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Gas Laws

The document provides an outline for a course on the gas laws and kinetic theory of gases. It includes: - Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws relating the volume, pressure, temperature and amount of an ideal gas. - The ideal gas law combining these relationships. - Kinetic theory explaining gas properties in terms of molecular motion. - Real gas behavior and phase changes in relation to temperature and pressure.

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Nurul Atika
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93 views45 pages

Gas Laws

The document provides an outline for a course on the gas laws and kinetic theory of gases. It includes: - Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws relating the volume, pressure, temperature and amount of an ideal gas. - The ideal gas law combining these relationships. - Kinetic theory explaining gas properties in terms of molecular motion. - Real gas behavior and phase changes in relation to temperature and pressure.

Uploaded by

Nurul Atika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY210

6.0: GAS L AWS AND


KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
AS1202 DIPLOMA IN SCIENCES

S I T I F AT I M A H S A I P U D D I N
MARCH 2018 1
COURSE OUTLINE

• Atomic theory of matter (state of matter)


• Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law
• The Ideal Gas Law
• Kinetic Theory of gas

2
THE GAS LAWS AND ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE
The relationship between the volume, pressure, temperature, and mass
of a gas is called an equation of state.
We will deal here with gases that are not too dense.

Boyle’s law: the volume of a given amount of


gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
as long as the temperature is constant.
BOYLE’S LAW
• Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume

• So we can say that


P µ 1/V
•Therefore:
P = k/V where k is a constant.
•Rearranging:
PV = constant.
4
The volume is linearly proportional
to the temperature, as long as the
temperature is somewhat above the
condensation point and the pressure
is constant.
Extrapolating, the volume becomes
zero at −273.15°C; this temperature
is called absolute zero.
CHARLES’ LAW
• The volume of an ideal gas is proportional to its Kelvin
temperature

• So we can say that


VµT

• Therefore
V = kT where k is a constant

• Rearranging:
V/T = constant

6
The concept of absolute zero allows us to define a
third temperature scale—the absolute, or Kelvin, scale.
This scale starts with 0 K at absolute zero, but
otherwise is the same as the Celsius scale.
Therefore, the freezing point of water is 273.15 K, and
the boiling point is 373.15 K.
Finally, when the volume is constant, the pressure is
directly proportional to the temperature.
PRESSURE LAW
• pressure is proportional to the Kelvin temperature

•So we can write:


PµT

•Therefore
P = kT

•Rearranging:
P/T = constant

8
Conceptual: Why you should not throw a closed glass jar
into a campfire.
What can happen if you did throw an empty glass jar,
with the lid on tight, into a fire, and why?
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
We can combine the three relations just derived into a single relation:

What about the amount of gas present? If the temperature and pressure
are constant, the volume is proportional to the amount of gas:
A mole (mol) is defined as the number of grams of a
substance that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of
the substance:
1 mol H2 has a mass of 2 g.
1 mol Ne has a mass of 20 g.
1 mol CO2 has a mass of 44 g.
The number of moles in a certain mass of material:
We can now write the ideal gas law:

where n is the number of moles and R is the universal gas


constant.
PROBLEM SOLVING WITH THE
IDEAL GAS LAW

Standard temperature and pressure (STP):


T = 273 K (0°C)
P = 1.00 atm = 1.013 N/m2 = 101.3 kPa.
Example: Volume of one mole at STP.
Determine the volume of 1.00 mol of any gas, assuming it behaves like
an ideal gas, at STP.

14
Example: Helium balloon.
A helium party balloon, assumed to be a perfect sphere, has a
radius of 18.0 cm. At room temperature (20°C), its internal
pressure is 1.05 atm. Find the number of moles of helium in the
balloon and the mass of helium needed to inflate the balloon to
these values.
Example: Mass of air in a room.
Estimate the mass of air in a room whose dimensions are
5 m x 3 m x 2.5 m high, at STP.
• Volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas is 22.4 L
• If the amount of gas does not change:

• Always measure T in kelvins


• P must be the absolute pressure
Example: Check tires cold.
An automobile tire is filled to a gauge pressure of 200 kPa at
10°C. After a drive of 100 km, the temperature within the tire
rises to 40°C. What is the pressure within the tire now?
IDEAL GAS LAW IN TERMS OF
MOLECULES: AVOGADRO’S
NUMBER
Since the gas constant is universal, the number of
molecules in one mole is the same for all gases.
That number is called Avogadro’s number:
Therefore we can write:

or

where k is called Boltzmann’s constant.


Example: Hydrogen atom mass.
Use Avogadro’s number to determine the mass of a hydrogen
atom.
Example: How many molecules in one breath?
Estimate how many molecules you breathe in with a 1.0-L
breath of air.

22
IDEAL GAS TEMPERATURE
SCALE — A STANDARD
This standard uses the constant-volume gas thermometer
and the ideal gas law. There are two fixed points:
Absolute zero—the pressure is zero here
The triple point of water (where all three phases coexist),
defined to be 273.16 K—the pressure here is 4.58 torr.
Then the temperature is defined as:

In order to determine temperature using a real gas, the


pressure must be as low as possible.
THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE
MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION OF
TEMPERATURE
Assumptions of kinetic theory:
• large number of molecules, moving in random directions with a
variety of speeds
• molecules are far apart, on average
• molecules obey laws of classical mechanics and interact only
when colliding
• collisions are perfectly elastic
The force exerted on the wall by the collision
of one molecule is

Then the force due to all molecules colliding


with that wall is
The averages of the squares of the speeds in all three directions
are equal:

So the pressure is:


Rewriting,

so

The average translational kinetic energy of the molecules


in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature
of the gas.
Example: Molecular kinetic energy.
What is the average translational kinetic energy of molecules in
an ideal gas at 37°C?
We can now calculate the average speed of molecules
in a gas as a function of temperature:
Example: Speeds of air molecules.
What is the rms speed of air molecules (O2 and N2) at
room temperature (20°C)?
Conceptual Example: Less gas in the tank.
A tank of helium is used to fill balloons. As each balloon is filled,
the number of helium atoms remaining in the tank decreases. How
does this affect the rms speed of molecules remaining in the tank?
Example: Average speed and rms speed.
Eight particles have the following speeds, given in m/s: 1.0, 6.0,
4.0, 2.0, 6.0, 3.0, 2.0, 5.0.
Calculate (a) the average speed and (b) the rms speed.
DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR
SPEEDS
The molecules in a gas will not all have the same speed; their
distribution of speeds is called the Maxwell distribution:
The Maxwell distribution depends only on the absolute
temperature. This figure shows distributions for two different
temperatures; at the higher temperature, the whole curve is
shifted to the right.
REAL GASES AND CHANGES OF PHASE
The curves here represent the behavior of the gas at different
temperatures. The cooler it gets, the further the gas is from
ideal.

In curve D, the gas becomes


liquid; it begins condensing at
(b) and is entirely liquid at (a).
The point (c) is called the
critical point.
Below the critical temperature, the gas can liquefy if the pressure is
sufficient; above it, no amount of pressure will suffice.
A PT diagram is called a phase diagram; it shows all three phases of
matter. The solid-liquid transition is melting or freezing; the liquid-
vapor one is boiling or condensing; and the solid-vapor one is
sublimation.

Phase diagram of water.


The triple point is the only point where all three phases can
coexist in equilibrium.

Phase diagram of carbon dioxide.


VAPOR PRESSURE AND HUMIDITY
An open container of water can evaporate,
rather than boil, away. The fastest
molecules are escaping from the water’s
surface, so evaporation is a cooling process
as well.
The inverse process is called condensation.
When the evaporation and condensation
processes are in equilibrium, the vapor just
above the liquid is said to be saturated, and
its pressure is the saturated vapor
pressure.
The saturated vapor pressure increases with
temperature.
A liquid boils when its
saturated vapor pressure equals
the external pressure.
Partial pressure is the pressure each component of a
mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas
present. The partial pressure of water in the air can be
as low as zero, and as high as the saturated vapor
pressure at that temperature.
Relative humidity is a measure of the saturation of the
air.
When the humidity is high, it feels muggy; it is hard for any
more water to evaporate.

The dew point is the temperature


at which the air would be saturated
with water.
If the temperature goes below the
dew point, dew, fog, or even rain
may occur.
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