Scanners usually attach to your personal computer with a
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI ).
 Some major manufacturers of scanners include: Epson, Hewlett-Packard,
Microtek, and Relisys.

4. TRACK BALL:
 It is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or
laptop computer, instead of a mouse. It requires less
space than a mouse.
 Some trackballs are large and heavy with a “ball” about
the same size as a cue ball.
 Most trackballs having two buttons, although three-button models are also
available.
 Trackball units also are available in right- and left-handed models.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 19
5. TRACK PAD OR TOUCHPAD:
 The track pad also called as a pointing device that many people find less tiring
to use than a mouse or trackball.
 The movement of a finger across a small touch-sensitive
surface is translated into pointer movement on the
computer screen.
 The touch pad surface may be only 1.5 or 2 inches
square.
 The track pad’s size also makes it suitable for a notebook
computer.
 Some notebook models feature a built-in track pad rather than a mouse or
trackball.
6. TOUCH SCREEN:
 It allows the user to operate/selections by simply touching
the display screen.
 Some special VDU (visual display unit) devices have
touch screens.
 Using touch screen, the user can point to a selection on
the screen instead of pressing keys.
 It is mainly used in hotels or airports to convey
information to visitors.
 Common examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and bank ATMs.
7. LIGHT PEN:
 Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen.
 It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures
on the monitor screen.
 It consists of a photocell/diode and an optical system
placed in a small tube.
 When its tip is moved over monitor and pen button is
pressed, its “photocell-sensing element” detects the
screen location and sends corresponding signal to CPU.
8. JOYSTICK:
 Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move
cursor position on a monitor screen.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 20
  It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends.
 The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
 The Joystick can be moved in all four directions.
 It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer
games.
9. OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR):
 OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to
recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil.
 It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of
examinations having multiple choice questions.
 The answer sheet contains special marks such as
squares or bubbles.
10. BAR CODE READERS (BCR):
 It is a device, which is used for reading “bar coded data”
(data in form of light and dark lines).
 Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into
an alphanumeric value.
 Bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods,
numbering the books, or encoding ID or A/c numbers.
11. OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR):
 OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.
 OCR scans text optically character by character, converts
them into a machine readable code and stores the text on
the system memory.
12. MAGNETIC INK CARD READER (MICR):
 MICR input device is generally used in banks. Because
of a large number of cheques to be processed every day.
 The bank's code number and cheque number are printed
on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains
particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.
 This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition (MICR).
 The main advantages of MICR are that it is fast and less
error prone.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 21
 13. MICROPHONE:
 It is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital
form.
 The microphone is used for various applications like adding
sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.
14. WEB CAMERAS:
 They are used to capture images and input them to the
computer.
 Digital camera will create an image of the object in digital
form.

………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Q) WRITE ABOUT OUTPUT DEVICES. (OR)
Q) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES?
An output device is used to display the data or information that we receive from
the computer. An output device can be used to display or print the intermediate or final
results performed by computer.
Following are few of the important output devices which are used in Computer Systems

1. Monitor
2. Speakers softcopy devices
3. Printer
4. Plotters hard copy devices

1. MONITOR:
 It commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU).
 It is the standard output device of a computer.
 When you are typing a letter, copying files, or surfing the Internet that are
looking at your monitor.
 It forms images from “tiny dots” called pixels, which are arranged in a
rectangular form.
 The sharpness of the image depends upon the no. of the pixels. These pixels
are derived from various video graphic adapters (VGA).
 There are various types of adapters:

KSURESH@ADCKKD 22
 CGA: (Color Graphics Adapter):
CGA display (320 X 200) pixels and supports 4 colors.
EGA: (Enhanced Graphics Adapter):
EGA display resolution of (640 by 350) pixels and supports 16 colors.
VGA: (Video Graphics Array):
It supports 16 colors with a higher resolution of 640 by 480 pixels and 256
colors with 320 X 200 pixels.
SVGA (Super VGA):
Super VGA can support 16.8 million colors at (800 by 600) pixels and 256
colors at (1024 by 768) pixels.
 Similarly the monitors can be divided into 3 types based on color:
 Color monitors: Color monitors can display between 16 colors and 16 million
colors.
 Monochrome monitors: It can display only one color that is black. (Such as
green, amber, or white) against a contrasting background.
 Grayscale monitors: It can display various intensities of gray from a very little
gray to black against a white or off-white background. And these are essentially
a type of monochrome monitor. Grayscale flat panel displays are used in low-
end portable systems.

There are two types of monitors are used with PCs. A cathode ray tube (CRT)
A flat-panel display

(i)Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor:

1. The cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor comes with
most desktop computers.
2. It looks a television screen. This type of monitor
uses a large vacuum tube for display.
3. The CRT monitors works from back with an
electron gun.
4. The gun shoots a beam of electrons through a
magnetic coil called a yoke. This aims the beam
at the front of the monitor.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 23
 5. The front of the monitor’s screen is coated with phosphors, chemicals that
glow when they are struck by the electron beam.
6. The screen’s phosphor coating is organized into a grid o f dots.
7. The smallest number of phosphor dots that the gun can focus on is called a
pixel.
8. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity, or resolution.
9. The most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally
and 25 lines vertically.
There are some disadvantage of CRT
 Large in Size
 High Power consumption

ii) Flat- Panel Display:

1. The Flat-panel monitors have been used primarily on portable computers.
2. a new generation of large, high-resolution, flat-panel displays is gaining
popularity among users of desktop systems.
3. These new monitors provide the same viewable area as CRT monitors, but they
take up less desk space and run cooler than traditional CRT monitors.
4. The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced cost,
weight and power requirement compare to the CRT.
5. Current uses for flat-panel displays include calculators, videogames, monitors,
laptop computer, graphics display.
Examples: LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device),
LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).

2. PRINTERS:
 A printer is an output device that produces a hard copy of data.
 The resolution of printer output is measured as DPI (dots per inch).
 Printers can produce text and images on paper. Paper can be either separate
sheets such as A4 A5 A3 etc. or they may be able to print on continuous
(fanfold) paper that feed through the machine.
 There are two types of printers:
1. Impact Printers
2. Non-Impact Printers

KSURESH@ADCKKD 24
 IMPACT PRINTERS:
1. It has hammers or pins strike against a ribbon and paper to print the text.
2. This mechanism is known as electro-mechanical mechanism.
Characteristics of Impact Printers
 Very low consumable costs
 Impact printers are very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
They are derived in the fallowing types.
I. Character Printer: Dot matrix printer, Daisy-Wheel Printer
II. Line Printer: Drum printer,Chain Printer

(I)Character Printers: Character Printers are printers which can print one character at
a time.
 Dot Matrix Printer:
 The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins.
 These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual
characters.
 The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more
dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which
results in much better quality and clearer
characters.
 The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer
the letters on the paper.
 The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across
the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left,
and so on.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 25
  The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will
change the black ribbon with a color ribbon).
 Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600
characters per second.

 Daisy Wheel printers:

 It is an impact printer.
 This print mechanism looks like a daisy
 At the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character
which produces solid-line print.
 A hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character
against the ribbon, and the character prints on the
paper.
 Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second

(ii). Line Printers: Line printers are printers which print one line at a time.
 DRUM PRINTER:
 A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that
has raised characters on its surface.
 The surface of drum is divided into number of tracks
(tracks of characters).
 Total tracks are equal to size of paper i.e for a paper
width of 132 characters.
 The drum rotates at a rapid speed.
 For each possible print position there is a print hammer located behind the
paper.
 These hammers strike the paper, along the ink ribbon, against the proper
character on the drum as it passes or rotate. One revolution of the drum is
required to print each line.
 Drum Printers are fast in speed and speed in between 300 to 2000 lines per
minute.
 This means that all characters on the line are not printed at exactly the same
time, but the time required to print the entire line is fast enough to call them line
printers. Typical speeds of drum printers are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines
per minute.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 26
 CHAIN PRINTER:
 In this printer, chain of character sets are used
 A standard character set may have 48, 64, 96
characters.
 The print element in a chain printer is a metallic band
or chain containing the embossed characters that
rotates horizontally in front of paper.
 Chain printers are one of the fastest impact printers
that can produce up to 400 to 2500 characters per
second.
 Chain Printer also called band printers; contain characters on a rotation band.
Speeds of up to 3000 lines a minute may be possible with these machines.

 NON-IMPACT PRINTERS:
The printers that print the characters without striking against the ribbon and onto the
paper, are called Non-impact Printers. These printers print a complete page at a time,
also called as Page Printers.
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
 Faster than impact printers.
 They are not noisy.
 High quality.
 Support many fonts and different character size.
These printers are of two types: (i) Laser Printers
(ii) Inkjet Printers
LASER PRINTERS:
 These are non-impact page printers.
 They use laser lights to produces the dots needed to
form the characters to be printed on a page.
Advantages
1. Very high speed.
2. Very high quality output.
3. Give good graphics quality.
4. Support many fonts and different character size.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 27
INKJET PRINTERS:
 They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper.
 Ink-jet printers also print images with little dots.
 Ink-jet printers spray small, electrically charged
droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a
matrix at high speed onto paper.
 They make less noise, because no hammering is
done and these have many styles of printing modes
available.
 Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce
multiple copies of printing also.
Advantages
1. High quality printing
2. More reliable
Disadvantages
1. Expensive as cost per page is high.
2. Slow as compare to laser printer.

PLOTTERS:
 Plotter is a special output device, which is used to produce high quality hard
copy output.
 Plotters are designed to produce large drawings or images such as construction
plans for buildings or blue prints for mechanical devices.
 A plotter draws pictures on paper based on commands from a computer.
Plotters different from printers in that they draw lines using a pen.
 Plotters are divided into two types:
1. Drum plotters
2. Flatbed plotters
Drum Plotter
 A drum plotter is also known as Roller Plotter.
 It consists of a drum or roller on which a paper
is placed and the drum rotates back and front
to produce the graph on the paper.
 It also consists of mechanical device known as
Robotic Drawing Arm that holds a set of

KSURESH@ADCKKD 28
 colored ink pens or pencils.
 The Robotic Drawing Arm moves side to side as the paper are rolled back and
forth through the roller.
 In this way, a perfect graph or map is created on the paper.
 This work is done under the control of computer. Drum Plotters are used to
produce continuous output, such as plotting earthquake activity.
Flatbed Plotter
 A flatbed plotter is also known as Table Plotter.
 It plots on paper that is spread and fixed over a
rectangular flatbed table.
 The flatbed plotter uses two robotic drawing arms,
each of which holds a set of colored ink pens or
pencils.
 The drawing arms move over the stationary paper
and draw the graph on the paper.
 Typically, the plot size is equal to the area of a
bed.
 The plot size may be 20- by-50 feet.
 It is used in the design of cars, ships, aircrafts, buildings, highways etc.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q) WHAT IS MEMORY? (OR)
Q) EXPLAIN ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMORYS? (OR)
Q) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES?
 Definition:
Memory or storage capacity is one of the important components of a computer.
I.e. memory is an area to store data permanently or temperedly in the computer. Any
storage unit of a computer system is classified on the basis of the following criteria:
1. Access time: This is the time required to locate and retrieve stored data from the
storage unit in response to program instructions.
2. Storage capacity: It is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit.
3. Cost per bit of storage. The computer stores a character in the storage cells with
binary (0,1) mechanism. Thus the basic unit of memory is a bit (binary digit 0, 1). To
store a character in a computer requires 8 bits or 1 byte. This is called the word length
of the storage unit.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 29
The different units of measurement are:
0, 1 = bits (binary integer)
4 bits = nibble
8 bits = 1 Byte
210 Bytes (or) 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
210 KB (or) 1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (MB)
210 MB (or) 1024 MB = 1 Gega Byte (GB)
210 GB (or) 1024 GB =1 Terra Byte (TB)
210 TB (or) 1024 TB =1 Peta Byte (PB)
210 PB (or) 1024 PB = 1Exa Byte (EB)
210 EB (or) 1024 EB = 1 Zeta Byte (ZB)
210 ZB (or) 1024 ZB = 1 Yotta Byte (YB)
210 YB (or) 1024 YB = 1 Bronto Byte (BB)
210 BB (or) 1024 BB = 1 Geop Byte (GeB)

There are mainly two types of memories: 1.PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)
2. SECONDARY MEMORY
3. CACHE MEMORY.

MEMORY

PRIMARY memory Secondary memory Cache memory

RAM ROM Magnetic memory Optical memory other

Sequential
Static RAM PROM CD Pen drive
(Magnetic tape)

Direct
Dynamic RAM EPROM (Hard disc, floppy DVD Memory cards
disc)

EEPROM/
Flash Memory
EAPROM

FLASH ROM Smart Cards

KSURESH@ADCKKD 30
1. PRIMARY MEMORY:
It holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It
has limited capacity and data get lost when power is switched off. It is generally made
up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.
Characteristic of Main Memory:
 These are semiconductor memories.
 It known as main memory.
 Usually known as volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switch off.
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 Computer cannot run without primary memory.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM):

a) RAM stands for Random Access Memory.
b) It is possible to select randomly and use any location of the
memory directly store and retrieve data.
c) It is also called read or write memory.
d) The data or instructions can be stored in the RAM is temporarily.
a) In RAM data is disappears as soon as the power to the computer is switched off.
b) So now we can say that RAM is volatile memory.
c) This can be divided into 2 types: STATIC RAM and DYNAMIC RAM.
d) In the STATIC RAM the data or instruction can stores only as long as the power
supply is ON. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors.
Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to
be refreshed on a regular basis. It is also used as used as cache memory and
Expensive in cost and it consumes High power.
e) I) But in the DYNAMIC RAM the information or data can be stored very short
time and it refreshed periodically. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells.
These cells are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. It is slower as
compared to SRAM and Used as RAM.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 31
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM):
a) ROM stands for Read only Memory.
b) This can store the programs and data is permanently.
c) The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by the
manufacturers to operate the personal computer.
d) The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be changed or write any
data.
e) It does not loose their content, data or instructions if the power supply is failure
or supply off.
f) ROM also called as non-volatile memory.
G) This can be divided into 3 types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH ROM
TYPES OF ROMS:
PROM:
 It stands for Programmable Read only Memory.
 It is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user.
 The user parches (buy) a blank PROM and enters the desired contents or
instructions using a PROM programmer.
 It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
EPROM:
 It stands for Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory.
 It can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for duration of upto 40 minutes.
 The charge is retained or remains for more than ten years because the charge
has no leakage path.
 For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal
window (lid).
EEPROM:
 It stands for Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory.
 The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically.
 It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
 Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second).
 EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip.
Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.
EAPROM:
 It stands for Electrically Alterable and Programmable Read Only Memory.
 In EAPROM, any location can be selectively erased and programmed.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 32
FLASHROM:
 It is also called as flash BIOS or flash memory.
 It is a type of constantly powered nonvolatile memory that can be erased and re-
programmed in blocks
 It is most often used in computers and electronic devices like digital
cameras, USB flash drives, and video games.
 It is quite similar to EEPROM

2. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES:

These are used for storing large amount of data/Information permanently. It is
also called auxiliary storage or mass storage. The information stored in this memory is
used by the CPU by first bringing it to main memory. It is slower than primary memory.
Characteristic of Secondary Memory:
 These are magnetic and optical memories.
 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of the data in the computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
The Secondary Memory is also known as Auxiliary Memory or Backup Memory.
These are divided into four types namely sequential access device (magnetic tape,)
direct access devices (magnetic disk), optical disks and memory storage devices.
(SEQUENTIAL ACCESS DEVICE):
Magnetic tape:
a. It is a storage device or sequential access/storage device.
b. In which you can access data serially like an audio cassette from which you can
hear the songs in the order in which they are stored.
c. When we are stored data/record/files in the magnetic tapes in sequential order, it
was maintain a gap in between every file (or) record.
d. This gap is called IRG (inter record gap).
e. It has min 0.06 to 0.07 mm.
f. When you want to access some particular data from the tape, the device has to
scan through all the data you do not need but that data is stored before the
required one.
g. The access speed can be quite slow when the tape is long.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 33
(DIRECT ACCESS DEVICES)
MAGNETIC DEVICES
1 Floppy disk:
It is an example of magnetic device. It is a small removable, portable storage device
that is made of polyester film coated with a metal oxide compound. It is readable by
a computer with a floppy disk drive. They are introduced by IBM in 1972. They were
available in 3 ½ and 5 ½ inches. They have a storage capacity of 1.44 MB and 2.88
MB respectively.

51/4-inch floppy disk 31/2 –inch floppy disk

2 Hard disk:
a) Hard disk is a thin circular metal plate coated both
side with a magnetic material.
b) A hard disk pack consists of a number of disk called
platters.
c) Platters Mounted on central shaft which rotate at a
speed of 3600 rpm.In a hard disk information is
stored on both the surfaces of each disk plate except
the upper and the lower surfaces of the bottom plate
which are not used.
d) Information is recorded on the track of the disk
surfaces in the form of invisible tiny magnetic spot.
e) The presence of a magnetic spot represent 1 bit and its absence represents 0
bit.
KSURESH@ADCKKD 34
 f) Data are recorded on the tracks of a spinning disk surface and read from the
surface by one or more read/write heads.
g) Storage Capacity of hard disks varies from 20 MB to several Gega bytes like
80GB, 160GB etc.
(OPTICAL MEMORIE DEVICES)
CD:
1. It stands for compact disc
2. It is also called as optical memory device used to store data large
amount of data permanently
3. CD made up of a polyester film coated with magnetic material and
placed in between a circular optic disc’s
4. CD’s are used only once a time.
5. They are available in 2 types
a. CD-R
b. CD-RW

DVD:
1. it stands for “Digital Versatile Disc” (i.e.) it can store large
amount of data permanently
2. DVD’s are generally used to store a very large multimedia
presentations and movies that combine high quality sound and
graphics
3. It is similar as CD-ROM except that it can store large amount
of data
4. There are available in 2 types
a) DVD-R
b) DVD-RW
5. These are available in 4.7 GB to 17 GB

(other Memory storage devices)

Flash Memory:
1) It is special type of memory chip that combines the features of RAM and ROM
2) User access data randomly in flash memory and write only of its contents at any
time
3) Flash memory is a non-volatile memory and it is commonly used in digital
cameras and multi media player etc

KSURESH@ADCKKD 35
 4) These device usually connected to a computer USB (universal serial bus) fire
wire port
5) The example of flash memory is pen drive, memory card, smart cards etc

Pen drives:
a) It is a small, portable device that can be used to store, access and transfer data.
It is also called as USB drive or device
b) We can read, write, copy, delete and move the data from computer to pen drive
or pen drive to computer (i.e.) this devices is plugged into USB port of the
computer and they computer automatically detect the device.
c) These are available in various storage capacities i.e. 2GB,4GB,16GB,32GB

Memory card:
a) Memory card is an electronic flash memory, data storage device used for storing
digital information.
b) These are commonly used in many electronic devices like digital cameras,
mobile phones laptops, mop3 player etc.

Smart cards:
a) It is a device with extraordinary potential features like an ordinary credit cards
1) Smart card contains a small chip that store data. The user can read data, add
new data and retrieve existing data from smart cards buy using especial device
called smart card reader.
2) Sometimes smart cards are also know as intelligent smart cards that contains
own tiny microprocessor that act like a computer.

Q) EXPLAIN ABOUT CACHE MEMORY:

Cache memory is an intermediate from of storage b/w main memory (RAM) and
ultra fast register (CPU). In the CPU uses cache memory to store instructions and date
and job’s that are repeatedly required to execute programs. By using cache, improving
the overall system speed and increasing the performance of the computer.
Cache memory is widely used for memory catching. Cache memory is basically
a portion of memory made of high speed static RAM instead of dynamic RAM.
Cache memory is divided into 3 types. They are1
1) Level 1 cache (this is placed in main memory of computer)
2) Level 2 cache (this is placed in CPU )
3) Level 3 cache (this cache is shown below)

KSURESH@ADCKKD 36
 There are usually two types of cache memory found in the computer system:
 Primary cache:
It is also called as level 1(LI) cache or internal cache. The primary cache is
located outside the CPU. It is smaller but fastest type of cache that provides a quick
access to the frequently accessed data by the microprocessor.

 Secondary cache:

It is also known as Level 2 (L2) cache or external cache. The secondary cache is
located inside the CPU. It is normally positioned on the motherboard of a computer' The secondary
cache is larger but slower than the primary cache.

 Level3:

This memory is placed in between main memory and c.p.u.

Main memory Cache CPU

Memory
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Q) WHAT IS “SOFTWARE”? WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SOFTWARES?
 Software:
It is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are eight types of software
1. Application software

2. System software

3. Commercial software

4. Open source software

5. Freeware software

6. Utility software

7. Domain software

8. Language software

1. System Software: The system software is collection of programs designed to

operate and control the computer (system) itself. Software acts as an interface between

KSURESH@ADCKKD 37
the user and the hardware. The system software takes the responsibility of control,
integration and managing individual hardware machine of the computer. If hardware is
the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are complimentary to
each other.
Features of System Software:
1. Close to system
2. Fast in speed
3. Difficult to design
4. Difficult to understand
5. Difficult to manipulate
6. Generally written in low level language
Examples of system software: Operating System (OS), device drivers, translators
Compilers, Interpreter, and Assemblers etc.
Operating system:
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware, software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
The operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware
and frequently makes system calls to an OS function.
Ex: DOS, WINDOWS, UNIX, LYNUX, etc.
Device drivers:
A device driver is a program that controls a particular type hardware device
that is attached to your computer. When you buy an operating system, many device
drivers are built into the product.
EX: SCANNER, PRINTER, LAN drivers, etc
Translators:
A translator is a computer program that performs the translation of a program
written in a given programming language into a different computer language, without
losing the functional or logical structure of the original code.
Ex: ASSEMBLER, COMPILER, INTERPRETER, etc
Linker:
In computing, a linker is a computer program that takes one or more object files
generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or
another object file. A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called
the loader, though loading is typically considered a separate process.

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Loader:
In computing, a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for
loading programs and libraries. It is one of the essential stages in the process of
starting a program, as it places programs into memory and prepares them for
execution.
2. Application Software:
Application software is the software that are designed to satisfy a particular need
of a particular environment (user). Application software may consist of a single
program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing simple text. It may also
consists of a collection of programs, often called a software package such as a
spreadsheet package. The application software includes printing documents, and
permitting access to internet for web and video conferencing activities.
Examples of Application software are following: Microsoft Office, Income Tax Software,
Railways Reservation Software etc.
Features of Application Software:
1. It is close to user
2. It is easy to design.
3. More interactive
4. Slow in speed.
5. Generally written in high level language
6. Easy to manipulate and use.
3. Commercial software: commercial software is licensing or sale to end users or
serves a commercial purpose. Numbers of free and open-source software applications
are sold to end users. Present users used application and system software also
commercial software’s like MS-OFFICE, OS (operating system) these are also well
examples of commercial software.

Ex: licensed version software like windows XP, windows98, MS-office2008, 2010,
Photoshop

4. Open source software: This is the public collaboration and distributed software,
ensuring an open future collaboration for the experience developers. Especially for
those in the academic environment in developing various versions like UNIX operating
system.

KSURESH@ADCKKD 39
Ex: Using UNIX and other developing software like electronic voting machine, banking
software etc.,

5. Freeware software: freeware (not to be confused with free software) is

programming that is offered at no cost and is a common class of small applications
available for downloading and use in most operating systems. This is also public
domain programming software. That like free downloading files in internet.

Ex: vlc, gom, media players, the software which is available for free.

6. Domain Software: Programs that are UN copyrighted because their authors

intended to share them with everyone else are in the public domain.
Ex: internet soft wares
7. Utility software: is software such as anti-virus software, firewalls, disk
defragmenters and so on which helps to maintain and protect the computer system but
does not directly interface with the hardware.
Ex: antivirus, firewall, defragmentation
8. Language Software:-Language software is that software which is used to developed
languages code.
EX: c, c++, HTML5 etc.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q) WRITE ABOUT HARDWARE, FIRMEWARE AND PEOPLEWARE.

HARDWARE:

 Computer hardware is the collection of physical components of a computer

system.
 Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction.
 A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
 Without any hardware, your computer would not exist, and software could not be
used.
 There are two types of hardware’s: External and internal

External hardware examples

 Flat-panel, Monitor, and LCD

 Keyboard
 Microphone

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  Mouse
 Printer
 Projector
 Scanner
 Speakers
 USB thumb drive

Internal hardware examples

 Processor (CPU)
 Drive (e.g. Blu-ray, CD-ROM, DVD, floppy drive, hard drive, and SSD)
 Fan (heat sink)
 Modem
 Motherboard
 Network card
 RAM
 Sound card
 Video card
 A hardware upgrade is any new hardware better than that which it replaced or
additional hardware that improves performance.
 A good example of a common hardware upgrade is a RAM upgrade, where the
user increases the computer's total memory.
 Another good example is a video card upgrade, which is the act of removing an
old video card and replacing it with a newer, better one.

FIRMWARE: Firmware is programming that's written to the read -only memory

(ROM) of a computing device.

 Firmware, which is added at the time of manufacturing, is used to run user

programs on the device.
 Firmware is a combination of software and hardware.
 ROMs, PROMs and EPROMs that have data or programs recorded on
them are called firmware.

PEOPLEWARE: People ware is a term used to refer to one of the three core
aspects of computer technology: hardware, software, and people ware.

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  People ware can refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in
the development or use of computer software and hardware systems,
 Including such issues as developer productivity, teamwork, group
dynamics, the psychology of programming, project management,
organizational factors, human interface design and human-machine-
interaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q) Define “Operating System”?
Q) What are the various types of Operating Systems?
Q) What are the various types of functions Operating System?
 Operating system (abbreviated OS) :An operating system is a software program
(system software) that provides an interface between the user and the computer
and manages thousands of applications. It consists of programs and data that runs
on computers and manages computer hardware.
Examples: MS-DOS, WINDOWS, LINUX, UNIX
It provides mainly two tasks
1. It is an interface between user and the computer [hardware]
2. It controls all the parts of computer that were connected
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM BASED ON THEIR TYPE:
1. CUI:
 It is called as Character User Interface or Command Line O.S.
 Here the user will interact with the system or computer by using characters. i.e.
Commands.
EX : DOS and UNIX etc.
2. GUI:
 It is called as Graphical User Interface O.S.
 Here the user will interact with the system or computer by using graphics. i.e
accessing menus and icons through mouse.
EX : Windows and Linux etc.

 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM BASED ON USERS:

1. Single User Single Tasking O.S:
 It is a type of O.S where only one user can work with only one application at a
time.
 Ex : DOS

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2. Single User Multitasking O.S:
 It is a type of O.S. where only one user can work with different applications at a
time simultaneously.
 Ex : Windows

3. Multi User Multitasking O.S :

 It is a type of O.S. where more than one user can work with different applications
at a time.
 Ex : Unix

 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS BASED ON THEIR PROCESS:

1. Batch Operating System:
 Batch processing refers to “execution of computer programs in 'batches' without
manual intervention”.
 In batch processing systems, programs are collected, grouped and processed on
a later date.
 Input data are collected and processed in batches, hence the name batch
processing.
 It is good for executing large jobs that need little interaction, it can be submitted
and picked up latter.
 Memory is usually divided into two areas: Operating system and user program
area.
 A job is predefined sequence of commands, programs and data that are
combined in to a single unit called job.
2. Time Sharing Systems:
 Time sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming A time-shared operating
system allows the many users to share the computer (processors)
simultaneously.
 Multi-programmed batched systems provide an environment where the various
system resources (for example, CPU, memory, peripheral devices) are utilized
effectively.
3. Multiprogramming:
 When two or more programs are executed in memory at the same time by
sharing the processor.
 It is referred to the multiprogramming operating system.
 Multiprogramming assumes a single processor that is being shared.

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  It increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one
to execute.
4. Multi-user Operating System:
 A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the
same time and/or different times.
 Linux, Unix, Windows OS are some example of multitasking operating system.

5. Multiprocessing Operating System:

 An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer
processor.
 Linux, Unix, Windows OS are some example of multitasking operating system.

6. Real Time Operating System:

 It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time
applications.
 The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable
response to events.
 Immediate processing and up-to-date information are major characteristics of a
real-time system.
 Examples: a flight reservation system, a banking situation.
7. Network Operating System:
 A network operating system (NOS) is software that controls a network and its
message (packet) traffic and queues.
 Also controls files access by multiple users to network resources and provides
for certain administrative functions, including security.

8. Distributed Operating System:

 Distributed Operating System is an operating system that manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.

 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

Modern operating systems share the goal of supporting the system components.
The common function provided by the operating system is listed below.
1. Process management
2. Memory management
3. File management

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 4. Input & Output management
5. Communication management
6. user interface
7. Security
8. Error detection
9. Resource allocation
10. Utility programs
11. Managing resources
12. Program execution:

Process management:
Process is nothing but execution of a program. In this process management the
Operating system performs fallowing functions.
 Process creation and deletion
 Process assumption and resumption
 Process allocation and de-allocation
 Process synchronization etc.
Memory management:
Memory is an area where data or information is stores temporarily or permanently. In
this memory management the OS perform fallowing functions.
 Keep track of memory (storing and retrieving)
 Which memory is used by which user or processor
 How much time memory can be used
 Allocation and de-allocation of memory etc.
File management:
File is a collection of records that can be considered or organized in a specialized
storage system for an organization. In this area OS performs fallowing functions.
 Keep track of files ( storing, retrieve, size, type etc)
 Which file is used by which user
 How much time it is used
 Allocation and de-allocation of files etc.
Input and output management:
Input and output means, a file or IO devices, while running a program we may require
input or output device. In this area OS performs fallowing functions.
 Keep track of IO devices (type of device, device drivers)

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  Which device is used by which user
 How much time
 Allocation and de-allocation of device etc.
Communication:
Communication is nothing but exchange of information from one computer to another or
one user to another over a network. Data transfer between two computers is required
for some time. Communication may be implemented by two methods:
a. Shared memory b. Message passing
In this communication method OS perform fallowing functions,
 Establish communication by identify the users
 i.e. identify the user name, password, IP address etc
 identify the properties of data (format)
 Sharing or passing data to multiple users etc.
User Interface:
 Users interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user
interface.
 Users interact with operating systems by means of command line interfaces
(CUI) or graphical user interfaces (GUI).
 Many operating systems integrate support for user interfaces into their kernels.
 Almost all operating systems today provide a windows-like Graphical User
Interface (GUI), beginning from Windows 95.

Security:
 Security starts with each user having to authenticate to the system, by means of
a password.
 External I/O devices must be also protected from invalid access attempts.
 Most of the operating systems require its users to login to their accounts by
means of a username and password.
 Recent developments in technology have introduced biometry to operating
systems like Windows Vista.
. Error detection:
 Error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware.
 An OS detects errors and should take the appropriate action.
 It includes memory error, power failure and printer out of paper etc.

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Resource Allocation:
 If there is more than one user or jobs running at the same time, then resources
must be allocated to each of them.
 Operating system manages different types of resources require special
allocation code, i.e. main memory, CPU and file storage.

Utility Programs:
 They are specialized programs that make computing easier. All kinds of things
can happen to a computer system – hard disks can crash ( viruses),operations
can slow down, and so on.
 They are also known as System Tools (to find these tools, click on Start /
Programs / Accessories / System Tools). Examples of utility programs are
Format, Scan Disk, Disk Cleanup and Anti-Virus.

Program execution:
 The operating system gives the permission to the program for execution.
 Operating system loads a program into memory and executes the program.
 The program must be able to end its execution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q) EXPLAIN “MS-DOS” AND ITS “COMMANDS”.

 DOS stands for Disk Operating System introduced by Microsoft. It is most often
used as a short form for MS—DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).
 The origin of DOS is comes in 1980's when IBM introduced IBM—PC.
 It was very popularly called PC—DOS.
 IBM entered into an agreement with Microsoft Corporation for the use of its
Operating System called Disk Operating System.
 In DOS, information is organized in the form of directories and subdirectories .
 initial versions of DOS were very simple and assembled with another operating
system with a 16-bit operating system.
 DOS does not support multiple users or multitasking.
 DOS is a single user operating system used in microcomputers
 It was the popular operating system in microcomputers before the Windows.
 Today it is rarely used. In DOS Periodically It have different versions like DOS
3.0, DOS 3.1, and DOS 3.2 DOS 7.0

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MS- DOS COMMANDS:
As soon as the computer is switched ON, self test are performed (BIOS and
POST) and we can see. C:\> on the screen It is known as "C prompt". This
indicates that DOS is loaded and the computer is ready to accept DOS command.
The DOS commands are divided by two categories such as:
 Int e rnal Co mma nd s
 External Commands

INT ERNAL CO MMANDS :

Internal commands are built-in (ready made) commands. They are the
programs which are loaded into memory of computer. We cannot alter this
commands. There are about 25 Internal Commands. Some important commands
are explained below
1. MD or MK: This command is used for create or make a new directory.

C:\>MD directory name C:\>MD demo

2. DIR: The DIR command is used to display a list of files/subdirectories in a directory.

C:\>DIR (or) C:\>DIR/p (or) C:\>DIR/W

P displays files / directories page wise

W  displays files / directories width wise
3. CD: The CD command is used to change over to any other directory from the
current directory.

C:\>CD directory name C:\>CD demo

C:\demo> (So, you are now in the directory demo)

4. COPY: The COPY command copies files between directories and between
drives either by keeping the same file name or by changing it to another
name. i.e. the file test.doc in B drive is copied to demo directory in C drive.
.
B:\>Copy test.doc C:\demo\testl.doc

5. DEL: The DEL Command is used to delete files. The command given below de
the file book.doc

C:\>DEL file name C:\>DEL book.doc

6. REN: Files may be renamed by using the REN command. The following command
renames the file old as new

C:\>REN old file name new file name

KSURESH@ADCKKD C:\>REN book.doc stdbook.doc 48
7. RD: This Command removes the directories and subdirectories. It is essential that
all in a directory be removed, before removing the subdirectory.

C:\>RD directory name C:\>RD demo

8. CLS: VDU screen (moniter) can be cleared of the contents using the CLS command.

C:\>CLS

9. D AT E: The DATE command is used for displaying current date of the system.

C:\>DATE
displays the current date as
Ex: Current date is ex: FRI 9-20-2002
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy)
10. TIME: the TIME command is used for displaying current time
C:\>TIME

Ex: display time as current time is 11:30:46:05a

EXTERNAL COMMANDS:
This command is loaded in the memory of the computer and are given
externally by the user.
(i)FORMAT: The Format command is used for formatting a disk. Formatting a
disk is the process of dividing the disk into logical zones called tracks and sectors.
C:\>FORMAT B:(Formats the disk in the drive B)
(ii)DISKCOPY: Copies the contents of one floppy to another floppy on a track
for track basis. That is, the entire directory structure is copied. The command
works with only floppies’. The contents of drive are copied to the drive B
C :\> DISKCOPY A: B:
(iii)CHKDSK: This command is used to check the disk space. It gives clear picture
of total space used space and remaining space available, in terms of bytes.
C:\>CHKDSK (Showing memory status of D Drive)
(iv)SCANDISK: This command is used to scan the disk for any errors occurred in
the disk.
C:\>SCANDISK (Checking file allocation table and all folders for
errors)
(v)EDIT: It is used to modify the file contents. Modified the current file
C:\>EDIT (File name)

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(vi)DELTREE: This command used to delete a directory with its subdirectories
and files.
C:\>DELTREE (directory name)
Delete the main directory along with its contents.
(Vii) PRINT: This command is used to print a file.
C:\>PRINT (File name)
(viii)LABEL: This command is used to put the volume level to disk drive.
C:\>LABEL
(ix)RESTORE: It is used to recover previous deleted files.
C:\>RESTORE
(x)TREE: This command is used for displaying the tree structure of direct
graphically. The following displays the entire directory structure of C Drive
C :\> TREE
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q) EXPLAIN ABOUT “MS- WINDOWS”.

WINDOWS BASICS:
 Windows Operating System is the most widely used computer program in
world today for personal computers.
 The original 1985 version of Windows introduce to home and business PC
users many of the graphical user interface (GUI).
 Microsoft Windows is multitasking capabilities for the computer. Most of the
commands are provides in the form icons (small pictures).
 In 1990's Microsoft developed Windows which used the DOS Platform for
its execution, replacing the command line interface.
 Windows used Graphical User Interface (GUI), which allows to control the
computer by using a Mouse, Windows and Icons.
 from version Windows 98 is an updated version of the windows operating
system As of October 2009; Windows had approximately 91% of the market
share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.
 The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 10; the most recent
server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile device
version is Windows Mobile10.

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Advantages of Windows-XP :

 1. There are more advanced built-in utilities provided for user.

 2. User friendly operations.
 3. Allows the user to work on multiple applications simultaneously. For example
you can type while printing.
 4. The 32-bit processing increases the system performance and efficiency.
 5. Advanced support for connecting and communicating with other computers
with internet and intranet.
 6. Facility to transfer data between different applications.

Different versions of Windows are following:

Windows 1.0,Windows 2.0,Windows 3.0,Windows 3.1,Windows 3.11Windows NT,

Windows 95,Windows CE, Windows 98,Windows 2000,Windows Me, Windows XP,
Windows Server 2003,Windows Home Server, Windows Vista, Windows Server
2008, windows 8, windows 10 etc..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q) EXPLAIN ABOUT THE “DESKTOP”.
Desktop is the first screen visible after logging in operating system. When
Microsoft Windows XP is opened, the Desktop appears. The Desktop is a full-screen
display where all Windows activity takes place. It is part of a graphical user interface,
where icons, menus and dialog boxes on the screen represent programs, files and
options on your computer.
Desktop Icons:
1. My Computer
2. My Documents
3. My Network Places
4. Recycle Bin
5. Internet Explorer
6. Start Button

My Computer:
 It is used to view what is on your computer.
 It is used to view the contents of your computer system like disk drives,
printers, control panel etc as icons.

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  It is used to access all the required files and folders for reading and
writing purpose.

My Documents:
 It is a folder that holds all the picture, document, text files.
 By default, all the windows based application files are stored in this folder
unless and until a location is specified by the user.

My Network Places:
 A network represents a group of computers which are connected to each
other.
 My Network Places is an icon that displays all the network connections of
a network.

Recycle Bin:
 It is used to hold the recently deleted files.
 All the deleted files in windows will be stored in the recycle bin.
 When we need the deleted file we can restore the file from recycle bin.

Internet Explorer:
 It is one of the web browsers.
 It is used to browse websites and display the contents of the selected
webpage.

Start Button:
 The start button in placed on the left side on the task bar.
 On clicking the start button a popup menu appears and
display the following options
1. Programs: It shows all the applications available in your computer.
An application can be executed by clicking on the appropriate item.
2. Documents: The file entries that are opened recently will be stored
in the documents command. It displays a list of 15 entries that have
been previously opened and used.
3. Settings: The settings allow you to change the basic settings of the
computer, like sounds, mouse settings, multimedia etc. It also allows
us to change the default printer settings.
4. Find: It is used search and located the required files. We can use F3
to find files.

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Help: It is used to provide help for the users. It will display details notes on any topic or
any problem.
Run: It is used to execute any kind of application very fast. We have type the
application name in the run command box that appears when we click the run option in
the start menu.
Shut Down: It is used to quit from the computer before switching off the power supply.
On clicking the shut down option it displays a dialog box with the options logoff, shut
down, restart, stand by.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q) WRITE ABOUT “CONTROL PANEL”.
 It is a centralized location for all the utilities needed to setup or configure your
computer systems software and hardware.
 It is just like a folder. It can be access through settings menu or by directly
clicking on the control panel icon.
 It includes various options like
 Add New Hardware,
 Accessibility Options,
 Add / Remove Programs,
 Color configure,
 Date / Time,
 Desktop Themes,
 Display,
 Fonts,
 Internet,
 Keyboard,
 Modems,
 Mouse,
 Multimedia,
 Network,
 Passwords,
 Printers,
 Sounds,
 System.

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