Compression member-

Column: Can take both compession and bending.

Different names:

Stanchion- vertical steel compression member used in building.

Strut: compression member used in roof truss.

Boom: compression member used in crane

Modes of failure of column:

1) cruching (low L/r),

2) buckling (high L/r),

3) mixed mode of cruching and buckling ((intermediate low L/r), Prcticle columns fail in this mode
𝑃
Crushing failure, critical load: Pc= 𝜎 x A=> 𝜎 = 𝐴

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝐸𝐴𝑟 2 𝜋2 𝐸𝐴 𝑃 𝜋2 𝐸
Buckling failure, Pc= = 2 = 𝐿 2=> 𝜎 = = 𝐿𝑒𝑓 2
𝐿2𝑒𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝑒𝑓 𝐴
( ) ( )
𝑟 𝑟

Some important notations:

𝐾𝐿
K=Effective length coefficient, 𝑟
= Slenderness ratio, KL=Lef=L’= Effective length
Concentric column design

ASD method: LRFD method:

1) Find the total load. 1) Find the total load, Pn.
2) Assuming the allowable stress, 𝐹𝑎 (𝑙ess 2) Assuming the critical stress, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 (less than 𝐹𝑦 )
than ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑦 ) find the area. find the area.
3) Using the area select a section from chart. 3) Using the area select a section from chart.
𝐾𝐿 4) Find the new 𝐹𝑐𝑟 , where
4) check its 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑐 and find 𝐹𝑎 , where
2
1 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 0.658𝛾𝑐 𝐹𝑦 𝑖𝑓0 ≤ 𝛾𝑐 < 1.5
𝐹𝑦 [1 − 2 ( 𝐶 )2 ] 𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = { 0.877
𝑐
𝑖𝑓 ≤ 𝐶𝑐 𝐹 𝑖𝑓𝛾𝑐 > 1.5
+
⁄
5 3 𝐾𝐿 𝑟 1 𝐾𝐿 𝑟 3
− (
⁄
)
𝑟 𝛾𝑐2 𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = 3 8 𝐶 8 𝐶𝑐
𝑐 𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦
12𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐾𝐿 Where 𝛾𝑐 = √
𝑟𝜋 𝐸
2
𝑖𝑓 ≥ 𝐶𝑐
{ 23(𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟) 𝑟
5) Using this 𝐹𝑎 find area and compare.
6) If the area is less than the selected section are
than design is ok otherwise take a greater section
and redesign.

5) Using this 𝐹𝑐𝑟 find 𝜃𝑐 𝑃𝑛 and compare.

6) If 𝜃𝑐 𝑃𝑛 is greater than the previous 𝑃𝑛 are than
Example-4/15/1 design is ok otherwise take a greater section and
Design a 15 ft long column of A36 in ASD redesign.
(assuming k=1 in both axis) for a dead load 50
kip and live load 200 kip. Example-4/15/2
Answer: Design a 15 ft long column of A36 in LRFD
Design load=50+200=250 kip (assuming k=1 in both axis) for a dead load 50
Assume, 𝐹𝑎 =15 ksi(a value less than half of 36Ksi) kip and live load 200 kip.
250
So, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 15 = 16.67𝑖𝑛2, select W10X60 Answer:
(A=17.6𝑖𝑛2 , rleast=ry=2.57 in) Design load, 𝑃𝑛 =1.2×50+1.6×200=380 kip
𝐾𝐿
1×(15×12) Assume 𝐹𝑐𝑟 =28 ksi (any value less than 36 Ksi)
Radius of gyration, = = 70.04 380
𝑟 2.57 So, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 28 = 13.57𝑖𝑛2, select W10X60
2𝐸 2×29000
But, 𝐶𝑐 = 𝜋√ = 𝜋√
𝐹𝑦 36
= 126 (A=17.6𝑖𝑛2 , rleast=ry=2.57 in)
𝐾𝐿 1×(15×12)
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 70.04 Radius of gyration, = = 70.04
So, 𝑟 ≤ 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶 = 126 = 0.556 𝑟 2.57
𝑐
𝐾𝐿 𝐹 70.04 36
1
36[1− (0.556)2 ]
2
But, 𝛾𝑐 = 𝑟𝜋 √ 𝐸𝑦 = 3.14
√
29000
=0.786
So 𝐹𝑎 = 5 3 1 = 16.42 𝑘𝑠𝑖
+ ×0.556− (0.556)3
3 8 8 Since 0 ≤ 𝛾𝑐 < 1.5
250 2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 15.23𝑖𝑛2 > 17.6 So, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝛾𝑐 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6580.786 × 36 = 27.8
16.42 So 𝜃𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 × 17.6 × 27.8 = 415 > 380 𝑘𝑖𝑝
So take W10X60 as the final design. (to
economize more you can try again by selecting a So take W10X60 as the final design. (to
smaller section!!) economize more you can try again by selecting a
smaller section!!)
 Considering KL=15 ft, find the design load in ASD Considering KL=15 ft, find the design load in LRFD
of W10X60. Consider, Fy= 50 Ksi (A992) and of W10X60. Consider, Fy= 50 Ksi (A992) and
compare with AISC manual, p/4-21. compare with AISC manual, p/4-21.
Answer: Answer:
Select W10X60 (A=17.6𝑖𝑛2 , rleast=ry=2.57 in) Select W10X60 (A=17.6𝑖𝑛2 , rleast=ry=2.57 in)
𝐾𝐿
1×(15×12) 𝐾𝐿 1×(15×12)
Radius of gyration, = = 70.04 Radius of gyration, = = 70.04
𝑟 2.57 𝑟 2.57
2𝐸 2×29000 𝐾𝐿 𝐹 70.04 50
But, 𝐶𝑐 = 𝜋√ 𝐹 = 𝜋√ 50 = 106.94 But, 𝛾𝑐 = 𝑟𝜋 √ 𝐸𝑦 = 3.14
√
29000
=0.926
𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 70.04
So, 𝑟 ≤ 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶 = 106.94 = 0.655 Since 0 ≤ 𝛾𝑐 < 1.5
2 2
𝑐
1 So, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝛾𝑐 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6580.926 × 50 = 34.91
50[1− (0.655)2 ]
So 𝐹𝑎 = 5 3
2
1 = 20.92 𝑘𝑠𝑖(35.1) So 𝜃𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 0.9 × 17.6 × 34.91 = 553 𝑘𝑖𝑝
+ ×0.655− (0.655)3
3 8 8
𝑃 𝐴 × 𝐹𝑎 17.6 × 20.92 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟐
= = = In AISC manual, p/4-21, 𝜽𝒄 𝑷𝒏 =
𝛺𝑐 𝛺𝑐 1.67 1.67 𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑 (𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒌‼)
= 220.47 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Considering KL=30 ft, find the design load in ASD

of W14X132. Consider, Fy= 50 Ksi (A992) and
compare with AISC manual, p/4-21.
Answer:
Select W10X60 (Ag = 38.8 in2 ,rx = 6.28 in., ry = 3.76
in.)
𝐾𝐿
1×(30×12)
Radius of gyration, 𝑟
=
3.76
= 95.74
2𝐸 2×29000
But, 𝐶𝑐 = 𝜋√ 𝐹 = 𝜋√ 50 = 106.94
𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 95.74
So, 𝑟 ≤ 𝐶𝑐 , 𝐶 = 106.94 = 0.895
𝑐
1
50[1− (0.895)2 ]
2
So 𝐹𝑎 = 5 3 1 = 15.67 𝑘𝑠𝑖
+ ×0.895− (0.895)3
3 8 8
𝑃 𝐴 × 𝐹𝑎 38.8 × 15.67 𝟓𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟐
= = =
𝛺𝑐 𝛺𝑐 1.67 1.67
= 357.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Determination of K:
 Side sway
permitted
Fig: Nomograph to determine effective length coefficient K

∑(𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿) If the column support is simple supported, 𝐺𝐴 = 10

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐺𝐴 = If the column support is fixed supported, 𝐺𝐵 = 1.0
𝐸𝐼
∑( ⁄𝐿)
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

Remember the following multiplying factors:

Condition Side sway permitted Side sway prevented

If far end of beam hinged ½ 3/2
If far end of beam fixed 2/3 2
Problem 4-11-1: Determine the effective length- coefficients for the columns.

Solution:

Columns Beams
𝐼 110 𝐼 800
AB, 𝐿 = 15 = 7.33 BD, 𝐿 = 30
= 26.7
𝐼 110 𝐼 800
CD, 𝐿 = 15 = 7.33 DG, 𝐿 = 20 = 40
𝐼 110 𝐼 800
DE, 𝐿 = 12 = 9.17 GJ, 𝐿 = 20 = 40
𝐼 110 𝐼 291
FG, 𝐿 = 15 = 7.33 EH, 𝐿 = 20 = 14.5
𝐼 110
GH, 𝐿 = 12 = 9.17

Column AB:

𝐺𝐴 = 10 ∑(𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿) 7.33 K=0.77

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.274
∑(𝐸𝐼⁄𝐿) 26.7
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
Column CD:

𝐺𝐶 = 10 7.33 + 9.17 K=0.76

𝐺𝐷 = = 0.247
26.7 + 40
Column FG:

𝐺𝐹 = 1 7.33 + 9.17 K=0.67

𝐺𝐺 = = 0.165
3
40 + × 40
2
Column DE:

7.33 + 9.17 9.17 K=0.1.14

𝐺𝐷 = = 0.247 𝐺𝐸 = = 0.63
26.7 + 40 14.5
Column GH:

7.33 + 9.17 9.17 K=0.1.15

𝐺𝐺 = = 0.275 𝐺𝐻 = = 0.63
1 14.5
40 + × 40
2

DESIGN OF SINGLY SYMMETRIC CROSS-SECTIONS

Doubly symmetric wide-flange (I-shaped) sections and channel sections. These

rolled shapes always fail by flexural buckling and torsional buckling.

Singly symmetric (Tees, channels, angels, double angle, etc) sections fail either by
flexural buckling about the axis of non-symmetry (X-axis) or by flexural-torsional
buckling about the axis of symmetry (Y-axis) and the longitudinal axis (Z-axis).
Fig: buckling in column
Example 6.7.1, P/430- (modified a little bit!!!), give the model as assignment

Design the column AB in ASD subjected to 77.5 kip and 204 kip-ft. Consider, 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒔𝒊.

B C
5
2 0 2
0 ’
0
A D
’ ’

Answer:
2𝑀𝑥 7.5𝑀𝑦
Equivalent axial load, 𝑃∗ = 𝑃 + 𝑑
+ 𝑏
(Ref: p/436, Design of steel structure, by Gaylord)
Assuming a trial column depth d=14 inch,
2×204×12 7.5×0×12
𝑃∗ = 77.5 + + = 427 𝑘𝑖𝑝
14 𝑏
Let, 𝐹𝐴 = 16.2 𝐾𝑠𝑖 (any value less than 0.67𝐹𝑌 = 24 𝐾𝑠𝑖)
𝑃∗ 427
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 26.35 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝐴 16.2
From chart select a trial section 𝑊 14 × 90
(whose, A=26.5 in2, rx=6.14", ry=3.7", Sx=143 in3)
Check-1:
Now (for weak direction),
𝐼⁄20
𝐺𝐴 = 10, 𝐺𝐵 = 2𝐼⁄25 = 0.63, So, 𝐾 = 1.78

𝐾𝐿 1.78 × 20 × 12 2𝜋 2 𝐸 2𝜋 2 × 29000
(= = 115) < 𝐶𝑐 (= √ =√ = 126)
𝑟(= 𝑟𝑦 = 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 3.7 𝐹𝑦 36

1 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 2 1 123 2
𝐹𝑦 (1− ( ) ) 36(1− ( ) )
2 𝐶𝑐 2 126
So, 𝐹𝐴 = 5 3 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 1 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 3
=5 3 123 1 123 3
= 10.92 𝑘𝑠𝑖
+ ( )− ( ) + ( )− ( )
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐 3 8 126 8 126

𝑃∗ 427
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐹 = 10.92 = 39.12 𝑖𝑛2 > 26.5 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴

Comment: Either increase the section or reduce the un-braced length of column from L=20'. In the
following table the detailed calculation is given-

For Y axis:
 L KL Cc KL/3.7 𝑭𝑨 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒒 Comment
20 35.6 126 115 10.92 39.12>26.5 not OK
14 24.92 126 81 15.26 27.98>26.5 not OK
13 23.14 126 75 15.89 26.87>26.5 not OK
12 21.36 126 69 16.50 25.88<26.5 OK
11 19.58 126 64 17.09 24.99<26.5 OK
10 17.8 126 58 17.64 24.20<26.5 OK
It is seen that 12' is the maximum unsupported length. But for construction purpose 10' can be selected.

Similarly,

Now, (for strong direction),

𝐼⁄20
𝐺𝐴 = 10, 𝐺𝐵 = 2𝐼⁄50 = 1.25, So, 𝐾 = 1.9

𝐾𝐿 1.9 × 20 × 12 2𝜋 2 𝐸 2𝜋 2 × 29000
(= = 74) < 𝐶𝑐 (= √ =√ = 126)
𝑟(= 𝑟𝑥 ) 6.14 𝐹𝑦 36

1 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 2 1 74 2
𝐹𝑦 (1− ( ) ) 36(1− ( ) )
2 𝐶𝑐 2 126
So, 𝐹𝐴 = 5 3 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 1 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 3
=5 3 74 1 74 3
= 15.98 𝑘𝑠𝑖
+ ( )− ( ) + ( )− ( )
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐 3 8 126 8 126

𝑃∗ 427
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐹 = 15.98 = 26.73 𝑖𝑛2 > 26.5 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴

Comment: Either increase the section or reduce the un-braced length of column from L=20'. In the
following table the detailed calculation is given-

For X axis:
 L KL Cc KL/6.14(X) 𝑭𝑨 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒒 Comment
20 38 126 74 15.98 26.73> 26.5 not OK
19 36.1 126 71 16.37 26.09<26.5 OK
18 34.2 126 67 16.75 25.49<26.5 OK
It is seen that 19' is the maximum unsupported length. But for construction purpose 18' can be selected.

Check-2: Allowable stress formula:

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 𝐶𝑚𝑦 Where,

+ + <1 𝑓𝑎 = Calculated axial compressive stress
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏𝑥 1 − 𝑓𝑎⁄ 𝐹𝑏𝑦 1 − 𝑓𝑎
′
𝐹𝐸𝑥 ⁄𝐹 ′ 𝐹𝑎 = Allowable axial compressive stress
𝐸𝑦
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = Calculated bending stress-X-axis
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = Allowable bending stress-X-axis
𝐶𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = Calculated bending stress-Y-axis
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = Allowable bending stress-Y-axis
′
𝐹𝐸𝑥 = Allowable Euler column stress-X-axis
′
𝐹𝐸𝑦 = Allowable Euler column stress-Y-axis

𝑃 77.5 𝑀 204 × 12
𝑓𝑎 = = = 2.92 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑓𝑏 = = = 17.1 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.67𝐹𝑦 = 24
𝐴 26.5 𝑆 143
′
𝐹𝐸𝑥 = 1.67𝐹𝐴 = 1.67 × 16.5 = 27 𝐾𝑠𝑖 (see at table, 12’ length)
𝑓 𝑓 𝐶𝑚𝑥 𝑓 𝐶𝑚𝑦
So, 𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝑓 + 𝐹𝑏𝑦 𝑓 <1
𝑎 𝑏𝑥 1− 𝑎⁄ ′ 𝑏𝑦 1− 𝑎⁄ ′
𝐹𝐸𝑥 𝐹𝐸𝑦

2.92 17.1 0.85

=> + + 0 = 0.85 < 1, 𝑜𝑘
16.2 24 1 − 2.92⁄
27
Example: Calculate the design strength of a WT 10.5X66. KLx=25.5' and KLy=20' and KLz=20'.
Use A992 steel (Fy= 50 Ksi). Follow LRFD.
Answer:

From chart:
𝐴𝑔 = 19.4𝑖𝑛2 , 𝑟𝑥 = 3.06, ry =2.93, 𝐸 = 29000 𝐾𝑠𝑖, 𝐺 = 11153 𝐾𝑠𝑖, J = 5.62𝑖𝑛4 ,
𝑟0 = 4.6", 𝐻 = 0.845"

𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝐹𝑦 25.5×12 50
1) Buckling strength about X-axis: 𝜆𝑥 = √ = 3.14×3.06 √29000 = 1.32 < 1.5
𝜋𝑟𝑥 𝐸

2
So, 𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.85 × 19.4 × 0.6581.32 × 50 = 397𝑘𝑖𝑝

2) Flexural torsional buckling about Y and Z axis,

𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 + 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 4𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝟐𝟎 × 12 50

𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑓𝑡 = [1 − √1 − 2] 𝜆𝑦 = √ = √
2𝐻 (𝐹 + 𝐹 )
𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝜋𝑟𝑦 𝐸 3.14 × 2.93 29000
30.6 + 152.7 4 × 30.6 × 152.7 𝜆𝑦 = 1.08 < 1.5
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑓𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ] 2
2 × 0.845 (30.6 + 152.7)2 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 = 0.6581.08 × 50 = 30.6 𝐾𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑓𝑡 = 36.12 𝐾𝑠𝑖 𝐺𝐽 11153 × 5.62
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 = 2
= = 152.7 𝐾𝑠𝑖
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝑟0 19.4 × 4.62
= 0.85 × 19.4 × 36.12
= 596 𝑘𝑖𝑝

So, design strength of a WT 10.5X66 is 397𝑘𝑖𝑝.

Design of The double angle for compression:

The double angle section will have some additional flexibility due to the intermittent connectors. This
added flexibility will depend on the connection parameters.

According to AISC Specification E4.1, a modified (KL/r)m must be calculated for the double angle
section for buckling about the y-axis to account for this added flexibility

2
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 2 𝑎
1. Intermediate connectors that are snug-tight bolted: ( 𝑟 ) = √( 𝑟 ) + (𝑟 )
𝑚 𝑜 𝑦

2. Intermediate connectors that are welded (or fully tensioned bolted):

2
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 2 𝛼2 𝑎
√
( ) = ( ) + 0.82 ( )
𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 𝑜 1 + 𝛼 2 𝑟𝑦

Where,

a = is the distance between connections

α = separation ratio = h/2ry
h = distance between component centroids in the y direction

EXAMPLE 3.11 Calculate the design strength of the compression member shown in the figure. Two
angles, 5 x 3 x ½ are oriented with the long legs back-to-back and separated by 3/8 in. The effective
length KL is 16 ft. A36 steel is used. Assume three welded intermediate connectors. G = Shear
modulus of elasticity of steel = 11,200 ksi
Answer:

Step I. Determine the relevant properties:

Property Single Double

angle angle
Ag 3.75 7.5
rx 1.58 1.58
ry 0.824 1.24
rz 0.642 --
r0 2.38 2.51
H -- 0.646
J 0.322 0.644

Step I. Calculate the x-axis buckling strength:

𝐾𝐿𝑥 16 × 12
= = 120.8
𝑟𝑥 1.58

𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 16 × 12 36
𝜆𝑐−𝑥 = √ = √ = 1.355, 0 ≤ 𝜆𝑐−𝑥 ≤ 1.5
𝜋𝑟𝑥 𝐸 3.14 × 1.58 29000

2
So, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝜆𝑐−𝑥 𝐹𝑦
2
Now, 𝑃𝑢 = 0.85𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.85 × 7.5 × 0.6581.355 × 36 = 106 𝑘𝑖𝑝
16
a = 4 × 12 = 48 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ, 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = 4 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
α = separation ratio = h/2ry
h = distance between component centroids in the y direction

Step II. Calculate the y and z -axis torsional buckling strength:

𝐾𝐿 16×12
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 2 𝛼2 𝑎
2
𝑟𝑦
= 1.24
= 154.8
( ) = √( ) + 0.82 ( )
𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 𝑜 2
1 + 𝛼 𝑟𝑦 
α = h/2ry = (2 x 0.75 + 3/8)/(2 x 0.824)
𝐾𝐿 1.1382 48 2 = l.138
√ 2
( ) = 154.8 + 0.82 ( )
𝑟 𝑚 1 + 1.1382 0.824
= 159.8
 𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 159.8 36
𝜆𝑐−𝑦 = ( ) √ = √ = 1.79,
𝜋𝑟 𝑚 𝐸 3.14 29000
𝜆𝑐−𝑦 > 1.5

a=4X12=48”
Intermediate connectors that are
welded (or fully tensioned bolted):
𝐺𝐽 11153 × 0.644
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 = 2
=
𝐴𝑔 𝑟0 7.5 × 2.512
= 151.4 𝐾𝑠𝑖

Flexural torsional buckling strength controls. The design strength of the double angle member is 62.1
kips.


𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑐𝑃𝑛=for x-axis buckling with unsupported length = 16 ft. = 106 kips

𝑃𝑢 =φcPn =for y-z axis buckling with unsupported length = 16 ft. = 61.3 kips

Define Lacing and Battening in column?