Renewable Energy Sources

(RES)
• Renewable Energy Sources (RES):
– Solar PV Generation (SPVG)
– Wind-turbine Generation (WG)
– Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
• Examples.

1
 RES
• Based on solar and wind power, coupled
to energy storage (e.g. BESS) to regulate
power variability.
• Non-dispatchable, variable generation due
to the nature of the energy source.
• Mostly interfaced to the grid nowadays
through VSC.
• Zero or little inertia.

2
SPVG
~100 MWpeak solar farm
connected to Bluewater Power
distribution system near Sarnia, ON,
(largest in the world in 2010; as of
2016 the largest is a ~1.55 GW farm in
Tengger Desert, China)

3
 SPVG Controls
• Original PQ controls:
– P output kept at maximum using an MPPT control of the dc-dc converter
VI output:

– Q = 0 (unity power factor) with Q/V control of PWM VSC, so it is not a Q

load for the system with negative impact on voltage.

4
 SPVG Controls
• RE generators were required
to disconnect under faults,
which created low voltage and
frequency problems with loss
of power.
• Now they are required to
provide reactive power during
fault conditions via Low-
Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)/
or Fault Ride-Through (FTR)
control, i.e. converter Q
injection.
LVRT/FTR converter
• More jurisdictions are now output characteristics
requiring full V output control
like standard generators.

5
 SPVG Controls
• Some jurisdictions are also
requiring nowadays some
frequency control:
– MPPT control is deactivated
to allow some limited P
control, thus de-rating (de-
loading) the plant.
– Some manufactures are
providing controls so that
generator provide also
virtual inertia, such as the
Synchronous Power
Controller (SPC), which
renders the generator a
Virtual Synchronous
Generator (VSG):

6
 WG
• Ripley-Kincardine, ON, WG plant: 76 MW with 38x2 MW Enercon
Type 4/D SGPM generators connected at 230kV (largest farm as of
2010 is the on-shore 6.8 GW plant in Gansu, China):

7
 WG
• Type 1/A, fixed speed with pitch control:

vw

Gear
Generator
Box
ωm
Pm
Tm

P controls

Pitch
β

8
 WG
• Type 2/B, Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) with
variable speed through variable rotor resistance, plus
pitch control:
vw

Gear
Generator
Box
ωm
Pm
Tm

P controls

Pitch
β

9
 WG
• Type 3/C, DFIG with rotor converters plus pitch controls:

vw

Gear
Generator
Box

ωm
Pm DC Link
Tm

VR VSC VSC Vt
IR Vdc It
Idc Pt
P and V/Q DC link Qt
controls controls
β Pitch

10
 WG
• Type 4/D, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) or IG
with ac-dc-ac full converter interface, similar to SPVG:

vw

DC Link

Generator
ωm
VG VSC VSC
Pm
IG
Tm Vdc Vt
Idc It
Q/V Pt
P controls
controls Qt

Pitch

11
 WG Controls
• Depend on technology:
– Type 1/A: Only slow pitch controls to keep torque
and/or turbine speed at rated values and/or within
limits to avoid turbine problems.
– Type 2/B: Slow pitch control plus some fast P
control through variable resistors.
– Type 3/C: Slow pitch control plus fast P and Q/V
control through rotor ac-dc-ac converter.
– Type 4/D: Slow pitch control plus fast P and Q/V
control through full ac-dc-ac converter interface.

12
 WG Controls
• Type 3/C and 4/D P control:
– MPPT based on:

– MPPT deactivated for some frequency control, de-rating (de-loading)

the WG.

13
 WG Controls
• Virtual Inertia Control (VIC) for Types 3/C and 4/D WGs:
– Different from de-rating (de-loading)
plus droop control.
– MPPT is maintained.
– Takes advantage of wind
turbines’ inertia.

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BESS

15
 BESS
• Average model:

16
 BESS Controls
Buck/boost control
Current control

Grid forming controls

17
 BESS Controls
• Power, damping, and frequency regulation:

1. Constant power: FLP = 0

2. POD : FLP = 1
3. Primary and secondary
frequency regulation
(PFR and SFR) FLP = 2
4. POD and FR: FLP = 3

18
 RES Simplified Models
• Simplified model,
based on WECC wind
generator phasor
(average) model:

• V and f droop controls

for this model:

19
 D-FACTS
• Transmission system SMES:

– Used for voltage and power (damping) regulation.

– Limited applications given the costs.

20
 D-FACTS
• D-SMES:

– Better performance than D-STATCOM, since it has more active power

capacity.
– More expensive than D-STATCOM, so its application is more limited.

21
 SPVG Example
• D. Remon, C. A. Cañizares, • Northern Chile:
and P. Rodriguez, “Impact of
100-MW-scale PV Plants with
Synchronous Power
Controllers on Power System
Stability in Northern Chile,” IET
Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, vol. 11, no. 11,
November 2017, pp. 2958-
2964.

22
 SPVG Example
• Freq. response to generator loss for SPVG with PQ
control (IPT) and SPC:

23
 SPVG Example
• Freq. response to load loss for SPVG with PQ control
(IPT) and SPC:

24
 WG Example
• M. H. Ravanji, C. A. Cañizares, and N. Parniani, “Modeling and Control of
Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generators for Frequency Regulation,” IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, preprint, April 2019, 11 pages.
• Modified 2-area systems:

25
 WG Example
• Load increases at Bus 8 for 7 m/s wind speed,
with the VIC WG stalling for the largest load
change:

26
 WG Example
• With improved tuned VIC at 7 and 11 m/s wind speeds
for a 300 MW load increase at Bus 8:

27
 BESS Example
• F. Calero, C. A. • Modified 9-bus WSCC
Cañizares, and K. test system:
Bhattacharya, “Detailed
and Average Battery
Energy Storage Model
Comparison,” Proc. IEEE-
PES Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies (ISGT)
Europe, Bucharest,
October 2019, 5 pages.

28
 BESS Example
• Set point of generator at Bus 1 reduced by 30%:

29